diff --git a/OMEGA.bib b/OMEGA.bib index 374afcb..2e3b60b 100644 --- a/OMEGA.bib +++ b/OMEGA.bib @@ -1,14 +1,3 @@ -%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk. -%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/ - - -%% Created for James Ackman at 2018-09-28 17:54:25 -0700 - - -%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) - - - @article{Belanger:2011a, Abstract = {The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register with neuronal activity. Astrocytes-a type of glial cell-have emerged as active players in brain energy delivery, production, utilization, and storage. Our understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a "neurocentric" view to a more integrated picture involving an intense cooperativity between astrocytes and neurons. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of brain energy metabolism, with a particular emphasis on the metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes.}, Author = {B{\'e}langer, Mireille and Allaman, Igor and Magistretti, Pierre J}, @@ -26,7 +15,7 @@ Title = {Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bélanger_CellMetab2011a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bélanger_CellMetab2011a.pdf}} @article{Joshi:2008, Abstract = {While progenitor-restricted factors broadly specify area identities in developing neocortex, the downstream regulatory elements involved in acquisition of those identities in postmitotic neurons are largely unknown. Here, we identify Bhlhb5, a transcription factor expressed in layers II-V, as a postmitotic regulator of area identity. Bhlhb5 is initially expressed in a high caudomedial to low rostrolateral gradient that transforms into a sharp border between sensory and rostral motor cortices. Bhlhb5 null mice exhibit aberrant expression of area-specific genes and structural organization in the somatosensory and caudal motor cortices. In somatosensory cortex, Bhlhb5 null mice display postsynaptic disorganization of vibrissal barrels. In caudal motor cortex, Bhlhb5 null mice exhibit anomalous differentiation of corticospinal motor neurons, accompanied by failure of corticospinal tract formation. Together, these results demonstrate Bhlhb5's function as an area-specific transcription factor that regulates the postmitotic acquisition of area identities and elucidate the genetic hierarchy between progenitors and postmitotic neurons driving neocortical arealization.}, @@ -46,7 +35,7 @@ Title = {Bhlhb5 regulates the postmitotic acquisition of area identities in layers II-V of the developing neocortex}, Volume = {60}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Joshi_Neuron2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Joshi_Neuron2008.pdf}} @article{Strange:2014, Abstract = {The precise functional role of the hippocampus remains a topic of much debate. The dominant view is that the dorsal (or posterior) hippocampus is implicated in memory and spatial navigation and the ventral (or anterior) hippocampus mediates anxiety-related behaviours. However, this 'dichotomy view' may need revision. Gene expression studies demonstrate multiple functional domains along the hippocampal long axis, which often exhibit sharply demarcated borders. By contrast, anatomical studies and electrophysiological recordings in rodents suggest that the long axis is organized along a gradient. Together, these observations suggest a model in which functional long-axis gradients are superimposed on discrete functional domains. This model provides a potential framework to explain and test the multiple functions ascribed to the hippocampus. }, @@ -65,7 +54,7 @@ Title = {Functional organization of the hippocampal longitudinal axis}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Strange_NatRevNeurosci2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Strange_NatRevNeurosci2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3785}} @article{Lisman:2017, @@ -84,7 +73,7 @@ Title = {Viewpoints: how the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lisman_NatNeurosci2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lisman_NatNeurosci2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4661}} @article{Cullen:2017, @@ -103,7 +92,7 @@ Title = {Our sense of direction: progress, controversies and challenges}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cullen_NatNeurosci2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cullen_NatNeurosci2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4658}} @article{Moser:2017, @@ -123,7 +112,7 @@ Title = {Spatial representation in the hippocampal formation: a history}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Moser_NatNeurosci2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Moser_NatNeurosci2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4653}} @article{Kim:2014, @@ -143,7 +132,7 @@ Title = {Prolonged, brain-wide expression of nuclear-localized GCaMP3 for functional circuit mapping}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kim_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kim_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}} @article{Bonini:2016, Abstract = {Mirror neurons (MNs) are a fascinating class of cells originally discovered in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and, subsequently, in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) of the macaque, which become active during both the execution and observation of actions. In this review, I will first highlight the mounting evidence indicating that mirroring others' actions engages a broad system of reciprocally connected cortical areas, which extends well beyond the classical IPL-PMv circuit and might even include subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia. Then, I will present the most recent findings supporting the idea that the observation of one's own actions, which might play a role in the ontogenetic origin and tuning of MNs, retains a particular relevance within the adult MN system. Finally, I will propose that both cortical and subcortical mechanisms do exist to decouple MN activity from the motor output, in order to render it exploitable for high-order perceptual, cognitive, and even social functions. The findings reviewed here provide an original framework for envisaging the main challenges and experimental directions of future neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies of the monkey MN system.}, @@ -159,7 +148,7 @@ Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {The Extended Mirror Neuron Network: Anatomy, Origin, and Functions}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bonini_Neuroscientist2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bonini_Neuroscientist2016.pdf}} @article{Shadrin:2015, Abstract = {Cardiac cell therapies involving bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have shown promising results, although their mechanisms of action are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated direct interactions between hMSCs and cardiomyocytes in vitro. Using a genetic Ca(2+) indicator gCaMP3 to efficiently label hMSCs in co-cultures with neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs), we determined that 25-40% of hMSCs (from 4 independent donors) acquired periodic Ca(2+) transients and cardiac markers through spontaneous fusion with NRVMs. Sharp electrode and voltage-clamp recordings in fused cells showed action potential properties and Ca(2+) current amplitudes in between those of non-fused hMSCs and NRVMs. Time-lapse video-microscopy revealed the first direct evidence of active fusion between hMSCs and NRVMs within several hours of co-culture. Application of blebbistatin, nifedipine or verapamil caused complete and reversible inhibition of fusion, suggesting potential roles for actomyosin bridging and Ca(2+) channels in the fusion process. Immunostaining for Cx43, Ki67, and sarcomeric α-actinin showed that fused cells remain strongly coupled to surrounding NRVMs, but downregulate sarcomeric structures over time, acquiring a non-proliferative and non-contractile phenotype. Overall, these results describe the phenotype and mechanisms of hybrid cell formation via fusion of hMSCs and cardiomyocytes with potential implications for cardiac cell therapy. }, @@ -178,7 +167,7 @@ Title = {Rapid fusion between mesenchymal stem cells and cardiomyocytes yields electrically active, non-contractile hybrid cells}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shadrin_SciRep2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shadrin_SciRep2015.pdf}} @article{10.7554/eLife.28158, Abstract = {The internal brain dynamics that link sensation and action are arguably better studied during natural animal behaviors. Here, we report on a novel volume imaging and 3D tracking technique that monitors whole brain neural activity in freely swimming larval zebrafish (\textit{Danio rerio}). We demonstrated the capability of our system through functional imaging of neural activity during visually evoked and prey capture behaviors in larval zebrafish.}, @@ -200,7 +189,7 @@ Url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28158}, Volume = 6, Year = 2017, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cong_eLife2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cong_eLife2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28158}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.28158}} @@ -220,7 +209,7 @@ Title = {Microbes and Alzheimer's Disease}, Volume = {51}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Itzhaki_JAlzheimersDis2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Itzhaki_JAlzheimersDis2016.pdf}} @article{10.7554/eLife.35261, Abstract = {Detection of salient objects in the visual scene is a vital aspect of an animal's interactions with its environment. Here, we show that neurons in the mouse superior colliculus (SC) encode visual saliency by detecting motion contrast between stimulus center and surround. Excitatory neurons in the most superficial lamina of the SC are contextually modulated, monotonically increasing their response from suppression by the same-direction surround to maximal potentiation by an oppositely-moving surround. The degree of this potentiation declines with depth in the SC. Inhibitory neurons are suppressed by any surround at all depths. These response modulations in both neuronal populations are much more prominent to direction contrast than to phase, temporal frequency, or static orientation contrast, suggesting feature-specific saliency encoding in the mouse SC. Together, our findings provide evidence supporting locally generated feature representations in the SC, and lay the foundations towards a mechanistic and evolutionary understanding of their emergence.}, @@ -241,7 +230,7 @@ Url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.35261}, Volume = 7, Year = 2018, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barchini_eLife2018.pdf}, + File = {papers/Barchini_eLife2018.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.35261}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.35261}} @@ -261,13 +250,13 @@ Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3632}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tallinen_NaturePhysics2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tallinen_NaturePhysics2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3632}} @article{cite-key, Date-Added = {2018-04-05 22:32:31 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-04-05 22:32:31 +0000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tallinen_NaturePhysics2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tallinen_NaturePhysics2016.pdf}} @article{Tallinen:2014, Abstract = {The exterior of the mammalian brain--the cerebral cortex--has a conserved layered structure whose thickness varies little across species. However, selection pressures over evolutionary time scales have led to cortices that have a large surface area to volume ratio in some organisms, with the result that the brain is strongly convoluted into sulci and gyri. Here we show that the gyrification can arise as a nonlinear consequence of a simple mechanical instability driven by tangential expansion of the gray matter constrained by the white matter. A physical mimic of the process using a layered swelling gel captures the essence of the mechanism, and numerical simulations of the brain treated as a soft solid lead to the formation of cusped sulci and smooth gyri similar to those in the brain. The resulting gyrification patterns are a function of relative cortical expansion and relative thickness (compared with brain size), and are consistent with observations of a wide range of brains, ranging from smooth to highly convoluted. Furthermore, this dependence on two simple geometric parameters that characterize the brain also allows us to qualitatively explain how variations in these parameters lead to anatomical anomalies in such situations as polymicrogyria, pachygyria, and lissencephalia.}, @@ -288,7 +277,7 @@ Title = {Gyrification from constrained cortical expansion}, Volume = {111}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tallinen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tallinen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2014.pdf}} @article{Treweek:2015, Abstract = {To facilitate fine-scale phenotyping of whole specimens, we describe here a set of tissue fixation-embedding, detergent-clearing and staining protocols that can be used to transform excised organs and whole organisms into optically transparent samples within 1-2 weeks without compromising their cellular architecture or endogenous fluorescence. PACT (passive CLARITY technique) and PARS (perfusion-assisted agent release in situ) use tissue-hydrogel hybrids to stabilize tissue biomolecules during selective lipid extraction, resulting in enhanced clearing efficiency and sample integrity. Furthermore, the macromolecule permeability of PACT- and PARS-processed tissue hybrids supports the diffusion of immunolabels throughout intact tissue, whereas RIMS (refractive index matching solution) grants high-resolution imaging at depth by further reducing light scattering in cleared and uncleared samples alike. These methods are adaptable to difficult-to-image tissues, such as bone (PACT-deCAL), and to magnified single-cell visualization (ePACT). Together, these protocols and solutions enable phenotyping of subcellular components and tracing cellular connectivity in intact biological networks.}, @@ -308,7 +297,7 @@ Title = {Whole-body tissue stabilization and selective extractions via tissue-hydrogel hybrids for high-resolution intact circuit mapping and phenotyping}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Treweek_NatProtoc2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Treweek_NatProtoc2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2015.122}} @article{Treweek:2016, @@ -328,7 +317,7 @@ Title = {Extracting structural and functional features of widely distributed biological circuits with single cell resolution via tissue clearing and delivery vectors}, Volume = {40}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Treweek_CurrOpinBiotechnol2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Treweek_CurrOpinBiotechnol2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.012}} @article{Cho:2017, @@ -349,7 +338,7 @@ Title = {Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Modulate Arousal and Promote Wakefulness by Salient Stimuli}, Volume = {94}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cho_Neuron2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cho_Neuron2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.020}} @article{Owen:2018, @@ -369,7 +358,7 @@ Title = {Fast-Spiking Interneurons Supply Feedforward Control of Bursting, Calcium, and Plasticity for Efficient Learning}, Volume = {172}, Year = {2018}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Owen_Cell2018.pdf}, + File = {papers/Owen_Cell2018.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.005}} @article{Owen:2013, @@ -390,7 +379,7 @@ Title = {Oxytocin enhances hippocampal spike transmission by modulating fast-spiking interneurons}, Volume = {500}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Owen_Nature2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Owen_Nature2013.pdf}} @article{De-Biase:2017, Abstract = {Microglia play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and can also modulate neuronal function and synaptic connectivity. In contrast to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which arise from multiple progenitor pools, microglia arise from yolk sac progenitors and are widely considered to be equivalent throughout the CNS. However, little is known about basic properties of deep brain microglia, such as those within the basal ganglia (BG). Here, we show that microglial anatomical features, lysosome content, membrane properties, and transcriptomes differ significantly across BG nuclei. Region-specific phenotypes of BG microglia emerged during the second postnatal week and were re-established following genetic or pharmacological microglial ablation and repopulation in the adult, indicating that local cues play an ongoing role in shaping microglial diversity. These findings demonstrate that microglia in the healthy brain exhibit a spectrum of distinct functional states and provide a critical foundation for defining microglial contributions to BG circuit function.}, @@ -411,7 +400,7 @@ Title = {Local Cues Establish and Maintain Region-Specific Phenotypes of Basal Ganglia Microglia}, Volume = {95}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DeBiase_Neuron2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/DeBiase_Neuron2017.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/DeBiase_Neuron2017a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.020}} @@ -433,7 +422,7 @@ Title = {Multiplexed Intact-Tissue Transcriptional Analysis at Cellular Resolution}, Volume = {164}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sylwestrak_Cell2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sylwestrak_Cell2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.038}} @article{Li:2009, @@ -474,7 +463,7 @@ Title = {Three Types of Cortical Layer 5 Neurons That Differ in Brain-wide Connectivity and Function}, Volume = {88}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kim_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kim_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.002}} @article{Sylwestrak:2012, @@ -495,7 +484,7 @@ Title = {Elfn1 regulates target-specific release probability at CA1-interneuron synapses}, Volume = {338}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sylwestrak_Science2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sylwestrak_Science2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1222482}} @article{Beier:2017, @@ -515,7 +504,7 @@ Title = {Rabies screen reveals GPe control of cocaine-triggered plasticity}, Volume = {549}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Beier_Nature2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Beier_Nature2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23888}} @article{De-Biase:2010, @@ -536,7 +525,7 @@ Title = {Excitability and synaptic communication within the oligodendrocyte lineage}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DeBiase_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/DeBiase_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} @article{Brown:2001a, Abstract = {'Independent component analysis' is a technique of data transformation that finds independent sources of activity in recorded mixtures of sources. It can be used to recover fluctuations of membrane potential from individual neurons in multiple-detector optical recordings. There are some examples in which more than 100 neurons can be separated simultaneously. Independent component analysis automatically separates overlapping action potentials, recovers action potentials of different sizes from the same neuron, removes artifacts and finds the position of each neuron on the detector array. One limitation is that the number of sources--neurons and artifacts--must be equal to or less than the number of simultaneous recordings. Independent component analysis also has many other applications in neuroscience including, removal of artifacts from EEG data, identification of spatially independent brain regions in fMRI recordings and determination of population codes in multi-unit recordings.}, @@ -554,7 +543,7 @@ Title = {Independent component analysis at the neural cocktail party}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_TrendsNeurosci2001a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brown_TrendsNeurosci2001a.pdf}} @article{Beier:2013, Abstract = {The use of neurotropic viruses as transsynaptic tracers was first described in the 1960s, but only recently have such viruses gained popularity as a method for labeling neural circuits. The development of retrograde monosynaptic tracing vectors has enabled visualization of the presynaptic sources onto defined sets of postsynaptic neurons. Here, we describe the first application of a novel viral tracer, based on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which directs retrograde transsynaptic viral spread between defined cell types. We use this virus in the mouse retina to show connectivity between starburst amacrine cells (SACs) and their known synaptic partners, direction-selective retinal ganglion cells, as well as to discover previously unknown connectivity between SACs and other retinal ganglion cell types. These novel connections were confirmed using physiological recordings. VSV transsynaptic tracing enables cell type-specific dissection of neural circuitry and can reveal synaptic relationships among neurons that are otherwise obscured due to the complexity and density of neuropil.}, @@ -574,7 +563,7 @@ Title = {Transsynaptic tracing with vesicular stomatitis virus reveals novel retinal circuitry}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Beier_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Beier_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Sher:2013, Abstract = {CNS neurons change their connectivity to accommodate a changing environment, form memories, or respond to injury. Plasticity in the adult mammalian retina after injury or disease was thought to be limited to restructuring resulting in abnormal retinal anatomy and function. Here we report that neurons in the mammalian retina change their connectivity and restore normal retinal anatomy and function after injury. Patches of photoreceptors in the rabbit retina were destroyed by selective laser photocoagulation, leaving retinal inner neurons (bipolar, amacrine, horizontal, ganglion cells) intact. Photoreceptors located outside of the damaged zone migrated to make new functional connections with deafferented bipolar cells located inside the lesion. The new connections restored ON and OFF responses in deafferented ganglion cells. This finding extends the previously perceived limits of restorative plasticity in the adult retina and allows for new approaches to retinal laser therapy free of current detrimental side effects such as scotomata and scarring.}, @@ -594,7 +583,7 @@ Title = {Restoration of retinal structure and function after selective photocoagulation}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sher_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sher_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Behrens:2014, Abstract = {Bitter taste perception in vertebrates relies on a variable number of bitter taste receptor (Tas2r) genes, ranging from only three functional genes in chicken to as many as approximately 50 in frogs. Humans possess a medium-sized Tas2r repertoire encoding three broadly and several narrowly tuned receptors plus receptors with intermediate tuning properties. Such tuning information is not available for bitter taste receptors of other vertebrate species. In particular it is not known, whether a small Tas2r repertoire may be compensated for by broad tuning of these receptors, and on the other side, whether a large repertoire might entail a preponderance of narrowly tuned receptors. To elucidate this question, we cloned all three chicken Tas2rs, the two turkey Tas2rs, three zebra finch Tas2rs, and six Tas2rs of the Western clawed frog representative of major branches of the phylogenetic tree, and screened them with 46 different bitter compounds. All chicken and turkey Tas2rs were broadly tuned, the zebra finch Tas2rs were narrowly tuned, and frog Tas2rs ranged from broadly to narrowly tuned receptors. We conclude that a low number of functional Tas2r genes does not imply a reduced importance of bitter taste per se, as it can be compensated by large tuning width. A high number of functional Tas2r genes appears to allow the evolution of specialized receptors, possibly for toxins with species-specific relevance. In sum, we show that variability in tuning breadth, overlapping agonist profiles, and staggered effective agonist concentration ranges are shared features of human and other vertebrate Tas2rs.}, @@ -614,7 +603,7 @@ Title = {Tuning properties of avian and frog bitter taste receptors dynamically fit gene repertoire sizes}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Behrens_MolBiolEvol2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Behrens_MolBiolEvol2014.pdf}} @article{Oike:2007, Abstract = {Recent progress in the molecular biology of taste reception has revealed that in mammals, the heteromeric receptors T1R1/3 and T1R2/3 respond to amino acids and sweeteners, respectively, whereas T2Rs are receptors for bitter tastants. Similar taste receptors have also been characterized in fish, but their ligands have not been identified yet. In the present study, we conducted a series of experiments to identify the fish taste receptor ligands. Facial nerve recordings in zebrafish (Danio rerio) demonstrated that the fish perceived amino acids and even denatonium, which is a representative of aversive bitter compounds for mammals and Drosophila. Calcium imaging analysis of T1Rs in zebrafish and medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) using an HEK293T heterologous expression system revealed that both T1R1/3 and a series of T1R2/3 responded to amino acids but not to sugars. A triple-labeling, in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that cells expressing T1R1/3 and T1R2/3s exist in PLCbeta2-expressing taste bud cells of medaka fish. Functional analysis using T2Rs showed that zfT2R5 and mfT2R1 responded to denatonium. Behavior observations confirmed that zebrafish prefer amino acids and avoid denatonium. These results suggest that, although there may be some fish-specific way of discriminating ligands, vertebrates could have a conserved gustatory mechanism by which T1Rs and T2Rs respond to attractive and aversive tastants, respectively.}, @@ -633,7 +622,7 @@ Title = {Characterization of ligands for fish taste receptors}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Oike_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Oike_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} @article{Yu:2016, Abstract = {We rely on movement to explore the environment, for example, by palpating an object. In somatosensory cortex, activity related to movement of digits or whiskers is suppressed, which could facilitate detection of touch. Movement-related suppression is generally assumed to involve corollary discharges. Here we uncovered a thalamocortical mechanism in which cortical fast-spiking interneurons, driven by sensory input, suppress movement-related activity in layer 4 (L4) excitatory neurons. In mice locating objects with their whiskers, neurons in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) fired in response to touch and whisker movement. Cortical L4 fast-spiking interneurons inherited these responses from VPM. In contrast, L4 excitatory neurons responded mainly to touch. Optogenetic experiments revealed that fast-spiking interneurons reduced movement-related spiking in excitatory neurons, enhancing selectivity for touch-related information during active tactile sensation. These observations suggest a fundamental computation performed by the thalamocortical circuit to accentuate salient tactile information.}, @@ -652,7 +641,7 @@ Title = {Layer 4 fast-spiking interneurons filter thalamocortical signals during active somatosensation}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yu_NatNeurosci2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yu_NatNeurosci2016.pdf}} @article{Hartwick:2007, Abstract = {A small number (<2%) of mammalian retinal ganglion cells express the photopigment melanopsin and are intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). Light depolarizes ipRGCs and increases intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) but the signaling cascades underlying these responses have yet to be elucidated. To facilitate physiological studies on these rare photoreceptors, highly enriched ipRGC cultures from neonatal rats were generated using anti-melanopsin-mediated plate adhesion (immunopanning). This novel approach enabled experiments on isolated ipRGCs, eliminating the potential confounding influence of rod/cone-driven input. Light induced a rise in [Ca2+]i (monitored using fura-2 imaging) in the immunopanned ipRGCs and the source of this Ca2+ signal was investigated. The Ca2+ responses were inhibited by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, SKF-96365 (1-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]ethyl-1H-imidazole), flufenamic acid, lanthanum, and gadolinium, consistent with the involvement of canonical transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in ipRGC phototransduction. However, the contribution of direct Ca2+ flux through a putative TRP channel to ipRGC [Ca2+]i was relatively small, as most (approximately 90%) of the light-induced Ca2+ responses could be blocked by preventing action potential firing with tetrodotoxin. The L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) blockers verapamil and (+)-cis-diltiazem significantly reduced the light-evoked Ca2+ responses, while the internal Ca2+ stores depleting agent thapsigargin had negligible effect. These results indicate that Ca2+ influx through VGCCs, activated after action potential firing, was the primary source for light-evoked elevations in ipRGC [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, concurrent Ca2+ imaging and cell-attached electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that the Ca2+ responses were highly correlated to spike frequency, thereby establishing a direct link between action potential firing and somatic [Ca2+]i in light-stimulated ipRGCs.}, @@ -671,7 +660,7 @@ Title = {Light-evoked calcium responses of isolated melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hartwick_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hartwick_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} @article{Goyal:2014, Abstract = {Aerobic glycolysis (AG; i.e., nonoxidative metabolism of glucose despite the presence of abundant oxygen) accounts for 10%-12% of glucose used by the adult human brain. AG varies regionally in the resting state. Brain AG may support synaptic growth and remodeling; however, data supporting this hypothesis are sparse. Here, we report on investigations on the role of AG in the human brain. Meta-analysis of prior brain glucose and oxygen metabolism studies demonstrates that AG increases during childhood, precisely when synaptic growth rates are highest. In resting adult humans, AG correlates with the persistence of gene expression typical of infancy (transcriptional neoteny). In brain regions with the highest AG, we find increased gene expression related to synapse formation and growth. In contrast, regions high in oxidative glucose metabolism express genes related to mitochondria and synaptic transmission. Our results suggest that brain AG supports developmental processes, particularly those required for synapse formation and growth.}, @@ -692,7 +681,7 @@ Title = {Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with development and neotenous gene expression}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goyal_CellMetab2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Goyal_CellMetab2014.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Goyal_CellMetab2014a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.020}} @@ -714,7 +703,7 @@ Title = {A cellular perspective on brain energy metabolism and functional imaging}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Magistretti_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Magistretti_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.035}} @article{Erecinska:2004, @@ -735,7 +724,7 @@ Title = {Energy metabolism in mammalian brain during development}, Volume = {73}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Erecinska_ProgNeurobiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Erecinska_ProgNeurobiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.06.003}} @article{Lee:2017, @@ -756,7 +745,7 @@ Title = {Rewiring the taste system}, Volume = {548}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_Nature2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lee_Nature2017.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Lee_Nature2017a.pdf}} @book{Kennedy:2016, @@ -787,7 +776,7 @@ Isbn = {9783319277769 (alk. paper)}, Library-Id = {2016932376}, Title = {Micro-, meso- and macro-connectomics of the brain}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bookshelf_NBK435763.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bookshelf_NBK435763.pdf}} @article{Mergenthaler:2013, Abstract = {The mammalian brain depends upon glucose as its main source of energy, and tight regulation of glucose metabolism is critical for brain physiology. Consistent with its critical role for physiological brain function, disruption of normal glucose metabolism as well as its interdependence with cell death pathways forms the pathophysiological basis for many brain disorders. Here, we review recent advances in understanding how glucose metabolism sustains basic brain physiology. We synthesize these findings to form a comprehensive picture of the cooperation required between different systems and cell types, and the specific breakdowns in this cooperation that lead to disease.}, @@ -808,7 +797,7 @@ Title = {Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mergenthaler_TrendsNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mergenthaler_TrendsNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Gordon:2008, Abstract = {Calcium signalling in astrocytes couples changes in neural activity to alterations in cerebral blood flow by eliciting vasoconstriction or vasodilation of arterioles. However, the mechanism for how these opposite astrocyte influences provide appropriate changes in vessel tone within an environment that has dynamic metabolic requirements remains unclear. Here we show that the ability of astrocytes to induce vasodilations over vasoconstrictions relies on the metabolic state of the rat brain tissue. When oxygen availability is lowered and astrocyte calcium concentration is elevated, astrocyte glycolysis and lactate release are maximized. External lactate attenuates transporter-mediated uptake from the extracellular space of prostaglandin E(2), leading to accumulation and subsequent vasodilation. In conditions of low oxygen concentration extracellular adenosine also increases, which blocks astrocyte-mediated constriction, facilitating dilation. These data reveal the role of metabolic substrates in regulating brain blood flow and provide a mechanism for differential astrocyte control over cerebrovascular diameter during different states of brain activation.}, @@ -828,7 +817,7 @@ Title = {Brain metabolism dictates the polarity of astrocyte control over arterioles}, Volume = {456}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gordon_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gordon_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Gordon_Nature2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07525}} @@ -858,7 +847,7 @@ Title = {Patterning of pre-thalamic somatosensory pathways}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pouchelon_EurJNeurosci2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pouchelon_EurJNeurosci2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08059.x}} @article{Jabaudon:2012, @@ -879,7 +868,7 @@ Title = {RORβ induces barrel-like neuronal clusters in the developing neocortex}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jabaudon_CerebCortex2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jabaudon_CerebCortex2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr182}} @article{Bressler:1996, @@ -899,7 +888,7 @@ Title = {Interareal synchronization in the visual cortex}, Volume = {76}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bressler_BehavBrainRes1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bressler_BehavBrainRes1996.pdf}} @article{Rumberger:2001, Abstract = {We have qualitatively and quantitatively analysed the anatomical connections within and between rat primary visual cortex (V1) and the rim region surrounding area V1, using both ortho- and retrograde anatomical tracers (biotinylated dextran amine, biocytin, cholera toxin b subunit). From the analysis of the projection patterns, and with the assumption that single points in the rat visual cortex, as in other species, have projection fields made up of multiple patches of terminals, we have concluded that just two V1 recipient areas occupy the entire rim region: an anterolateral area, probably homologous with V2 in other mammals, previously named Oc2L, and a medial area, corresponding to Oc2M. A non-reciprocal projection from the anterolateral area to the medial area was identified. Small injections (300-600microm uptake zone diameter) of the anatomical tracers in area V1, or in the rim region, label orthograde intra-areal connections from each injection site to offset small patches. This is found in all regions of the rim and within at least the relatively expanded central dorsal field representation of V1. From the extent of these projections in V1 and the two rim regions, we have estimated that the neurons at the injection site send diverging laterally spreading projections to other neurons whose receptive fields share any part of the area included in the pooled receptive fields of the neurons at the injection site. Orthogradely labelled inter-areal feedforward projections from V1 to either rim region are estimated to diverge in their projections to neurons that share any part of the area of the pooled receptive fields of the V1 intra-areal connectional field of the same injection. The orthogradely labelled feedback projections to V1, from injection sites in either rim region, reach V1 neurons whose pooled receptive fields match those of the neurons in the rim injection site, i.e. with no divergence. Despite patchy anatomical connectional fields, our estimates indicate that visual space is represented continuously in the receptive fields of neurons postsynaptic to each intra- or inter-areal field of orthograde label. We suggest that, despite the absence of regularly mapped functions in rat V1 (e.g. regularly arranged orientation specificity), which in other species (e.g. primates and cats) relate to the patchy connectional patterns, the rat visual cortex intra- and inter-areal anatomical connections follow similar patterns and scaling factors to those in other species.}, @@ -916,7 +905,7 @@ Title = {Intra- and inter-areal connections between the primary visual cortex V1 and the area immediately surrounding V1 in the rat}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rumberger_Neuroscience2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rumberger_Neuroscience2001.pdf}} @article{Yamashita:2013, Abstract = {Primary sensory cortex discriminates incoming sensory information and generates multiple processing streams toward other cortical areas. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, by making whole-cell recordings in primary somatosensory barrel cortex (S1) of behaving mice, we show that S1 neurons projecting to primary motor cortex (M1) and those projecting to secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) have distinct intrinsic membrane properties and exhibit markedly different membrane potential dynamics during behavior. Passive tactile stimulation evoked faster and larger postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in M1-projecting neurons, rapidly driving phasic action potential firing, well-suited for stimulus detection. Repetitive active touch evoked strongly depressing PSPs and only transient firing in M1-projecting neurons. In contrast, PSP summation allowed S2-projecting neurons to robustly signal sensory information accumulated during repetitive touch, useful for encoding object features. Thus, target-specific transformation of sensory-evoked synaptic potentials by S1 projection neurons generates functionally distinct output signals for sensorimotor coordination and sensory perception.}, @@ -935,7 +924,7 @@ Title = {Membrane potential dynamics of neocortical projection neurons driving target-specific signals}, Volume = {80}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yamashita_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yamashita_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.059}} @article{Petersen:2013, @@ -974,7 +963,7 @@ Title = {Cross-modal plasticity: where and how?}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bavelier_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bavelier_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Tagge:2018, Abstract = {The mechanisms underpinning concussion, traumatic brain injury, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and the relationships between these disorders, are poorly understood. We examined post-mortem brains from teenage athletes in the acute-subacute period after mild closed-head impact injury and found astrocytosis, myelinated axonopathy, microvascular injury, perivascular neuroinflammation, and phosphorylated tau protein pathology. To investigate causal mechanisms, we developed a mouse model of lateral closed-head impact injury that uses momentum transfer to induce traumatic head acceleration. Unanaesthetized mice subjected to unilateral impact exhibited abrupt onset, transient course, and rapid resolution of a concussion-like syndrome characterized by altered arousal, contralateral hemiparesis, truncal ataxia, locomotor and balance impairments, and neurobehavioural deficits. Experimental impact injury was associated with axonopathy, blood-brain barrier disruption, astrocytosis, microgliosis (with activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, TREM2), monocyte infiltration, and phosphorylated tauopathy in cerebral cortex ipsilateral and subjacent to impact. Phosphorylated tauopathy was detected in ipsilateral axons by 24 h, bilateral axons and soma by 2 weeks, and distant cortex bilaterally at 5.5 months post-injury. Impact pathologies co-localized with serum albumin extravasation in the brain that was diagnostically detectable in living mice by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. These pathologies were also accompanied by early, persistent, and bilateral impairment in axonal conduction velocity in the hippocampus and defective long-term potentiation of synaptic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex, brain regions distant from acute brain injury. Surprisingly, acute neurobehavioural deficits at the time of injury did not correlate with blood-brain barrier disruption, microgliosis, neuroinflammation, phosphorylated tauopathy, or electrophysiological dysfunction. Furthermore, concussion-like deficits were observed after impact injury, but not after blast exposure under experimental conditions matched for head kinematics. Computational modelling showed that impact injury generated focal point loading on the head and seven-fold greater peak shear stress in the brain compared to blast exposure. Moreover, intracerebral shear stress peaked before onset of gross head motion. By comparison, blast induced distributed force loading on the head and diffuse, lower magnitude shear stress in the brain. We conclude that force loading mechanics at the time of injury shape acute neurobehavioural responses, structural brain damage, and neuropathological sequelae triggered by neurotrauma. These results indicate that closed-head impact injuries, independent of concussive signs, can induce traumatic brain injury as well as early pathologies and functional sequelae associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy. These results also shed light on the origins of concussion and relationship to traumatic brain injury and its aftermath.awx350media15713427811001.}, @@ -990,7 +979,7 @@ Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Concussion, microvascular injury, and early tauopathy in young athletes after impact head injury and an impact concussion mouse model}, Year = {2018}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tagge_Brain2018.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tagge_Brain2018.pdf}} @article{Li:2002d, Abstract = {We examined whether Gbx2 is required after embryonic day 9 (E9) to repress Otx2 in the cerebellar anlage and position the midbrain/hindbrain organizer. In contrast to Gbx2 null mutants, mice lacking Gbx2 in rhombomere 1 (r1) after E9 (Gbx2-CKO) are viable and develop a cerebellum. A Gbx2-independent pathway can repress Otx2 in r1 after E9. Mid/hindbrain organizer gene expression, however, continues to be dependent on Gbx2. We found that Fgf8 expression normally correlates with the isthmus where cells undergo low proliferation and that in Gbx2-CKO mutants this domain is expanded. We propose that Fgf8 permits lateral cerebellar development through repression of Otx2 and also suppresses medial cerebellar growth in Gbx2-CKO embryos. Our work has uncovered distinct requirements for Gbx2 during cerebellum formation and provided a model for how a transcription factor can play multiple roles during development.}, @@ -1008,7 +997,7 @@ Title = {Changing requirements for Gbx2 in development of the cerebellum and maintenance of the mid/hindbrain organizer}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Li_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Cuoco:2017, Abstract = {C57BL/6 mice exhibit spontaneous cerebellar malformations consisting of heterotopic neurons and glia in the molecular layer of the posterior vermis, indicative of neuronal migration defect during cerebellar development. Recognizing that many genetically engineered (GE) mouse lines are produced from C57BL/6 ES cells or backcrossed to this strain, we performed histological analyses and found that cerebellar heterotopia were a common feature present in the majority of GE lines on this background. Furthermore, we identify GE mouse lines that will be valuable in the study of cerebellar malformations including diverse driver, reporter, and optogenetic lines. Finally, we discuss the implications that these data have on the use of C57BL/6 mice and GE mice on this background in studies of cerebellar development or as models of disease.}, @@ -1024,7 +1013,7 @@ Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Malformation of the Posterior Cerebellar Vermis Is a Common Neuroanatomical Phenotype of Genetically Engineered Mice on the C57BL/6 Background}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cuoco_Cerebellum2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cuoco_Cerebellum2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-017-0892-3}} @article{Murabe:1983, @@ -1059,7 +1048,7 @@ Title = {Layer VII of rodent cerebral cortex}, Volume = {90}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reep_NeurosciLett1988.pdf}} + File = {papers/Reep_NeurosciLett1988.pdf}} @article{Selverston:1998, Abstract = {The lobster stomatogastric ganglion contains 30 neurons and when modulated can produce two distinct rhythmic motor patterns--the gastric mill and the pyloric. The complete neural circuitry underlying both patterns is well known. Without modulatory input no patterns are produced, and the neurons fire tonically or are silent. When neuromodulators are released into the ganglion from specific neurons or are delivered as hormones, the properties of the neurons and synapses change dramatically and modulator-specific gastric mill and pyloric patterns are produced. In general the rhythmicity derives from the induced burstiness of the neurons, and the pattern from the strengths of the electrical and chemical synapses. The organized activity can be traced to a marked reduction of chaotic activity in individual neurons when they shift from the unmodulated to the modulated state.}, @@ -1076,7 +1065,7 @@ Title = {Basic principles for generating motor output in the stomatogastric ganglion}, Volume = {860}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Selverston_AnnNYAcadSci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Selverston_AnnNYAcadSci1998.pdf}} @article{Bliss:1973a, Abstract = {1. Potential changes evoked by stimulation of the perforant path have been recorded in the dentate area of the hippocampal formation in chronically prepared unanaesthetized rabbits.2. Components attributed to excitatory synaptic current flow and to action potentials in the granule cell population were distinguishable, with characteristics largely the same as in anaesthetized rabbits.3. Stimulation at 15/sec for several seconds usually led to the granule cells being more effectively activated by the individual stimuli of the train (;frequency potentiation'). Single stimuli then commonly produced multiple discharges in the granule cell population.4. After single periods of stimulation at 15/sec for 15-20 sec there was on 26% of the occasions (41% of those on which there was good frequency potentiation) a long-lasting potentiation of the responses to subsequent stimuli, lasting from 1 hr to 3 days.5. After a further 20% of the periods of repetitive stimulation there was a shorter lasting potentiation, and after 8% there was a short lasting depression.6. The potentiation, when present, was characterized by some or all of the following changes: increases in the amplitudes of the synaptic wave and population spike, reduction in the latency of the population spike, and reductions in the variability of the characteristics of the population spike.7. During the long-lasting potentiation there was an increase in the excitability of the post-synaptic cells and, on some but not all occasions, an increase in the extracellular current flow produced directly by synaptic action.}, @@ -1113,7 +1102,7 @@ Title = {Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path}, Volume = {232}, Year = {1973}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bliss_JPhysiol1973.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bliss_JPhysiol1973.pdf}} @article{Brown:1914, Author = {Brown, T G}, @@ -1130,7 +1119,7 @@ Title = {On the nature of the fundamental activity of the nervous centres; together with an analysis of the conditioning of rhythmic activity in progression, and a theory of the evolution of function in the nervous system}, Volume = {48}, Year = {1914}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_JPhysiol1914.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brown_JPhysiol1914.pdf}} @article{Sherrington:1913, Abstract = {IN a previous paper' an attempt was made to determine factors at work in the reflex act of stepping, that is to say in the stepping performed by a purely reflex preparation, either decerebrate or purely spinal. The present experiments are in contribution toward the same problem. @@ -1149,7 +1138,7 @@ Method. In the present experiments the mode of evoking the rhythmic reflex has b Title = {Further observations on the production of reflex stepping by combination of reflex excitation with reflex inhibition}, Volume = {47}, Year = {1913}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sherrington_JPhysiol1913.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sherrington_JPhysiol1913.pdf}} @article{Drew:2008, Abstract = {Spontaneous ultra-slow oscillations in brain signals are ubiquitous, although their source and function remain unknown. A new study now reports that this activity is correlated between functionally related areas across hemispheres in humans.}, @@ -1169,7 +1158,7 @@ Method. In the present experiments the mode of evoking the rhythmic reflex has b Title = {Finding coherence in spontaneous oscillations}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Drew_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Drew_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0908-991}} @article{Ramsden:2015, @@ -1232,7 +1221,7 @@ RESULTS: NERs and connectivity extractors are evaluated against a manually annot Title = {Neuroinformatics of the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas}, Volume = {73}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuan_Methods2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kuan_Methods2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.013}} @article{Ermentrout:2001, @@ -1251,7 +1240,7 @@ RESULTS: NERs and connectivity extractors are evaluated against a manually annot Title = {Traveling electrical waves in cortex: insights from phase dynamics and speculation on a computational role}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ermentrout_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ermentrout_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Smith:2010a, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Shortly after eye opening, initially disorganized visual cortex circuitry is rapidly refined to form smooth retinotopic maps. This process asymptotes long before adulthood, but it is unknown whether further refinement is possible. Prior work from our lab has shown that the retinotopic map of the non-dominant ipsilateral eye develops faster when the dominant contralateral eye is removed. We examined whether input from the contralateral eye might also limit the ultimate refinement of the ipsilateral eye retinotopic map in adults. In addition, we examined whether the increased refinement involved the recruitment of adjacent cortical area. @@ -1273,7 +1262,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Since the retinotopic map was functionally refined to Title = {The refinement of ipsilateral eye retinotopic maps is increased by removing the dominant contralateral eye in adult mice}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smith_PLoSOne2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Smith_PLoSOne2010.pdf}} @article{Faguet:2009, Abstract = {In the cerebral cortex, neuronal circuits are first laid down by intrinsic mechanisms and then refined by experience. In the canonical model, this refinement is driven by activity-dependent competition between inputs for some limited cortical resource. Here we examine this idea in the mouse visual cortex at the peak of the critical period for experience-dependent plasticity. By imaging intrinsic optical responses, we mapped the strength and size of each eye's cortical representation in normal mice, mice that had been deprived of patterned vision uni- or bilaterally, and in mice in which the contralateral eye had been removed. We find that for both eyes, a period of visual deprivation results in a loss of cortical responsiveness to stimulation through the deprived eye. In addition, the ipsilateral eye pathway is affected by the quality of vision through the opposite eye. Our findings indicate that although both contra- and ipsilateral eye pathways require visual experience for their maintenance, ipsilateral eye projections bear an additional, unique sensitivity to binocular interactions.}, @@ -1293,7 +1282,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Since the retinotopic map was functionally refined to Title = {Ipsilateral eye cortical maps are uniquely sensitive to binocular plasticity}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Faguet_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Faguet_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}} @article{Kramer:2013, Abstract = {The optical neuroscience revolution is transforming how we study neural circuits. By providing a precise way to manipulate endogenous neuronal signaling proteins, it also has the potential to transform our understanding of molecular neuroscience. Recent advances in chemical biology have produced light-sensitive compounds that photoregulate a wide variety of proteins underlying signaling between and within neurons. Chemical tools for optopharmacology include caged agonists and antagonists and reversibly photoswitchable ligands. These reagents act on voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, enabling control of neuronal signaling with a high degree of spatial and temporal precision. By covalently attaching photoswitch molecules to genetically tagged proteins, the newly emerging methodology of optogenetic pharmacology allows biochemically precise control in targeted subsets of neurons. Now that the tools for manipulating endogenous neuronal signaling proteins are available, they can be implemented in vivo to enhance our understanding of the molecular bases of brain function and dysfunctions.}, @@ -1314,7 +1303,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Since the retinotopic map was functionally refined to Title = {Optogenetic pharmacology for control of native neuronal signaling proteins}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kramer_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kramer_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Czajkowski:2014, Abstract = {The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is part of a network of interconnected cortical, hippocampal, and thalamic structures harboring spatially modulated neurons. The RSC contains head direction cells and connects to the parahippocampal region and anterior thalamus. Manipulations of the RSC can affect spatial and contextual tasks. A considerable amount of evidence implicates the role of the RSC in spatial navigation, but it is unclear whether this structure actually encodes or stores spatial information. We used a transgenic mouse in which the expression of green fluorescent protein was under the control of the immediate early gene c-fos promoter as well as time-lapse two-photon in vivo imaging to monitor neuronal activation triggered by spatial learning in the Morris water maze. We uncovered a repetitive pattern of cell activation in the RSC consistent with the hypothesis that during spatial learning an experience-dependent memory trace is formed in this structure. In support of this hypothesis, we also report three other observations. First, temporary RSC inactivation disrupts performance in a spatial learning task. Second, we show that overexpressing the transcription factor CREB in the RSC with a viral vector, a manipulation known to enhance memory consolidation in other circuits, results in spatial memory enhancements. Third, silencing the viral CREB-expressing neurons with the allatostatin system occludes the spatial memory enhancement. Taken together, these results indicate that the retrosplenial cortex engages in the formation and storage of memory traces for spatial information.}, @@ -1334,7 +1323,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Since the retinotopic map was functionally refined to Title = {Encoding and storage of spatial information in the retrosplenial cortex}, Volume = {111}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Czajkowski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Czajkowski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2014.pdf}} @article{Quirin:2014, Abstract = {We introduce a scanless optical method to image neuronal activity in three dimensions simultaneously. Using a spatial light modulator and a custom-designed phase mask, we illuminate and collect light simultaneously from different focal planes and perform calcium imaging of neuronal activity in vitro and in vivo. This method, combining structured illumination with volume projection imaging, could be used as a technological platform for brain activity mapping.}, @@ -1353,7 +1342,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Since the retinotopic map was functionally refined to Title = {Simultaneous imaging of neural activity in three dimensions}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Quirin_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Quirin_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}} @article{Freeman:2014, Abstract = {Understanding brain function requires monitoring and interpreting the activity of large networks of neurons during behavior. Advances in recording technology are greatly increasing the size and complexity of neural data. Analyzing such data will pose a fundamental bottleneck for neuroscience. We present a library of analytical tools called Thunder built on the open-source Apache Spark platform for large-scale distributed computing. The library implements a variety of univariate and multivariate analyses with a modular, extendable structure well-suited to interactive exploration and analysis development. We demonstrate how these analyses find structure in large-scale neural data, including whole-brain light-sheet imaging data from fictively behaving larval zebrafish, and two-photon imaging data from behaving mouse. The analyses relate neuronal responses to sensory input and behavior, run in minutes or less and can be used on a private cluster or in the cloud. Our open-source framework thus holds promise for turning brain activity mapping efforts into biological insights.}, @@ -1373,7 +1362,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Since the retinotopic map was functionally refined to Title = {Mapping brain activity at scale with cluster computing}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Freeman_NatMethods2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Freeman_NatMethods2014.pdf}} @article{Mez:2017, Abstract = {Importance: Players of American football may be at increased risk of long-term neurological conditions, particularly chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). @@ -1398,7 +1387,7 @@ Conclusions and Relevance: In a convenience sample of deceased football players Title = {Clinicopathological Evaluation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Players of American Football}, Volume = {318}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mez_JAMA2017.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mez_JAMA2017.pdf}} @article{McKee:2014, Abstract = {The benefits of regular exercise, physical fitness and sports participation on cardiovascular and brain health are undeniable. Physical activity reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and stroke, and produces beneficial effects on cholesterol levels, antioxidant systems, inflammation, and vascular function. Exercise also enhances psychological health, reduces age-related loss of brain volume, improves cognition, reduces the risk of developing dementia, and impedes neurodegeneration. Nonetheless, the play of sports is associated with risks, including a risk for mild TBI (mTBI) and, rarely, catastrophic traumatic injury and death. There is also growing awareness that repetitive mTBIs, such as concussion and subconcussion, can occasionally produce persistent cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric problems as well as lead to the development of a neurodegeneration, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In this review, we summarize the beneficial aspects of sports participation on psychological, emotional, physical and cognitive health, and specifically analyze some of the less common adverse neuropathological outcomes, including concussion, second-impact syndrome, juvenile head trauma syndrome, catastrophic sudden death, and CTE. CTE is a latent neurodegeneration clinically associated with behavioral changes, executive dysfunction and cognitive impairments, and pathologically characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy, neuronal and axonal loss, and abnormal deposits of paired helical filament (PHF)-tau and 43 kDa TAR deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding protein (TDP-43). CTE often occurs as a sole diagnosis, but may be associated with other neurodegenerative disorders, including motor neuron disease (CTE-MND). Although the incidence and prevalence of CTE are not known, CTE has been reported most frequently in American football players and boxers. Other sports associated with CTE include ice hockey, professional wrestling, soccer, rugby, and baseball.}, @@ -1418,7 +1407,7 @@ Conclusions and Relevance: In a convenience sample of deceased football players Title = {The neuropathology of sport}, Volume = {127}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McKee_ActaNeuropathol2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/McKee_ActaNeuropathol2014.pdf}} @article{Viswanathan:2012, Abstract = {Subplate neurons (SPNs) are a population of neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex that exist predominantly in the prenatal and early postnatal period. Loss of SPNs prevents the functional maturation of the cerebral cortex. SPNs receive subcortical input from the thalamus and relay this information to the developing cortical plate and thereby can influence cortical activity in a feedforward manner. Little is known about potential feedback projections from the cortical plate to SPNs. Thus, we investigated the spatial distribution of intracortical synaptic inputs to SPNs in vitro in mouse auditory cortex by photostimulation. We find that SPNs fell into two broad classes based on their distinct spatial patterns of synaptic inputs. The first class of SPNs receives inputs from only deep cortical layers, while the second class of SPNs receives inputs from deep as well as superficial layers including layer 4. We find that superficial cortical inputs to SPNs emerge in the second postnatal week and that SPNs that receive superficial cortical input are located more superficially than those that do not. Our data thus suggest that distinct circuits are present in the subplate and that, while SPNs participate in an early feedforward circuit, they are also involved in a feedback circuit at older ages. Together, our results show that SPNs are tightly integrated into the developing thalamocortical and intracortical circuit. The feedback projections from the cortical plate might enable SPNs to amplify thalamic inputs to SPNs.}, @@ -1438,7 +1427,7 @@ Conclusions and Relevance: In a convenience sample of deceased football players Title = {Changing microcircuits in the subplate of the developing cortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Viswanathan_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Viswanathan_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Petit:2014, Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a cortical malformation formed when neocortical neurons prematurely stop their migration in the white matter, forming a heterotopic band below the normotopic cortex, and is generally associated with intractable epilepsy. Although it is clear that the band heterotopia and the overlying cortex both contribute to creating an abnormal circuit prone to generate epileptic discharges, it is less understood which part of this circuitry is the most critical. Here, we sought to identify the origin of epileptiform activity in a targeted genetic model of SBH in rats. @@ -1460,7 +1449,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: These results suggest a major role of the normotopic cortex over Title = {Normotopic cortex is the major contributor to epilepsy in experimental double cortex}, Volume = {76}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petit_AnnNeurol2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Petit_AnnNeurol2014.pdf}} @article{Herculano-Houzel:2014, Abstract = {It is a widespread notion that the proportion of glial to neuronal cells in the brain increases with brain size, to the point that glial cells represent "about 90% of all cells in the human brain." This notion, however, is wrong on both counts: neither does the glia/neuron ratio increase uniformly with brain size, nor do glial cells represent the majority of cells in the human brain. This review examines the origin of interest in the glia/neuron ratio; the original evidence that led to the notion that it increases with brain size; the extent to which this concept can be applied to white matter and whole brains and the recent supporting evidence that the glia/neuron ratio does not increase with brain size, but rather, and in surprisingly uniform fashion, with decreasing neuronal density due to increasing average neuronal cell size, across brain structures and species. Variations in the glia/neuron ratio are proposed to be related not to the supposed larger metabolic cost of larger neurons (given that this cost is not found to vary with neuronal density), but simply to the large variation in neuronal sizes across brain structures and species in the face of less overall variation in glial cell sizes, with interesting implications for brain physiology. The emerging evidence that the glia/neuron ratio varies uniformly across the different brain structures of mammalian species that diverged as early as 90 million years ago in evolution highlights how fundamental for brain function must be the interaction between glial cells and neurons.}, @@ -1480,7 +1469,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: These results suggest a major role of the normotopic cortex over Title = {The glia/neuron ratio: how it varies uniformly across brain structures and species and what that means for brain physiology and evolution}, Volume = {62}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_Glia2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_Glia2014.pdf}} @article{Mori:2013, Abstract = {The orbitofrontal cortex receives multi-modality sensory inputs, including olfactory input, and is thought to be involved in conscious perception of the olfactory image of objects. Generation of olfactory consciousness may require neuronal circuit mechanisms for the "binding" of distributed neuronal activities, with each constituent neuron representing a specific component of an olfactory percept. The shortest neuronal pathway for odor signals to reach the orbitofrontal cortex is olfactory sensory neuron-olfactory bulb-olfactory cortex-orbitofrontal cortex, but other pathways exist, including transthalamic pathways. Here, we review studies on the structural organization and functional properties of the shortest pathway, and propose a model of neuronal circuit mechanisms underlying the temporal bindings of distributed neuronal activities in the olfactory cortex. We describe a hypothesis that suggests functional roles of gamma oscillations in the bindings. This hypothesis proposes that two types of projection neurons in the olfactory bulb, tufted cells and mitral cells, play distinct functional roles in bindings at neuronal circuits in the olfactory cortex: tufted cells provide specificity-projecting circuits which send odor information with early-onset fast gamma synchronization, while mitral cells give rise to dispersedly-projecting feed-forward binding circuits which transmit the response synchronization timing with later-onset slow gamma synchronization. This hypothesis also suggests a sequence of bindings in the olfactory cortex: a small-scale binding by the early-phase fast gamma synchrony of tufted cell inputs followed by a larger-scale binding due to the later-onset slow gamma synchrony of mitral cell inputs. We discuss that behavioral state, including wakefulness and sleep, regulates gamma oscillation couplings across the olfactory bulb, olfactory cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex.}, @@ -1498,7 +1487,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: These results suggest a major role of the normotopic cortex over Title = {Olfactory consciousness and gamma oscillation couplings across the olfactory bulb, olfactory cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mori_FrontPsychol2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mori_FrontPsychol2013.pdf}} @article{Goard:2016, Abstract = {Mapping specific sensory features to future motor actions is a crucial capability of mammalian nervous systems. We investigated the role of visual (V1), posterior parietal (PPC), and frontal motor (fMC) cortices for sensorimotor mapping in mice during performance of a memory-guided visual discrimination task. Large-scale calcium imaging revealed that V1, PPC, and fMC neurons exhibited heterogeneous responses spanning all task epochs (stimulus, delay, response). Population analyses demonstrated unique encoding of stimulus identity and behavioral choice information across regions, with V1 encoding stimulus, fMC encoding choice even early in the trial, and PPC multiplexing the two variables. Optogenetic inhibition during behavior revealed that all regions were necessary during the stimulus epoch, but only fMC was required during the delay and response epochs. Stimulus identity can thus be rapidly transformed into behavioral choice, requiring V1, PPC, and fMC during the transformation period, but only fMC for maintaining the choice in memory prior to execution.}, @@ -1517,7 +1506,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: These results suggest a major role of the normotopic cortex over Title = {Distinct roles of visual, parietal, and frontal motor cortices in memory-guided sensorimotor decisions}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goard_Elife2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Goard_Elife2016.pdf}} @article{Guo:2015, Abstract = {Mammalian cerebral cortex is accepted as being critical for voluntary motor control, but what functions depend on cortex is still unclear. Here we used rapid, reversible optogenetic inhibition to test the role of cortex during a head-fixed task in which mice reach, grab, and eat a food pellet. Sudden cortical inhibition blocked initiation or froze execution of this skilled prehension behavior, but left untrained forelimb movements unaffected. Unexpectedly, kinematically normal prehension occurred immediately after cortical inhibition, even during rest periods lacking cue and pellet. This 'rebound' prehension was only evoked in trained and food-deprived animals, suggesting that a motivation-gated motor engram sufficient to evoke prehension is activated at inhibition's end. These results demonstrate the necessity and sufficiency of cortical activity for enacting a learned skill.}, @@ -1537,7 +1526,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: These results suggest a major role of the normotopic cortex over Title = {Cortex commands the performance of skilled movement}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guo_Elife2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Guo_Elife2015.pdf}} @article{Crair:2016, Abstract = {Although much is known about the regenerative capacity of retinal ganglion cells, very significant barriers remain in our ability to restore visual function following traumatic injury or disease-induced degeneration. Here we summarize our current understanding of the factors regulating axon guidance and target engagement in regenerating axons, and review the state of the field of neural regeneration, focusing on the visual system and highlighting studies using other model systems that can inform analysis of visual system regeneration. This overview is motivated by a Society for Neuroscience Satellite meeting, "Reconnecting Neurons in the Visual System," held in October 2015 sponsored by the National Eye Institute as part of their "Audacious Goals Initiative" and co-organized by Carol Mason (Columbia University) and Michael Crair (Yale University). The collective wisdom of the conference participants pointed to important gaps in our knowledge and barriers to progress in promoting the restoration of visual system function. This article is thus a summary of our existing understanding of visual system regeneration and provides a blueprint for future progress in the field.}, @@ -1558,7 +1547,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: These results suggest a major role of the normotopic cortex over Title = {Reconnecting Eye to Brain}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crair_JNeurosci2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crair_JNeurosci2016.pdf}} @article{Seybold:2015, Abstract = {Cortical function is regulated by a strikingly diverse array of local-circuit inhibitory neurons. We evaluated how optogenetically activating somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons subtractively or divisively suppressed auditory cortical cells' responses to tones. In both awake and anesthetized animals, we found that activating either family of interneurons produced mixtures of divisive and subtractive effects and that simultaneously recorded neurons were often suppressed in qualitatively different ways. A simple network model shows that threshold nonlinearities can interact with network activity to transform subtractive inhibition of neurons into divisive inhibition of networks, or vice versa. Varying threshold and the strength of suppression of a model neuron could determine whether the effect of inhibition appeared divisive, subtractive, or both. We conclude that the characteristics of response inhibition specific to a single interneuron type can be "masked" by the network configuration and cellular properties of the network in which they are embedded.}, @@ -1578,7 +1567,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: These results suggest a major role of the normotopic cortex over Title = {Inhibitory Actions Unified by Network Integration}, Volume = {87}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seybold_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Seybold_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.013}} @article{Ledochowitsch:2015, @@ -1602,7 +1591,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate techniques for the large-scale simultaneous interrog Title = {Strategies for optical control and simultaneous electrical readout of extended cortical circuits}, Volume = {256}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ledochowitsch_JNeurosciMethods2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ledochowitsch_JNeurosciMethods2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.028}} @article{Ryan:2017, @@ -1621,7 +1610,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate techniques for the large-scale simultaneous interrog Title = {Counseling Parents and Teens About Marijuana Use in the Era of Legalization of Marijuana}, Volume = {139}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ryan_Pediatrics2017.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ryan_Pediatrics2017.pdf}} @article{Tohmi:2009, Abstract = {Endogenous fluorescence signals derived from mitochondria reflect activity-dependent changes in brain metabolism and may be exploited in functional brain imaging. Endogenous flavoprotein fluorescence imaging in mice is especially important because many genetically manipulated strains of mice are available and the transparent skull of mice allows transcranial fluorescence imaging of cortical activities. In the primary sensory areas of mice, cortical activities and experience-dependent plasticity have been investigated using transcranial fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, differential imaging, based on stimulus specificity of cortical areas, distinguished activities in higher visual areas around the primary visual cortex from those in primary visual cortex. The combination of transcranial fluorescence imaging with the suppression of cortical activities using photobleaching of flavoproteins is expected to aid in elucidating the roles of sensory cortices including higher areas in mice.}, @@ -1640,7 +1629,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate techniques for the large-scale simultaneous interrog Title = {Transcranial flavoprotein fluorescence imaging of mouse cortical activity and plasticity}, Volume = {109 Suppl 1}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tohmi_JNeurochem2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tohmi_JNeurochem2009.pdf}} @article{Kondo:2016, Abstract = {A minicolumn is the smallest anatomical module in the cortical architecture, but it is still in debate whether it serves as functional units for cortical processing. In the rodent primary visual cortex (V1), neurons with different preferred orientations are mixed horizontally in a salt and pepper manner, but vertical functional organization was not examined. In this study, we found that neurons with similar orientation preference are weakly but significantly clustered vertically in a short length and horizontally in the scale of a minicolumn. Interestingly, the vertical clustering is found only in a part of minicolumns, and others are composed of neurons with a variety of orientation preferences. Thus, the mouse V1 is a mixture of vertical clusters of neurons with various degrees of orientation similarity, which may be the compromise between the brain size and keeping the vertical clusters of similarly tuned neurons at least in a subset of clusters.}, @@ -1658,7 +1647,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate techniques for the large-scale simultaneous interrog Title = {Mixed functional microarchitectures for orientation selectivity in the mouse primary visual cortex}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kondo_NatCommun2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kondo_NatCommun2016.pdf}} @article{Kirmse:2015, Abstract = {A large body of evidence from in vitro studies suggests that GABA is depolarizing during early postnatal development. However, the mode of GABA action in the intact developing brain is unknown. Here we examine the in vivo effects of GABA in cells of the upper cortical plate using a combination of electrophysiological and Ca(2+)-imaging techniques. We report that at postnatal days (P) 3-4, GABA depolarizes the majority of immature neurons in the occipital cortex of anaesthetized mice. At the same time, GABA does not efficiently activate voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and fails to induce action potential firing. Blocking GABA(A) receptors disinhibits spontaneous network activity, whereas allosteric activation of GABA(A) receptors has the opposite effect. In summary, our data provide evidence that in vivo GABA acts as a depolarizing neurotransmitter imposing an inhibitory control on network activity in the neonatal (P3-4) neocortex.}, @@ -1676,7 +1665,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate techniques for the large-scale simultaneous interrog Title = {GABA depolarizes immature neurons and inhibits network activity in the neonatal neocortex in vivo}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kirmse_NatCommun2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kirmse_NatCommun2015.pdf}} @article{Minocha:2015, Abstract = {Guidepost cells present at and surrounding the midline provide guidance cues that orient the growing axons through commissures. Here we show that the transcription factor Nkx2.1 known to control the specification of GABAergic interneurons also regulates the differentiation of astroglia and polydendrocytes within the mouse anterior commissure (AC). Nkx2.1-positive glia were found to originate from three germinal regions of the ventral telencephalon. Nkx2.1-derived glia were observed in and around the AC region by E14.5. Thereafter, a selective cell ablation strategy showed a synergistic role of Nkx2.1-derived cells, both GABAergic interneurons and astroglia, towards the proper formation of the AC. Finally, our results reveal that the Nkx2.1-regulated cells mediate AC axon guidance through the expression of the repellent cue, Slit2. These results bring forth interesting insights about the spatial and temporal origin of midline telencephalic glia, and highlight the importance of neurons and astroglia towards the formation of midline commissures.}, @@ -1695,7 +1684,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate techniques for the large-scale simultaneous interrog Title = {Nkx2.1-derived astrocytes and neurons together with Slit2 are indispensable for anterior commissure formation}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Minocha_NatCommun2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Minocha_NatCommun2015.pdf}} @article{Srivatsa:2014, Abstract = {The pyramidal neurons of the mammalian neocortex form two major types of long-range connections-corticocortical and cortico-subcortical. The transcription factors Satb2 and Ctip2 are critical regulators of neuronal cell fate that control interhemispheric versus corticofugal connections respectively. Here, we investigate the axon guidance molecules downstream of Satb2 and Ctip2 that establish these connections. We show that the expression of two Netrin1 receptors- DCC and Unc5C is under direct negative regulation by Satb2 and Ctip2, respectively. Further, we show that the Netrin1-Unc5C/DCC interaction is involved in controlling the interhemispherical projection in a subset of early born, deep layer callosal neurons.}, @@ -1714,7 +1703,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate techniques for the large-scale simultaneous interrog Title = {Unc5C and DCC act downstream of Ctip2 and Satb2 and contribute to corpus callosum formation}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Srivatsa_NatCommun2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Srivatsa_NatCommun2014.pdf}} @article{Hazrati:2013, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is the term coined for the neurodegenerative disease often suspected in athletes with histories of repeated concussion and progressive dementia. Histologically, CTE is defined as a tauopathy with a distribution of tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that is distinct from other tauopathies, and usually shows an absence of beta-amyloid deposits, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the connection between repeated concussions and CTE-type neurodegeneration has been recently proposed, this causal relationship has not yet been firmly established. Also, the prevalence of CTE among athletes with multiple concussions is unknown. @@ -1735,7 +1724,7 @@ DISCUSSION: Our case studies highlight that not all athletes with history of rep Title = {Absence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in retired football players with multiple concussions and neurological symptomatology}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hazrati_FrontHumNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hazrati_FrontHumNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Zhuang:2017, Abstract = {Visual perception and behavior are mediated by cortical areas that have been distinguished using architectonic and retinotopic criteria. We employed fluorescence imaging and GCaMP6 reporter mice to generate retinotopic maps, revealing additional regions of retinotopic organization that extend into barrel and retrosplenial cortices. Aligning retinotopic maps to architectonic borders, we found a mismatch in border location, indicating that architectonic borders are not aligned with the retinotopic transition at the vertical meridian. We also assessed the representation of visual space within each region, finding that four visual areas bordering V1 (LM, P, PM and RL) display complementary representations, with overlap primarily at the central hemifield. Our results extend our understanding of the organization of mouse cortex to include up to 16 distinct retinotopically organized regions.}, @@ -1753,7 +1742,7 @@ DISCUSSION: Our case studies highlight that not all athletes with history of rep Title = {An extended retinotopic map of mouse cortex}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhuang_Elife2017.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhuang_Elife2017.pdf}} @article{Sulak:2016, Abstract = {A major constraint on the evolution of large body sizes in animals is an increased risk of developing cancer. There is no correlation, however, between body size and cancer risk. This lack of correlation is often referred to as 'Peto's Paradox'. Here, we show that the elephant genome encodes 20 copies of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 and that the increase in TP53 copy number occurred coincident with the evolution of large body sizes, the evolution of extreme sensitivity to genotoxic stress, and a hyperactive TP53 signaling pathway in the elephant (Proboscidean) lineage. Furthermore, we show that several of the TP53 retrogenes (TP53RTGs) are transcribed and likely translated. While TP53RTGs do not appear to directly function as transcription factors, they do contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of elephant cells to DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis by regulating activity of the TP53 signaling pathway. These results suggest that an increase in the copy number of TP53 may have played a direct role in the evolution of very large body sizes and the resolution of Peto's paradox in Proboscideans.}, @@ -1772,7 +1761,7 @@ DISCUSSION: Our case studies highlight that not all athletes with history of rep Title = {TP53 copy number expansion is associated with the evolution of increased body size and an enhanced DNA damage response in elephants}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sulak_Elife2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sulak_Elife2016.pdf}} @article{Iverson:2004, Abstract = {PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To examine the possibility that athletes with multiple concussions show cumulative effects of injury. @@ -1794,7 +1783,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Cumulative effects of concussion in amateur athletes}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Iverson_BrainInj2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Iverson_BrainInj2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699050310001617352}} @article{Bogaert:2018, @@ -1814,7 +1803,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y}, Volume = {115}, Year = {2018}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bogaert_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2018.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bogaert_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2018.pdf}} @article{Helfrich:2018, Abstract = {The coupled interaction between slow-wave oscillations and sleep spindles during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep has been proposed to support memory consolidation. However, little evidence in humans supports this theory. Moreover, whether such dynamic coupling is impaired as a consequence of brain aging in later life, contributing to cognitive and memory decline, is unknown. Combining electroencephalography (EEG), structural MRI, and sleep-dependent memory assessment, we addressed these questions in cognitively normal young and older adults. Directional cross-frequency coupling analyses demonstrated that the slow wave governs a precise temporal coordination of sleep spindles, the quality of which predicts overnight memory retention. Moreover, selective atrophy within the medial frontal cortex in older adults predicted a temporal dispersion of this slow wave-spindle coupling, impairing overnight memory consolidation and leading to forgetting. Prefrontal-dependent deficits in the spatiotemporal coordination of NREM sleep oscillations therefore represent one pathway explaining age-related memory decline.}, @@ -1834,7 +1823,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Old Brains Come Uncoupled in Sleep: Slow Wave-Spindle Synchrony, Brain Atrophy, and Forgetting}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2018}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Helfrich_Neuron2018.pdf}, + File = {papers/Helfrich_Neuron2018.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.020}} @article{Peixoto:2016, @@ -1855,7 +1844,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Early hyperactivity and precocious maturation of corticostriatal circuits in Shank3B(-/-) mice}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Peixoto_NatNeurosci2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Peixoto_NatNeurosci2016.pdf}} @article{Hikosaka:2010, Abstract = {Surviving in a world with hidden rewards and dangers requires choosing the appropriate behaviours. Recent discoveries indicate that the habenula plays a prominent part in such behavioural choice through its effects on neuromodulator systems, in particular the dopamine and serotonin systems. By inhibiting dopamine-releasing neurons, habenula activation leads to the suppression of motor behaviour when an animal fails to obtain a reward or anticipates an aversive outcome. Moreover, the habenula is involved in behavioural responses to pain, stress, anxiety, sleep and reward, and its dysfunction is associated with depression, schizophrenia and drug-induced psychosis. As a highly conserved structure in the brain, the habenula provides a fundamental mechanism for both survival and decision-making.}, @@ -1875,7 +1864,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {The habenula: from stress evasion to value-based decision-making}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hikosaka_NatRevNeurosci2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hikosaka_NatRevNeurosci2010.pdf}} @article{Zakharenko:1999a, Abstract = {In mature neurons, synaptic vesicles continuously recycle within the presynaptic nerve terminal. In developing axons which are free of contact with a postsynaptic target, constitutive membrane recycling is not localized to the nerve terminal; instead, plasma membrane components undergo cycles of exoendocytosis throughout the whole axonal surface (Matteoli et al., 1992; Kraszewski et al., 1995). Moreover, in growing Xenopus spinal cord neurons in culture, acetylcholine (ACh) is spontaneously secreted in the quantal fashion along the axonal shaft (Evers et al., 1989; Antonov et al., 1998). Here we demonstrate that in Xenopus neurons ACh secretion is mediated by vesicles which recycle locally within the axon. Similar to neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic nerve terminal, ACh secretion along the axon could be elicited by the action potential or by hypertonic solutions. We found that the parameters of neurotransmitter secretion at the nerve terminal and at the middle axon were strikingly similar. These results lead us to conclude that, as in the case of the presynaptic nerve terminal, synaptic vesicles involved in neurotransmitter release along the axon contain a complement of proteins for vesicle docking and Ca2+-dependent fusion. Taken together, our results support the idea that, in developing axons, the rudimentary machinery for quantal neurotransmitter secretion is distributed throughout the whole axonal surface. Maturation of this machinery in the process of synaptic development would improve the fidelity of synaptic transmission during high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic cell.}, @@ -1913,7 +1902,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Development of layer-specific axonal arborizations in mouse primary somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {494}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Larsen_JCompNeurol2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Larsen_JCompNeurol2006.pdf}} @article{Zakharenko:1999, Abstract = {In mature neurons, synaptic vesicles continuously recycle within the presynaptic nerve terminal. In developing axons which are free of contact with a postsynaptic target, constitutive membrane recycling is not localized to the nerve terminal; instead, plasma membrane components undergo cycles of exoendocytosis throughout the whole axonal surface (Matteoli et al., 1992; Kraszewski et al., 1995). Moreover, in growing Xenopus spinal cord neurons in culture, acetylcholine (ACh) is spontaneously secreted in the quantal fashion along the axonal shaft (Evers et al., 1989; Antonov et al., 1998). Here we demonstrate that in Xenopus neurons ACh secretion is mediated by vesicles which recycle locally within the axon. Similar to neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic nerve terminal, ACh secretion along the axon could be elicited by the action potential or by hypertonic solutions. We found that the parameters of neurotransmitter secretion at the nerve terminal and at the middle axon were strikingly similar. These results lead us to conclude that, as in the case of the presynaptic nerve terminal, synaptic vesicles involved in neurotransmitter release along the axon contain a complement of proteins for vesicle docking and Ca2+-dependent fusion. Taken together, our results support the idea that, in developing axons, the rudimentary machinery for quantal neurotransmitter secretion is distributed throughout the whole axonal surface. Maturation of this machinery in the process of synaptic development would improve the fidelity of synaptic transmission during high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic cell.}, @@ -1932,7 +1921,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Neurotransmitter secretion along growing nerve processes: comparison with synaptic vesicle exocytosis}, Volume = {144}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zakharenko_JCellBiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zakharenko_JCellBiol1999.pdf}} @article{Assimacopoulos:2012, Abstract = {The concept of an "organizer" is basic to embryology. An organizer is a portion of the embryo producing signals that lead to the creation of a patterned mature structure from an embryonic primordium. Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) is a morphogen that disperses from a rostromedial source in the neocortical primordium (NP), forms a rostral-to-caudal (R/C) gradient, and regulates embryonic and neonatal R/C patterns of gene expression in neocortex. Whether FGF8 also has organizer activity that generates the postnatal neocortical area map is uncertain. To test this possibility, new sources of FGF8 were introduced into the mouse NP with in utero microelectroporation at embryonic day 10.5, close to the estimated peak of area patterning. Results differed depending on the position of ectopic FGF8. Ectopic FGF8 in the caudalmost NP could duplicate somatosensory cortex (S1) and primary visual cortex (V1). FGF8 delivered to the midlateral NP generated a sulcus separating rostral and caudal portions of the NP, in effect creating duplicate NPs. In the caudal NP, ectopic FGF8 induced a second, inclusive area map, containing frontal cortex, S1, V1, and primary auditory areas. Moreover, duplicate S1 showed plasticity to sensory deprivation, and duplicate V1 responded to visual stimuli. Our findings implicate FGF8 as an organizer signal, and its source in the rostromedial telencephalon as an organizer of the neocortical area map.}, @@ -1952,7 +1941,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Fibroblast growth factor 8 organizes the neocortical area map and regulates sensory map topography}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Assimacopoulos_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Assimacopoulos_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Demarque:2002, Abstract = {GABA and glutamate receptors are expressed in immature "silent" CA1 pyramidal neurons prior to synapse formation, but their function is unknown. We now report the presence of tonic, spontaneous, and evoked currents in embryonic and neonatal CA1 neurons mediated primarily by the activation of GABA(A) receptors. These currents are mediated by a nonconventional release of transmitters, as they persist in the presence of calcium channel blockers or botulinium toxin and are observed in Munc18-1-deficient mice in which vesicular release is abolished. This paracrine communication is modulated by glutamate but not GABA transporters, which do not operate during this period of life. Thus, a Ca(2+)- and SNARE-independent release of transmitters underlies a paracrine mode of communication before synapse formation.}, @@ -1971,7 +1960,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Paracrine intercellular communication by a Ca2+- and SNARE-independent release of GABA and glutamate prior to synapse formation}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Demarque_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Demarque_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Clarkson:2016, Abstract = {Sex differences in brain neuroanatomy and neurophysiology underpin considerable physiological and behavioural differences between females and males. Sexual differentiation of the brain is regulated by testosterone secreted by the testes predominantly during embryogenesis in humans and the neonatal period in rodents. Despite huge advances in understanding how testosterone, and its metabolite oestradiol, sexually differentiate the brain, little is known about the mechanism that actually generates the male-specific neonatal testosterone surge. This review examines the evidence for the role of the hypothalamus, and particularly the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, in generating the neonatal testosterone surge in rodents and primates. Kisspeptin-GPR54 signalling is well established as a potent and critical regulator of GnRH neuron activity during puberty and adulthood, and we argue here for an equally important role at birth in driving the male-specific neonatal testosterone surge in rodents. The presence of a male-specific population of preoptic area kisspeptin neurons that appear transiently in the perinatal period provide one possible source of kisspeptin drive to neonatal GnRH neurons in the mouse.}, @@ -1992,7 +1981,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Hypothalamic control of the male neonatal testosterone surge}, Volume = {371}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Clarkson_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Clarkson_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0115}} @article{Turing:1952, @@ -2009,7 +1998,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/92463}, Volume = {237}, Year = {1952}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Turing_PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.SeriesB,BiologicalSciences1952.pdf}, + File = {papers/Turing_PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.SeriesB,BiologicalSciences1952.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/92463}} @article{Dalva:2007, @@ -2030,7 +2019,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Cell adhesion molecules: signalling functions at the synapse}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dalva_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dalva_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2075}} @article{Zuloaga:2014, @@ -2052,7 +2041,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Estrogen receptor β expression in the mouse forebrain: age and sex differences}, Volume = {522}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zuloaga_JCompNeurol2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zuloaga_JCompNeurol2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23400}} @incollection{Puelles20153, @@ -2072,7 +2061,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Chapter 1 - Gene Maps and Related Histogenetic Domains in the Forebrain and Midbrain}, Url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742452000012}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Puelles_2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Puelles_2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123742452000012}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374245-2.00001-2}} @@ -2094,7 +2083,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Mapping genetic influences on cortical regionalization}, Volume = {72}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schlaggar_Neuron2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schlaggar_Neuron2011.pdf}} @article{Groten:2013, Abstract = {Although the contribution of Ca(2+) buffering systems can vary between neuronal types and cellular compartments, it is unknown whether distinct Ca(2+) sources within a neuron have different buffers. As individual Ca(2+) sources can have separate functions, we propose that each is handled by unique systems. Using Aplysia californica bag cell neurons, which initiate reproduction through an afterdischarge involving multiple Ca(2+)-dependent processes, we investigated the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial sequestration, as well as extrusion via the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, to the clearance of voltage-gated Ca(2+) influx, Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+)-release (CICR), and store-operated Ca(2+) influx. Cultured bag cell neurons were filled with the Ca(2+) indicator, fura-PE3, to image Ca(2+) under whole-cell voltage clamp. A 5 Hz, 1 min train of depolarizing voltage steps elicited voltage-gated Ca(2+) influx followed by EGTA-sensitive CICR from the mitochondria. A compartment model of Ca(2+) indicated the effect of EGTA on CICR was due to buffering of released mitochondrial Ca(2+) rather than uptake competition. Removal of voltage-gated Ca(2+) influx was dominated by the mitochondria and PMCA, with no contribution from the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger or sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA). In contrast, CICR recovery was slowed by eliminating the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and PMCA. Last, store-operated influx, evoked by ER depletion, was removed by the SERCA and depended on the mitochondrial membrane potential. Our results demonstrate that distinct buffering systems are dedicated to particular Ca(2+) sources. In general, this may represent a means to differentially regulate Ca(2+)-dependent processes, and for Aplysia, influence how reproductive behavior is triggered.}, @@ -2113,7 +2102,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Separate Ca2+ sources are buffered by distinct Ca2+ handling systems in aplysia neuroendocrine cells}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Groten_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Groten_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Suarez:2014a, Abstract = {Axonal connections between the left and right sides of the brain are crucial for bilateral integration of lateralized sensory, motor, and associative functions. Throughout vertebrate species, forebrain commissures share a conserved developmental plan, a similar position relative to each other within the brain and similar patterns of connectivity. However, major events in the evolution of the vertebrate brain, such as the expansion of the telencephalon in tetrapods and the origin of the six-layered isocortex in mammals, resulted in the emergence and diversification of new commissural routes. These new interhemispheric connections include the pallial commissure, which appeared in the ancestors of tetrapods and connects the left and right sides of the medial pallium (hippocampus in mammals), and the corpus callosum, which is exclusive to eutherian (placental) mammals and connects both isocortical hemispheres. A comparative analysis of commissural systems in vertebrates reveals that the emergence of new commissural routes may have involved co-option of developmental mechanisms and anatomical substrates of preexistent commissural pathways. One of the embryonic regions of interest for studying these processes is the commissural plate, a portion of the early telencephalic midline that provides molecular specification and a cellular scaffold for the development of commissural axons. Further investigations into these embryonic processes in carefully selected species will provide insights not only into the mechanisms driving commissural evolution, but also regarding more general biological problems such as the role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary change.}, @@ -2131,7 +2120,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Evolution and development of interhemispheric connections in the vertebrate forebrain}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Suárez_FrontHumNeurosci2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Suárez_FrontHumNeurosci2014.pdf}} @article{Jones:2016, Abstract = {Though both clinicians and scientists have long recognized the influence of extracellular calcium on the function of muscle and nervous tissue, recent insights reveal that the mechanisms allowing changes in extracellular calcium to alter cellular excitability have been incompletely understood. For many years the effects of calcium on neuronal signaling were explained only in terms of calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels and biophysical charge screening. More recently however, it has been recognized that the calcium-sensing receptor is prevalent in the nervous system and regulates synaptic transmission and neuronal activity via multiple signaling pathways. Here we review the multiplicity of mechanisms by which changes in extracellular calcium alter neuronal signaling and propose that multiple mechanisms are required to describe the full range of experimental observations.}, @@ -2149,7 +2138,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Calcium-Sensing Receptor: A Key Target for Extracellular Calcium Signaling in Neurons}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jones_FrontPhysiol2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jones_FrontPhysiol2016.pdf}} @article{Greig:2016, Abstract = {While transcriptional controls over the size and relative position of cortical areas have been identified, less is known about regulators that direct acquisition of area-specific characteristics. Here, we report that the transcription factor Ctip1 functions in primary sensory areas to repress motor and activate sensory programs of gene expression, enabling establishment of sharp molecular boundaries defining functional areas. In Ctip1 mutants, abnormal gene expression leads to aberrantly motorized corticocortical and corticofugal output connectivity. Ctip1 critically regulates differentiation of layer IV neurons, and selective loss of Ctip1 in cortex deprives thalamocortical axons of their receptive "sensory field" in layer IV, which normally provides a tangentially and radially defined compartment of dedicated synaptic territory. Therefore, although thalamocortical axons invade appropriate cortical regions, they are unable to organize into properly configured sensory maps. Together, these data identify Ctip1 as a critical control over sensory area development.}, @@ -2169,7 +2158,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Ctip1 Controls Acquisition of Sensory Area Identity and Establishment of Sensory Input Fields in the Developing Neocortex}, Volume = {90}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Greig_Neuron2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Greig_Neuron2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.008}} @article{Ypsilanti:2016, @@ -2191,7 +2180,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of early cortical development: An examination of how Pax6 coordinates cortical development}, Volume = {524}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ypsilanti_JCompNeurol2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ypsilanti_JCompNeurol2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23866}} @article{Furchtgott:2017, @@ -2210,7 +2199,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Discovering sparse transcription factor codes for cell states and state transitions during development}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Furchtgott_Elife2017.pdf}} + File = {papers/Furchtgott_Elife2017.pdf}} @article{Homman-Ludiye:2014, Abstract = {The integration of the visual stimulus takes place at the level of the neocortex, organized in anatomically distinct and functionally unique areas. Primates, including humans, are heavily dependent on vision, with approximately 50% of their neocortical surface dedicated to visual processing and possess many more visual areas than any other mammal, making them the model of choice to study visual cortical arealisation. However, in order to identify the mechanisms responsible for patterning the developing neocortex, specifying area identity as well as elucidate events that have enabled the evolution of the complex primate visual cortex, it is essential to gain access to the cortical maps of alternative species. To this end, species including the mouse have driven the identification of cellular markers, which possess an area-specific expression profile, the development of new tools to label connections and technological advance in imaging techniques enabling monitoring of cortical activity in a behaving animal. In this review we present non-primate species that have contributed to elucidating the evolution and development of the visual cortex. We describe the current understanding of the mechanisms supporting the establishment of areal borders during development, mainly gained in the mouse thanks to the availability of genetically modified lines but also the limitations of the mouse model and the need for alternate species.}, @@ -2229,7 +2218,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Mapping arealisation of the visual cortex of non-primate species: lessons for development and evolution}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Homman-Ludiye_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Homman-Ludiye_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Homman-Ludiye_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.jpg}} @article{Fenlon:2013, @@ -2248,7 +2237,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that athletes w Title = {Thalamic afferents and neocortical arealization: an ongoing journey}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fenlon_JNeurosci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fenlon_JNeurosci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2859-13.2013}} @article{Pouchelon:2014, @@ -2287,7 +2276,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {Fate and freedom in developing neocortical circuits}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jabaudon_NatCommun2017.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jabaudon_NatCommun2017.pdf}} @article{Frangeul:2016, Abstract = {Modality-specific sensory inputs from individual sense organs are processed in parallel in distinct areas of the neocortex. For each sensory modality, input follows a cortico-thalamo-cortical loop in which a 'first-order' exteroceptive thalamic nucleus sends peripheral input to the primary sensory cortex, which projects back to a 'higher order' thalamic nucleus that targets a secondary sensory cortex. This conserved circuit motif raises the possibility that shared genetic programs exist across sensory modalities. Here we report that, despite their association with distinct sensory modalities, first-order nuclei in mice are genetically homologous across somatosensory, visual, and auditory pathways, as are higher order nuclei. We further reveal peripheral input-dependent control over the transcriptional identity and connectivity of first-order nuclei by showing that input ablation leads to induction of higher-order-type transcriptional programs and rewiring of higher-order-directed descending cortical input to deprived first-order nuclei. These findings uncover an input-dependent genetic logic for the design and plasticity of sensory pathways, in which conserved developmental programs lead to conserved circuit motifs across sensory modalities.}, @@ -2306,7 +2295,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {A cross-modal genetic framework for the development and plasticity of sensory pathways}, Volume = {538}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Frangeul_Nature2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Frangeul_Nature2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19770}} @article{Marques-Smith:2016, @@ -2328,7 +2317,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {A Transient Translaminar GABAergic Interneuron Circuit Connects Thalamocortical Recipient Layers in Neonatal Somatosensory Cortex}, Volume = {89}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marques-Smith_Neuron2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Marques-Smith_Neuron2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.015}} @article{Ji:2015, @@ -2349,7 +2338,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {Modularity in the Organization of Mouse Primary Visual Cortex}, Volume = {87}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ji_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ji_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.004}} @article{Chou:2013, @@ -2370,7 +2359,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {Geniculocortical input drives genetic distinctions between primary and higher-order visual areas}, Volume = {340}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chou_Science2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chou_Science2013.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Chou_Science2013a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1232806}} @@ -2392,7 +2381,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {Identification of a spinal circuit for light touch and fine motor control}, Volume = {160}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bourane_Cell2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bourane_Cell2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.011}} @article{Sun:2014, @@ -2413,7 +2402,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {Growth and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex: from molecules to malformations}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sun_NatRevNeurosci2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sun_NatRevNeurosci2014.pdf}} @article{Harris:2015, Abstract = {Similarities in neocortical circuit organization across areas and species suggest a common strategy to process diverse types of information, including sensation from diverse modalities, motor control and higher cognitive processes. Cortical neurons belong to a small number of main classes. The properties of these classes, including their local and long-range connectivity, developmental history, gene expression, intrinsic physiology and in vivo activity patterns, are remarkably similar across areas. Each class contains subclasses; for a rapidly growing number of these, conserved patterns of input and output connections are also becoming evident. The ensemble of circuit connections constitutes a basic circuit pattern that appears to be repeated across neocortical areas, with area- and species-specific modifications. Such 'serially homologous' organization may adapt individual neocortical regions to the type of information each must process.}, @@ -2433,7 +2422,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {The neocortical circuit: themes and variations}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harris_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Harris_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}} @article{Alfano:2014, Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex is subdivided into cytoarchitectural areas with distinct connectivity, gene expression and neural functions. Areal identity is initially specified by rostrocaudal and mediolateral gene expression gradients in neuroepithelial and radial glial progenitors (the 'protomap'). On further differentiation, distinct sets of gene expression gradients arise in intermediate progenitors and postmitotic neurons, and are necessary to implement areal specification. However, it is still unknown whether postmitotic gene expression gradients can determine areal identity independently of protomap gradients. Here we show, by cell type-restricted genetic loss- and gain-of-function, that high levels of postmitotic COUP-TFI (Nr2f1) expression are necessary and sufficient for the development of sensory (caudal) areal identity. Our data indicate a crucial role for postmitotic patterning genes in areal specification and reveal an unexpected plasticity in this process, which may account for complex and evolutionarily novel structures characteristic of the mammalian neocortex.}, @@ -2451,7 +2440,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {Postmitotic control of sensory area specification during neocortical development}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alfano_NatCommun2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alfano_NatCommun2014.pdf}} @article{Zembrzycki:2015, Abstract = {In mammals, the neocortical layout consists of few modality-specific primary sensory areas and a multitude of higher order ones. Abnormal layout of cortical areas may disrupt sensory function and behavior. Developmental genetic mechanisms specify primary areas, but mechanisms influencing higher order area properties are unknown. By exploiting gain-of and loss-of function mouse models of the transcription factor Emx2, we have generated bi-directional changes in primary visual cortex size in vivo and have used it as a model to show a novel and prominent function for genetic mechanisms regulating primary visual area size and also proportionally dictating the sizes of surrounding higher order visual areas. This finding redefines the role for intrinsic genetic mechanisms to concomitantly specify and scale primary and related higher order sensory areas in a linear fashion.}, @@ -2470,7 +2459,7 @@ SUMMARY: These recent studies have revealed interwoven links between thalamic an Title = {Genetic mechanisms control the linear scaling between related cortical primary and higher order sensory areas}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zembrzycki_Elife2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zembrzycki_Elife2015.pdf}} @article{Fenlon:2015b, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of poorly understood behavioural disorders, which have increased in prevalence in the past two decades. Animal models offer the opportunity to understand the biological basis of these disorders. Studies comparing different mouse strains have identified the inbred BTBR T + tf/J (BTBR) strain as a mouse model of ASD based on its anti-social and repetitive behaviours. Adult BTBR mice have complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, reduced cortical thickness and changes in early neurogenesis. However, little is known about the development or ultimate organisation of cortical areas devoted to specific sensory and motor functions in these mice that may also contribute to their behavioural phenotype. @@ -2491,7 +2480,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {Formation of functional areas in the cerebral cortex is disrupted in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fenlon_NeuralDev2015a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fenlon_NeuralDev2015a.pdf}} @article{Barber:2016, Abstract = {Tangential migration is a mode of cell movement, which in the developing cerebral cortex, is defined by displacement parallel to the ventricular surface and orthogonal to the radial glial fibers. This mode of long-range migration is a strategy by which distinct neuronal classes generated from spatially and molecularly distinct origins can integrate to form appropriate neural circuits within the cortical plate. While it was previously believed that only GABAergic cortical interneurons migrate tangentially from their origins in the subpallial ganglionic eminences to integrate in the cortical plate, it is now known that transient populations of glutamatergic neurons also adopt this mode of migration. These include Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs), subplate neurons (SPs), and cortical plate transient neurons (CPTs), which have crucial roles in orchestrating the radial and tangential development of the embryonic cerebral cortex in a noncell-autonomous manner. While CRs have been extensively studied, it is only in the last decade that the molecular mechanisms governing their tangential migration have begun to be elucidated. To date, the mechanisms of SPs and CPTs tangential migration remain unknown. We therefore review the known signaling pathways, which regulate parameters of CRs migration including their motility, contact-redistribution and adhesion to the pial surface, and discuss this in the context of how CR migration may regulate their signaling activity in a spatial and temporal manner. {\copyright} 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 847-881, 2016.}, @@ -2511,7 +2500,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {Tangential migration of glutamatergic neurons and cortical patterning during development: Lessons from Cajal-Retzius cells}, Volume = {76}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barber_DevNeurobiol2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Barber_DevNeurobiol2016.pdf}} @article{Vue:2013, Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex undergoes dramatic transformation during development, from a seemingly homogenous sheet of neuroepithelial cells into a complex structure that is tangentially divided into discrete areas. This process is thought to be controlled by a combination of intrinsic patterning mechanisms within the cortex and afferent axonal projections from the thalamus. However, roles of thalamic afferents in the formation of areas are still poorly understood. In this study, we show that genetically increasing or decreasing the size of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the mouse thalamus resulted in a corresponding change in the size of the primary visual area. Furthermore, elimination of most thalamocortical projections from the outset of their development resulted in altered areal gene expression patterns, particularly in the primary visual and somatosensory areas, where they lost sharp boundaries with adjacent areas. Together, these results demonstrate the critical roles of thalamic afferents in the establishment of neocortical areas.}, @@ -2531,7 +2520,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {Thalamic control of neocortical area formation in mice}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vue_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vue_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Cholfin:2007, Abstract = {The frontal cortex (FC) is the seat of higher cognition. The genetic mechanisms that control formation of the functionally distinct subdivisions of the FC are unknown. Using a set of gene expression markers that distinguish subdivisions of the newborn mouse FC, we show that loss of Fgf17 selectively reduces the size of the dorsal FC whereas ventral/orbital FC appears normal. These changes are complemented by a rostral shift of sensory cortical areas. Thus, Fgf17 functions similar to Fgf8 in patterning the overall neocortical map but has a more selective role in regulating the properties of the dorsal but not ventral FC.}, @@ -2551,7 +2540,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {Patterning of frontal cortex subdivisions by Fgf17}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cholfin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cholfin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}} @article{Cederquist:2013, Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex is parcellated into anatomically and functionally distinct areas. The establishment of area-specific neuronal diversity and circuit connectivity enables distinct neocortical regions to control diverse and specialized functional outputs, yet underlying molecular controls remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a central role for the transcriptional regulator Lim-only 4 (Lmo4) in establishing the diversity of neuronal subtypes within rostral mouse motor cortex, where projection neurons have particularly diverse and multi-projection connectivity compared with caudal motor cortex. In rostral motor cortex, we report that both subcerebral projection neurons (SCPN), which send projections away from the cerebrum, and callosal projection neurons (CPN), which send projections to contralateral cortex, express Lmo4, whereas more caudal SCPN and CPN do not. Lmo4-expressing SCPN and CPN populations are comprised of multiple hodologically distinct subtypes. SCPN in rostral layer Va project largely to brainstem, whereas SCPN in layer Vb project largely to spinal cord, and a subset of both rostral SCPN and CPN sends second ipsilateral caudal (backward) projections in addition to primary projections. Without Lmo4 function, the molecular identity of neurons in rostral motor cortex is disrupted and more homogenous, rostral layer Va SCPN aberrantly project to the spinal cord, and many dual-projection SCPN and CPN fail to send a second backward projection. These molecular and hodological disruptions result in greater overall homogeneity of motor cortex output. Together, these results identify Lmo4 as a central developmental control over the diversity of motor cortex projection neuron subpopulations, establishing their area-specific identity and specialized connectivity.}, @@ -2571,7 +2560,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {Lmo4 establishes rostral motor cortex projection neuron subtype diversity}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cederquist_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cederquist_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Subramanian:2009, Abstract = {The early cortical primordium develops from a sheet of neuroepithelium that is flanked by distinct signaling centers. Of these, the hem and the antihem are positioned as longitudinal stripes, running rostro-caudally along the medial and lateral faces, respectively, of each telencepahlic hemisphere. In this review we examine the similarities and differences in how these two signaling centers arise, their roles in patterning adjacent tissues, and the cells and structures they contribute to. Since both the hem and the antihem have been identified across many vertebrate phyla, they appear to be part of an evolutionary conserved set of mechanisms that play fundamental roles in forebrain development.}, @@ -2612,7 +2601,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {The cortical hem regulates the size and patterning of neocortex}, Volume = {141}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Caronia-Brown_Development2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Caronia-Brown_Development2014.pdf}} @article{Puelles:2003, Abstract = {The prosomeric model attributes morphological meaning to gene expression patterns and other data in the forebrain. It divides this territory into the same transverse segments (prosomeres) and longitudinal zones in all vertebrates. The axis and longitudinal zones of this model are widely accepted but controversy subsists about the number of prosomeres and their nature as segments. We describe difficulties encountered in establishing continuity between prosomeric limits postulated in the hypothalamus and intra-telencephalic limits. Such difficulties throw doubt on the intersegmental nature of these limits. We sketch a simplified model, in which the secondary prosencephalon (telencephalon plus hypothalamus) is a complex protosegment not subdivided into prosomeres, which exhibits patterning singularities. By contrast, we continue to postulate that prosomeres p1-p3 (i.e. the pretectum, thalamus and prethalamus) are the caudal forebrain.}, @@ -2631,7 +2620,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Puelles_TrendsNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Puelles_TrendsNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00234-0}} @article{OLeary:2008, @@ -2652,7 +2641,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {Genetic regulation of arealization of the neocortex}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/O'Leary_CurrOpinNeurobiol2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/O'Leary_CurrOpinNeurobiol2008.pdf}} @article{Hammock:2013, Abstract = {UNLABELLED: Oxytocin (OXT) has drawn increasing attention as a developmentally relevant neuropeptide given its role in the brain regulation of social behavior. It has been suggested that OXT plays an important role in the infant brain during caregiver attachment in nurturing familial contexts, but there is incomplete experimental evidence. Mouse models of OXT system genes have been particularly informative for the role of the OXT system in social behavior, however, the developing brain areas that could respond to ligand activation of the OXT receptor (OXTR) have yet to be identified in this species. Here we report new data revealing dynamic ligand-binding distribution of OXTR in the developing mouse brain. Using male and female C57BL/6J mice at postnatal days (P) 0, 7, 14, 21, 35, and 60 we quantified OXTR ligand binding in several brain areas which changed across development. Further, we describe OXTR ligand binding in select tissues of the near-term whole embryo at E18.5. Together, these data aid in the interpretation of findings in mouse models of the OXT system and generate new testable hypotheses for developmental roles for OXT in mammalian systems. We discuss our findings in the context of developmental disorders (including autism), attachment biology, and infant physiological regulation. @@ -2671,7 +2660,7 @@ SUMMARY: Quantitative mapping of selective OXTR ligand binding during postnatal Title = {Oxytocin receptor ligand binding in embryonic tissue and postnatal brain development of the C57BL/6J mouse}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hammock_FrontBehavNeurosci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hammock_FrontBehavNeurosci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00195}} @article{Ryden:1969, @@ -2712,7 +2701,7 @@ The results demonstrate that the disappearance of oxytocin from the blood seems Title = {Oxytocin receptor binding sites in the periphery of the neonatal mouse}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Greenwood_PLoSOne2017.pdf}} + File = {papers/Greenwood_PLoSOne2017.pdf}} @article{Khodagholy:2017, Abstract = {Consolidation of declarative memories requires hippocampal-neocortical communication. Although experimental evidence supports the role of sharp-wave ripples in transferring hippocampal information to the neocortex, the exact cortical destinations and the physiological mechanisms of such transfer are not known. We used a conducting polymer-based conformable microelectrode array (NeuroGrid) to record local field potentials and neural spiking across the dorsal cortical surface of the rat brain, combined with silicon probe recordings in the hippocampus, to identify candidate physiological patterns. Parietal, midline, and prefrontal, but not primary cortical areas, displayed localized ripple (100 to 150 hertz) oscillations during sleep, concurrent with hippocampal ripples. Coupling between hippocampal and neocortical ripples was strengthened during sleep following learning. These findings suggest that ripple-ripple coupling supports hippocampal-association cortical transfer of memory traces.}, @@ -2730,7 +2719,7 @@ The results demonstrate that the disappearance of oxytocin from the blood seems Title = {Learning-enhanced coupling between ripple oscillations in association cortices and hippocampus}, Volume = {358}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Khodagholy_Science2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Khodagholy_Science2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan6203}} @article{Cherry:2017, @@ -2751,7 +2740,7 @@ The results demonstrate that the disappearance of oxytocin from the blood seems Title = {CCL11 is increased in the CNS in chronic traumatic encephalopathy but not in Alzheimer's disease}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cherry_PLoSOne2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cherry_PLoSOne2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185541}} @article{Ojo:2016, @@ -2771,7 +2760,7 @@ The results demonstrate that the disappearance of oxytocin from the blood seems Title = {Repetitive head trauma, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and tau: Challenges in translating from mice to men}, Volume = {275 Pt 3}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ojo_ExpNeurol2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ojo_ExpNeurol2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.06.003}} @article{McKee:2013, @@ -2793,7 +2782,7 @@ The results demonstrate that the disappearance of oxytocin from the blood seems Title = {The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy}, Volume = {136}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McKee_Brain2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/McKee_Brain2013.pdf}} @article{Smith:2013a, Abstract = {Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has long been recognized to be a risk factor for dementia. This association has, however, only recently gained widespread attention through the increased awareness of 'chronic traumatic encephalopathy' (CTE) in athletes exposed to repetitive head injury. Originally termed 'dementia pugilistica' and linked to a career in boxing, descriptions of the neuropathological features of CTE include brain atrophy, cavum septum pellucidum, and amyloid-β, tau and TDP-43 pathologies, many of which might contribute to clinical syndromes of cognitive impairment. Similar chronic pathologies are also commonly found years after just a single moderate to severe TBI. However, little consensus currently exists on specific features of these post-TBI syndromes that might permit their confident clinical and/or pathological diagnosis. Moreover, the mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration following TBI largely remain unknown. Here, we review the current literature and controversies in the study of chronic neuropathological changes after TBI.}, @@ -2814,7 +2803,7 @@ The results demonstrate that the disappearance of oxytocin from the blood seems Title = {Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smith_NatRevNeurol2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Smith_NatRevNeurol2013.pdf}} @article{Hay:2016, Abstract = {Almost a century ago, the first clinical account of the punch-drunk syndrome emerged, describing chronic neurological and neuropsychiatric sequelae occurring in former boxers. Thereafter, throughout the twentieth century, further reports added to our understanding of the neuropathological consequences of a career in boxing, leading to descriptions of a distinct neurodegenerative pathology, termed dementia pugilistica. During the past decade, growing recognition of this pathology in autopsy studies of nonboxers who were exposed to repetitive, mild traumatic brain injury, or to a single, moderate or severe traumatic brain injury, has led to an awareness that it is exposure to traumatic brain injury that carries with it a risk of this neurodegenerative disease, not the sport or the circumstance in which the injury is sustained. Furthermore, the neuropathology of the neurodegeneration that occurs after traumatic brain injury, now termed chronic traumatic encephalopathy, is acknowledged as being a complex, mixed, but distinctive pathology, the detail of which is reviewed in this article.}, @@ -2834,7 +2823,7 @@ The results demonstrate that the disappearance of oxytocin from the blood seems Title = {Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: The Neuropathological Legacy of Traumatic Brain Injury}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hay_AnnuRevPathol2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hay_AnnuRevPathol2016.pdf}} @article{Montenigro:2015, Abstract = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease that is most often identified in postmortem autopsies of individuals exposed to repetitive head impacts, such as boxers and football players. The neuropathology of CTE is characterized by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in a pattern that is unique from that of other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. The clinical features of CTE are often progressive, leading to dramatic changes in mood, behavior, and cognition, frequently resulting in debilitating dementia. In some cases, motor features, including parkinsonism, can also be present. In this review, the historical origins of CTE are revealed and an overview of the current state of knowledge of CTE is provided, including the neuropathology, clinical features, proposed clinical and pathological diagnostic criteria, potential in vivo biomarkers, known risk factors, and treatment options.}, @@ -2852,7 +2841,7 @@ The results demonstrate that the disappearance of oxytocin from the blood seems Title = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: historical origins and current perspective}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Montenigro_AnnuRevClinPsychol2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Montenigro_AnnuRevClinPsychol2015.pdf}} @article{McKee:2016, Abstract = {Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegeneration characterized by the abnormal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein within the brain. Like many other neurodegenerative conditions, at present, CTE can only be definitively diagnosed by post-mortem examination of brain tissue. As the first part of a series of consensus panels funded by the NINDS/NIBIB to define the neuropathological criteria for CTE, preliminary neuropathological criteria were used by 7 neuropathologists to blindly evaluate 25 cases of various tauopathies, including CTE, Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, argyrophilic grain disease, corticobasal degeneration, primary age-related tauopathy, and parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam. The results demonstrated that there was good agreement among the neuropathologists who reviewed the cases (Cohen's kappa, 0.67) and even better agreement between reviewers and the diagnosis of CTE (Cohen's kappa, 0.78). Based on these results, the panel defined the pathognomonic lesion of CTE as an accumulation of abnormal hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) in neurons and astroglia distributed around small blood vessels at the depths of cortical sulci and in an irregular pattern. The group also defined supportive but non-specific p-tau-immunoreactive features of CTE as: pretangles and NFTs affecting superficial layers (layers II-III) of cerebral cortex; pretangles, NFTs or extracellular tangles in CA2 and pretangles and proximal dendritic swellings in CA4 of the hippocampus; neuronal and astrocytic aggregates in subcortical nuclei; thorn-shaped astrocytes at the glial limitans of the subpial and periventricular regions; and large grain-like and dot-like structures. Supportive non-p-tau pathologies include TDP-43 immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions and dot-like structures in the hippocampus, anteromedial temporal cortex and amygdala. The panel also recommended a minimum blocking and staining scheme for pathological evaluation and made recommendations for future study. This study provides the first step towards the development of validated neuropathological criteria for CTE and will pave the way towards future clinical and mechanistic studies.}, @@ -2873,7 +2862,7 @@ The results demonstrate that the disappearance of oxytocin from the blood seems Title = {The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy}, Volume = {131}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McKee_ActaNeuropathol2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/McKee_ActaNeuropathol2016.pdf}} @article{Yagita:2005, Abstract = {We have generated 362 bp and 547 bp partial sequences for Rana pipiens ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 mRNA, respectively. Translation homologies for the comparable segments of cDNA of chicken, mouse and human are 90.8, 86.9 and 84.4% for the ephrin-A2 sequence and 85.7, 85.0 and 85.0% for the ephrin-A5 sequence. Digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes were prepared and applied by means of in situ hybridization to whole-mounts of the brains of mature adults and expression patterns in tadpoles were also explored. The RNA probes revealed similar posterior (high) to anterior (low) expression gradients in the adult tectum, demonstrating that both ephrin-As are expressed in the adult Ranid frog tectum. Only the ephrin-A2 probe was tested on tadpole brain, yielding an appropriately graded expression pattern similar to the adult.}, @@ -3378,7 +3367,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is a sensor Title = {The function of the hyaloid canal and some other new points in the mechanism of the accommodation of the eye for distance}, Volume = {31}, Year = {1904}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stuart_JPhysiol1904.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stuart_JPhysiol1904.pdf}} @article{Simpson:1988, Abstract = {1. To compare the spatial organization of the direction selectivity of neurons in the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system with that of neurons in the adjacent ventral tegmentum, extracellular single-unit recordings were made in the anesthetized rabbit. The ventral tegmental neurons were located in a region called the visual tegmental relay zone (VTRZ), which is defined by the ventral tegmental terminal field of contralaterally projecting MTN neurons. 2. Some of the present sample of MTN neurons (5 of 34) had monocular receptive fields composed of two parts distinguished by a marked difference in the orientation of their respective direction-selective tuning curves. For one part of the receptive field the preferred excitatory direction was "up," while for the other part it was "down." Such receptive fields for one eye were called bipartite, whereas the more usually encountered MTN receptive fields, which could be characterized by a single direction-selective tuning curve, were called uniform. 3. Of the 16 neurons recorded from the VTRZ, all but one were binocular. For these neurons, both uniform and bipartite receptive fields were found for each eye alone. The only monocular neuron encountered in the VTRZ had a contralateral, bipartite receptive field. 4. The spatial organization of the direction selectivity of bipartite receptive fields strongly suggests that they are suited to represent rotation of the visual field about a horizontal axis located in the vertical plane that divides the receptive field into two parts. 5. The boundary between the two parts of the bipartite receptive fields was found using handheld visual stimuli at one of two azimuthal locations, either close to 45 degrees or between 95 and 125 degrees (the 0 degree reference was rostral in the midsagittal plane). This particular structure of the bipartite receptive fields suggests that their preferred rotation axes have a close spatial relation to the best-response axes of the semicircular canals. 6. Seven VTRZ neurons were antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal cap of the inferior olive. Since the receptive fields of VTRZ neurons have many of the structural features characteristic of the receptive fields of rostral dorsal cap neurons we conclude that the spatial organization of the receptive fields of dorsal cap neurons is, for the most part, synthesized prior to the inferior olive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, @@ -3482,7 +3471,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is a sensor Title = {Functional and genomic changes in the mouse ocular motor system in response to light deprivation from birth}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McMullen_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/McMullen_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Hyvarinen:2000, Abstract = {A fundamental problem in neural network research, as well as in many other disciplines, is finding a suitable representation of multivariate data, i.e. random vectors. For reasons of computational and conceptual simplicity, the representation is often sought as a linear transformation of the original data. In other words, each component of the representation is a linear combination of the original variables. Well-known linear transformation methods include principal component analysis, factor analysis, and projection pursuit. Independent component analysis (ICA) is a recently developed method in which the goal is to find a linear representation of non-Gaussian data so that the components are statistically independent, or as independent as possible. Such a representation seems to capture the essential structure of the data in many applications, including feature extraction and signal separation. In this paper, we present the basic theory and applications of ICA, and our recent work on the subject.}, @@ -3500,7 +3489,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is a sensor Title = {Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hyvärinen_NeuralNetw2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hyvärinen_NeuralNetw2000.pdf}} @article{Chase:1945, Author = {Chase, H B}, @@ -3517,7 +3506,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is a sensor Title = {Studies on an anophthalmic strain of mice; associated cranial nerves and brain centers}, Volume = {83}, Year = {1945}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/CHASE_JCompNeurol1945.pdf}} + File = {papers/CHASE_JCompNeurol1945.pdf}} @article{Vokoun:2010, Abstract = {The superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that plays a role in converting sensation into action. Most SC research focuses on either in vivo extracellular recordings from behaving monkeys or patch-clamp recordings from smaller mammals in vitro. However, the activity of neuronal circuits is necessary to generate behavior, and neither of these approaches measures the simultaneous activity of large populations of neurons that make up circuits. Here, we describe experiments in which we measured changes in membrane potential across the SC map using voltage imaging of the rat SC in vitro. Our results provide the first high temporal and spatial resolution images of activity within the SC. Electrical stimulation of the SC evoked a characteristic two-component optical response containing a short latency initial-spike and a longer latency after-depolarization. Single-pulse stimulation in the superficial SC evoked a pattern of intralaminar and interlaminar spread that was distinct from the spread evoked by the same stimulus applied to the intermediate SC. Intermediate layer stimulation produced a more extensive and more ventrally located activation of the superficial layers than did stimulation in the superficial SC. Together, these results indicate the recruitment of dissimilar subpopulations of circuitry depending on the layer stimulated. Field potential recordings, pharmacological manipulations, and timing analyses indicate that the patterns of activity were physiologically relevant and largely synaptically driven. Therefore, voltage imaging is a powerful technique for the study of spatiotemporal dynamics of electrical signaling across neuronal populations, providing insight into neural circuits that underlie behavior.}, @@ -3536,7 +3525,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is a sensor Title = {Intralaminar and interlaminar activity within the rodent superior colliculus visualized with voltage imaging}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vokoun_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vokoun_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} @article{Bosman:2011, Abstract = {The rodent whisker system is widely used as a model system for investigating sensorimotor integration, neural mechanisms of complex cognitive tasks, neural development, and robotics. The whisker pathways to the barrel cortex have received considerable attention. However, many subcortical structures are paramount to the whisker system. They contribute to important processes, like filtering out salient features, integration with other senses, and adaptation of the whisker system to the general behavioral state of the animal. We present here an overview of the brain regions and their connections involved in the whisker system. We do not only describe the anatomy and functional roles of the cerebral cortex, but also those of subcortical structures like the striatum, superior colliculus, cerebellum, pontomedullary reticular formation, zona incerta, and anterior pretectal nucleus as well as those of level setting systems like the cholinergic, histaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic pathways. We conclude by discussing how these brain regions may affect each other and how they together may control the precise timing of whisker movements and coordinate whisker perception.}, @@ -3554,7 +3543,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is a sensor Title = {Anatomical pathways involved in generating and sensing rhythmic whisker movements}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bosman_FrontIntegrNeurosci2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bosman_FrontIntegrNeurosci2011.pdf}} @article{Berzhanskaya:2017, Abstract = {Children with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) have deficits of attention and arousal. To begin to identify the neural causes of these deficits, we examined juvenile rats lacking the Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMR-KO) for disruption of cortical activity related to attention and arousal. Specifically, we examined the switching of visual cortex between activated and inactivated states that normally occurs during movement and quiet rest, respectively. In both wild-type and FMR-KO rats, during the third and fourth postnatal weeks cortical activity during periods of movement was dominated by an activated state with prominent 18-52 Hz activity. However, during quiet rest, when activity in wild-type rats became dominated by the inactivated state (3-9 Hz activity), FMR-KO rat cortex abnormally remained activated, resulting in increased high-frequency and reduced low-frequency power during rest. Firing rate correlations revealed reduced synchronization in FMR-KO rats, particularly between fast-spiking interneurons, that developmentally precede cortical state defects. Together our data suggest that disrupted inhibitory connectivity impairs the ability of visual cortex to regulate exit from the activated state in a behaviorally appropriate manner, potentially contributing to disrupted attention and sensory processing observed in children with FXS by making it more difficult to decrease cortical drive by unattended stimuli.}, @@ -3573,7 +3562,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is a sensor Title = {Disrupted Cortical State Regulation in a Rat Model of Fragile X Syndrome}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Berzhanskaya_CerebCortex2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Berzhanskaya_CerebCortex2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv331}} @article{Murata:2016, @@ -3592,7 +3581,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is a sensor Title = {An excitatory cortical feedback loop gates retinal wave transmission in rodent thalamus}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Murata_Elife2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Murata_Elife2016.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Murata_Elife2016a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18816}} @@ -3616,7 +3605,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Development of Activity in the Mouse Visual Cortex}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shen_JNeurosci2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shen_JNeurosci2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1903-16.2016}} @article{Colonnese:2017, @@ -3635,7 +3624,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Uncorrelated Neural Firing in Mouse Visual Cortex during Spontaneous Retinal Waves}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Colonnese_FrontCellNeurosci2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Colonnese_FrontCellNeurosci2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00289}} @article{Berger:1997, @@ -3654,7 +3643,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Supraspinal influence on the development of motor behavior in the fetal lamb}, Volume = {33}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Berger_JNeurobiol1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Berger_JNeurobiol1997.pdf}} @article{Zhang:2012, Abstract = {Self-avoidance is a mechanism by which dendrites from the same neuron repel one another in order to establish uniform coverage of the dendritic field. The importance of self-avoidance for the development of complex arborization patterns has been highlighted by studies of Drosophila sensory and mouse retinal neurons. However, it is unclear whether branch patterning in the mammalian central nervous system is also governed by this strategy. We reduced Satb2 expression in a population of layer II/III pyramidal neurons in vivo by RNA interference and found that the somas of Satb2-deficient neurons clumped together, and their dendrites failed to expand laterally but instead formed fascicles. Furthermore, experiments showed that reducing Satb2 caused the adhesion of not only neighboring Satb2-deficient neurons but also neighboring wild-type neurons. Our results indicate a cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous role for Satb2 in regulating the adhesive and/or repulsive properties of cerebral pyramidal neurons.}, @@ -3673,7 +3662,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Satb2 is required for dendritic arborization and soma spacing in mouse cerebral cortex}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_CerebCortex2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhang_CerebCortex2012.pdf}} @article{McCaig:2005, Abstract = {Direct-current (DC) electric fields are present in all developing and regenerating animal tissues, yet their existence and potential impact on tissue repair and development are largely ignored. This is primarily due to ignorance of the phenomenon by most researchers, some technically poor early studies of the effects of applied fields on cells, and widespread misunderstanding of the fundamental concepts that underlie bioelectricity. This review aims to resolve these issues by describing: 1) the historical context of bioelectricity, 2) the fundamental principles of physics and physiology responsible for DC electric fields within cells and tissues, 3) the cellular mechanisms for the effects of small electric fields on cell behavior, and 4) the clinical potential for electric field treatment of damaged tissues such as epithelia and the nervous system.}, @@ -3692,7 +3681,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential}, Volume = {85}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCaig_PhysiolRev2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/McCaig_PhysiolRev2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00020.2004}} @article{Neafsey:1986, @@ -3712,7 +3701,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {The organization of the rat motor cortex: a microstimulation mapping study}, Volume = {396}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Neafsey_BrainRes1986.pdf}} + File = {papers/Neafsey_BrainRes1986.pdf}} @article{Belluzzi:2003, Abstract = {The subventricular zone produces neuroblasts that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) and differentiate into interneurons throughout postnatal life (Altman and Das, 1966; Hinds, 1968; Altman, 1969; Kishi et al., 1990; Luskin, 1993; Lois and Alvarez-Buylla, 1994). Although such postnatally generated interneurons have been characterized morphologically, their physiological differentiation has not been thoroughly described. Combining retroviral-mediated labeling of newly generated neurons with patch-clamp electrophysiology, we demonstrated that soon after new cells enter the layers of the olfactory bulb, they display voltage-dependent currents typical of more mature neurons. We also show that these "newcomers" express functional GABA and glutamate receptor channels, respond synaptically to stimulation of the olfactory nerve, and may establish both axodendritic and dendrodendritic synaptic contacts within the olfactory bulb. These data provide a basic description of the physiology of newly generated cells in the OB and show that such new cells are functional neurons that synaptically integrate into olfactory bulb circuitry soon after their arrival.}, @@ -3731,7 +3720,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Electrophysiological differentiation of new neurons in the olfactory bulb}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Belluzzi_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Belluzzi_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Bai:2003, Abstract = {Mutations in the doublecortin gene (DCX) in humans cause malformation of the cerebral neocortex. Paradoxically, genetic deletion of Dcx in mice does not cause neocortical malformation. We used electroporation of plasmids encoding short hairpin RNA to create interference (RNAi) of DCX protein in utero, and we show that DCX is required for radial migration in developing rat neocortex. RNAi of DCX causes both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous disruptions in radial migration, and creates two disruptions in neocortical development. First, many neurons prematurely stop migrating to form subcortical band heterotopias within the intermediate zone and then white matter. Second, many neurons migrate into inappropriate neocortical lamina within normotopic cortex. In utero RNAi can therefore be effectively used to study the specific cellular roles of DCX in neocortical development and to produce an animal model of double cortex syndrome.}, @@ -3751,7 +3740,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {RNAi reveals doublecortin is required for radial migration in rat neocortex}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bai_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bai_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1153}} @article{Pignatelli:2005, @@ -3770,7 +3759,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Functional properties of adult-born juxtaglomerular cells in the mammalian olfactory bulb}, Volume = {30 Suppl 1}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pignatelli_ChemSenses2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pignatelli_ChemSenses2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh143}} @article{Ackman:2006, @@ -3790,7 +3779,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {The potential of endogenous neuronal replacement in developing cerebral cortex following hypoxic injury}, Volume = {199}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ackman_ExpNeurol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ackman_ExpNeurol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.007}} @article{Ackman:2006a, @@ -3811,7 +3800,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Fusion of microglia with pyramidal neurons after retroviral infection}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ackman_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ackman_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ackman_JNeurosci2006a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3340-06.2006}} @@ -3833,7 +3822,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Citron kinase is required for postnatal neurogenesis in the hippocampus}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ackman_DevNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ackman_DevNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000096216}} @article{Allene:2008, @@ -3854,7 +3843,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Sequential generation of two distinct synapse-driven network patterns in developing neocortex}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Allène_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Allène_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3733-08.2008}} @article{Ackman:2009, @@ -3875,7 +3864,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Abnormal network activity in a targeted genetic model of human double cortex}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ackman_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ackman_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4093-08.2009}} @article{Veinante:2003, @@ -3895,7 +3884,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Single-cell study of motor cortex projections to the barrel field in rats}, Volume = {464}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Veinante_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Veinante_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10769}} @article{Wilson:1987, @@ -3915,7 +3904,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Morphology and synaptic connections of crossed corticostriatal neurons in the rat}, Volume = {263}, Year = {1987}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wilson_JCompNeurol1987.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wilson_JCompNeurol1987.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902630408}} @article{Yorke:1975, @@ -3935,7 +3924,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Interhemispheric neocortical connections of the corpus callosum in the normal mouse: a study based on anterograde and retrograde methods}, Volume = {164}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yorke_JCompNeurol1975.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yorke_JCompNeurol1975.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901640206}} @article{Mitchell:2005, @@ -3956,7 +3945,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Large-scale maintenance of dual projections by callosal and frontal cortical projection neurons in adult mice}, Volume = {482}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mitchell_JCompNeurol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mitchell_JCompNeurol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20428}} @article{Greig:2013, @@ -3977,7 +3966,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Molecular logic of neocortical projection neuron specification, development and diversity}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Greig_NatRevNeurosci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Greig_NatRevNeurosci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3586}} @article{Molyneaux:2007, @@ -3997,7 +3986,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Molyneaux_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Molyneaux_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2151}} @article{Armentano:2007, @@ -4017,7 +4006,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {COUP-TFI regulates the balance of cortical patterning between frontal/motor and sensory areas}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Armentano_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Armentano_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1958}} @article{Yokoyama:2001, @@ -4036,7 +4025,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Forward signaling mediated by ephrin-B3 prevents contralateral corticospinal axons from recrossing the spinal cord midline}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yokoyama_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yokoyama_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Dottori:1998, Abstract = {Members of the Eph family of tyrosine kinase receptors have been implicated in the regulation of developmental processes and, in particular, axon guidance in the developing nervous system. The function of the EphA4 (Sek1) receptor was explored through creation of a null mutant mouse. Mice with a null mutation in the EphA4 gene are viable and fertile but have a gross motor dysfunction, which is evidenced by a loss of coordination of limb movement and a resultant hopping, kangaroo-like gait. Consistent with the observed phenotype, anatomical studies and anterograde tracing experiments reveal major disruptions of the corticospinal tract within the medulla and spinal cord in the null mutant animals. These results demonstrate a critical role for EphA4 in establishing the corticospinal projection.}, @@ -4055,7 +4044,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {EphA4 (Sek1) receptor tyrosine kinase is required for the development of the corticospinal tract}, Volume = {95}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dottori_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dottori_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1998.pdf}} @article{Kullander:2001, Abstract = {The EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates the formation of the corticospinal tract (CST), a pathway controlling voluntary movements, and of the anterior commissure (AC), connecting the neocortical temporal lobes. To study EphA4 kinase signaling in these processes, we generated mice expressing mutant EphA4 receptors either lacking kinase activity or with severely downregulated kinase activity. We demonstrate that EphA4 is required for CST formation as a receptor for which it requires an active kinase domain. In contrast, the formation of the AC is rescued by kinase-dead EphA4, suggesting that in this structure EphA4 acts as a ligand for which its kinase activity is not required. Unexpectedly, the cytoplasmic sterile-alpha motif (SAM) domain is not required for EphA4 functions. Our findings establish both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of EphA4 in the formation of major axon tracts.}, @@ -4073,7 +4062,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of EphA4 receptors in major axon tract formation in vivo}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kullander_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kullander_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Leighton:2001, Abstract = {The search to understand the mechanisms regulating brain wiring has relied on biochemical purification approaches in vertebrates and genetic approaches in invertebrates to identify molecular cues and receptors for axon guidance. Here we describe a phenotype-based gene-trap screen in mice designed for the large-scale identification of genes controlling the formation of the trillions of connections in the mammalian brain. The method incorporates an axonal marker, which helps to identify cell-autonomous mechanisms in axon guidance, and has generated a resource of mouse lines with striking patterns of axonal labelling, which facilitates analysis of the normal wiring diagram of the brain. Studies of two of these mouse lines have identified an in vivo guidance function for a vertebrate transmembrane semaphorin, Sema6A, and have helped re-evaluate that of the Eph receptor EphA4.}, @@ -4092,7 +4081,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Defining brain wiring patterns and mechanisms through gene trapping in mice}, Volume = {410}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Leighton_Nature2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Leighton_Nature2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35065539}} @article{Gallarda:2008, @@ -4113,7 +4102,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Segregation of axial motor and sensory pathways via heterotypic trans-axonal signaling}, Volume = {320}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gallarda_Science2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gallarda_Science2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1153758}} @article{Bedogni:2010, @@ -4134,7 +4123,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Tbr1 regulates regional and laminar identity of postmitotic neurons in developing neocortex}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bedogni_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bedogni_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002285107}} @article{Kalil:2011, @@ -4153,7 +4142,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Signaling mechanisms in cortical axon growth, guidance, and branching}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kalil_FrontNeuroanat2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kalil_FrontNeuroanat2011.pdf}} @article{Paul:2007, Abstract = {Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC), a failure to develop the large bundle of fibres that connect the cerebral hemispheres, occurs in 1:4000 individuals. Genetics, animal models and detailed structural neuroimaging are now providing insights into the developmental and molecular bases of AgCC. Studies using neuropsychological, electroencephalogram and functional MRI approaches are examining the resulting impairments in emotional and social functioning, and have begun to explore the functional neuroanatomy underlying impaired higher-order cognition. The study of AgCC could provide insight into the integrated cerebral functioning of healthy brains, and may offer a model for understanding certain psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia and autism.}, @@ -4172,7 +4161,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Agenesis of the corpus callosum: genetic, developmental and functional aspects of connectivity}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Paul_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Paul_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2107}} @article{Minshew:2007, @@ -4193,7 +4182,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {The new neurobiology of autism: cortex, connectivity, and neuronal organization}, Volume = {64}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Minshew_ArchNeurol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Minshew_ArchNeurol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.64.7.945}} @article{Fame:2011, @@ -4214,7 +4203,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Development, specification, and diversity of callosal projection neurons}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fame_TrendsNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fame_TrendsNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2010.10.002}} @article{Garcez:2007, @@ -4234,7 +4223,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cortical activity is an important indicator of long-term Title = {Axons of callosal neurons bifurcate transiently at the white matter before consolidating an interhemispheric projection}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Garcez_EurJNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Garcez_EurJNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05387.x}} @article{Huang:2012, @@ -4257,7 +4246,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {A mouse model for adolescent alcohol abuse: stunted growth and effects in brain}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huang_AlcoholClinExpRes2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huang_AlcoholClinExpRes2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01759.x}} @article{Wit:2016, @@ -4277,7 +4266,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Specification of synaptic connectivity by cell surface interactions}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wit_NatRevNeurosci2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wit_NatRevNeurosci2016.pdf}} @article{Inoue:1998, Abstract = {Multiple subtypes of the cadherin homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecule are expressed differentially in developing and mature brains, each being expressed in restricted neuronal groups. Cadherin-6 (cad6) is one of such cadherins. Recent studies of cad6 mRNA expression in the postnatal mouse forebrain showed that it occurs in neurons constituting a specific subset of thalamocortical connections. Here we analyzed the localization of cad6 mRNA as well as its protein in the entire central nervous system and also in cranial ganglia of mice at late embryonic to postnatal stages. Our results showed that cad6 is expressed by a limited population of neurons or their precursors, which are synaptically connected to one another, throughout the perinatal stages, and that this expression delineates restricted neuronal circuits from the central to peripheral nervous systems, which include subpathways of the auditory, somatosensory, solitary, vestibular, and olivocerebellar systems. cad6 proteins were detected in these cad6 mRNA-positive neurons on the surface of their cell bodies or dendrites as well as in the cytoplasm. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that the cad6 protein distribution overlapped that of synaptotagmin in synapse forming areas, suggesting that homotypic cad6 interactions are involved in synaptic connections between neurons expressing this protein. These findings support the idea that cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions take part in specific interneuronal connections.}, @@ -4314,7 +4303,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Graded and areal expression patterns of regulatory genes and cadherins in embryonic neocortex independent of thalamocortical input}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nakagawa_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nakagawa_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Suzuki:1997, Abstract = {A number of type-II classic cadherin cell-cell adhesion molecules are expressed in the brain. To investigate their roles in brain morphogenesis, we selected three type-II cadherins, cadherin-6 (cad6), -8 (cad8) and -11 (cad11), and mapped their expressions in the forebrain and other restricted regions of postnatal mouse brains. In the cerebral cortex, each cortical area previously defined was delineated by a specific combinatorial expression of these cadherins. The thalamus and other subcortical regions of the forebrain were also subdivided by differential expression of the three cadherins; e.g., the medial geniculate body expressed only cad6; the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus, cad6/cad11; and the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, cad6/cad8. Likewise, in the olivocerebellar system, each subdivision of the inferior olive expressed a unique set of the three cadherins, and the cerebellar cortex had parasagittal stripes of cad8/cad11 expressions. Close analysis of these cadherin expression patterns revealed that they are correlated with neuronal connection patterns. Examples of these correlations include that cad6 delineates the auditory projection system, cad6/cad8/ cad11 are expressed by part of the Papez circuit, and cad6/cad8 are expressed by subdivisions of the olivo-nuclear circuit. Together with the recent finding that the cadherin adhesion system is localized in synaptic junctions, our findings support the notion that cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion plays a role in selective interneuronal connections during neural network formation.}, @@ -4332,7 +4321,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Neuronal circuits are subdivided by differential expression of type-II classic cadherins in postnatal mouse brains}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Suzuki_MolCellNeurosci1997.pdf}, + File = {papers/Suzuki_MolCellNeurosci1997.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mcne.1997.0626}} @article{Kim:2011a, @@ -4353,7 +4342,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Calcium-dependent dynamics of cadherin interactions at cell-cell junctions}, Volume = {108}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kim_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kim_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1019003108}} @article{Tepass:2000, @@ -4373,7 +4362,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Cadherins in embryonic and neural morphogenesis}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tepass_NatRevMolCellBiol2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tepass_NatRevMolCellBiol2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35040042}} @article{Gumbiner:2005, @@ -4393,7 +4382,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Regulation of cadherin-mediated adhesion in morphogenesis}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gumbiner_NatRevMolCellBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gumbiner_NatRevMolCellBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1699}} @article{Gumbiner:1996, @@ -4412,7 +4401,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Cell adhesion: the molecular basis of tissue architecture and morphogenesis}, Volume = {84}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gumbiner_Cell1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gumbiner_Cell1996.pdf}} @article{Wang:2009a, Abstract = {Research in cellular mechanotransduction often focuses on how extracellular physical forces are converted into chemical signals at the cell surface. However, mechanical forces that are exerted on surface-adhesion receptors, such as integrins and cadherins, are also channelled along cytoskeletal filaments and concentrated at distant sites in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms by which forces might act at a distance to induce mechanochemical conversion in the nucleus and alter gene activities.}, @@ -4502,7 +4491,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Gone to Pot - A Review of the Association between Cannabis and Psychosis}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Radhakrishnan_FrontPsychiatry2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Radhakrishnan_FrontPsychiatry2014.pdf}} @article{Zaidel-Bar:2007, Abstract = {A detailed depiction of the 'integrin adhesome', consisting of a complex network of 156 components linked together and modified by 690 interactions is presented. Different views of the network reveal several functional 'subnets' that are involved in switching on or off many of the molecular interactions within the network, consequently affecting cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeletal organization. Examination of the adhesome network motifs reveals a relatively small number of key motifs, dominated by three-component complexes in which a scaffolding molecule recruits both a signalling molecule and its downstream target. We discuss the role of the different network modules in regulating the structural and signalling functions of cell-matrix adhesions.}, @@ -4522,7 +4511,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Functional atlas of the integrin adhesome}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zaidel-Bar_NatCellBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zaidel-Bar_NatCellBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb0807-858}} @article{Fletcher:2010, @@ -4543,7 +4532,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton}, Volume = {463}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fletcher_Nature2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fletcher_Nature2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08908}} @article{OBrien:1997, @@ -4562,7 +4551,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {How calcium causes microtubule depolymerization}, Volume = {36}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/O'Brien_CellMotilCytoskeleton1997.pdf}, + File = {papers/O'Brien_CellMotilCytoskeleton1997.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1997)36:2%3C125::AID-CM3%3E3.0.CO;2-8}} @article{Mattila:2008, @@ -4582,7 +4571,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Filopodia: molecular architecture and cellular functions}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mattila_NatRevMolCellBiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mattila_NatRevMolCellBiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2406}} @article{Angelucci:1996, @@ -4601,7 +4590,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Anterograde axonal tracing with the subunit B of cholera toxin: a highly sensitive immunohistochemical protocol for revealing fine axonal morphology in adult and neonatal brains}, Volume = {65}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Angelucci_JNeurosciMethods1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Angelucci_JNeurosciMethods1996.pdf}} @article{Bilkei-Gorzo:2017, Abstract = {The balance between detrimental, pro-aging, often stochastic processes and counteracting homeostatic mechanisms largely determines the progression of aging. There is substantial evidence suggesting that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is part of the latter system because it modulates the physiological processes underlying aging. The activity of the ECS declines during aging, as CB1 receptor expression and coupling to G proteins are reduced in the brain tissues of older animals and the levels of the major endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are lower. However, a direct link between endocannabinoid tone and aging symptoms has not been demonstrated. Here we show that a low dose of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) reversed the age-related decline in cognitive performance of mice aged 12 and 18 months. This behavioral effect was accompanied by enhanced expression of synaptic marker proteins and increased hippocampal spine density. THC treatment restored hippocampal gene transcription patterns such that the expression profiles of THC-treated mice aged 12 months closely resembled those of THC-free animals aged 2 months. The transcriptional effects of THC were critically dependent on glutamatergic CB1 receptors and histone acetylation, as their inhibition blocked the beneficial effects of THC. Thus, restoration of CB1 signaling in old individuals could be an effective strategy to treat age-related cognitive impairments.}, @@ -4616,7 +4605,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {A chronic low dose of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) restores cognitive function in old mice}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bilkei-Gorzo_NatMed2017.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bilkei-Gorzo_NatMed2017.pdf}} @article{Hollenbeck:2005, Abstract = {Organelle transport is vital for the development and maintenance of axons, in which the distances between sites of organelle biogenesis, function, and recycling or degradation can be vast. Movement of mitochondria in axons can serve as a general model for how all organelles move: mitochondria are easy to identify, they move along both microtubule and actin tracks, they pause and change direction, and their transport is modulated in response to physiological signals. However, they can be distinguished from other axonal organelles by the complexity of their movement and their unique functions in aerobic metabolism, calcium homeostasis and cell death. Mitochondria are thus of special interest in relating defects in axonal transport to neuropathies and degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Studies of mitochondrial transport in axons are beginning to illuminate fundamental aspects of the distribution mechanism. They use motors of one or more kinesin families, along with cytoplasmic dynein, to translocate along microtubules, and bidirectional movement may be coordinated through interaction between dynein and kinesin-1. Translocation along actin filaments is probably driven by myosin V, but the protein(s) that mediate docking with actin filaments remain unknown. Signaling through the PI 3-kinase pathway has been implicated in regulation of mitochondrial movement and docking in the axon, and additional mitochondrial linker and regulatory proteins, such as Milton and Miro, have recently been described.}, @@ -4636,7 +4625,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {The axonal transport of mitochondria}, Volume = {118}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hollenbeck_JCellSci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hollenbeck_JCellSci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.02745}} @article{Saxton:2012, @@ -4657,7 +4646,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {The axonal transport of mitochondria}, Volume = {125}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Saxton_JCellSci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Saxton_JCellSci2012.pdf}} @article{Pilling:2006, Abstract = {To address questions about mechanisms of filament-based organelle transport, a system was developed to image and track mitochondria in an intact Drosophila nervous system. Mutant analyses suggest that the primary motors for mitochondrial movement in larval motor axons are kinesin-1 (anterograde) and cytoplasmic dynein (retrograde), and interestingly that kinesin-1 is critical for retrograde transport by dynein. During transport, there was little evidence that force production by the two opposing motors was competitive, suggesting a mechanism for alternate coordination. Tests of the possible coordination factor P150(Glued) suggested that it indeed influenced both motors on axonal mitochondria, but there was no evidence that its function was critical for the motor coordination mechanism. Observation of organelle-filled axonal swellings ("organelle jams" or "clogs") caused by kinesin and dynein mutations showed that mitochondria could move vigorously within and pass through them, indicating that they were not the simple steric transport blockades suggested previously. We speculate that axonal swellings may instead reflect sites of autophagocytosis of senescent mitochondria that are stranded in axons by retrograde transport failure; a protective process aimed at suppressing cell death signals and neurodegeneration.}, @@ -4677,7 +4666,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Kinesin-1 and Dynein are the primary motors for fast transport of mitochondria in Drosophila motor axons}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pilling_MolBiolCell2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pilling_MolBiolCell2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E05-06-0526}} @article{Macaskill:2009, @@ -4698,7 +4687,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Miro1 is a calcium sensor for glutamate receptor-dependent localization of mitochondria at synapses}, Volume = {61}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Macaskill_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Macaskill_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Macaskill_Neuron2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.030}} @@ -4719,7 +4708,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Kinesin superfamily motor proteins and intracellular transport}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hirokawa_NatRevMolCellBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hirokawa_NatRevMolCellBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2774}} @article{King:2012, @@ -4740,7 +4729,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Integrated control of axonemal dynein AAA(+) motors}, Volume = {179}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/King_JStructBiol2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/King_JStructBiol2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2012.02.013}} @article{Humphries:2011, @@ -4760,7 +4749,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Endo-lysosomal vesicles positive for Rab7 and LAMP1 are terminal vesicles for the transport of dextran}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Humphries_PLoSOne2011.PDF}} + File = {papers/Humphries_PLoSOne2011.PDF}} @article{Maday:2014, Abstract = {Axonal transport is essential for neuronal function, and many neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases result from mutations in the axonal transport machinery. Anterograde transport supplies distal axons with newly synthesized proteins and lipids, including synaptic components required to maintain presynaptic activity. Retrograde transport is required to maintain homeostasis by removing aging proteins and organelles from the distal axon for degradation and recycling of components. Retrograde axonal transport also plays a major role in neurotrophic and injury response signaling. This review provides an overview of axonal transport pathways and discusses their role in neuronal function.}, @@ -4780,7 +4769,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Axonal transport: cargo-specific mechanisms of motility and regulation}, Volume = {84}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maday_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Maday_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.019}} @article{Pan:2008, @@ -4801,7 +4790,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {ISL1 and BRN3B co-regulate the differentiation of murine retinal ganglion cells}, Volume = {135}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pan_Development2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pan_Development2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.010751}} @article{Yushkevich:2006, @@ -4840,7 +4829,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Opposing gradients of ephrin-As and EphA7 in the superior colliculus are essential for topographic mapping in the mammalian visual system}, Volume = {47}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rashid_Neuron2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rashid_Neuron2005.pdf}} @article{Drescher:1995, Abstract = {The results of previous in vitro experiments indicate that a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein may play an important role in the guidance of temporal retinal axons during the formation of the topographically ordered retinotectal projection. We have purified and cloned a GPI-anchored, 25 kDa glycoprotein that is a good candidate for a molecule involved in this process. During the time of innervation by retinal ganglion cells, this protein is gradedly expressed in the posterior part of the developing tectum. In two different in vitro assay systems, the recombinant protein induces growth cone collapse and repulsion of retinal ganglion cell axons. These phenomena are observed for axons of temporal as well as nasal origin, indicating that an additional activity may be necessary to confer the nasotemporal specificity observed in previous assays. We named the protein RAGS (for repulsive axon guidance signal). The sequence of RAGS shows significant homology to recently identified ligands for receptor tyrosine kinases of the Eph subfamily.}, @@ -4858,7 +4847,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {In vitro guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons by RAGS, a 25 kDa tectal protein related to ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases}, Volume = {82}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Drescher_Cell1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Drescher_Cell1995.pdf}} @article{Cheng:1995, Abstract = {Topographic maps with a defined spatial ordering of neuronal connections are a key feature of brain organization. Such maps are believed to develop in response to complementary position-specific labels in presynaptic and postsynaptic fields. However, the complementary labeling molecules are not known. In the well-studied visual map of retinal axons projecting to the tectum, the labels are hypothesized to be in gradients, without needing large numbers of cell-specific molecules. We recently cloned ELF-1 as a ligand for Eph family receptors. Here, RNA hybridization shows matching expression gradients for ELF-1 in the tectum and its receptor Mek4 in the retina. Binding activity detected with alkaline phosphatase fusions of ELF-1 and Mek4 also reveals gradients and provides direct evidence for molecular complementarity of gradients in reciprocal fields. ELF-1 and Mek4 may therefore play roles in retinotectal development and have properties predicted of topographic mapping labels.}, @@ -4876,7 +4865,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Complementary gradients in expression and binding of ELF-1 and Mek4 in development of the topographic retinotectal projection map}, Volume = {82}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cheng_Cell1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cheng_Cell1995.pdf}} @article{Flanagan:1998, Abstract = {The Eph receptors are the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Initially all of them were identified as orphan receptors without known ligands, and their specific functions were not well understood. During the past few years, a corresponding family of ligands has been identified, called the ephrins, and specific functions have now been identified in neural development. The ephrins and Eph receptors are implicated as positional labels that may guide the development of neural topographic maps. They have also been implicated in pathway selection by axons, the guidance of cell migration, and the establishment of regional pattern in the nervous system. The ligands are anchored to cell surfaces, and most of the functions so far identified can be interpreted as precise guidance of cell or axon movement. This large family of ligands and receptors may make a major contribution to the accurate spatial patterning of connections and cell position in the nervous system.}, @@ -4893,7 +4882,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {The ephrins and Eph receptors in neural development}, Volume = {21}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Flanagan_AnnuRevNeurosci1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Flanagan_AnnuRevNeurosci1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.309}} @article{Mackarehtschian:1999, @@ -4912,7 +4901,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Regional differences in the developing cerebral cortex revealed by ephrin-A5 expression}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mackarehtschian_CerebCortex1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mackarehtschian_CerebCortex1999.pdf}} @article{Donoghue:1999a, Abstract = {The mature cerebral cortex is divided into morphologically distinct, functionally dedicated and stereotypically connected cortical areas. How might such functional domains arise during development? To investigate possible intrinsic programs within the embryonic cerebral cortex we examined patterns of gene expression early in corticogenesis. We performed these studies using the developing macaque monkey because of the size, complexity, areal make-up and the extended nature of its cortical development. Here, we present results for two types of molecules. (i) Transcription factors -- gene products that bind DNA and activate transcription, directing cellular fates through cascades of gene expression. We find that the transcription factors TBr-1, Lhx-2, Emx-1 and a novel POU domain-containing gene are differentially expressed within the forming primate forebrain, and are present in gradients across the neocortex. (ii) The EphA receptor tyrosine kinases -- gene products that mediate cellular recognition in many embryonic systems. Individual members of this family are expressed during primate corticogenesis in pronounced gradients and/or well-defined compartments with distinct boundaries. Together, these results suggest that at least two modes of grouping cells within the neocortex exist: the graded patterning of cells across its full anteroposterior extent and the parcellation of cells into defined domains. Moreover, emergence of molecular differences between regions of the cortical plate, prior to the arrival of afferent and formation of efferent connections, suggests that the initial cellular parcellation in the telencephalon is cell-autonomously regulated. This initial independence from peripheral influences supports the existence of an intrinsic protomap that may function both to differentially attract and respond to specific afferents, thus predicting the functional map of the mature cortex.}, @@ -4930,7 +4919,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Molecular gradients and compartments in the embryonic primate cerebral cortex}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Donoghue_CerebCortex1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Donoghue_CerebCortex1999.pdf}} @article{Vanderhaeghen:2000, Abstract = {The neocortical primary somatosensory area (S1) consists of a map of the body surface. The cortical area devoted to different regions, such as parts of the face or hands, reflects their functional importance. Here we investigated the role of genetically determined positional labels in neocortical mapping. Ephrin-A5 was expressed in a medial > lateral gradient across S1, whereas its receptor EphA4 was in a matching gradient across the thalamic ventrobasal (VB) complex, which provides S1 input. Ephrin-A5 had topographically specific effects on VB axon guidance in vitro. Ephrin-A5 gene disruption caused graded, topographically specific distortion in the S1 body map, with medial regions contracted and lateral regions expanded, changing relative areas up to 50% in developing and adult mice. These results provide evidence for within-area thalamocortical mapping labels and show that a genetic difference can cause a lasting change in relative scale of different regions within a topographic map.}, @@ -4949,7 +4938,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {A mapping label required for normal scale of body representation in the cortex}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vanderhaeghen_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vanderhaeghen_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/73929}} @article{Lyckman:2001, @@ -4968,7 +4957,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Enhanced plasticity of retinothalamic projections in an ephrin-A2/A5 double mutant}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lyckman_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lyckman_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Prakash:2000, Abstract = {The molecular mechanisms that coordinate the functional organization of the mammalian neocortex are largely unknown. We tested the involvement of a putative guidance label, ephrin-A5, in the functional organization of the somatosensory cortex by quantifying the functional representations of individual whiskers in vivo in adult ephrin-A5 knock-out mice, using intrinsic signal optical imaging. In wild-type mice ephrin-A5 is expressed in a gradient in the somatosensory cortex during development. In adult ephrin-A5 knock-out mice, we found a spatial gradient of change in the amount of cortical territory shared by individual whisker functional representations across the somatosensory cortex, as well as a gradient of change in the distance between the functional representations. Both gradients of change were in correspondence with the developmental expression gradient of ephrin-A5 in wild-type mice. These changes involved malformations of the cortical spacing of the thalamocortical components, without concurrent malformations of the intracortical components of individual whisker functional representations. Overall, these results suggest that a developmental guidance label, such as ephrin-A5, is involved in establishing certain spatial relationships of the functional organization of the adult neocortex, and they underscore the advantage of investigating gene manipulation using in vivo functional imaging.}, @@ -4986,7 +4975,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Malformation of the functional organization of somatosensory cortex in adult ephrin-A5 knock-out mice revealed by in vivo functional imaging}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prakash_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Prakash_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Pollard:2006, Abstract = {The developmental and evolutionary mechanisms behind the emergence of human-specific brain features remain largely unknown. However, the recent ability to compare our genome to that of our closest relative, the chimpanzee, provides new avenues to link genetic and phenotypic changes in the evolution of the human brain. We devised a ranking of regions in the human genome that show significant evolutionary acceleration. Here we report that the most dramatic of these 'human accelerated regions', HAR1, is part of a novel RNA gene (HAR1F) that is expressed specifically in Cajal-Retzius neurons in the developing human neocortex from 7 to 19 gestational weeks, a crucial period for cortical neuron specification and migration. HAR1F is co-expressed with reelin, a product of Cajal-Retzius neurons that is of fundamental importance in specifying the six-layer structure of the human cortex. HAR1 and the other human accelerated regions provide new candidates in the search for uniquely human biology.}, @@ -5006,7 +4995,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans}, Volume = {443}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pollard_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pollard_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05113}} @article{Lee:2013a, @@ -5027,7 +5016,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Experimental demonstration of the growth rate--lifespan trade-off}, Volume = {280}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_ProcBiolSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lee_ProcBiolSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2370}} @article{Mizuno:2014, @@ -5047,7 +5036,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {NMDAR-regulated dynamics of layer 4 neuronal dendrites during thalamocortical reorganization in neonates}, Volume = {82}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mizuno_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mizuno_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.026}} @article{Barbas:1997, @@ -5066,7 +5055,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Cortical structure predicts the pattern of corticocortical connections}, Volume = {7}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barbas_CerebCortex1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Barbas_CerebCortex1997.pdf}} @article{Barrett:2015, Abstract = {Intuition suggests that perception follows sensation and therefore bodily feelings originate in the body. However, recent evidence goes against this logic: interoceptive experience may largely reflect limbic predictions about the expected state of the body that are constrained by ascending visceral sensations. In this Opinion article, we introduce the Embodied Predictive Interoception Coding model, which integrates an anatomical model of corticocortical connections with Bayesian active inference principles, to propose that agranular visceromotor cortices contribute to interoception by issuing interoceptive predictions. We then discuss how disruptions in interoceptive predictions could function as a common vulnerability for mental and physical illness.}, @@ -5087,7 +5076,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Interoceptive predictions in the brain}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barrett_NatRevNeurosci2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Barrett_NatRevNeurosci2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3950}} @book{Thompson:1917, @@ -5120,7 +5109,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Publisher = {University press}, Title = {On growth and form}, Year = {1917}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thompson_1917.pdf}, + File = {papers/Thompson_1917.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Thompson_1917.epub}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Thompson_1917.mobi}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Thompson_1917a.pdf}} @@ -5141,7 +5130,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Miswiring of limbic thalamocortical projections in the absence of ephrin-A5}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Uziel_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Uziel_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Donoghue:1982, Abstract = {The first motor (MI) cortex of the rat was identified as the region from which movements could be evoked by the lowest intensity of electrical stimulation. The location of this region was correlated with cytoarchitecture in the frontal and parietal cortex. Two frontal areas can be discerned in Nissl-stained sections: (1) the medial agranular field, marked by a pale-staining layer III and a compact layer II, and (2) the lateral agranular field, which has more homogeneous superficial layers and a broad layer V containing large, densely staining cells. Both of these regions project to the spinal cord and can therefore be included in the somatic sensorimotor cortex. MI in the rat coincides with the lateral agranular field but also overlaps with part of the adjacent granular cortex of the first somatic sensory (SI) representation. We conclude that the rat MI cortex can be identified by microstimulation techniques and by cytoarchitecture in the rat.}, @@ -5160,7 +5149,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {The motor cortex of the rat: cytoarchitecture and microstimulation mapping}, Volume = {212}, Year = {1982}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Donoghue_JCompNeurol1982.pdf}, + File = {papers/Donoghue_JCompNeurol1982.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902120106}} @article{Kozanian:2015, @@ -5180,7 +5169,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {Rapid Changes in Cortical and Subcortical Brain Regions after Early Bilateral Enucleation in the Mouse}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kozanian_PLoSOne2015.PDF}} + File = {papers/Kozanian_PLoSOne2015.PDF}} @article{Shipp:2005, Abstract = {The agranular cortex is an important landmark-anatomically, as the architectural flag of mammalian motor cortex, and historically, as a spur to the development of theories of localization of function. But why, exactly, do agranularity and motor function go together? To address this question, it should be noted that not only does motor cortex lack granular layer four, it also has a relatively thinner layer three. Therefore, it is the two layers which principally constitute the ascending pathways through the sensory (granular) cortex that have regressed in motor cortex: simply stated, motor cortex does not engage in serial reprocessing of incoming sensory data. But why should a granular architecture not be demanded by the downstream relay of motor instructions through the motor cortex? The scant anatomical evidence available regarding laminar patterns suggests that the pathways from frontal and premotor areas to the primary motor cortex actually bear a greater resemblance to the descending, or feedback connections of sensory cortex that avoid the granular layer. The action of feedback connections is generally described as "modulatory" at a cellular level, or "selective" in terms of systems analysis. By contrast, ascending connections may be labelled "driving" or "instructive". Where the motor cortex uses driving inputs, they are most readily identified as sensory signals instructing the visual location of targets and the kinaesthetic state of the body. Visual signals may activate motor concepts, e.g. "mirror neurons", and the motor plan must select the appropriate muscles and forces to put the plan into action, if the decision to move is taken. This, perhaps, is why "driving" motor signals might be inappropriate-the optimal selection and its execution are conditional upon both kinaesthetic and motivational factors. The argument, summarized above, is constructed in honour of Korbinian Brodmann's centenary, and follows two of the fundamental principles of his school of thought: that uniformities in cortical structure, and development imply global conservation of some aspects of function, whereas regional variations in architecture can be used to chart the "organs" of the cortex, and perhaps to understand their functional differences.}, @@ -5200,7 +5189,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral co Title = {The importance of being agranular: a comparative account of visual and motor cortex}, Volume = {360}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shipp_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shipp_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2005.pdf}} @article{Sigalas:2015, Abstract = {UNLABELLED: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play an important role in the modulation of many cognitive functions but their role in integrated network activity remains unclear. This is at least partly because of the complexity of the cholinergic circuitry and the difficulty in comparing results from in vivo studies obtained under diverse experimental conditions and types of anesthetics. Hence the role of nAChRs in the synchronization of cortical activity during slow-wave sleep is still controversial, with some studies showing they are involved in ACh-dependent EEG desynchronization, and others suggesting that this effect is mediated exclusively by muscarinic receptors. Here we use an in vitro model of endogenous network activity, in the form of recurring self-maintained depolarized states (Up states), which allows us to examine the role of high-affinity nAChRs on network dynamics in a simpler form of the cortical microcircuit. We find that mice lacking nAChRs containing the β2-subunit (β2-nAChRs) have longer and more frequent Up states, and that this difference is eliminated when β2-nAChRs in wild-type mice are blocked. We further show that endogenously released ACh can modulate Up/Down states through the activation of both β2- and α7-containing nAChRs, but through distinct mechanisms: α7-nAChRs affect only the termination of spontaneous Up states, while β2-nAChRs also regulate their generation. Finally we provide evidence that the effects of β2-subunit-containing, but not α7-subunit-containing nAChRs, are mediated through GABAB receptors. To our knowledge this is the first study documenting direct nicotinic modulation of Up/Down state activity. @@ -5221,7 +5210,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {High-Affinity Nicotinic Receptors Modulate Spontaneous Cortical Up States In Vitro}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sigalas_JNeurosci2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sigalas_JNeurosci2015.pdf}} @article{Koukouli:2016, Abstract = {The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive processes, including access to consciousness. The PFC receives significant cholinergic innervation and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) contribute greatly to the effects of acetylcholine signaling. Using in vivo two-photon imaging of both awake and anesthetized mice, we recorded spontaneous, ongoing neuronal activity in layer II/III in the PFC of WT mice and mice deleted for different nAChR subunits. As in humans, this activity is characterized by synchronous ultraslow fluctuations and neuronal synchronicity is disrupted by light general anesthesia. Both the α7 and β2 nAChR subunits play an important role in the generation of ultraslow fluctuations that occur to a different extent during quiet wakefulness and light general anesthesia. The β2 subunit is specifically required for synchronized activity patterns. Furthermore, chronic application of mecamylamine, an antagonist of nAChRs, disrupts the generation of ultraslow fluctuations. Our findings provide new insight into the ongoing spontaneous activity in the awake and anesthetized state, and the role of cholinergic neurotransmission in the orchestration of cognitive functions.}, @@ -5241,7 +5230,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Nicotinic receptors in mouse prefrontal cortex modulate ultraslow fluctuations related to conscious processing}, Volume = {113}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koukouli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Koukouli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016.pdf}} @article{Cancedda:2012, Abstract = {The Italian Space Agency, in line with its scientific strategies and the National Utilization Plan for the International Space Station (ISS), contracted Thales Alenia Space Italia to design and build a spaceflight payload for rodent research on ISS: the Mice Drawer System (MDS). The payload, to be integrated inside the Space Shuttle middeck during transportation and inside the Express Rack in the ISS during experiment execution, was designed to function autonomously for more than 3 months and to involve crew only for maintenance activities. In its first mission, three wild type (Wt) and three transgenic male mice over-expressing pleiotrophin under the control of a bone-specific promoter (PTN-Tg) were housed in the MDS. At the time of launch, animals were 2-months old. MDS reached the ISS on board of Shuttle Discovery Flight 17A/STS-128 on August 28(th), 2009. MDS returned to Earth on November 27(th), 2009 with Shuttle Atlantis Flight ULF3/STS-129 after 91 days, performing the longest permanence of mice in space. Unfortunately, during the MDS mission, one PTN-Tg and two Wt mice died due to health status or payload-related reasons. The remaining mice showed a normal behavior throughout the experiment and appeared in excellent health conditions at landing. During the experiment, the mice health conditions and their water and food consumption were daily checked. Upon landing mice were sacrificed, blood parameters measured and tissues dissected for subsequent analysis. To obtain as much information as possible on microgravity-induced tissue modifications, we organized a Tissue Sharing Program: 20 research groups from 6 countries participated. In order to distinguish between possible effects of the MDS housing conditions and effects due to the near-zero gravity environment, a ground replica of the flight experiment was performed at the University of Genova. Control tissues were collected also from mice maintained on Earth in standard vivarium cages.}, @@ -5260,7 +5249,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {The Mice Drawer System (MDS) experiment and the space endurance record-breaking mice}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cancedda_PLoSOne2012.PDF}} + File = {papers/Cancedda_PLoSOne2012.PDF}} @article{Hawrylycz:2016, Abstract = {The scientific mission of the Project MindScope is to understand neocortex, the part of the mammalian brain that gives rise to perception, memory, intelligence, and consciousness. We seek to quantitatively evaluate the hypothesis that neocortex is a relatively homogeneous tissue, with smaller functional modules that perform a common computational function replicated across regions. We here focus on the mouse as a mammalian model organism with genetics, physiology, and behavior that can be readily studied and manipulated in the laboratory. We seek to describe the operation of cortical circuitry at the computational level by comprehensively cataloging and characterizing its cellular building blocks along with their dynamics and their cell type-specific connectivities. The project is also building large-scale experimental platforms (i.e., brain observatories) to record the activity of large populations of cortical neurons in behaving mice subject to visual stimuli. A primary goal is to understand the series of operations from visual input in the retina to behavior by observing and modeling the physical transformations of signals in the corticothalamic system. We here focus on the contribution that computer modeling and theory make to this long-term effort.}, @@ -5280,7 +5269,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Inferring cortical function in the mouse visual system through large-scale systems neuroscience}, Volume = {113}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hawrylycz_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hawrylycz_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016.pdf}} @article{Chen:2008a, Abstract = {Pyramidal neurons in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex can be classified into two major classes: callosal projection neurons and long-range subcortical neurons. We and others have shown that a gene expressed specifically by subcortical projection neurons, Fezf2, is required for the formation of axonal projections to the spinal cord, tectum, and pons. Here, we report that Fezf2 regulates a decision between subcortical vs. callosal projection neuron fates. Fezf2(-/-) neurons adopt the fate of callosal projection neurons as assessed by their axonal projections, electrophysiological properties, and acquisition of Satb2 expression. Ctip2 is a major downstream effector of Fezf2 in regulating the extension of axons toward subcortical targets and can rescue the axonal phenotype of Fezf2 mutants. When ectopically expressed, either Fezf2 or Ctip2 can alter the axonal targeting of corticocortical projection neurons and cause them to project to subcortical targets, although Fezf2 can promote a subcortical projection neuron fate in the absence of Ctip2 expression.}, @@ -5300,7 +5289,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {The Fezf2-Ctip2 genetic pathway regulates the fate choice of subcortical projection neurons in the developing cerebral cortex}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}} @article{Hattox:2007, Abstract = {Layer V pyramidal neurons are anatomically and physiologically heterogeneous and project to multiple intracortical and subcortical targets. However, because most physiological studies of layer V pyramidal neurons have been carried out on unidentified cells, we know little about how anatomical and physiological properties relate to subcortical projection site. Here we combine neuroanatomical tract tracing with whole cell recordings in mouse somatosensory cortex to test whether neurons with the same projection target form discrete subpopulations and whether they have stereotyped physiological properties. Our findings indicate that corticothalamic and -trigeminal neurons are two largely nonoverlapping subpopulations, whereas callosal and corticostriatal neurons overlap extensively. The morphology as well as the intrinsic membrane and firing properties of corticothalamic and corticotrigeminal neurons differ from those of callosal and corticostriatal neurons. In addition, we find that each class of projection neuron exhibits a unique compliment of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing afterpotentials that further suggests that cortical neurons with different subcortical targets are distinct from one another.}, @@ -5319,7 +5308,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Layer V neurons in mouse cortex projecting to different targets have distinct physiological properties}, Volume = {98}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hattox_JNeurophysiol2007a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hattox_JNeurophysiol2007a.pdf}} @article{Sestan:2001, Abstract = {The visual cortex in primates is parcellated into cytoarchitectonically, physiologically, and connectionally distinct areas: the striate cortex (V1) and the extrastriate cortex, consisting of V2 and numerous higher association areas [1]. The innervation of distinct visual cortical areas by the thalamus is especially segregated in primates, such that the lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus specifically innervates striate cortex, whereas pulvinar projections are confined to extrastriate cortex [2--8]. The molecular bases for the parcellation of the visual cortex and thalamus, as well as the establishment of reciprocal connections between distinct compartments within these two structures, are largely unknown. Here, we show that prospective visual cortical areas and corresponding thalamic nuclei in the embryonic rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) can be defined by combinatorial expression of genes encoding Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrins, prior to obvious cytoarchitectonic differentiation within the cortical plate and before the establishment of reciprocal connections between the cortical plate and thalamus. These results indicate that molecular patterns of presumptive visual compartments in both the cortex and thalamus can form independently of one another and suggest a role for EphA family members in both compartment formation and axon guidance within the visual thalamocortical system.}, @@ -5337,7 +5326,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Independent parcellation of the embryonic visual cortex and thalamus revealed by combinatorial Eph/ephrin gene expression}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sestan_CurrBiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sestan_CurrBiol2001.pdf}} @article{Bopp:2014, Abstract = {One of the hallmarks of neocortical circuits is the predominance of recurrent excitation between pyramidal neurons, which is balanced by recurrent inhibition from smooth GABAergic neurons. It has been previously described that in layer 2/3 of primary visual cortex (V1) of cat and monkey, pyramidal cells filled with horseradish peroxidase connect approximately in proportion to the spiny (excitatory, 95% and 81%, respectively) and smooth (GABAergic, 5% and 19%, respectively) dendrites found in the neuropil. By contrast, a recent ultrastructural study of V1 in a single mouse found that smooth neurons formed 51% of the targets of the superficial layer pyramidal cells. This suggests that either the neuropil of this particular mouse V1 had a dramatically different composition to that of V1 in cat and monkey, or that smooth neurons were specifically targeted by the pyramidal cells in that mouse. We tested these hypotheses by examining similar cells filled with biocytin in a sample of five mice. We found that the average composition of the neuropil in V1 of these mice was similar to that described for cat and monkey V1, but that the superficial layer pyramidal cells do form proportionately more synapses with smooth dendrites than the equivalent neurons in cat or monkey. These distributions may underlie the distinct differences in functional architecture of V1 between rodent and higher mammals.}, @@ -5357,7 +5346,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Pyramidal cells make specific connections onto smooth (GABAergic) neurons in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bopp_PLoSBiol2014.PDF}} + File = {papers/Bopp_PLoSBiol2014.PDF}} @article{Alcamo:2008, Abstract = {Satb2 is a DNA-binding protein that regulates chromatin organization and gene expression. In the developing brain, Satb2 is expressed in cortical neurons that extend axons across the corpus callosum. To assess the role of Satb2 in neurons, we analyzed mice in which the Satb2 locus was disrupted by insertion of a LacZ gene. In mutant mice, beta-galactosidase-labeled axons are absent from the corpus callosum and instead descend along the corticospinal tract. Satb2 mutant neurons acquire expression of Ctip2, a transcription factor that is necessary and sufficient for the extension of subcortical projections by cortical neurons. Conversely, ectopic expression of Satb2 in neural stem cells markedly decreases Ctip2 expression. Finally, we find that Satb2 binds directly to regulatory regions of Ctip2 and induces changes in chromatin structure. These data suggest that Satb2 functions as a repressor of Ctip2 and regulatory determinant of corticocortical connections in the developing cerebral cortex.}, @@ -5376,7 +5365,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Satb2 regulates callosal projection neuron identity in the developing cerebral cortex}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alcamo_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Alcamo_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Alcamo_Neuron2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.012}} @@ -5398,7 +5387,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Brain maps, great and small: lessons from comparative studies of primate visual cortical organization}, Volume = {360}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rosa_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rosa_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2005.pdf}} @article{Villar-Cervino:2013, Abstract = {Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells play a fundamental role in the development of the mammalian cerebral cortex. They control the formation of cortical layers by regulating the migration of pyramidal cells through the release of Reelin. The function of CR cells critically depends on their regular distribution throughout the surface of the cortex, but little is known about the events controlling this phenomenon. Using time-lapse video microscopy in vivo and in vitro, we found that movement of CR cells is regulated by repulsive interactions, which leads to their random dispersion throughout the cortical surface. Mathematical modeling reveals that contact repulsion is both necessary and sufficient for this process, which demonstrates that complex neuronal assemblies may emerge during development through stochastic events. At the molecular level, we found that contact repulsion is mediated by Eph/ephrin interactions. Our observations reveal a mechanism that controls the even distribution of neurons in the developing brain.}, @@ -5418,7 +5407,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Contact repulsion controls the dispersion and final distribution of Cajal-Retzius cells}, Volume = {77}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Villar-Cerviño_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Villar-Cerviño_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.023}} @article{Tessier-Lavigne:1995, @@ -5437,7 +5426,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, axon repulsion, and the development of topographic maps}, Volume = {82}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tessier-Lavigne_Cell1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tessier-Lavigne_Cell1995.pdf}} @article{Lieberoth:2009, Abstract = {Although carbohydrates have been implicated in cell interactions in the nervous system, the molecular bases of their functions have remained largely obscure. Here, we show that promotion or inhibition of neurite outgrowth of cerebellar or dorsal root ganglion neurons, respectively, induced by the mucin-type adhesion molecule CD24 depends on alpha2,3-linked sialic acid and Lewis(x) present on glia-specific CD24 glycoforms. Alpha2,3-sialyl residues of CD24 bind to a structural motif in the first fibronectin type III domain of the adhesion molecule L1. Following the observation that the adhesion molecules TAG-1 and Contactin show sequence homologies with fucose-specific lectins, we obtained evidence that TAG-1 and Contactin mediate Lewis(x)-dependent CD24-induced effects on neurite outgrowth. Thus, L1, TAG-1, and Contactin function as lectin-like neuronal receptors. Their cis interactions with neighboring adhesion molecules, e.g., Caspr1 and Caspr2, and with their triggered signal transduction pathways elicit cell type-specific promotion or inhibition of neurite outgrowth induced by glial CD24 in a glycan-dependent trans interaction.}, @@ -5456,7 +5445,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Through our experiments we were able to uncover a clear Title = {Lewis(x) and alpha2,3-sialyl glycans and their receptors TAG-1, Contactin, and L1 mediate CD24-dependent neurite outgrowth}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lieberoth_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lieberoth_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4361-08.2009}} @article{Vernes:2008, @@ -5480,7 +5469,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: The FOXP2-CNTNAP2 pathway provides a mechanistic link between clini Title = {A functional genetic link between distinct developmental language disorders}, Volume = {359}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vernes_NEnglJMed2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vernes_NEnglJMed2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802828}} @article{Strauss:2006, @@ -5500,7 +5489,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: The FOXP2-CNTNAP2 pathway provides a mechanistic link between clini Title = {Recessive symptomatic focal epilepsy and mutant contactin-associated protein-like 2}, Volume = {354}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Strauss_NEnglJMed2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Strauss_NEnglJMed2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052773}} @article{Baudouin:2010, @@ -5519,7 +5508,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: The FOXP2-CNTNAP2 pathway provides a mechanistic link between clini Title = {SnapShot: Neuroligin-neurexin complexes}, Volume = {141}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baudouin_Cell2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Baudouin_Cell2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.05.024}} @article{Lepe-Zuniga:1987, @@ -5567,7 +5556,7 @@ So peripheral input is functionally influencing the thalamus in their model then Title = {Prenatal thalamic waves regulate cortical area size prior to sensory processing}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Moreno-Juan_NatCommun2017.pdf}} + File = {papers/Moreno-Juan_NatCommun2017.pdf}} @article{Bray:1979, Abstract = {Evidence is presented that (a) the growth cone of cultured neurons can exert mechanical tension, and (b) that the direction of advance of the growth cone is determined by the tension existing between it and the rest of the cell. (a) The evidence that growth cones can pull comes from a vectorial analysis of the outlines of individually isolated sensory neurons. The angles formed in these outgrowths are very close to those of tension-generated networks anchored at their free ends and these values are restored shortly after an experimental displacement. The relative mechanical tension on each segment of an outgrowth can be calculated by standard methods and is found to decrease at each branch point. It appears to be correlated with the diameter of the fibre so that thicker fibres maintain more tension than thinner ones. (b) The influence of tension on the direction of advance of the growth cone is shown by 2 kinds of experient. If a growing neurite is pulled to one side with a microelectrode then the direction of its advance is changed immediately according to the new stress. If the mechanical tension on the growth cone of a neurite is released by amputation or displacement the growth cone is found to have a high probability of branching shortly afterwards. The ability of the growth cone to exert tension is discussed in relation to evidence that microspikes have contractile properties and in terms of the distribution of microfilaments within the neurite. It is suggested that the exertion of tension by a growth cone could serve to guide the neurite along paths of high adhesivity both in vitro and in vivo.}, @@ -5584,7 +5573,7 @@ So peripheral input is functionally influencing the thalamus in their model then Title = {Mechanical tension produced by nerve cells in tissue culture}, Volume = {37}, Year = {1979}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bray_JCellSci1979.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bray_JCellSci1979.pdf}} @article{Chklovskii:2004a, Abstract = {In mammalian visual cortex, neurons are organized according to their functional properties into multiple maps such as retinotopic, ocular dominance, orientation preference, direction of motion, and others. What determines the organization of cortical maps? We argue that cortical maps reflect neuronal connectivity in intracortical circuits. Because connecting distant neurons requires costly wiring (i.e., axons and dendrites), there is an evolutionary pressure to place connected neurons as close to each other as possible. Then, cortical maps may be viewed as solutions that minimize wiring cost for given intracortical connectivity. These solutions can help us in inferring intracortical connectivity and, ultimately, in understanding the function of the visual system.}, @@ -5601,7 +5590,7 @@ So peripheral input is functionally influencing the thalamus in their model then Title = {Maps in the brain: what can we learn from them?}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chklovskii_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chklovskii_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144226}} @article{Zalesky:2012, @@ -5640,7 +5629,7 @@ So peripheral input is functionally influencing the thalamus in their model then Title = {Schizophrenia, neuroimaging and connectomics}, Volume = {62}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fornito_Neuroimage2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fornito_Neuroimage2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.090}} @article{Chang:2017, @@ -5718,7 +5707,7 @@ So peripheral input is functionally influencing the thalamus in their model then Title = {Whose Cortical Column Would that Be?}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Costa_FrontNeuroanat2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Costa_FrontNeuroanat2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2010.00016}} @article{Fiebig:2017, @@ -5740,7 +5729,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Working memory (WM) is a key component of cognition. Hyp Title = {A Spiking Working Memory Model Based on Hebbian Short-Term Potentiation}, Volume = {37}, Year = {2017}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fiebig_JNeurosci2017.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fiebig_JNeurosci2017.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1989-16.2017}} @article{Ramaswamy:2015, @@ -5797,7 +5786,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Working memory (WM) is a key component of cognition. Hyp Title = {Maturation of layer V pyramidal neurons in the rat prefrontal cortex: intrinsic properties and synaptic function}, Volume = {91}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhang_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00855.2003}} @article{Sherman:2016, @@ -5817,7 +5806,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Working memory (WM) is a key component of cognition. Hyp Title = {Thalamus plays a central role in ongoing cortical functioning}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sherman_NatNeurosci2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sherman_NatNeurosci2016.pdf}} @article{Allen:2016, Abstract = {KEY POINTS: The lateral posterior and posterior thalamic nuclei have been implicated in aspects of visually guided behaviour and reflex responses to light, including those dependent on melanopsin photoreception. Here we investigated the extent and basic properties of visually evoked activity across the mouse lateral posterior and posterior thalamus. We show that a subset of retinal projections to these regions derive from melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells and find many cells that exhibit melanopsin-dependent changes in firing. We also show that subsets of cells across these regions integrate signals from both eyes in various ways and that, within the lateral posterior thalamus, visual responses are retinotopically ordered. @@ -5838,7 +5827,7 @@ ABSTRACT: In addition to the primary thalamocortical visual relay in the lateral Title = {Visual input to the mouse lateral posterior and posterior thalamic nuclei: photoreceptive origins and retinotopic order}, Volume = {594}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Allen_JPhysiol2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Allen_JPhysiol2016.pdf}} @article{Warner:2015, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Conscious vision is believed to depend upon an intact primary visual cortex (V1), although injury in early life is often accompanied by the preservation of visual capacity, unlike in adulthood. The middle temporal area (MT) receives input from the retinorecipient koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the more recently described medial subdivision of the inferior pulvinar (PIm) of the thalamus, pathways that potentially contribute to preservation of vision after early damage to V1. @@ -5859,7 +5848,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sustained visual input through the pulv Title = {Preservation of vision by the pulvinar following early-life primary visual cortex lesions}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Warner_CurrBiol2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Warner_CurrBiol2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.028}} @article{Spitzer:2015, @@ -5880,7 +5869,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sustained visual input through the pulv Title = {Neurotransmitter Switching? No Surprise}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spitzer_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Spitzer_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.028}} @article{Guemez-Gamboa:2014, @@ -5901,7 +5890,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sustained visual input through the pulv Title = {Non-cell-autonomous mechanism of activity-dependent neurotransmitter switching}, Volume = {82}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guemez-Gamboa_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guemez-Gamboa_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.029}} @article{Devor:2013, @@ -5922,7 +5911,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sustained visual input through the pulv Title = {The challenge of connecting the dots in the B.R.A.I.N}, Volume = {80}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Devor_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Devor_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.008}} @article{Demarque:2010, @@ -5943,7 +5932,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sustained visual input through the pulv Title = {Activity-dependent expression of Lmx1b regulates specification of serotonergic neurons modulating swimming behavior}, Volume = {67}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Demarque_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Demarque_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.006}} @article{Desarmenien:1991, @@ -5981,7 +5970,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sustained visual input through the pulv Title = {Transcriptional regulation of enhancers active in protodomains of the developing cerebral cortex}, Volume = {82}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pattabiraman_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pattabiraman_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.014}} @article{Eckler:2015, @@ -6002,7 +5991,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sustained visual input through the pulv Title = {Cux2-positive radial glial cells generate diverse subtypes of neocortical projection neurons and macroglia}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eckler_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Eckler_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Eckler_Neuron2015a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.04.020}} @@ -6024,7 +6013,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sustained visual input through the pulv Title = {Prenatal exposure to drugs: effects on brain development and implications for policy and education}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thompson_NatRevNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Thompson_NatRevNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2598}} @article{Holmes:2001, @@ -6069,7 +6058,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Fetal exposure to GABA-acting antiepileptic drugs generates hippocampal and cortical dysplasias}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Manent_Epilepsia2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Manent_Epilepsia2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01056.x}} @article{Ballesteros-Yanez:2010, @@ -6090,7 +6079,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Alterations of cortical pyramidal neurons in mice lacking high-affinity nicotinic receptors}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ballesteros-Yáñez_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ballesteros-Yáñez_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}} @article{Ichinohe:2012, Abstract = {Structures associated with the small-scale module called "minicolumn" can be observed frequently in the cerebral cortex. However, the description of functional characteristics remains obscure. A significant confounding factor is the marked variability both in the definition of a minicolumn and in the diagnostic markers for identifying a minicolumn (see for review, Jones, 2000; DeFelipe et al., 2002; Rockland and Ichinohe, 2004). Within a minicolumn, cell columns are easily visualized by conventional Nissl staining. Dendritic bundles were first discovered with Golgi methods, but are more easily seen with microtubule-associated protein 2 immunohistochemistry. Myelinated axon bundles can be seen by Tau immunohistochemistry or myelin staining. Axon bundles of double bouquet cell can be seen by calbindin immunohistochemistry. The spatial interrelationship among these morphological elements is more complex than expected and is neither clear nor unanimously agreed upon. In this review, I would like to focus first on the minicolumnar structure found in layers 1 and 2 of the rat granular retrosplenial cortex. This modular structure was first discovered as a combination of prominent apical dendritic bundles from layer 2 pyramidal neurons and spatially matched thalamocortical patchy inputs (Wyss et al., 1990). Further examination showed more intricate components of this modular structure, which will be reviewed in this paper. Second, the postnatal development of this structure and potential molecular players for its formation will be reviewed. Thirdly, I will discuss how this modular organization is transformed in mutant rodents with a disorganized layer structure in the cerebral cortex (i.e., reeler mouse and shaking rat Kawasaki). Lastly, the potential significance of this type of module will be discussed.}, @@ -6108,7 +6097,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Small-scale module of the rat granular retrosplenial cortex: an example of the minicolumn-like structure of the cerebral cortex}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ichinohe_FrontNeuroanat2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ichinohe_FrontNeuroanat2012.pdf}} @article{Murakami:2015, Abstract = {Due to recent advances of genetic manipulation, mouse brain has become a useful model for studying brain function, which demands whole brain functional mapping techniques in the mouse brain. In the present study, to finely map visual responsive areas in the mouse brain, we combined high-resolution wide-field optical imaging with transgenic mice containing the genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicator, GCaMP3. With the high signal amplitude of GCaMP3 expressing in excitatory neurons, this system allowed neural activity to be observed with relatively fine spatial resolution and cell-type specificity. To evaluate this system, we examined whether non-visual areas exhibited a visual response over the entire surface of the mouse hemisphere. We found that two association areas, the retrosplenial area (RS) and secondary motor/anterior cingulate area (M2/AC), were significantly responsive to drifting gratings. Examination using gratings with distinct spatiotemporal frequency parameters revealed that the RS strongly responded to high-spatial and low-temporal frequency gratings. The M2/AC exhibited a response property similar to that of the RS, though it was not statistically significant. Finally, we performed cellular imaging using two-photon microscopy to examine orientation and direction selectivity of individual neurons, and found that a minority of neurons in the RS clearly showed visual responses sharply selective for orientation and direction. These results suggest that neurons in RS encode visual information of fine spatial details in images. Thus, the present study shows the usefulness of the functional mapping method using a combination of wide-field and two-photon Ca(2+) imaging, which allows for whole brain mapping with high spatiotemporal resolution and cell-type specificity.}, @@ -6126,7 +6115,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Wide-field Ca(2+) imaging reveals visually evoked activity in the retrosplenial area}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Murakami_FrontMolNeurosci2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Murakami_FrontMolNeurosci2015.pdf}} @article{Donoghue:1988, Abstract = {Somatotopic representation patterns in the motor cortex (MI) of rats that had a unilateral forelimb amputation on the first postnatal day were examined after 2-4 months of survival. Intracortical electrical stimulation and recording techniques were used to map the somatic representation in MI and in the somatic sensory cortex (SI). In normal rats, vibrissa, forelimb, and hindlimb areas comprise the bulk of the MI representation. Stimulation within the forelimb area elicits elbow, wrist, or digit movements at the lowest current intensities. The proximal limb representation appears to be contained within the distal forelimb area, since shoulder movements are nearly always evoked by stimulating at higher current intensities at some distal forelimb sites. In agreement with previous studies, the distal forelimb representation overlapped the adjacent part of the granular SI cortex. Following removal of the forelimb at birth, 3 novel features of MI organization were observed. First, the areas from which stimulation evoked movements of the vibrissa or the shoulder musculature were larger than normal. Stimulation thresholds were lower than those required for comparable movements in normal rats throughout these areas, suggesting that nerve section had not simply unmasked a high-threshold representation. Second, vibrissa movements were more commonly paired with movements of the proximal forelimb muscles at the same site. Third, stimulation in the adjacent granular SI cortex failed to evoke shoulder or trunk movements, although receptive-field mapping in this region showed that cells were responsive to cutaneous stimulation of the trunk and shoulder region. These results indicate that several organizational features develop differently in MI following perinatal nerve injury: certain remaining muscle groups have enlarged cortical representations, there is a strengthening of some normally weak connections from MI to the proximal musculature, and muscles are grouped in unusual combinations. These data demonstrate that the formation of MI representation patterns is strongly influenced by nerve injury during the perinatal period.}, @@ -6144,7 +6133,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Organization of adult motor cortex representation patterns following neonatal forelimb nerve injury in rats}, Volume = {8}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Donoghue_JNeurosci1988.pdf}} + File = {papers/Donoghue_JNeurosci1988.pdf}} @article{Tennant:2011, Abstract = {The organization of forelimb representation areas of the monkey, cat, and rat motor cortices has been studied in depth, but its characterization in the mouse lags far behind. We used intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and cytoarchitectonics to characterize the general organization of the C57BL/6 mouse motor cortex, and the forelimb representation in more detail. We found that the forelimb region spans a large area of frontal cortex, bordered primarily by vibrissa, neck, shoulder, and hindlimb representations. It included a large caudal forelimb area, dominated by digit representation, and a small rostral forelimb area, containing elbow and wrist representations. When the entire motor cortex was mapped, the forelimb was found to be the largest movement representation, followed by head and hindlimb representations. The ICMS-defined motor cortex spanned cytoarchitecturally identified lateral agranular cortex (AGl) and also extended into medial agranular cortex. Forelimb and hindlimb representations extended into granular cortex in a region that also had cytoarchitectural characteristics of AGl, consistent with the primary motor-somatosensory overlap zone (OL) characterized in rats. Thus, the mouse motor cortex has homologies with the rat in having 2 forelimb representations and an OL but is distinct in the predominance of digit representations.}, @@ -6164,7 +6153,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {The organization of the forelimb representation of the C57BL/6 mouse motor cortex as defined by intracortical microstimulation and cytoarchitecture}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tennant_CerebCortex2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tennant_CerebCortex2011.pdf}} @article{Belanger:2011, Abstract = {The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and tight regulatory mechanisms operate to ensure adequate spatial and temporal delivery of energy substrates in register with neuronal activity. Astrocytes-a type of glial cell-have emerged as active players in brain energy delivery, production, utilization, and storage. Our understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a "neurocentric" view to a more integrated picture involving an intense cooperativity between astrocytes and neurons. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of brain energy metabolism, with a particular emphasis on the metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes.}, @@ -6183,7 +6172,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bélanger_CellMetab2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bélanger_CellMetab2011.pdf}} @article{Raichle:2002, Author = {Raichle, Marcus E and Gusnard, Debra A}, @@ -6202,7 +6191,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Appraising the brain's energy budget}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Raichle_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Raichle_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}} @article{Parkes:2001, Abstract = {A shape can be more difficult to identify when other shapes are near it. For example, when several grating patches are viewed parafoveally, observers are unable to report the orientation of the central patch. This phenomenon, known as 'crowding,' has historically been confused with lateral masking, in which one stimulus attenuates signals generated by another stimulus. Here we show that despite their inability to report the orientation of an individual patch, observers can reliably estimate the average orientation, demonstrating that the local orientation signals are combined rather than lost. Our results imply that crowding is distinct from ordinary masking, and is perhaps related to texture perception. Under crowded conditions, the orientation signals in primary visual cortex are pooled before they reach consciousness.}, @@ -6221,7 +6210,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Compulsory averaging of crowded orientation signals in human vision}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Parkes_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Parkes_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/89532}} @article{King:1993, @@ -6240,7 +6229,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Comparisons of hemi-inattention produced by unilateral lesions of the posterior parietal cortex or medial agranular prefrontal cortex in rats: neglect, extinction, and the role of stimulus distance}, Volume = {54}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/King_BehavBrainRes1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/King_BehavBrainRes1993.pdf}} @article{Kesner:1989, Abstract = {Animals with medial prefrontal cortex or parietal cortex lesions and sham-operated and non-operated controls were tested for the acquisition of an adjacent arm task that accentuated the importance of egocentric spatial localization and a cheese board task that accentuated the importance of allocentric spatial localization. Results indicated that relative to controls, animals with medial-prefrontal cortex lesions are impaired on the adjacent arm task but displayed facilitation on the cheese board task. In contrast, relative to controls, rats with parietal cortex lesions are impaired on the cheese board task but show no impairment on the adjacent arm task. The data suggest a double dissociation of function between medial prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex in terms of coding of egocentric versus allocentric spatial information.}, @@ -6275,7 +6264,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Spatial deficits and hemispheric asymmetries in the rat following unilateral and bilateral lesions of posterior parietal or medial agranular cortex}, Volume = {50}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/King_BehavBrainRes1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/King_BehavBrainRes1992.pdf}} @article{Dawson:1986, Abstract = {Unilateral lesions in such brain regions as medial frontal cortex and superior colliculus produce polysensory neglect contralateral to the lesion. Since the pineal gland is an unpaired brain structure, both electrophysiologically and hormonally responsive to visual and auditory stimulation, it may modulate bilateral sensory attention mechanisms. Long-Evans male rats were given pineal or sham lesions and were tested behaviourally. Sensory assessment revealed that in comparison to sham animals rats with pineal lesion exhibited unilateral visual and auditory neglect to stimuli presented on either side of the body. Animals with pineal lesions were more likely than sham-lesioned animals to demonstrate visual allesthesis and, compared to sham-lesioned rats, showed extinction on the left side to bilateral simultaneous visual stimulation. This is the first report that midline neuroendocrine damage can produce bilateral sensory inattention.}, @@ -6310,7 +6299,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Parietal and frontal eye field neglect in the rat}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crowne_BehavBrainRes1986.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crowne_BehavBrainRes1986.pdf}} @article{Reep:1994, Abstract = {Anatomical and functional findings support the contention that there is a distinct posterior parietal cortical area (PPC) in the rat, situated between the rostrally adjacent hindlimb sensorimotor area and the caudally adjacent secondary visual areas. The PPC is distinguished from these areas by receiving thalamic afferents from the lateral dorsal (LD), lateral posterior (LP), and posterior (Po) nuclei, in the absence of input from the ventrobasal complex (VB) or dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) nuclei. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that PPC is involved in spatial orientation and directed attention. In the present study we used fluorescent retrograde axonal tracers primarily to investigate the cortical connections of PPC, in order to determine the organization of the circuitry by which PPC is likely to participate in these functions, and also to determine how the topography of its thalamic connections differs from that of neighboring cortical areas. The cortical connections of PPC involve the ventrolateral (VLO) and medial (MO) orbital areas, medial agranular cortex (area Fr2), portions of somatic sensory areas Par1 and Par2, secondary visual areas Oc2M and Oc2L, auditory area Te1, and retrosplenial cortex. The secondary visual areas Oc2L and Oc2M have cortical connections which are similar to those of PPC, but are restricted within orbital cortex to area VLO, and within area Fr2 to its caudal portion, and do not involve auditory area Te1. The cortical connections of hindlimb cortex are largely restricted to somatic sensory and motor areas. Retrosplenial cortex, which is medially adjacent to PPC, has cortical connections that are prominent with visual cortex, do not involve somatic sensory or auditory cortex, and include the presubiculum. We conclude that PPC is distinguished by its pattern of cortical connections with the somatic sensory, auditory and visual areas, and with areas Fr2, and VLO/MO, in addition to its exclusive thalamic connectivity with LD, LP and Po. Because recent behavioral studies indicate that PPC, Fr2 and VLO are involved in directed attention and spatial learning, we suggest that the interconnections among these three cortical areas represent a major component of the circuitry for these functions in rats.}, @@ -6327,7 +6316,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Rat posterior parietal cortex: topography of corticocortical and thalamic connections}, Volume = {100}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reep_ExpBrainRes1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Reep_ExpBrainRes1994.pdf}} @article{Mountcastle:1975, Abstract = {Experiments were made on the posterior parietal association cortical areas 5 and in 17 hemispheres of 11 monkeys, 6 M. mulatta and 5 M. arctoides. The electrical signs of the activity of single cortical cells were recorded with microelectrodes in waking animals as they carried out certain behavioral acts in response to a series of sensory cues. The behavioral paradigms were one for detection alone, and a second for detection plus projection of the arm to contact a stationary or moving target placed at arm's length. Of the 125 microelectrode penetrations made, 1,451 neurons were identified in terms of the correlation of their activity with the behavioral acts and their sensitivity or lack of it to sensory stimuli delivered passively; 180 were studied quantitatively. The locations of cortical neurons were identified in serial sections; 94 penetrations and 1,058 neurons were located with certainty. About two-thirds of the neurons of area 5 were activated by passive rotation of the limbs at their joints; of these, 82% were related to single, contralateral joints, 10% to two or more contralateral joints, 6% to ipsilateral, and 2% to joints on both sides of the body. A few of the latter were active during complex bodily postures. A large proportion of area 5 neurons were relatively insensitive to passive joint rotations, as compared with similar neurons of the postcentral gyrus, but were driven to high rates of discharge when the same joint was rotated during an active movement of the animal...}, @@ -6345,7 +6334,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Posterior parietal association cortex of the monkey: command functions for operations within extrapersonal space}, Volume = {38}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mountcastle_JNeurophysiol1975.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mountcastle_JNeurophysiol1975.pdf}} @article{Andersen:1997, Abstract = {Recent experiments are reviewed that indicate that sensory signals from many modalities, as well as efference copy signals from motor structures, converge in the posterior parietal cortex in order to code the spatial locations of goals for movement. These signals are combined using a specific gain mechanism that enables the different coordinate frames of the various input signals to be combined into common, distributed spatial representations. These distributed representations can be used to convert the sensory locations of stimuli into the appropriate motor coordinates required for making directed movements. Within these spatial representations of the posterior parietal cortex are neural activities related to higher cognitive functions, including attention. We review recent studies showing that the encoding of intentions to make movements is also among the cognitive functions of this area.}, @@ -6362,7 +6351,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Multimodal representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex and its use in planning movements}, Volume = {20}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Andersen_AnnuRevNeurosci1997.pdf}, + File = {papers/Andersen_AnnuRevNeurosci1997.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.303}} @article{Aziz-Zadeh:2006, @@ -6382,7 +6371,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Lateralization of the human mirror neuron system}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Aziz-Zadeh_JNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Aziz-Zadeh_JNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Takano:2014, Abstract = {The mirror system in the brain is considered to be a neural basis of sociality, but previous studies have been limited to primates. Here we report an experimental task to examine the mirror system in rats. We show that a rat could reach to a pellet and grasp and eat it in front of another rat that was observing the reaching, which indicates that the task will enable us to start exploring the rat mirror system.}, @@ -6401,7 +6390,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {An experimental task to examine the mirror system in rats}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takano_SciRep2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Takano_SciRep2014.pdf}} @article{Williams:2006a, Abstract = {An association between autistic spectrum disorder and imitative impairment might result from dysfunction in mirror neurons (MNs) that serve to relate observed actions to motor codings. To explore this hypothesis, we employed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocol previously used to identify the neural substrate of imitation, and human MN function, to compare 16 adolescent males of normal intelligence with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and age, sex and IQ matched controls. In the control group, in accord with previous findings, we identified activity attributable to MNs in areas of the right parietal lobe. Activity in this area was less extensive in the ASD group and was absent during non-imitative action execution. Broca's area was minimally active during imitation in controls. Differential patterns of activity during imitation and action observation in ASD and controls were most evident in an area at the right temporo-parietal junction also associated with a 'theory of mind' (ToM) function. ASD participants also failed to show modulation of left amygdala activity during imitation that was evident in the controls. This may have implications for understanding the imitation of emotional stimuli in ASD. Overall, we suggest that ASD is associated with altered patterns of brain activity during imitation, which could stem from poor integration between areas serving visual, motor, proprioceptive and emotional functions. Such poor integration is likely to adversely affect the development of ToM through imitation as well as other aspects of social cognitive function in ASD.}, @@ -6497,7 +6486,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Magnetic field effects in flavoproteins and related systems}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Evans_InterfaceFocus2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Evans_InterfaceFocus2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2013.0037}} @article{Torii:2009, @@ -6518,7 +6507,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Integration of neuronal clones in the radial cortical columns by EphA and ephrin-A signalling}, Volume = {461}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Torii_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Torii_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Torii_Nature2009a.pdf}} @article{Kania:2016, @@ -6538,7 +6527,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Mechanisms of ephrin-Eph signalling in development, physiology and disease}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kania_NatRevMolCellBiol2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kania_NatRevMolCellBiol2016.pdf}} @article{Shibuki:2003, Abstract = {We used autofluorescence of mitochondrial flavoproteins to image cortical neural activity in the rat. Green autofluorescence in blue light was examined in slices obtained from rat cerebral cortex. About half of the basal autofluorescence was modulated by the presence or absence of O2 or glucose in the medium. Repetitive electrical stimulation at 20 Hz for 1 s produced a localized fluorescence increase in the slices. The amplitude of the increase was 27 +/- 2 % (mean +/- S.D., n = 35). Tetrodotoxin or diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of flavoproteins, blocked the autofluorescence responses. The autofluorescence responses were not observed in slices perfused with calcium-, glucose- or O2-free medium. In the primary somatosensory cortex of rats anaesthetized with urethane (1.5 g kg-1, I.P.), an activity-dependent increase in autofluorescence of 20 +/- 4 % (n = 6) was observed after electrical cortical stimulation at 100 Hz for 1 s, and an increase of 2.6 +/- 0.5 % (n = 33) after vibratory skin stimulation at 50 Hz for 1 s applied to the plantar hindpaw. These responses were large enough to allow visualization of the neural activity without having to average a number of trials. The distribution of the fluorescence responses after electrical or vibratory skin stimulation was comparable to that of the cortical field potentials in the same rats. The fluorescence responses were followed by an increase in arterial blood flow. The former were resistant to an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, while the latter was inhibited. Thus, activity-dependent changes in the autofluorescence of flavoproteins are useful for functional brain imaging in vivo.}, @@ -6558,7 +6547,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Dynamic imaging of somatosensory cortical activity in the rat visualized by flavoprotein autofluorescence}, Volume = {549}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shibuki_JPhysiol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shibuki_JPhysiol2003.pdf}} @article{Husson:2007, Abstract = {Neuronal autofluorescence, which results from the oxidation of flavoproteins in the electron transport chain, has recently been used to map cortical responses to sensory stimuli. This approach could represent a substantial improvement over other optical imaging methods because it is a direct (i.e., nonhemodynamic) measure of neuronal metabolism. However, its application to functional imaging has been limited because strong responses have been reported only in rodents. In this study, we demonstrate that autofluorescence imaging (AFI) can be used to map the functional organization of primary visual cortex in both mouse and cat. In cat area 17, orientation preference maps generated by AFI had the classic pinwheel structure and matched those generated by intrinsic signal imaging in the same imaged field. The spatiotemporal profile of the autofluorescence signal had several advantages over intrinsic signal imaging, including spatially restricted fluorescence throughout its response duration, reduced susceptibility to vascular artifacts, an improved spatial response profile, and a faster time course. These results indicate that AFI is a robust and useful measure of large-scale cortical activity patterns in visual mammals.}, @@ -6577,7 +6566,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Functional imaging of primary visual cortex using flavoprotein autofluorescence}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Husson_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Husson_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} @article{Michael:2014, Abstract = {Large-scale brain activity patterns can be visualized by optical imaging of intrinsic signals (OIS) based on activity-dependent changes in the blood oxygenation level. Another method, flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging (AFI), exploits the mitochondrial flavoprotein autofluorescence, which is enhanced during neuronal activity. In birds, topographic mapping of visual space has been shown in the visual wulst, the avian homologue of the mammalian visual cortex by using OIS. We here applied the AFI method to visualize topographic maps in the visual wulst because with OIS, which depends on blood flow changes, blood vessel artifacts often obscure brain activity maps. We then compared both techniques quantitatively in zebra finches and in C57Bl/6J mice using the same setup and stimulation conditions. In addition to experiments with craniotomized animals, we also examined mice with intact skull (in zebra finches, intact skull imaging is not feasible probably due to the skull construction). In craniotomized animals, retinotopic maps were obtained by both methods in both species. Using AFI, artifacts caused by blood vessels were generally reduced, the magnitude of neuronal activity significantly higher and the retinotopic map quality better than that obtained by OIS in both zebra finches and mice. In contrast, our measurements in non-craniotomized mice did not reveal any quantitative differences between the two methods. Our results thus suggest that AFI is the method of choice for investigations of visual processing in zebra finches. In mice, however, if researchers decide to use the advantages of imaging through the intact skull, they will not be able to exploit the higher signals obtainable by the AFI-method.}, @@ -6596,7 +6585,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that AEDs that increase the extracellular concentration Title = {Flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging of visual system activity in zebra finches and mice}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Michael_PLoSOne2014.PDF}} + File = {papers/Michael_PLoSOne2014.PDF}} @article{Matos:2015, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) modulate dopamine and glutamate signaling and thereby may influence some of the psychomotor and cognitive processes associated with schizophrenia. Because astroglial A2AR regulate the availability of glutamate, we hypothesized that they might play an unprecedented role in some of the processes leading to the development of schizophrenia, which we investigated using a mouse line with a selective deletion of A2AR in astrocytes (Gfa2-A2AR knockout [KO] mice]. @@ -6620,7 +6609,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the dysfunction of astrocytic A2AR, by cont Title = {Deletion of adenosine A2A receptors from astrocytes disrupts glutamate homeostasis leading to psychomotor and cognitive impairment: relevance to schizophrenia}, Volume = {78}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Matos_BiolPsychiatry2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Matos_BiolPsychiatry2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.026}} @article{Silva:2013, @@ -6640,7 +6629,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the dysfunction of astrocytic A2AR, by cont Title = {Adenosine receptor antagonists including caffeine alter fetal brain development in mice}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Silva_SciTranslMed2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Silva_SciTranslMed2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3006258}} @article{Aden:2000, @@ -6660,7 +6649,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the dysfunction of astrocytic A2AR, by cont Title = {Maternal caffeine intake has minor effects on adenosine receptor ontogeny in the rat brain}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Adén_PediatrRes2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Adén_PediatrRes2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200008000-00010}} @article{Schwalfenberg:2013, @@ -6678,7 +6667,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the dysfunction of astrocytic A2AR, by cont Title = {The benefits and risks of consuming brewed tea: beware of toxic element contamination}, Volume = {2013}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schwalfenberg_JToxicol2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schwalfenberg_JToxicol2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/370460}} @article{Aden:2003, @@ -6701,7 +6690,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in contrast to the situation in adult a Title = {Aggravated brain damage after hypoxic ischemia in immature adenosine A2A knockout mice}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Adén_Stroke2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Adén_Stroke2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000060204.67672.8B}} @article{Kinkead:2009, @@ -6745,7 +6734,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Caffeine in the neonatal period induces long-lasting changes in sleep and breathing in adult rats}, Volume = {587}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Montandon_JPhysiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Montandon_JPhysiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171918}} @article{Ma:2016, @@ -6765,7 +6754,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Wide-field optical mapping of neural activity and brain haemodynamics: considerations and novel approaches}, Volume = {371}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ma_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ma_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0360}} @article{Button:2013, @@ -6785,7 +6774,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Button_NatRevNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Button_NatRevNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Adolphs:1995, Abstract = {We have previously reported that bilateral amygdala damage in humans compromises the recognition of fear in facial expressions while leaving intact recognition of face identity (Adolphs et al., 1994). The present study aims at examining questions motivated by this finding. We addressed the possibility that unilateral amygdala damage might be sufficient to impair recognition of emotional expressions. We also obtained further data on our subject with bilateral amygdala damage, in order to elucidate possible mechanisms that could account for the impaired recognition of expressions of fear. The results show that bilateral, but not unilateral, damage to the human amygdala impairs the processing of fearful facial expressions. This impairment appears to result from an insensitivity to the intensity of fear expressed by faces. We also confirmed a double dissociation between the recognition of facial expressions of fear, and the recognition of identity of a face: these two processes can be impaired independently, lending support to the idea that they are subserved in part by anatomically separate neural systems. Based on our data, and on what is known about the amygdala's connectivity, we propose that the amygdala is required to link visual representations of facial expressions, on the one hand, with representations that constitute the concept of fear, on the other. Preliminary data suggest the amygdala's role extends to both recognition and recall of fearful facial expressions.}, @@ -6803,7 +6792,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Fear and the human amygdala}, Volume = {15}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Adolphs_JNeurosci1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Adolphs_JNeurosci1995.pdf}} @article{Smit-Rigter:2016, Abstract = {Mitochondria buffer intracellular Ca(2+) and provide energy [1]. Because synaptic structures with high Ca(2+) buffering [2-4] or energy demand [5] are often localized far away from the soma, mitochondria are actively transported to these sites [6-11]. Also, the removal and degradation of mitochondria are tightly regulated [9, 12, 13], because dysfunctional mitochondria are a source of reactive oxygen species, which can damage the cell [14]. Deficits in mitochondrial trafficking have been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, optic atrophy, and Alzheimer's disease [13, 15-19]. In neuronal cultures, about a third of mitochondria are motile, whereas the majority remains stationary for several days [8, 20]. Activity-dependent mechanisms cause mitochondria to stop at synaptic sites [7, 8, 20, 21], which affects synapse function and maintenance. Reducing mitochondrial content in dendrites decreases spine density [22, 23], whereas increasing mitochondrial content or activity increases it [7]. These bidirectional interactions between synaptic activity and mitochondrial trafficking suggest that mitochondria may regulate synaptic plasticity. Here we investigated the dynamics of mitochondria in relation to axonal boutons of neocortical pyramidal neurons for the first time in vivo. We find that under these circumstances practically all mitochondria are stationary, both during development and in adulthood. In adult visual cortex, mitochondria are preferentially localized at putative boutons, where they remain for several days. Retinal-lesion-induced cortical plasticity increases turnover of putative boutons but leaves mitochondrial turnover unaffected. We conclude that in visual cortex in vivo, mitochondria are less dynamic than in vitro, and that structural plasticity does not affect mitochondrial dynamics.}, @@ -6821,7 +6810,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Mitochondrial Dynamics in Visual Cortex Are Limited In Vivo and Not Affected by Axonal Structural Plasticity}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smit-Rigter_CurrBiol2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Smit-Rigter_CurrBiol2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.033}} @article{Winnubst:2015, @@ -6841,7 +6830,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Spontaneous Activity Drives Local Synaptic Plasticity In Vivo}, Volume = {87}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Winnubst_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Winnubst_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.029}} @article{Niculescu:2014, @@ -6863,7 +6852,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Gap junctions in developing thalamic and neocortical neuronal networks}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Niculescu_CerebCortex2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Niculescu_CerebCortex2014.pdf}} @article{Lohmann:2014, Abstract = {The brain is programmed to drive behaviour by precisely wiring the appropriate neuronal circuits. Wiring and rewiring of neuronal circuits largely depends on the orchestrated changes in the strengths of synaptic contacts. Here, we review how the rules of synaptic plasticity change during development of the brain, from birth to independence. We focus on the changes that occur at the postsynaptic side of excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the rodent hippocampus and neocortex. First we summarize the current data on the structure of synapses and the developmental expression patterns of the key molecular players of synaptic plasticity, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, as well as pivotal kinases (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, protein kinase A, protein kinase C) and phosphatases (PP1, PP2A, PP2B). In the second part we relate these findings to important characteristics of the emerging network. We argue that the concerted and gradual shifts in the usage of plasticity molecules comply with the changing need for (re)wiring neuronal circuits.}, @@ -6883,7 +6872,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {The developmental stages of synaptic plasticity}, Volume = {592}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lohmann_JPhysiol2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lohmann_JPhysiol2014.pdf}} @article{Leighton:2016, Abstract = {In order to accurately process incoming sensory stimuli, neurons must be organized into functional networks, with both genetic and environmental factors influencing the precise arrangement of connections between cells. Teasing apart the relative contributions of molecular guidance cues, spontaneous activity and visual experience during this maturation is on-going. During development of the sensory system, the first, rough organization of connections is created by molecular factors. These connections are then modulated by the intrinsically generated activity of neurons, even before the senses have become operational. Spontaneous waves of depolarizations sweep across the nervous system, placing them in a prime position to strengthen correct connections and weaken others, shaping synapses into a useful network. A large body of work now support the idea that, rather than being a mere side-effect of the system, spontaneous activity actually contains information which readies the nervous system so that, as soon as the senses become active, sensory information can be utilized by the animal. An example is the neonatal mouse. As soon as the eyelids first open, neurons in the cortex respond to visual information without the animal having previously encountered structured sensory input (Cang et al., 2005b; Rochefort et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2012; Ko et al., 2013). In vivo imaging techniques have advanced considerably, allowing observation of the natural activity in the brain of living animals down to the level of the individual synapse. New (opto)genetic methods make it possible to subtly modulate the spatio-temporal properties of activity, aiding our understanding of how these characteristics relate to the function of spontaneous activity. Such experiments have had a huge impact on our knowledge by permitting direct testing of ideas about the plasticity mechanisms at play in the intact system, opening up a provocative range of fresh questions. Here, we intend to outline the most recent descriptions of spontaneous activity patterns in rodent developing sensory areas, as well as the inferences we can make about the information content of those activity patterns and ideas about the plasticity rules that allow this activity to shape the young brain.}, @@ -6902,7 +6891,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {The Wiring of Developing Sensory Circuits-From Patterned Spontaneous Activity to Synaptic Plasticity Mechanisms}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Leighton_FrontNeuralCircuits2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Leighton_FrontNeuralCircuits2016.pdf}} @article{Ramamurthi:1988, Abstract = {After a survey of the anatomical and physiological basis of operative treatment of behaviour disorders by stereotactic lesions in the amygdala and the posterior medial hypothalamus the author describes his own experiences with 603 operations for control of conservatively untreatable aggressiveness. In 481 cases bilateral amygdalotomies and in 122 mostly secondary posteromedian hypothalamotomies have been performed. Initially excellent or moderate improvement was achieved in 76%. After a follow-up of more than three years this figure only slightly decreased to 70%. The group of patients who did not positively respond (30%) needs further study to discover the reasons for failure.}, @@ -6936,7 +6925,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Endocannabinoid-mediated control of synaptic transmission}, Volume = {89}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kano_PhysiolRev2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kano_PhysiolRev2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00019.2008}} @article{Berchtold:2000, @@ -6955,7 +6944,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Calcium ion in skeletal muscle: its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease}, Volume = {80}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Berchtold_PhysiolRev2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Berchtold_PhysiolRev2000.pdf}} @article{Tang:2014, Abstract = {Voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels catalyse rapid, highly selective influx of Ca(2+) into cells despite a 70-fold higher extracellular concentration of Na(+). How CaV channels solve this fundamental biophysical problem remains unclear. Here we report physiological and crystallographic analyses of a calcium selectivity filter constructed in the homotetrameric bacterial NaV channel NaVAb. Our results reveal interactions of hydrated Ca(2+) with two high-affinity Ca(2+)-binding sites followed by a third lower-affinity site that would coordinate Ca(2+) as it moves inward. At the selectivity filter entry, Site 1 is formed by four carboxyl side chains, which have a critical role in determining Ca(2+) selectivity. Four carboxyls plus four backbone carbonyls form Site 2, which is targeted by the blocking cations Cd(2+) and Mn(2+), with single occupancy. The lower-affinity Site 3 is formed by four backbone carbonyls alone, which mediate exit into the central cavity. This pore architecture suggests a conduction pathway involving transitions between two main states with one or two hydrated Ca(2+) ions bound in the selectivity filter and supports a 'knock-off' mechanism of ion permeation through a stepwise-binding process. The multi-ion selectivity filter of our CaVAb model establishes a structural framework for understanding the mechanisms of ion selectivity and conductance by vertebrate CaV channels.}, @@ -6975,7 +6964,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Structural basis for Ca2+ selectivity of a voltage-gated calcium channel}, Volume = {505}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tang_Nature2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tang_Nature2014.pdf}} @article{Davies:2003, Abstract = {Ethanol is a chemically simple compound that produces many well-known effects in humans. The prevailing idea for many years was that ethanol and other alcohols exerted their effects on the central nervous system (CNS) by non-selectively disrupting the lipid bilayers of neurons. However, in recent years, there has been an accumulation of evidence pointing to the importance of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) in mediating the effects of ethanol. Of these LGICs, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors appear to occupy a central role in mediating the effects of ethanol in the CNS. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS, and activation of GABAA receptors by GABA tends to decrease neuronal excitability. This article reviews several aspects of GABAA receptor and ethanol interactions, including the evidence for short- and long-term modulation of GABAA receptors by ethanol and evidence for a GABAA receptor-related genetic component of alcoholism.}, @@ -6994,7 +6983,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {The role of GABAA receptors in mediating the effects of alcohol in the central nervous system}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Davies_JPsychiatryNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Davies_JPsychiatryNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Mihic:1997, Abstract = {Volatile anaesthetics have historically been considered to act in a nonspecific manner on the central nervous system. More recent studies, however, have revealed that the receptors for inhibitory neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine are sensitive to clinically relevant concentrations of inhaled anaesthetics. The function of GABA(A) and glycine receptors is enhanced by a number of anaesthetics and alcohols, whereas activity of the related GABA rho1 receptor is reduced. We have used this difference in pharmacology to investigate the molecular basis for modulation of these receptors by anaesthetics and alcohols. By using chimaeric receptor constructs, we have identified a region of 45 amino-acid residues that is both necessary and sufficient for the enhancement of receptor function. Within this region, two specific amino-acid residues in transmembrane domains 2 and 3 are critical for allosteric modulation of both GABA(A) and glycine receptors by alcohols and two volatile anaesthetics. These observations support the idea that anaesthetics exert a specific effect on these ion-channel proteins, and allow for the future testing of specific hypotheses of the action of anaesthetics.}, @@ -7013,7 +7002,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Sites of alcohol and volatile anaesthetic action on GABA(A) and glycine receptors}, Volume = {389}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mihic_Nature1997.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mihic_Nature1997.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/38738}} @article{Picciotto:2000, @@ -7033,7 +7022,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Nicotinic receptors in the brain. Links between molecular biology and behavior}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Picciotto_Neuropsychopharmacology2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Picciotto_Neuropsychopharmacology2000.pdf}} @article{Chavas:2003, Abstract = {Functional GABA synapses are usually assumed to be inhibitory. However, we show here that inhibitory and excitatory GABA connections coexist in the cerebellar interneuron network. The reversal potential of GABAergic currents (E(GABA)) measured in interneurons is relatively depolarized and contrasts with the hyperpolarized value found in Purkinje cells (-58 and -85 mV respectively). This finding is not correlated to a specific developmental stage and is maintained in the adult animal. E(GABA) in interneurons is close to the mean membrane potential (-56.5 mV, as measured with a novel "equal firing potential" method), and both parameters vary enough among cells so that the driving force for GABA currents can be either inward or outward. Indeed, using noninvasive cell-attached recordings, we demonstrate inhibitory, excitatory, and sequential inhibitory and excitatory responses to interneuron stimulation [results obtained both in juvenile (postnatal days 12-14) and subadult (postnatal days 20-25) animals]. In hyperpolarized cells, single synaptic GABA currents can trigger spikes or trains of spikes, and subthreshold stimulations enhance the responsiveness to subsequent excitatory stimulation over at least 30 msec. We suggest that the coexistence of excitatory and inhibitory GABA synapses could either buffer the mean firing rate of the interneuron network or introduce different types of correlation between neighboring interneurons, or both.}, @@ -7051,7 +7040,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Coexistence of excitatory and inhibitory GABA synapses in the cerebellar interneuron network}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chavas_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chavas_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Takeuchi:1960, Author = {Takeuchi, A and Takeuchi, N}, @@ -7124,7 +7113,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Brain cannabinoids in chocolate}, Volume = {382}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tomaso_Nature1996.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tomaso_Nature1996.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/382677a0}} @article{Pacher:2006, @@ -7145,7 +7134,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pacher_PharmacolRev2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pacher_PharmacolRev2006.pdf}} @article{Gertsch:2010, Abstract = {It is intriguing that during human cultural evolution man has detected plant natural products that appear to target key protein receptors of important physiological systems rather selectively. Plants containing such secondary metabolites usually belong to unique chemotaxa, induce potent pharmacological effects and have typically been used for recreational and medicinal purposes or as poisons. Cannabis sativa L. has a long history as a medicinal plant and was fundamental in the discovery of the endocannabinoid system. The major psychoactive Cannabis constituent Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) potently activates the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor CB(1) and also modulates the cannabinoid receptor CB(2). In the last few years, several other non-cannabinoid plant constituents have been reported to bind to and functionally interact with CB receptors. Moreover, certain plant natural products, from both Cannabis and other plants, also target other proteins of the endocannabinoid system, such as hydrolytic enzymes that control endocannabinoid levels. In this commentary we summarize and critically discuss recent findings.}, @@ -7165,7 +7154,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Phytocannabinoids beyond the Cannabis plant - do they exist?}, Volume = {160}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gertsch_BrJPharmacol2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gertsch_BrJPharmacol2010.pdf}} @article{Singh:2013, Abstract = {Autism is a common and heritable neuropsychiatric disorder that can be categorized into two types: syndromic and nonsyndromic, the former of which are associated with other neurological disorders or syndromes. Molecular and functional links between syndromic and nonsyndromic autism genes were lacking until studies aimed at understanding the role of trans-synaptic adhesion molecule neuroligin, which is associated with nonsyndromic autism, provided important connections. Here, we integrate data from these studies into a model of how neuroligin functions to control synaptic connectivity in the central nervous system and how neuroligin dysfunction may participate in the pathophysiology of autism. Understanding the complex functional interactions between neuroligins and other autism-associated proteins at the synapse is crucial to understand the pathology of autism. This understanding might bring us closer to development of therapeutic approaches for autism.}, @@ -7204,7 +7193,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Neonatal maternal separation results in persistent disruption of res Title = {Advancing the understanding of autism disease mechanisms through genetics}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Torre-Ubieta_NatMed2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Torre-Ubieta_NatMed2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.4071}} @article{Sandin:2014, @@ -7230,7 +7219,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {The familial risk of autism}, Volume = {311}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sandin_JAMA2014a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sandin_JAMA2014a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.4144}} @article{Tan:2010, @@ -7291,7 +7280,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Altered functional connectivity in frontal lobe circuits is associated with variation in the autism risk gene CNTNAP2}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Scott-VanZeeland_SciTranslMed2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Scott-VanZeeland_SciTranslMed2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001344}} @article{Lu:2015, @@ -7330,7 +7319,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories}, Volume = {462}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xu_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Xu_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Xu_Nature2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Xu_Nature2009.mov}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08389}} @@ -7353,7 +7342,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Repetitive motor learning induces coordinated formation of clustered dendritic spines in vivo}, Volume = {483}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fu_Nature2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fu_Nature2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10844}} @article{Ho:2011, @@ -7373,7 +7362,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Skyline-plot methods for estimating demographic history from nucleotide sequences}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ho_MolEcolResour2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ho_MolEcolResour2011.pdf}} @article{Green:2010, Abstract = {Neandertals, the closest evolutionary relatives of present-day humans, lived in large parts of Europe and western Asia before disappearing 30,000 years ago. We present a draft sequence of the Neandertal genome composed of more than 4 billion nucleotides from three individuals. Comparisons of the Neandertal genome to the genomes of five present-day humans from different parts of the world identify a number of genomic regions that may have been affected by positive selection in ancestral modern humans, including genes involved in metabolism and in cognitive and skeletal development. We show that Neandertals shared more genetic variants with present-day humans in Eurasia than with present-day humans in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that gene flow from Neandertals into the ancestors of non-Africans occurred before the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.}, @@ -7392,7 +7381,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome}, Volume = {328}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Green_Science2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Green_Science2010.pdf}} @article{Carninci:2005, Abstract = {This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5' and 3' boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.}, @@ -7411,7 +7400,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome}, Volume = {309}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carninci_Science2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Carninci_Science2005.pdf}} @article{Shapiro:2002, Author = {Shapiro, Beth and Sibthorpe, Dean and Rambaut, Andrew and Austin, Jeremy and Wragg, Graham M and Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R P and Lee, Patricia L M and Cooper, Alan}, @@ -7429,7 +7418,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Flight of the dodo}, Volume = {295}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shapiro_Science2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shapiro_Science2002.pdf}} @article{Eklund:2016, Abstract = {The most widely used task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses use parametric statistical methods that depend on a variety of assumptions. In this work, we use real resting-state data and a total of 3 million random task group analyses to compute empirical familywise error rates for the fMRI software packages SPM, FSL, and AFNI, as well as a nonparametric permutation method. For a nominal familywise error rate of 5%, the parametric statistical methods are shown to be conservative for voxelwise inference and invalid for clusterwise inference. Our results suggest that the principal cause of the invalid cluster inferences is spatial autocorrelation functions that do not follow the assumed Gaussian shape. By comparison, the nonparametric permutation test is found to produce nominal results for voxelwise as well as clusterwise inference. These findings speak to the need of validating the statistical methods being used in the field of neuroimaging.}, @@ -7445,7 +7434,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eklund_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Eklund_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016.pdf}} @article{Drummond:2005, Abstract = {We introduce the Bayesian skyline plot, a new method for estimating past population dynamics through time from a sample of molecular sequences without dependence on a prespecified parametric model of demographic history. We describe a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling procedure that efficiently samples a variant of the generalized skyline plot, given sequence data, and combines these plots to generate a posterior distribution of effective population size through time. We apply the Bayesian skyline plot to simulated data sets and show that it correctly reconstructs demographic history under canonical scenarios. Finally, we compare the Bayesian skyline plot model to previous coalescent approaches by analyzing two real data sets (hepatitis C virus in Egypt and mitochondrial DNA of Beringian bison) that have been previously investigated using alternative coalescent methods. In the bison analysis, we detect a severe but previously unrecognized bottleneck, estimated to have occurred 10,000 radiocarbon years ago, which coincides with both the earliest undisputed record of large numbers of humans in Alaska and the megafaunal extinctions in North America at the beginning of the Holocene.}, @@ -7464,7 +7453,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Bayesian coalescent inference of past population dynamics from molecular sequences}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Drummond_MolBiolEvol2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Drummond_MolBiolEvol2005.pdf}} @article{Kirkby:2013, Abstract = {Correlated spontaneous activity in the developing nervous system is robust to perturbations in the circuits that generate it, suggesting that mechanisms exist to ensure its maintenance. We examine this phenomenon in the developing retina, where blockade of cholinergic circuits that mediate retinal waves during the first postnatal week leads to the generation of "recovered" waves through a distinct, gap junction-mediated circuit. Unlike cholinergic waves, these recovered waves were modulated by dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling, and required the presence of the gap junction protein connexin 36. Moreover, in contrast to cholinergic waves, recovered waves were stimulated by ambient light via activation of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. The involvement of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in this reconfiguration of wave-generating circuits offers an avenue of retinal circuit plasticity during development that was previously unknown.}, @@ -7485,7 +7474,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells contribute to plasticity in retinal wave circuits}, Volume = {110}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kirkby_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kirkby_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2013.pdf}} @article{Smith:2015, Abstract = {Stimulus discrimination depends on the selectivity and variability of neural responses, as well as the size and correlation structure of the responsive population. For direction discrimination in visual cortex, only the selectivity of neurons has been well characterized across development. Here we show in ferrets that at eye opening, the cortical response to visual stimulation exhibits several immaturities, including a high density of active neurons that display prominent wave-like activity, a high degree of variability and strong noise correlations. Over the next three weeks, the population response becomes increasingly sparse, wave-like activity disappears, and variability and noise correlations are markedly reduced. Similar changes were observed in identified neuronal populations imaged repeatedly over days. Furthermore, experience with a moving stimulus was capable of driving a reduction in noise correlations over a matter of hours. These changes in variability and correlation contribute significantly to a marked improvement in direction discriminability over development.}, @@ -7505,7 +7494,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {The development of cortical circuits for motion discrimination}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smith_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Smith_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3921}} @article{McCormick:2015, @@ -7525,7 +7514,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Brain state dependent activity in the cortex and thalamus}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCormick_CurrOpinNeurobiol2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/McCormick_CurrOpinNeurobiol2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.10.003}} @article{McCormick:2014, @@ -7583,7 +7572,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Waking State: Rapid Variations Modulate Neural and Behavioral Responses}, Volume = {87}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McGinley_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/McGinley_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.012}} @article{McGinley:2015, @@ -7623,7 +7612,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Coupled oscillations mediate directed interactions between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the neonatal rat}, Volume = {71}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brockmann_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brockmann_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.041}} @article{Cichon:2014, @@ -7643,7 +7632,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Unsupervised classification of neocortical activity patterns in neonatal and pre-juvenile rodents}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cichon_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cichon_FrontNeuralCircuits2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2014.00050}} @article{Hoy:2015, @@ -7665,7 +7654,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Layer-specific refinement of visual cortex function after eye opening in the awake mouse}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hoy_JNeurosci2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hoy_JNeurosci2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3174-14.2015}} @article{Alivisatos:2013a, @@ -7686,7 +7675,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among children born in Sweden, the individual risk of Title = {Nanotools for neuroscience and brain activity mapping}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alivisatos_ACSNano2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Alivisatos_ACSNano2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn4012847}} @article{Fenlon:2015a, @@ -7708,7 +7697,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {Formation of functional areas in the cerebral cortex is disrupted in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fenlon_NeuralDev2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fenlon_NeuralDev2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13064-015-0033-y}} @article{Fenlon:2015, @@ -7729,7 +7718,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that interhemispheric connectivity and cortical area Title = {Contralateral targeting of the corpus callosum in normal and pathological brain function}, Volume = {38}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fenlon_TrendsNeurosci2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fenlon_TrendsNeurosci2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2015.02.007}} @article{Kozberg:2016, @@ -7750,7 +7739,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Rapid Postnatal Expansion of Neural Networks Occurs in an Environment of Altered Neurovascular and Neurometabolic Coupling}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kozberg_JNeurosci2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kozberg_JNeurosci2016.pdf}} @article{Wise:1978, Author = {Wise, S P and Jones, E G}, @@ -7768,7 +7757,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Developmental studies of thalamocortical and commissural connections in the rat somatic sensory cortex}, Volume = {178}, Year = {1978}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wise_JCompNeurol1978.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wise_JCompNeurol1978.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901780202}} @article{Wise:1977, @@ -7807,7 +7796,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {The organization and postnatal development of the commissural projection of the rat somatic sensory cortex}, Volume = {168}, Year = {1976}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wise_JCompNeurol1976.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wise_JCompNeurol1976.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901680302}} @article{Mohajerani:2013, @@ -7828,7 +7817,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Spontaneous cortical activity alternates between motifs defined by regional axonal projections}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mohajerani_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mohajerani_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Mohajerani_NatNeurosci2013a.pdf}} @article{Feinberg:2015, @@ -7848,7 +7837,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Orientation columns in the mouse superior colliculus}, Volume = {519}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015b.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015.jpg}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015a.jpg}, @@ -7857,7 +7846,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Bdsk-File-7 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015d.jpg}, Bdsk-File-8 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015e.jpg}, Bdsk-File-9 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015f.jpg}, - Bdsk-File-10 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015g.jpg}} + File0 = {papers/Feinberg_Nature2015g.jpg}} @article{Guadiana:2013, Abstract = {The formation of primary cilia is a highly choreographed process that can be disrupted in developing neurons by overexpressing neuromodulatory G-protein-coupled receptors GPCRs or by blocking intraflagellar transport. Here, we examined the effects of overexpressing the ciliary GPCRs, 5HT6 and SSTR3, on cilia structure and the differentiation of neocortical neurons. Neuronal overexpression of 5HT6 and SSTR3 was achieved by electroporating mouse embryo cortex in utero with vectors encoding these receptors. We found that overexpression of ciliary GPCRs in cortical neurons, especially 5HT6, induced the formation of long (>30 μm) and often forked cilia. These changes were associated with increased levels of intraflagellar transport proteins and accelerated ciliogenesis in neonatal neocortex, the induction of which required Kif3a, an anterograde motor critical for cilia protein trafficking and growth. GPCR overexpression also altered the complement of signaling molecules within the cilia. We found that SSTR3 and type III adenylyl cyclase (ACIII), proteins normally enriched in neuronal cilia, were rarely detected in 5HT6-elongated cilia. Intriguingly, the changes in cilia structure were accompanied by changes in neuronal morphology. Specifically, disruption of normal ciliogenesis in developing neocortical neurons, either by overexpressing cilia GPCRs or a dominant-negative form of Kif3a, significantly impaired dendrite outgrowth. Remarkably, coexpression of ACIII with 5HT6 restored ACIII to cilia, normalized cilia structure, and restored dendrite outgrowth, effects that were not observed in neurons coexpressing ACIII and dominant-negative form of Kif3a. Collectively, our data suggest the formation of neuronal dendrites in developing neocortex requires structurally normal cilia enriched with ACIII.}, @@ -7876,7 +7865,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Arborization of dendrites by developing neocortical neurons is dependent on primary cilia and type 3 adenylyl cyclase}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guadiana_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Guadiana_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Breunig:2015, Abstract = {As the list of putative driver mutations in glioma grows, we are just beginning to elucidate the effects of dysregulated developmental signaling pathways on the transformation of neural cells. We have employed a postnatal, mosaic, autochthonous glioma model that captures the first hours and days of gliomagenesis in more resolution than conventional genetically engineered mouse models of cancer. We provide evidence that disruption of the Nf1-Ras pathway in the ventricular zone at multiple signaling nodes uniformly results in rapid neural stem cell depletion, progenitor hyperproliferation, and gliogenic lineage restriction. Abolishing Ets subfamily activity, which is upregulated downstream of Ras, rescues these phenotypes and blocks glioma initiation. Thus, the Nf1-Ras-Ets axis might be one of the select molecular pathways that are perturbed for initiation and maintenance in glioma.}, @@ -7894,7 +7883,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Ets Factors Regulate Neural Stem Cell Depletion and Gliogenesis in Ras Pathway Glioma}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Breunig_CellRep2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Breunig_CellRep2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.012}} @article{Zeisel:2015, @@ -7915,7 +7904,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Cell types in the mouse cortex and hippocampus revealed by single-cell RNA-seq}, Volume = {347}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zeisel_Science2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zeisel_Science2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1934}} @article{Perez-Cadahia:2011, @@ -7936,7 +7925,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Activation and function of immediate-early genes in the nervous system}, Volume = {89}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pérez-Cadahía_BiochemCellBiol2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pérez-Cadahía_BiochemCellBiol2011.pdf}} @article{Meyza:2015, Abstract = {Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized, in part, by an inability to adequately respond to social cues. Patients diagnosed with ASD are often devoid of empathy and impaired in understanding other people's emotional perspective. The neuronal correlates of this impairment are not fully understood. Replicating such a behavioral phenotype in a mouse model of autism would allow us insight into the neuronal background of the problem. Here we tested BTBR T(+)Itpr3(tf)/J (BTBR) and c57BL/6J (B6) mice in two behavioral paradigms: the Transfer of Emotional Information test and the Social Proximity test. In both tests BTBR mice displayed asocial behavior. We analyzed c-Fos protein expression in several brain regions after each of these tests, and found that, unlike B6 mice, BTBR mice react to a stressed cagemate exposure in the Transfer of Emotional Information test with no increase of c-Fos expression in either the prefrontal cortex or the amygdala. However, after Social Proximity exposure we observed a strong increase in c-Fos expression in the CA3 field of the hippocampus and two hypothalamic regions of BTBR brains. This response was accompanied by a strong activation of periaqueductal regions related to defensiveness, which suggests that BTBR mice find unavoidable social interaction highly aversive.}, @@ -7954,7 +7943,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Neuronal correlates of asocial behavior in a BTBR T (+) Itpr3(tf)/J mouse model of autism}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meyza_FrontBehavNeurosci2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Meyza_FrontBehavNeurosci2015.pdf}} @article{Darmanis:2015, Abstract = {The human brain is a tissue of vast complexity in terms of the cell types it comprises. Conventional approaches to classifying cell types in the human brain at single cell resolution have been limited to exploring relatively few markers and therefore have provided a limited molecular characterization of any given cell type. We used single cell RNA sequencing on 466 cells to capture the cellular complexity of the adult and fetal human brain at a whole transcriptome level. Healthy adult temporal lobe tissue was obtained during surgical procedures where otherwise normal tissue was removed to gain access to deeper hippocampal pathology in patients with medical refractory seizures. We were able to classify individual cells into all of the major neuronal, glial, and vascular cell types in the brain. We were able to divide neurons into individual communities and show that these communities preserve the categorization of interneuron subtypes that is typically observed with the use of classic interneuron markers. We then used single cell RNA sequencing on fetal human cortical neurons to identify genes that are differentially expressed between fetal and adult neurons and those genes that display an expression gradient that reflects the transition between replicating and quiescent fetal neuronal populations. Finally, we observed the expression of major histocompatibility complex type I genes in a subset of adult neurons, but not fetal neurons. The work presented here demonstrates the applicability of single cell RNA sequencing on the study of the adult human brain and constitutes a first step toward a comprehensive cellular atlas of the human brain.}, @@ -7975,7 +7964,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {A survey of human brain transcriptome diversity at the single cell level}, Volume = {112}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Darmanis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Darmanis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2015.pdf}} @article{Zhang:2014a, Abstract = {The major cell classes of the brain differ in their developmental processes, metabolism, signaling, and function. To better understand the functions and interactions of the cell types that comprise these classes, we acutely purified representative populations of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, newly formed oligodendrocytes, myelinating oligodendrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, and pericytes from mouse cerebral cortex. We generated a transcriptome database for these eight cell types by RNA sequencing and used a sensitive algorithm to detect alternative splicing events in each cell type. Bioinformatic analyses identified thousands of new cell type-enriched genes and splicing isoforms that will provide novel markers for cell identification, tools for genetic manipulation, and insights into the biology of the brain. For example, our data provide clues as to how neurons and astrocytes differ in their ability to dynamically regulate glycolytic flux and lactate generation attributable to unique splicing of PKM2, the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase. This dataset will provide a powerful new resource for understanding the development and function of the brain. To ensure the widespread distribution of these datasets, we have created a user-friendly website (http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/brain_rnaseq.html) that provides a platform for analyzing and comparing transciption and alternative splicing profiles for various cell classes in the brain.}, @@ -7996,7 +7985,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {An RNA-sequencing transcriptome and splicing database of glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_JNeurosci2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhang_JNeurosci2014.pdf}} @article{Schmolesky:1998, Abstract = {The onset latencies of single-unit responses evoked by flashing visual stimuli were measured in the parvocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and in cortical visual areas V1, V2, V3, V4, middle temporal area (MT), medial superior temporal area (MST), and in the frontal eye field (FEF) in individual anesthetized monkeys. Identical procedures were carried out to assess latencies in each area, often in the same monkey, thereby permitting direct comparisons of timing across areas. This study presents the visual flash-evoked latencies for cells in areas where such data are common (V1 and V2), and are therefore a good standard, and also in areas where such data are sparse (LGNd M and P layers, MT, V4) or entirely lacking (V3, MST, and FEF in anesthetized preparation). Visual-evoked onset latencies were, on average, 17 ms shorter in the LGNd M layers than in the LGNd P layers. Visual responses occurred in V1 before any other cortical area. The next wave of activation occurred concurrently in areas V3, MT, MST, and FEF. Visual response latencies in areas V2 and V4 were progressively later and more broadly distributed. These differences in the time course of activation across the dorsal and ventral streams provide important temporal constraints on theories of visual processing.}, @@ -8015,7 +8004,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Signal timing across the macaque visual system}, Volume = {79}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schmolesky_JNeurophysiol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schmolesky_JNeurophysiol1998.pdf}} @article{Rash:2016, Abstract = {Cortical columns are basic cellular and functional units of the cerebral cortex that are malformed in many brain disorders, but how they initially develop is not well understood. Using an optogenetic sensor in the mouse embryonic forebrain, we demonstrate that Ca(2+) fluxes propagate bidirectionally within the elongated fibers of radial glial cells (RGCs), providing a novel communication mechanism linking the proliferative and postmitotic zones before the onset of synaptogenesis. Our results indicate that Ca(2+) activity along RGC fibers provides feedback information along the radial migratory pathway, influencing neurogenesis and migration during early column development. Furthermore, we find that this columnar Ca(2+) propagation is induced by Notch and fibroblast growth factor activities classically implicated in cortical expansion and patterning. Thus, cortical morphogens and growth factors may influence cortical column assembly in part by regulating long-distance Ca(2+) communication along the radial axis of cortical development.}, @@ -8035,7 +8024,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Bidirectional radial Ca(2+) activity regulates neurogenesis and migration during early cortical column formation}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rash_SciAdv2016.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rash_SciAdv2016.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501733}} @article{Chen:2011a, @@ -8057,7 +8046,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {A gustotopic map of taste qualities in the mammalian brain}, Volume = {333}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Science2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_Science2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1204076}} @article{Peng:2015, @@ -8079,7 +8068,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Sweet and bitter taste in the brain of awake behaving animals}, Volume = {527}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Peng_Nature2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Peng_Nature2015.pdf}} @article{Zhang:2003c, Abstract = {Mammals can taste a wide repertoire of chemosensory stimuli. Two unrelated families of receptors (T1Rs and T2Rs) mediate responses to sweet, amino acids, and bitter compounds. Here, we demonstrate that knockouts of TRPM5, a taste TRP ion channel, or PLCbeta2, a phospholipase C selectively expressed in taste tissue, abolish sweet, amino acid, and bitter taste reception, but do not impact sour or salty tastes. Therefore, despite relying on different receptors, sweet, amino acid, and bitter transduction converge on common signaling molecules. Using PLCbeta2 taste-blind animals, we then examined a fundamental question in taste perception: how taste modalities are encoded at the cellular level. Mice engineered to rescue PLCbeta2 function exclusively in bitter-receptor expressing cells respond normally to bitter tastants but do not taste sweet or amino acid stimuli. Thus, bitter is encoded independently of sweet and amino acids, and taste receptor cells are not broadly tuned across these modalities.}, @@ -8098,7 +8087,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways}, Volume = {112}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_Cell2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhang_Cell2003.pdf}} @article{Sekar:2016, Abstract = {Schizophrenia is a heritable brain illness with unknown pathogenic mechanisms. Schizophrenia's strongest genetic association at a population level involves variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus, but the genes and molecular mechanisms accounting for this have been challenging to identify. Here we show that this association arises in part from many structurally diverse alleles of the complement component 4 (C4) genes. We found that these alleles generated widely varying levels of C4A and C4B expression in the brain, with each common C4 allele associating with schizophrenia in proportion to its tendency to generate greater expression of C4A. Human C4 protein localized to neuronal synapses, dendrites, axons, and cell bodies. In mice, C4 mediated synapse elimination during postnatal development. These results implicate excessive complement activity in the development of schizophrenia and may help explain the reduced numbers of synapses in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia.}, @@ -8113,7 +8102,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4}, Year = {2016}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sekar_Nature2016.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sekar_Nature2016.pdf}} @article{Azevedo:2009, Abstract = {The human brain is often considered to be the most cognitively capable among mammalian brains and to be much larger than expected for a mammal of our body size. Although the number of neurons is generally assumed to be a determinant of computational power, and despite the widespread quotes that the human brain contains 100 billion neurons and ten times more glial cells, the absolute number of neurons and glial cells in the human brain remains unknown. Here we determine these numbers by using the isotropic fractionator and compare them with the expected values for a human-sized primate. We find that the adult male human brain contains on average 86.1 +/- 8.1 billion NeuN-positive cells ("neurons") and 84.6 +/- 9.8 billion NeuN-negative ("nonneuronal") cells. With only 19% of all neurons located in the cerebral cortex, greater cortical size (representing 82% of total brain mass) in humans compared with other primates does not reflect an increased relative number of cortical neurons. The ratios between glial cells and neurons in the human brain structures are similar to those found in other primates, and their numbers of cells match those expected for a primate of human proportions. These findings challenge the common view that humans stand out from other primates in their brain composition and indicate that, with regard to numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells, the human brain is an isometrically scaled-up primate brain.}, @@ -8132,7 +8121,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain}, Volume = {513}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Azevedo_JCompNeurol2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Azevedo_JCompNeurol2009.pdf}} @article{Llinas:2012, Author = {Llin{\'a}s, Rodolfo and Sugimori, Mutsuyuki}, @@ -8237,7 +8226,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {The specific ionic conductances and the ionic movements across the motoneuronal membrane that produce the inhibitory post-synaptic potential}, Volume = {130}, Year = {1955}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Coombs_JPhysiol1955.pdf}} + File = {papers/Coombs_JPhysiol1955.pdf}} @article{Fatt:1953, Author = {Fatt, P and Katz, B}, @@ -8256,7 +8245,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {The electrical properties of crustacean muscle fibres}, Volume = {120}, Year = {1953}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fatt_JPhysiol1953.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fatt_JPhysiol1953.pdf}} @article{Hodgkin:1952e, Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F}, @@ -8292,7 +8281,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve}, Volume = {117}, Year = {1952}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952a.pdf}} @article{Hodgkin:1952c, Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F}, @@ -8311,7 +8300,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {The dual effect of membrane potential on sodium conductance in the giant axon of Loligo}, Volume = {116}, Year = {1952}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952b.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952b.pdf}} @article{Hodgkin:1952b, Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F}, @@ -8330,7 +8319,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo}, Volume = {116}, Year = {1952}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952c.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952c.pdf}} @article{Hodgkin:1952a, Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F}, @@ -8349,7 +8338,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo}, Volume = {116}, Year = {1952}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952d.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952d.pdf}} @article{Hodgkin:1952, Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F and Katz, B}, @@ -8368,7 +8357,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Measurement of current-voltage relations in the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo}, Volume = {116}, Year = {1952}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hodgkin_JPhysiol1952.pdf}} @article{Hodgkin:1939, Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Huxley, A F}, @@ -8381,7 +8370,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Action Potentials Recorded from Inside a Nerve Fibre}, Volume = {144}, Year = {1939}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hodgkin_Nature1939.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hodgkin_Nature1939.pdf}} @article{Hodgkin:1949b, Author = {Hodgkin, A L and Katz, B}, @@ -8435,7 +8424,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {The effect of sodium ions on the electrical activity of giant axon of the squid}, Volume = {108}, Year = {1949}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/HODGKIN_JPhysiol1949.pdf}} + File = {papers/HODGKIN_JPhysiol1949.pdf}} @article{Root:2014, Abstract = {The lateral habenula (LHb) is involved in reward, aversion, addiction and depression through descending interactions with several brain structures, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The VTA provides reciprocal inputs to LHb, but their actions are unclear. Here we show that the majority of rat and mouse VTA neurons innervating LHb coexpress markers for both glutamate signaling (vesicular glutamate transporter 2; VGluT2) and GABA signaling (glutamic acid decarboxylase; GAD, and vesicular GABA transporter; VGaT). A single axon from these mesohabenular neurons coexpresses VGluT2 protein and VGaT protein and, surprisingly, establishes symmetric and asymmetric synapses on LHb neurons. In LHb slices, light activation of mesohabenular fibers expressing channelrhodopsin2 driven by VGluT2 (Slc17a6) or VGaT (Slc32a1) promoters elicits release of both glutamate and GABA onto single LHb neurons. In vivo light activation of mesohabenular terminals inhibits or excites LHb neurons. Our findings reveal an unanticipated type of VTA neuron that cotransmits glutamate and GABA and provides the majority of mesohabenular inputs.}, @@ -8454,7 +8443,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Single rodent mesohabenular axons release glutamate and GABA}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Root_NatNeurosci2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Root_NatNeurosci2014.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Root_NatNeurosci2014a.pdf}} @article{Pei:2015, @@ -8475,7 +8464,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Conditional Knock-Out of Vesicular GABA Transporter Gene from Starburst Amacrine Cells Reveals the Contributions of Multiple Synaptic Mechanisms Underlying Direction Selectivity in the Retina}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pei_JNeurosci2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pei_JNeurosci2015.pdf}} @article{Catania:2002, Abstract = {We investigated naked mole-rat somatosensory cortex to determine how brain areas are modified in mammals with unusual and extreme sensory specializations. Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) have numerous anatomical specializations for a subterranean existence, including rows of sensory hairs along the body and tail, reduced eyes, and ears sensitive to low frequencies. However, chief among their adaptations are behaviorally important, enlarged incisors permanently exterior to the oral cavity that are used for digging, object manipulation, social interactions, and feeding. Here we report an extraordinary brain organization where nearly one-third (31%) of primary somatosensory cortex is devoted to the representations of the upper and lower incisors. In addition, somatosensory cortex is greatly enlarged (as a proportion of total neocortical area) compared with closely related laboratory rats. Finally, somatosensory cortex in naked mole-rats encompasses virtually all of the neocortex normally devoted to vision. These findings indicate that major cortical remodeling has occurred in naked mole-rats, paralleling the anatomical and behavioral specializations related to fossorial life.}, @@ -8495,7 +8484,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Somatosensory cortex dominated by the representation of teeth in the naked mole-rat brain}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Catania_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Catania_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.072097999}} @article{Crish:2006, @@ -8515,7 +8504,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Central visual system of the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber)}, Volume = {288}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crish_AnatRecADiscovMolCellEvolBiol2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crish_AnatRecADiscovMolCellEvolBiol2006.pdf}} @article{Guertin:2009, Abstract = {At the beginning of the 20th century, Thomas Graham Brown conducted experiments that after a long hiatus changed views on the neural control of locomotion. His seminal work supported by subsequent evidence generated largely from the 1960s onwards showed that across species walking, flying, and swimming are controlled largely by a neuronal network that has been referred to as the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion. In mammals, this caudally localized spinal cord network was found to generate the basic command signals sent to muscles of the limbs for locomotor rhythm and pattern generation. This article constitutes a comprehensive review summarizing key findings on the organization and properties of this network.}, @@ -8535,7 +8524,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion}, Volume = {62}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guertin_BrainResRev2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guertin_BrainResRev2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.002}} @article{Nishimaru:2000, @@ -8555,7 +8544,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Formation of the central pattern generator for locomotion in the rat and mouse}, Volume = {53}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nishimaru_BrainResBull2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nishimaru_BrainResBull2000.pdf}} @article{Clarac:1992, Abstract = {In studies of central nervous system networks, it is synaptic transmission to the postsynaptic soma-dendritic membrane that has received the most attention, in particular in relation to the analysis of sensory-motor integration. Sensory transmission is gated during ongoing movements in both invertebrates and vertebrates, such that it may be depressed in one phase of a cyclic movement and facilitated in another, in order to optimize the execution of the ongoing motor task. This presynaptic modulation is not limited to sensory afferents, but also occurs in synapses of both excitatory and inhibitory premotor interneurons. The modulation can be mediated by the release of different transmitters at axo-axonal synapses, which activate different types of receptors. In addition, presynaptic sensory axons can be coupled via gap junctions, which under certain conditions may mediate a presynaptic facilitation.}, @@ -8592,7 +8581,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Activation of the central pattern generators for locomotion by serotonin and excitatory amino acids in neonatal rat}, Volume = {455}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cazalets_JPhysiol1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cazalets_JPhysiol1992.pdf}} @article{Cazalets:1990, Abstract = {Swimming behaviour was studied in neonate rats by carrying out electromyographic recordings. The study showed that the early swimming pattern was characterized by highly instable temporal parameters. A decrease was found to occur with age in the variability of the instantaneous period in each leg and in that of the antiphase pattern. Moreover, a dissociation occurred during development between the foreleg and the backleg activity. While patterns involving the forelegs always remained extremely instable, a considerable improvement was found to occur with time in the hindlimb activity.}, @@ -8611,7 +8600,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Variability as a characteristic of immature motor systems: an electromyographic study of swimming in the newborn rat}, Volume = {40}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cazalets_BehavBrainRes1990.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cazalets_BehavBrainRes1990.pdf}} @article{Newsome:1985, Abstract = {Physiological experiments have produced evidence that the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the monkey is selectively involved in the analysis of visual motion. We tested this hypothesis by studying the effects of small chemical lesions of MT on eye movements made in response to moving as opposed to stationary visual targets. We observed two deficits for eye movements made to moving targets: a monkey's ability to match the speed of his smooth pursuit eye movements to the speed of the moving target was impaired, and a monkey's ability to adjust the amplitude of a saccadic eye movement to compensate for target motion was impaired. In contrast, saccades to stationary targets were unaffected by the MT lesions, suggesting that monkeys with MT lesions had more difficulty responding to moving than to stationary stimuli. These results provide the first behavioral evidence that neural processing in MT contributes to the cortical analysis of visual motion.}, @@ -8649,7 +8638,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {DREADD: a chemogenetic GPCR signaling platform}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhu_IntJNeuropsychopharmacol2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhu_IntJNeuropsychopharmacol2015.pdf}} @article{Armbruster:2007, Abstract = {We evolved muscarinic receptors in yeast to generate a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated solely by a pharmacologically inert drug-like and bioavailable compound (clozapine-N-oxide). Subsequent screening in human cell lines facilitated the creation of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine GPCRs suitable for in vitro and in situ studies. We subsequently created lines of telomerase-immortalized human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells stably expressing all five family members and found that each one faithfully recapitulated the signaling phenotype of the parent receptor. We also expressed a G(i)-coupled designer receptor in hippocampal neurons (hM(4)D) and demonstrated its ability to induce membrane hyperpolarization and neuronal silencing. We have thus devised a facile approach for designing families of GPCRs with engineered ligand specificities. Such reverse-engineered GPCRs will prove to be powerful tools for selectively modulating signal-transduction pathways in vitro and in vivo.}, @@ -8670,7 +8659,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Evolving the lock to fit the key to create a family of G protein-coupled receptors potently activated by an inert ligand}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Armbruster_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Armbruster_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700293104}} @article{Rogan:2011, @@ -8692,7 +8681,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Remote control of neuronal signaling}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rogan_PharmacolRev2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rogan_PharmacolRev2011.pdf}} @article{Dong:2010, Abstract = {Recently we have perfected a chemical-genetic approach to gain precise spatio-temporal control of cellular signaling. This approach entails the cell-type specific expression of mutant G-protein coupled receptors which have been evolved to be activated by the pharmacologically inert drug-like small molecule clozapine N-oxide. We have named these mutant GPCRs DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs). In this paper we will first review recent applications of this technology for the remote control of neuronal and non-neuronal signaling. Next, we will also introduce new variants which could be useful for the control of cellular signaling in discrete cellular compartments. Finally, we will suggest future basic science and therapeutic applications of this general technology.}, @@ -8712,7 +8701,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {A chemical-genetic approach for precise spatio-temporal control of cellular signaling}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dong_MolBiosyst2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dong_MolBiosyst2010.pdf}} @article{Vardy:2015, Abstract = {DREADDs are chemogenetic tools widely used to remotely control cellular signaling, neuronal activity, and behavior. Here we used a structure-based approach to develop a new Gi-coupled DREADD using the kappa-opioid receptor as a template (KORD) that is activated by the pharmacologically inert ligand salvinorin B (SALB). Activation of virally expressed KORD in several neuronal contexts robustly attenuated neuronal activity and modified behaviors. Additionally, co-expression of the KORD and the Gq-coupled M3-DREADD within the same neuronal population facilitated the sequential and bidirectional remote control of behavior. The availability of DREADDs activated by different ligands provides enhanced opportunities for investigating diverse physiological systems using multiplexed chemogenetic actuators.}, @@ -8733,7 +8722,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {A New DREADD Facilitates the Multiplexed Chemogenetic Interrogation of Behavior}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vardy_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vardy_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.065}} @article{Robinson:2014, @@ -8755,7 +8744,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Chemogenetic silencing of neurons in retrosplenial cortex disrupts sensory preconditioning}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Robinson_JNeurosci2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Robinson_JNeurosci2014.pdf}} @article{Fotowat:2009, Abstract = {Drosophila melanogaster exhibits a robust escape response to objects approaching on a collision course. Although a pair of large command interneurons called the giant fibers (GFs) have been postulated to trigger such behaviors, their role has not been directly demonstrated. Here, we show that escape from visual stimuli like those generated by approaching predators does not rely on the activation of the GFs and consists of a more complex and less stereotyped motor sequence than that evoked by the GFs. Instead, the timing of escape is tightly correlated with the activity of previously undescribed descending interneurons that signal a threshold angular size of the approaching object. The activity pattern of these interneurons shares features with those of visual escape circuits of several species, including pigeons, frogs, and locusts, and may therefore have evolved under similar constraints. These results show that visually evoked escapes in Drosophila can rely on at least two descending neuronal pathways: the GFs and the novel pathway we characterize electrophysiologically. These pathways exhibit very different patterns of sensory activity and are associated with two distinct motor programs.}, @@ -8776,7 +8765,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {A novel neuronal pathway for visually guided escape in Drosophila melanogaster}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fotowat_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fotowat_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00073.2009}} @article{Ball:1971, @@ -8815,7 +8804,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {BOLD Response Selective to Flow-Motion in Very Young Infants}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Biagi_PLoSBiol2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Biagi_PLoSBiol2015.pdf}} @article{Oh:2014, Abstract = {Comprehensive knowledge of the brain's wiring diagram is fundamental for understanding how the nervous system processes information at both local and global scales. However, with the singular exception of the C. elegans microscale connectome, there are no complete connectivity data sets in other species. Here we report a brain-wide, cellular-level, mesoscale connectome for the mouse. The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas uses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing adeno-associated viral vectors to trace axonal projections from defined regions and cell types, and high-throughput serial two-photon tomography to image the EGFP-labelled axons throughout the brain. This systematic and standardized approach allows spatial registration of individual experiments into a common three dimensional (3D) reference space, resulting in a whole-brain connectivity matrix. A computational model yields insights into connectional strength distribution, symmetry and other network properties. Virtual tractography illustrates 3D topography among interconnected regions. Cortico-thalamic pathway analysis demonstrates segregation and integration of parallel pathways. The Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas is a freely available, foundational resource for structural and functional investigations into the neural circuits that support behavioural and cognitive processes in health and disease.}, @@ -8835,7 +8824,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {A mesoscale connectome of the mouse brain}, Volume = {508}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Oh_Nature2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Oh_Nature2014.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Oh_Nature2014a.pdf}} @article{Markowitz:2015, @@ -8855,7 +8844,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Mesoscopic patterns of neural activity support songbird cortical sequences}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Markowitz_PLoSBiol2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Markowitz_PLoSBiol2015.pdf}} @article{Hagihara:2015, Abstract = {Neuronal activity is important for the functional refinement of neuronal circuits in the early visual system. At the level of the cerebral cortex, however, it is still unknown whether the formation of fundamental functions such as orientation selectivity depends on neuronal activity, as it has been difficult to suppress activity throughout development. Using genetic silencing of cortical activity starting before the formation of orientation selectivity, we found that the orientation selectivity of neurons in the mouse visual cortex formed and matured normally despite a strong suppression of both spontaneous and visually evoked activity throughout development. After the orientation selectivity formed, the distribution of the preferred orientations of neurons was reorganized. We found that this process required spontaneous activity, but not visually evoked activity. Thus, the initial formation and maturation of orientation selectivity is largely independent of neuronal activity, and the initial selectivity is subsequently modified depending on neuronal activity.}, @@ -8871,7 +8860,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Neuronal activity is not required for the initial formation and maturation of visual selectivity}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hagihara_NatNeurosci2015a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hagihara_NatNeurosci2015a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hagihara_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}} @article{Aston-Jones:2013, @@ -8892,7 +8881,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Recent advances in optogenetics and pharmacogenetics}, Volume = {1511}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Aston-Jones_BrainRes2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Aston-Jones_BrainRes2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.026}} @article{DePuy:2013, @@ -8972,7 +8961,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Visual circuit development requires patterned activity mediated by retinal acetylcholine receptors}, Volume = {84}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Burbridge_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Burbridge_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Burbridge_Neuron2014a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.051}} @@ -9428,7 +9417,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Rapid innate defensive responses of mice to looming visual stimuli}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yilmaz_CurrBiol2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yilmaz_CurrBiol2013.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Yilmaz_CurrBiol2013a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.015}} @@ -9451,7 +9440,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Visual cortex modulates the magnitude but not the selectivity of looming-evoked responses in the superior colliculus of awake mice}, Volume = {84}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhao_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhao_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.037}} @article{Striem-Amit:2015, @@ -9472,7 +9461,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Functional connectivity of visual cortex in the blind follows retinotopic organization principles}, Volume = {138}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Striem-Amit_Brain2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Striem-Amit_Brain2015.pdf}} @article{Balkema:1981, Abstract = {Mice of the mutant strain pearl (pe/pe) differ from the wild strain by a single gene mutation, which leads to a lightening of the coat color. We tested this strain to see if this mutant gene also expressed itself in one or more visual abnormalities. Pearl mice were found to lack totally the optokinetic nystagmus reflex that was present in every normal mouse that we examined. This lack of optokinetic nystagmus was not due to oculomotor defects, since postrotatory nystagmus was normal. As described for other pigmentation mutants, we found that pearl mutants had a reduced ipsilateral projection to the lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and visual cortex. We recorded from single cells in the superior colliculus and found response properties and light sensitivities to be normal over the luminance range at which optokinetic nystagmus was tested. However, at very dim backgrounds (scotopic levels), the incremental sensitivities of these cells in pearl mice were about 100 times lower than those of normal mice. This reduction in sensitivity was restricted to scotopic backgrounds and was not due to abnormalities in either the time course of dark adaptation or the receptive field sizes of single cells. In recordings of the electroretinographic response, both the waveforms and the normalized magnitudes of the A and B waves of pearl were indistinguishable from those of normal mice, which seems to indicate that the cause of pearl's sensitivity defect is located central to the main electrical events in the photoreceptors. The normality of many aspects of the visual system of pearl mice contrasts sharply with the complete absence of optokinetic nystagmus, with the reduced ipsilateral projection, and with the reduced dark sensitivity of the cells in the superior colliculus.}, @@ -9526,7 +9515,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Behavioral assessment of visual acuity in mice and rats}, Volume = {40}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prusky_VisionRes2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Prusky_VisionRes2000.pdf}} @article{Laramee:2014, Abstract = {In the mouse, visual extrastriate areas are located within distinct acallosal zones. It has been proposed that the striate-extrastriate and callosal projections are interdependent. In visually deprived mice, the normal patterns of callosal and striate-extrastriate projections are disrupted. It remains unknown whether visual deprivation affects the topography of V1-extrastriate projections and their relationship with callosal projections. Two anterograde tracers were injected in V1 and multiple retrograde tracer injections were performed in the contralateral hemisphere of intact and enucleated C57BL/6 mice and in ZRDCT/An mice to determine the effects of prenatal and postnatal afferent sensory activity on the topography of V1-extrastriate and callosal projections. Greater topographic anomalies were found in striate-extrastriate projections of anophthalmic than enucleated mice. In enucleated mice, the relationship between striate-extrastriate projections and callosal zones was highly variable. In anophthalmic mice, there was also a greater overlap between these projections. These results suggest that the prenatal afferent sensory activity regulates some aspects of the distribution of V1-extrastriate and callosal projections, in addition to the development of a normal topographic representation in extrastriate areas.}, @@ -9546,7 +9535,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Primary visual cortex projections to extrastriate cortices in enucleated and anophthalmic mice}, Volume = {219}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Laramée_BrainStructFunct2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Laramée_BrainStructFunct2014.pdf}} @article{Craddock:2013, Abstract = {At macroscopic scales, the human connectome comprises anatomically distinct brain areas, the structural pathways connecting them and their functional interactions. Annotation of phenotypic associations with variation in the connectome and cataloging of neurophenotypes promise to transform our understanding of the human brain. In this Review, we provide a survey of magnetic resonance imaging--based measurements of functional and structural connectivity. We highlight emerging areas of development and inquiry and emphasize the importance of integrating structural and functional perspectives on brain architecture.}, @@ -9566,7 +9555,7 @@ SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that the postnatal development of Title = {Imaging human connectomes at the macroscale}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Craddock_NatMethods2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Craddock_NatMethods2013.pdf}} @article{Madisen:2015, Abstract = {UNLABELLED: An increasingly powerful approach for studying brain circuits relies on targeting genetically encoded sensors and effectors to specific cell types. However, current approaches for this are still limited in functionality and specificity. Here we utilize several intersectional strategies to generate multiple transgenic mouse lines expressing high levels of novel genetic tools with high specificity. We developed driver and double reporter mouse lines and viral vectors using the Cre/Flp and Cre/Dre double recombinase systems and established a new, retargetable genomic locus, TIGRE, which allowed the generation of a large set of Cre/tTA-dependent reporter lines expressing fluorescent proteins, genetically encoded calcium, voltage, or glutamate indicators, and optogenetic effectors, all at substantially higher levels than before. High functionality was shown in example mouse lines for GCaMP6, YCX2.60, VSFP Butterfly 1.2, and Jaws. These novel transgenic lines greatly expand the ability to monitor and manipulate neuronal activities with increased specificity. @@ -9587,7 +9576,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Transgenic mice for intersectional targeting of neural sensors and effectors with high specificity and performance}, Volume = {85}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Madisen_Neuron2015.pdf}, + File = {papers/Madisen_Neuron2015.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.022}} @article{Daw:2007a, @@ -9608,7 +9597,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Coordinated developmental recruitment of latent fast spiking interneurons in layer IV barrel cortex}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Daw_NatNeurosci2007a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Daw_NatNeurosci2007a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1866}} @article{Cruz-Martin:2010, @@ -9630,7 +9619,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Delayed stabilization of dendritic spines in fragile X mice}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cruz-Martín_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cruz-Martín_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0577-10.2010}} @article{Zuo:2005a, @@ -9651,7 +9640,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zuo_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zuo_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.001}} @article{Carvell:1996, @@ -9671,7 +9660,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Abnormal tactile experience early in life disrupts active touch}, Volume = {16}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carvell_JNeurosci1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Carvell_JNeurosci1996.pdf}} @article{Hofer:2009, Abstract = {Sensory experiences exert a powerful influence on the function and future performance of neuronal circuits in the mammalian neocortex. Restructuring of synaptic connections is believed to be one mechanism by which cortical circuits store information about the sensory world. Excitatory synaptic structures, such as dendritic spines, are dynamic entities that remain sensitive to alteration of sensory input throughout life. It remains unclear, however, whether structural changes at the level of dendritic spines can outlast the original experience and thereby provide a morphological basis for long-term information storage. Here we follow spine dynamics on apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in functionally defined regions of adult mouse visual cortex during plasticity of eye-specific responses induced by repeated closure of one eye (monocular deprivation). The first monocular deprivation episode doubled the rate of spine formation, thereby increasing spine density. This effect was specific to layer-5 cells located in binocular cortex, where most neurons increase their responsiveness to the non-deprived eye. Restoring binocular vision returned spine dynamics to baseline levels, but absolute spine density remained elevated and many monocular deprivation-induced spines persisted during this period of functional recovery. However, spine addition did not increase again when the same eye was closed for a second time. This absence of structural plasticity stands out against the robust changes of eye-specific responses that occur even faster after repeated deprivation. Thus, spines added during the first monocular deprivation experience may provide a structural basis for subsequent functional shifts. These results provide a strong link between functional plasticity and specific synaptic rearrangements, revealing a mechanism of how prior experiences could be stored in cortical circuits.}, @@ -9691,7 +9680,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Experience leaves a lasting structural trace in cortical circuits}, Volume = {457}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hofer_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hofer_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07487}} @article{Hofer:2010, @@ -9768,7 +9757,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Experience-dependent specialization of receptive field surround for selective coding of natural scenes}, Volume = {84}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pecka_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pecka_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.010}} @article{Cossell:2015, @@ -9788,7 +9777,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Functional organization of excitatory synaptic strength in primary visual cortex}, Volume = {518}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cossell_Nature2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cossell_Nature2015.pdf}} @article{Harris:2013a, Abstract = {The sensory cortex contains a wide array of neuronal types, which are connected together into complex but partially stereotyped circuits. Sensory stimuli trigger cascades of electrical activity through these circuits, causing specific features of sensory scenes to be encoded in the firing patterns of cortical populations. Recent research is beginning to reveal how the connectivity of individual neurons relates to the sensory features they encode, how differences in the connectivity patterns of different cortical cell classes enable them to encode information using different strategies, and how feedback connections from higher-order cortex allow sensory information to be integrated with behavioural context.}, @@ -9808,7 +9797,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Cortical connectivity and sensory coding}, Volume = {503}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harris_Nature2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Harris_Nature2013.pdf}} @article{Mitra:1999, Abstract = {Modern imaging techniques for probing brain function, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, intrinsic and extrinsic contrast optical imaging, and magnetoencephalography, generate large data sets with complex content. In this paper we develop appropriate techniques for analysis and visualization of such imaging data to separate the signal from the noise and characterize the signal. The techniques developed fall into the general category of multivariate time series analysis, and in particular we extensively use the multitaper framework of spectral analysis. We develop specific protocols for the analysis of fMRI, optical imaging, and MEG data, and illustrate the techniques by applications to real data sets generated by these imaging modalities. In general, the analysis protocols involve two distinct stages: "noise" characterization and suppression, and "signal" characterization and visualization. An important general conclusion of our study is the utility of a frequency-based representation, with short, moving analysis windows to account for nonstationarity in the data. Of particular note are 1) the development of a decomposition technique (space-frequency singular value decomposition) that is shown to be a useful means of characterizing the image data, and 2) the development of an algorithm, based on multitaper methods, for the removal of approximately periodic physiological artifacts arising from cardiac and respiratory sources.}, @@ -9829,7 +9818,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Analysis of dynamic brain imaging data}, Volume = {76}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mitra_BiophysJ1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mitra_BiophysJ1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77236-X}} @article{Sengupta:1999, @@ -9847,7 +9836,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Distributions of singular values for some random matrices}, Volume = {60}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sengupta_PhysRevEStatPhysPlasmasFluidsRelatInterdiscipTopics1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sengupta_PhysRevEStatPhysPlasmasFluidsRelatInterdiscipTopics1999.pdf}} @article{Ben-Ari:2012a, Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel}, @@ -9881,7 +9870,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Refuting the challenges of the developmental shift of polarity of GABA actions: GABA more exciting than ever!}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ben-Ari_FrontCellNeurosci2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ben-Ari_FrontCellNeurosci2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2012.00035}} @article{Deidda:2015, @@ -9900,7 +9889,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Early depolarizing GABA controls critical-period plasticity in the rat visual cortex}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2015}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Deidda_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}} + File = {papers/Deidda_NatNeurosci2015.pdf}} @article{Liegeois:2010, Abstract = {Hemispherectomy (disconnection or removal of an entire cerebral hemisphere) is a rare surgical procedure used for the relief of drug-resistant epilepsy in children. After hemispherectomy, contralateral hemiplegia persists whereas gross expressive and receptive language functions can be remarkably spared. Motor speech deficits have rarely been examined systematically, thus limiting the accuracy of postoperative prognosis. We describe the speech profiles of hemispherectomized participants characterizing their intelligibility, articulation, phonological speech errors, dysarthric features, and execution and sequencing of orofacial speech and non-speech movements. Thirteen participants who had undergone hemispherectomy (six left, seven right; nine with congenital, four with acquired hemiplegia; operated between four months and 13 years) were investigated. Results showed that all participants were intelligible but showed a mild dysarthric profile characterized by neuromuscular asymmetry and reduced quality and coordination of movements, features that are characteristic of adult-onset unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, flaccid-ataxic variant. In addition, one left and four right hemispherectomy cases presented with impaired production of speech and non-speech sequences. No participant showed evidence of verbal or oral dyspraxia. It is concluded that mild dysarthria is persistent after left or right hemispherectomy, irrespective of age at onset of hemiplegia. These results indicate incomplete functional re-organization for the control of fine speech motor movements throughout childhood, and provide no evidence of hemispheric differences.}, @@ -9920,7 +9909,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Speech and oral motor profile after childhood hemispherectomy}, Volume = {114}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Liégeois_BrainLang2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Liégeois_BrainLang2010.pdf}} @article{Basser:1962, Author = {Basser, L S}, @@ -9937,7 +9926,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Hemiplegia of early onset and the faculty of speech with special reference to the effects of hemispherectomy}, Volume = {85}, Year = {1962}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/BASSER_Brain1962.pdf}} + File = {papers/BASSER_Brain1962.pdf}} @article{Ackman:2014c, Abstract = {The cerebral cortex exhibits spontaneous and sensory evoked patterns of activity during early development that is vital for the formation and refinement of neural circuits. Identifying the source and flow of this activity locally and globally is critical for understanding principles guiding self-organization in the developing brain. Here we use whole brain transcranial optical imaging at high spatial and temporal resolution to demonstrate that dynamical patterns of neuronal activity in developing mouse neocortex consist of spatially discrete domains that are coordinated in an age, areal, and behavior- dependent fashion. Ongoing cortical activity displays mirror-symmetric activation patterns across the cerebral hemispheres and stereotyped network architectures that are shaped during development, with parietal-sensorimotor subnetworks functionally connected to occipital regions through frontal-medial cortical areas. This study provides the first broad description of population activity in the developing neocortex at a scope and scale that bridges the microscopic and macroscopic spatiotemporal resolutions provided by traditional neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging techniques. Mesoscale maps of cortical population dynamics within animal models will be crucial for future efforts to understand and treat neurodevelopmental disorders.}, @@ -9949,7 +9938,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Month = {Dec}, Title = {Structured dynamics of neural activity across developing neocortex}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ackman_bioRxiv2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ackman_bioRxiv2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/012237}} @article{Sakaki:1997, @@ -9968,7 +9957,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Capacitative Ca2+ influx in the neural retina of chick embryo}, Volume = {32}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sakaki_JNeurobiol1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sakaki_JNeurobiol1997.pdf}} @article{Rash:2001, Abstract = {In many vertebrate and invertebrate systems, pioneering axons play a crucial role in establishing large axon tracts. Previous studies have addressed whether the first axons to cross the midline to from the corpus callosum arise from neurons in either the cingulate cortex (Koester and O'Leary [1994] J. Neurosci. 11:6608-6620) or the rostrolateral neocortex (Ozaki and Wahlsten [1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 400:197-206). However, these studies have not provided a consensus on which populations pioneer the corpus callosum. We have found that neurons within the cingulate cortex project axons that cross the midline and enter the contralateral hemisphere at E15.5. By using different carbocyanine dyes injected into either the cingulate cortex or the neocortex of the same brain, we found that cingulate axons crossed the midline before neocortical axons and projected into the contralateral cortex. Furthermore, the first neocortical axons to reach the midline crossed within the tract formed by these cingulate callosal axons, and appeared to fasciculate with them as they crossed the midline. These data indicate that axons from the cingulate cortex might pioneer a pathway for later arriving neocortical axons that form the corpus callosum. We also found that a small number of cingulate axons project to the septum as well as to the ipsilateral hippocampus via the fornix. In addition, we found that neurons in the cingulate cortex projected laterally to the rostrolateral neocortex at least 1 day before the neocortical axons reach the midline. Because the rostrolateral neocortex is the first neocortical region to develop, it sends the first neocortical axons to the midline to form the corpus callosum. We postulate that, together, both laterally and medially projecting cingulate axons may pioneer a path for the medially directed neocortical axons, thus helping to guide these axons toward and across the midline during the formation of the corpus callosum.}, @@ -10005,7 +9994,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Identification of a brainstem circuit regulating visual cortical state in parallel with locomotion}, Volume = {83}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lee_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.031}} @article{Homae:2010, @@ -10026,7 +10015,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Development of global cortical networks in early infancy}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Homae_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Homae_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} @article{Smyser:2010, Abstract = {Application of resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) to the study of prematurely born infants enables assessment of the earliest forms of cerebral connectivity and characterization of its early development in the human brain. We obtained 90 longitudinal fcMRI data sets from a cohort of preterm infants aged from 26 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) through term equivalent age at PMA-specific time points. Utilizing seed-based correlation analysis, we identified resting state networks involving varied cortical regions, the thalamus, and cerebellum. Identified networks demonstrated a regionally variable age-specific pattern of development, with more mature forms consisting of localized interhemispheric connections between homotopic counterparts. Anatomical distance was found to play a critical role in the rate of connection development. Prominent differences were noted between networks identified in term control versus premature infants at term equivalent, including in the thalamocortical connections critical for neurodevelopment. Putative precursors of the default mode network were detected in term control infants but were not identified in preterm infants, including those at term equivalent. Identified patterns of network maturation reflect the intricate relationship of structural and functional processes present throughout this important developmental period and are consistent with prior investigations of neurodevelopment in this population.}, @@ -10047,7 +10036,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Longitudinal analysis of neural network development in preterm infants}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smyser_CerebCortex2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Smyser_CerebCortex2010.pdf}} @article{Colonnese:2014, Abstract = {The ability to generate behaviorally appropriate cortical network states is central to sensory perception and plasticity, but little is known about the timing and mechanisms of their development. I paired intracellular and extracellular recordings in the visual cortex of awake infant rats to determine the synaptic and circuit mechanisms regulating the development of a key network state, the persistent and stable subthreshold membrane potential (Vm) depolarization associated with wakefulness/alertness in cortical networks, called the "desynchronized" or "activated" state. Current-clamp recordings reveal that the desynchronized state is absent during the first 2 postnatal weeks, despite behavioral wakefulness. During this period, Vm remains at the resting membrane potential >80% of the time, regardless of behavioral state. Vm dynamics during spontaneous or light-evoked activity were highly variable, contained long-duration supratheshold plateau potentials, and high spike probability, suggesting an unstable and hyperexcitable early cortical network. Voltage-clamp recordings reveal that effective feedforward inhibition is absent at these early ages despite the presence of feedback inhibition. Stable membrane depolarization during wakefulness finally emerges 1-2 d before eye opening and is statistically indistinguishable from that in adults within days. Reduced cortical excitability, fast feedforward inhibition, and the slow cortical oscillation appear simultaneously with stable depolarization, suggesting that an absence of inhibitory balance during early development prevents the expression of the active state and hence a normal wakeful state in early cortex. These observations identify feedforward inhibition as a potential key regulator of cortical network activity development.}, @@ -10067,7 +10056,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Rapid developmental emergence of stable depolarization during wakefulness by inhibitory balancing of cortical network excitability}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Colonnese_JNeurosci2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Colonnese_JNeurosci2014.pdf}} @article{Colonnese:2012, Abstract = {The immature brain spontaneously expresses unique patterns of electrical activity that are believed to contribute to the development of neuronal networks. Certain electrographic features of this activity, particularly modulation on an infraslow time scale, resemble activity patterns observed in the mature brain at 'rest', loosely defined as the absence of an investigator imposed task. However, it is not clear whether the immature activity patterns observed at rest are precursors of the spontaneous neuronal activity that forms resting state networks in the adult. Here, we review recent studies that have explored the generative mechanisms of resting state activity during development in the primary sensory systems of premature human neonates and neonatal rodents. The remarkable hypothesis suggested by this work is that while resting state activity during the pre- and possibly near-term period can bear superficial resemblance to adult activity it is fundamentally different in terms of function and origin. During early development spontaneous thalamocortical activity in primary sensory regions is determined largely by transitory generators in the sensory periphery. This is in contrast to the adult, where spontaneous activity generated within thalamocortex, particularly by cortico-cortical connections, dominates. We therefore suggest a conservative interpretation of developmental mapping studies which are based on indirect measurement of activity (e.g. fMRI), or on the partitioning of EEG frequency using bands derived from adult studies. The generative mechanisms for brain activity at early ages are likely different from those of adults, and may play very different roles; for example in circuit formation as opposed to attention.}, @@ -10087,7 +10076,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Spontaneous activity in developing sensory circuits: Implications for resting state fMRI}, Volume = {62}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Colonnese_Neuroimage2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Colonnese_Neuroimage2012.pdf}} @article{Newman:2006, Abstract = {Many networks of interest in the sciences, including social networks, computer networks, and metabolic and regulatory networks, are found to divide naturally into communities or modules. The problem of detecting and characterizing this community structure is one of the outstanding issues in the study of networked systems. One highly effective approach is the optimization of the quality function known as "modularity" over the possible divisions of a network. Here I show that the modularity can be expressed in terms of the eigenvectors of a characteristic matrix for the network, which I call the modularity matrix, and that this expression leads to a spectral algorithm for community detection that returns results of demonstrably higher quality than competing methods in shorter running times. I illustrate the method with applications to several published network data sets.}, @@ -10107,7 +10096,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Modularity and community structure in networks}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Newman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Newman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601602103}} @article{Bonacich:2007, @@ -10120,7 +10109,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Some unique properties of eigenvector centrality}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bonacich_SocialNetworks2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bonacich_SocialNetworks2007.pdf}} @article{Bonacich:1972, Author = {Bonacich, P}, @@ -10132,7 +10121,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Technique for Analyzing Overlapping Memberships}, Volume = {4}, Year = {1972}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bonacich_SociologicalMethodology1972.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bonacich_SociologicalMethodology1972.pdf}} @article{Bonacich:1987, Author = {Bonacich, P}, @@ -10144,7 +10133,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures}, Volume = {92}, Year = {1987}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bonacich_AmericanJournalofSociology1987.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bonacich_AmericanJournalofSociology1987.pdf}} @article{Lohmann:2010, Abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance data acquired in a task-absent condition ("resting state") require new data analysis techniques that do not depend on an activation model. In this work, we introduce an alternative assumption- and parameter-free method based on a particular form of node centrality called eigenvector centrality. Eigenvector centrality attributes a value to each voxel in the brain such that a voxel receives a large value if it is strongly correlated with many other nodes that are themselves central within the network. Google's PageRank algorithm is a variant of eigenvector centrality. Thus far, other centrality measures - in particular "betweenness centrality" - have been applied to fMRI data using a pre-selected set of nodes consisting of several hundred elements. Eigenvector centrality is computationally much more efficient than betweenness centrality and does not require thresholding of similarity values so that it can be applied to thousands of voxels in a region of interest covering the entire cerebrum which would have been infeasible using betweenness centrality. Eigenvector centrality can be used on a variety of different similarity metrics. Here, we present applications based on linear correlations and on spectral coherences between fMRI times series. This latter approach allows us to draw conclusions of connectivity patterns in different spectral bands. We apply this method to fMRI data in task-absent conditions where subjects were in states of hunger or satiety. We show that eigenvector centrality is modulated by the state that the subjects were in. Our analyses demonstrate that eigenvector centrality is a computationally efficient tool for capturing intrinsic neural architecture on a voxel-wise level.}, @@ -10164,7 +10153,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Eigenvector centrality mapping for analyzing connectivity patterns in fMRI data of the human brain}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lohmann_PLoSOne2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lohmann_PLoSOne2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010232}} @article{Kamada:1989, @@ -10177,7 +10166,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {An Algorithm for Drawing General Undirected Graphs}, Volume = {31}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kamada_InformationProcessingLetters1989.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kamada_InformationProcessingLetters1989.pdf}} @article{Fruchterman:1991, Author = {Fruchterman, T.M.J. and Reingold, E.M.}, @@ -10189,7 +10178,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Graph Drawing by Force-directed Placement}, Volume = {21}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fruchterman_Software-PracticeandExperience1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fruchterman_Software-PracticeandExperience1991.pdf}} @article{Stevens:2009, Abstract = {This study examined how the mutual interactions of functionally integrated neural networks during resting-state fMRI differed between adolescence and adulthood. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify functionally connected neural networks in 100 healthy participants aged 12-30 years. Hemodynamic timecourses that represented integrated neural network activity were analyzed with tools that quantified system "causal density" estimates, which indexed the proportion of significant Granger causality relationships among system nodes. Mutual influences among networks decreased with age, likely reflecting stronger within-network connectivity and more efficient between-network influences with greater development. Supplemental tests showed that this normative age-related reduction in causal density was accompanied by fewer significant connections to and from each network, regional increases in the strength of functional integration within networks, and age-related reductions in the strength of numerous specific system interactions. The latter included paths between lateral prefrontal-parietal circuits and "default mode" networks. These results contribute to an emerging understanding that activity in widely distributed networks thought to underlie complex cognition influences activity in other networks.}, @@ -10209,7 +10198,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Changes in the interaction of resting-state neural networks from adolescence to adulthood}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stevens_HumBrainMapp2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Stevens_HumBrainMapp2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20673}} @article{Cao:2014, @@ -10229,7 +10218,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Topological organization of the human brain functional connectome across the lifespan}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cao_DevCognNeurosci2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cao_DevCognNeurosci2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.11.004}} @article{He:2009, @@ -10250,7 +10239,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Uncovering intrinsic modular organization of spontaneous brain activity in humans}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/He_PLoSOne2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/He_PLoSOne2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005226}} @article{Andrews-Hanna:2010, @@ -10272,7 +10261,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network}, Volume = {65}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Andrews-Hanna_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Andrews-Hanna_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.005}} @article{Thomason:2014, @@ -10291,7 +10280,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Intrinsic functional brain architecture derived from graph theoretical analysis in the human fetus}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thomason_PLoSOne2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Thomason_PLoSOne2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094423}} @article{Thomason:2013, @@ -10313,7 +10302,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Cross-hemispheric functional connectivity in the human fetal brain}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thomason_SciTranslMed2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Thomason_SciTranslMed2013.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Thomason_SciTranslMed2013a.pdf}} @article{Zuo:2012, @@ -10334,7 +10323,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Network centrality in the human functional connectome}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zuo_CerebCortex2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zuo_CerebCortex2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr269}} @article{Heuvel:2009, @@ -10355,7 +10344,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Functionally linked resting-state networks reflect the underlying structural connectivity architecture of the human brain}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Heuvel_HumBrainMapp2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Heuvel_HumBrainMapp2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20737}} @article{Damoiseaux:2006, @@ -10377,7 +10366,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Damoiseaux_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Damoiseaux_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601417103}} @article{Salvador:2005, @@ -10398,7 +10387,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Neurophysiological architecture of functional magnetic resonance images of human brain}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Salvador_CerebCortex2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Salvador_CerebCortex2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhi016}} @article{Fair:2009, @@ -10420,7 +10409,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Functional brain networks develop from a "local to distributed" organization}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fair_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fair_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000381}} @article{Gao:2009, @@ -10441,7 +10430,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Evidence on the emergence of the brain's default network from 2-week-old to 2-year-old healthy pediatric subjects}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gao_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gao_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811221106}} @article{Goldman-Rakic:1988, @@ -10458,7 +10447,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Topography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex}, Volume = {11}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goldman-Rakic_AnnuRevNeurosci1988.pdf}, + File = {papers/Goldman-Rakic_AnnuRevNeurosci1988.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001033}} @article{Shi:2012, @@ -10480,7 +10469,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Altered structural connectivity in neonates at genetic risk for schizophrenia: a combined study using morphological and white matter networks}, Volume = {62}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shi_Neuroimage2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shi_Neuroimage2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.026}} @article{Hagmann:2010, @@ -10502,7 +10491,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {White matter maturation reshapes structural connectivity in the late developing human brain}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hagmann_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hagmann_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009073107}} @article{Supekar:2009, @@ -10524,7 +10513,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Development of large-scale functional brain networks in children}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Supekar_PLoSBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Supekar_PLoSBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000157}} @article{Uddin:2011, @@ -10546,7 +10535,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Dynamic reconfiguration of structural and functional connectivity across core neurocognitive brain networks with development}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Uddin_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Uddin_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4465-11.2011}} @article{Hwang:2013, @@ -10568,7 +10557,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The development of hub architecture in the human functional brain network}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hwang_CerebCortex2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hwang_CerebCortex2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs227}} @article{Fransson:2011, @@ -10589,7 +10578,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The functional architecture of the infant brain as revealed by resting-state fMRI}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fransson_CerebCortex2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fransson_CerebCortex2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhq071}} @article{Buckner:2009, @@ -10610,7 +10599,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer's disease}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Buckner_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Buckner_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Buckner_JNeurosci2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5062-08.2009}} @@ -10632,7 +10621,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fox_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fox_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2201}} @article{Barch:2013, @@ -10653,7 +10642,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Brain network interactions in health and disease}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barch_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Barch_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.004}} @article{Uddin:2013, @@ -10674,7 +10663,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Complex relationships between structural and functional brain connectivity}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Uddin_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Uddin_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.011}} @article{Zanto:2013, @@ -10715,7 +10704,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Cortical dynamics revisited}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Singer_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Singer_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.006}} @article{Harmelech:2013, @@ -10755,7 +10744,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Developmental pathways to functional brain networks: emerging principles}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Menon_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Menon_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.015}} @article{Buckner:2013, @@ -10776,7 +10765,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The evolution of distributed association networks in the human brain}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Buckner_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Buckner_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.017}} @article{Kim:2013, @@ -10796,7 +10785,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Light microscopy mapping of connections in the intact brain}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kim_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kim_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.005}} @article{Rubinov:2013, @@ -10817,7 +10806,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Fledgling pathoconnectomics of psychiatric disorders}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rubinov_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rubinov_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.007}} @article{Heuvel:2013, @@ -10838,7 +10827,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Network hubs in the human brain}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Heuvel_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Heuvel_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.012}} @article{Brown:2001, @@ -10858,7 +10847,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Independent component analysis at the neural cocktail party}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_TrendsNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brown_TrendsNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Liang:2011, Abstract = {Intrinsic connectional architecture of the brain is a crucial element in understanding the governing principle of brain organization. To date, enormous effort has been focused on addressing this issue in humans by combining resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) with other techniques. However, this research area is significantly underexplored in animals, perhaps because of confounding effects of anesthetic agents used in most animal experiments on functional connectivity. To bridge this gap, we have systematically investigated the intrinsic connectional architecture in the rodent brain by using a previously established awake-animal imaging model. First, group independent component analysis was applied to the rsfMRI data to extract elementary functional clusters of the brain. The connectional relationships between these clusters, as evaluated by partial correlation analysis, were then used to construct a graph of whole-brain neural network. This network exhibited the typical features of small-worldness and strong community structures seen in the human brain. Finally, the whole-brain network was segregated into community structures using a graph-based analysis. The results of this work provided a functional atlas of intrinsic connectional architecture of the rat brain at both intraregion and interregion levels. More importantly, the current work revealed that functional networks in rats are organized in a nontrivial manner and conserve fundamental topological properties that are also seen in the human brain. Given the high psychopathological relevance of network organization of the brain, this study demonstrated the feasibility of studying mechanisms and therapies of multiple neurological and psychiatric diseases through translational research.}, @@ -10879,7 +10868,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Uncovering intrinsic connectional architecture of functional networks in awake rat brain}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Liang_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Liang_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4557-10.2011}} @article{Hutchison:2010, @@ -10900,7 +10889,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Functional networks in the anesthetized rat brain revealed by independent component analysis of resting-state FMRI}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hutchison_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hutchison_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00141.2010}} @article{Lu:2007, @@ -10922,7 +10911,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Synchronized delta oscillations correlate with the resting-state functional MRI signal}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705791104}} @article{Nitz:2009, @@ -10943,7 +10932,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Parietal cortex, navigation, and the construction of arbitrary reference frames for spatial information}, Volume = {91}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nitz_NeurobiolLearnMem2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nitz_NeurobiolLearnMem2009.pdf}} @article{Calton:2009, Abstract = {The ability of an organism to accurately navigate from one place to another requires integration of multiple spatial constructs, including the determination of one's position and direction in space relative to allocentric landmarks, movement velocity, and the perceived location of the goal of the movement. In this review, we propose that while limbic areas are important for the sense of spatial orientation, the posterior parietal cortex is responsible for relating this sense with the location of a navigational goal and in formulating a plan to attain it. Hence, the posterior parietal cortex is important for the computation of the correct trajectory or route to be followed while navigating. Prefrontal and motor areas are subsequently responsible for executing the planned movement. Using this theory, we are able to bridge the gap between the rodent and primate literatures by suggesting that the allocentric role of the rodent PPC is largely analogous to the egocentric role typically emphasized in primates, that is, the integration of spatial orientation with potential goals in the planning of goal-directed movements.}, @@ -10964,7 +10953,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Where am I and how will I get there from here? A role for posterior parietal cortex in the integration of spatial information and route planning}, Volume = {91}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Calton_NeurobiolLearnMem2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Calton_NeurobiolLearnMem2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.015}} @article{Whitlock:2008, @@ -10986,7 +10975,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Navigating from hippocampus to parietal cortex}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Whitlock_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Whitlock_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804216105}} @article{Nitz:2006, @@ -11007,7 +10996,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Tracking route progression in the posterior parietal cortex}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nitz_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nitz_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.037}} @article{McNaughton:1994, @@ -11045,7 +11034,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The parietal association cortex of the rat}, Volume = {41}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Torrealba_BiolRes2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Torrealba_BiolRes2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/0716-97602008000400002}} @article{Massimini:2004, @@ -11066,7 +11055,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The sleep slow oscillation as a traveling wave}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Massimini_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Massimini_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Hamburger:1963b, Author = {Hamburger, V}, @@ -11100,7 +11089,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Observations and experiments on spontaneous rhythmical behavior in the chick embryo}, Volume = {6}, Year = {1963}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/HAMBURGER_DevBiol1963.pdf}} + File = {papers/HAMBURGER_DevBiol1963.pdf}} @article{Hamburger:1963, Author = {Hamburger, V}, @@ -11117,7 +11106,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {SOME ASPECTS OF THE EMBRYOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR}, Volume = {38}, Year = {1963}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/HAMBURGER_QRevBiol1963.pdf}} + File = {papers/HAMBURGER_QRevBiol1963.pdf}} @article{Corner:1977, Author = {Corner, M A}, @@ -11134,7 +11123,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Sleep and the beginnings of behavior in the animal kingdom--studies of ultradian motility cycles in early life}, Volume = {8}, Year = {1977}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Corner_ProgNeurobiol1977.pdf}} + File = {papers/Corner_ProgNeurobiol1977.pdf}} @article{Gramsbergen:1976, Abstract = {The development of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and, especially, behavioral state-specific EEG patterns was studied in white and black hooded rats of the Lister strain, aged 9-30 days. Movements of the rat were recorded and the behavioral state was monitored by means of a push-button device. The EEG was collected when the rat was in State 1 (regular respiration, absence of movements, and, after the 14th day when the rat eye opens, eyes closed), State 2 (irregular respiration, continual occurrence of twitches, and, after the 14th day, eyes closed), and in State 4 (irregular respiration, presence of gross body movements, and, after the 14th day, eyes opened). The EEG of rats on the 9th and 10th day did not reveal behavioral state-specific patterns. The amplitudes of the EEG were low and only low frequencies occurred. Between the 10th and 13th day an EEG pattern specific for State 1 containing high amplitudes developed. From the 14th day onwards spindles (frequencies from 14-18 Hz) occurred in the EEG during State 1. From the 14th day onwards, the EEG from the visual cortex during State 2 showed a regular and continually occurring 5-Hz rhythm. Bursts with 5-Hz waves were recorded from the visual cortex only intermittently during State 4. The EEG frequencies during the bursts varied between 5 and 7 Hz from the 17th day onwards. Computer analysis of the amplitude distributions showed a considerable increase in the power after the 10th day. The analysis of the frequency spectra indicated that the power increase occurs expecially in the higher frequencies of the EEG signal. Visual analysis as well as computer analysis of the EEG did not reveal systematic changes in the EEG after the 18th day when the EEG was similar to that recorded at older ages.}, @@ -11154,7 +11143,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The development of the EEG in the rat}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1976}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gramsbergen_DevPsychobiol1976.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gramsbergen_DevPsychobiol1976.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.420090604}} @article{Connors:1984a, @@ -11174,7 +11163,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Initiation of synchronized neuronal bursting in neocortex}, Volume = {310}, Year = {1984}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Connors_Nature1984.pdf}} + File = {papers/Connors_Nature1984.pdf}} @article{Woolf:1991, Author = {Woolf, N J}, @@ -11191,7 +11180,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord}, Volume = {37}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Woolf_ProgNeurobiol1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Woolf_ProgNeurobiol1991.pdf}} @article{Sanchez-Vives:2000a, Abstract = {Contrast adaptation is a psychophysical phenomenon, the neuronal bases of which reside largely in the primary visual cortex. The cellular mechanisms of contrast adaptation were investigated in the cat primary visual cortex in vivo through intracellular recording and current injections. Visual cortex cells, and to a much less extent, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) neurons, exhibited a reduction in firing rate during prolonged presentations of a high-contrast visual stimulus, a process we termed high-contrast adaptation. In a majority of cortical and dLGN cells, the period of adaptation to high contrast was followed by a prolonged (5-80 sec) period of reduced responsiveness to a low-contrast stimulus (postadaptation suppression), an effect that was associated, and positively correlated, with a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and an increase in apparent membrane conductance. In simple cells, the period of postadaptation suppression was not consistently associated with a decrease in the grating modulated component of the evoked synaptic barrages (the F1 component). The generation of the hyperpolarization appears to be at least partially intrinsic to the recorded cells, because the induction of neuronal activity with the intracellular injection of current resulted in both a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and a decrease in the spike response to either current injections or visual stimuli. Conversely, high-contrast visual stimulation could suppress the response to low-intensity sinusoidal current injection. We conclude that control of the membrane potential by intrinsic neuronal mechanisms contributes importantly to the adaptation of neuronal responsiveness to varying levels of contrast. This feedback mechanism, internal to cortical neurons, provides them with the ability to continually adjust their responsiveness as a function of their history of synaptic and action potential activity.}, @@ -11210,7 +11199,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Membrane mechanisms underlying contrast adaptation in cat area 17 in vivo}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sanchez-Vives_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sanchez-Vives_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Krosigk:1993, Abstract = {Spindle waves are a prototypical example of synchronized oscillations, a common feature of neuronal activity in thalamic and cortical systems in sleeping and waking animals. Spontaneous spindle waves recorded from slices of the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus were generated by rebound burst firing in relay cells. This rebound burst firing resulted from inhibitory postsynaptic potentials arriving from the perigeniculate nucleus, the cells of which were activated by burst firing in relay neurons. Reduction of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor-mediated inhibition markedly enhanced GABAB inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in relay cells and subsequently generated a slowed and rhythmic population activity resembling that which occurs during an absence seizure. Pharmacological block of GABAB receptors abolished this seizure-like activity but not normal spindle waves, suggesting that GABAB antagonists may be useful in the treatment of absence seizures.}, @@ -11245,7 +11234,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain}, Volume = {262}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Steriade_Science1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Steriade_Science1993.pdf}} @article{Blumenfeld:2000, Abstract = {Absence seizures (3-4 Hz) and sleep spindles (6-14 Hz) occur mostly during slow-wave sleep and have been hypothesized to involve the same corticothalamic network. However, the mechanism by which this network transforms from one form of activity to the other is not well understood. Here we examine this question using ferret lateral geniculate nucleus slices and stimulation of the corticothalamic tract. A feedback circuit, meant to mimic the cortical influence in vivo, was arranged such that thalamic burst firing resulted in stimulation of the corticothalamic tract. Stimuli were either single shocks to mimic normal action potential firing by cortical neurons or high-frequency bursts (six shocks at 200 Hz) to simulate increased cortical firing, such as during seizures. With one corticothalamic stimulus per thalamic burst, 6-10 Hz oscillations resembling spindle waves were generated. However, if the stimulation was a burst, the network immediately transformed into a 3-4 Hz paroxysmal oscillation. This transition was associated with a strong increase in the burst firing of GABAergic perigeniculate neurons. In addition, thalamocortical neurons showed a transition from fast (100-150 msec) IPSPs to slow ( approximately 300 msec) IPSPs. The GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP 35348 blocked the slow IPSPs and converted the 3-4 Hz paroxysmal oscillations back to 6-10 Hz spindle waves. Conversely, the GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin blocked spindle frequency oscillations resulting in 3-4 Hz oscillations with either single or burst stimuli. We suggest that differential activation of thalamic GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in response to varying corticothalamic input patterns may be critical in setting the oscillation frequency of thalamocortical network interactions.}, @@ -11392,7 +11381,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The formation of a cortical somatotopic map}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Killackey_TrendsNeurosci1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Killackey_TrendsNeurosci1995.pdf}} @article{Vertes:1984, Author = {Vertes, R P}, @@ -11409,7 +11398,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Brainstem control of the events of REM sleep}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1984}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vertes_ProgNeurobiol1984.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vertes_ProgNeurobiol1984.pdf}} @article{Jouvet-Mounier:1970, Author = {Jouvet-Mounier, D and Astic, L and Lacote, D}, @@ -11427,7 +11416,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Ontogenesis of the states of sleep in rat, cat, and guinea pig during the first postnatal month}, Volume = {2}, Year = {1970}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jouvet-Mounier_DevPsychobiol1970.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jouvet-Mounier_DevPsychobiol1970.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.420020407}} @article{Stelzner:1975, @@ -11446,7 +11435,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Effects of spinal transection in neonatal and weanling rats: survival of function}, Volume = {46}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stelzner_ExpNeurol1975.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stelzner_ExpNeurol1975.pdf}} @article{Altman:1975, Abstract = {In laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 1 to 21 days emergence of postural and locomotor skills was studied in the open field and in experimental situations with homing used as motivation. Righting is mediated initially by curving and rocking of the trunk, later head and shoulder are rotated, and lastly the hindlimbs turn and provide co-ordinated support. Pivoting prodominates during the second half of the first week, crawling during most of the second week, and walking or running by the end of the second week. Balancing on narrow paths and compensating for lateral displacement on rotating rods mature later, as do various skills (climbing up or down on inclined surfaces, rods and ropes, and jumping across gaps) that require substantial hindlimb co-ordiantion.}, @@ -11465,7 +11454,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Postnatal development of locomotion in the laboratory rat}, Volume = {23}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Altman_AnimBehav1975.pdf}} + File = {papers/Altman_AnimBehav1975.pdf}} @article{Narayanan:1971, Author = {Narayanan, C H and Fox, M W and Hamburger, V}, @@ -11482,7 +11471,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Prenatal development of spontaneous and evoked activity in the rat (Rattus norvegicus albinus)}, Volume = {40}, Year = {1971}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Narayanan_Behaviour1971.pdf}} + File = {papers/Narayanan_Behaviour1971.pdf}} @article{Blumberg:1994, Abstract = {Twitches of the limbs during REM sleep in adult mammals result from descending motor activation from the brainstem. In contrast, many spontaneous movements in embryos appear similar to REM-related twitches and result from the local firing of spinal motor neurons. To determine which mechanism produces twitches in neonates, we analyzed twitching in 5- and 8-day-old rat pups that had spinal cords transected in the lower thoracic region. This transection separated motor units controlling forelimb movements from motor units controlling hindlimb movements. Spinal transection did not significantly affect the amount of forelimb twitching. In contrast, the amount of hindlimb twitching in transected pups was reduced by only 35%-50%. Given that hindlimb twitching was not eliminated by spinal transection, it is concluded that there are 2 independent mechanisms producing twitches at these ages.}, @@ -11501,7 +11490,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Dual mechanisms of twitching during sleep in neonatal rats}, Volume = {108}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blumberg_BehavNeurosci1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Blumberg_BehavNeurosci1994.pdf}} @article{Robinson:2000, Abstract = {Spontaneous motor activity (SMA) is a ubiquitous feature of fetal and infant behavior. Although SMA appears random, successive limb movements often occur in bouts. Bout organization was evident at all ages in fetal (embryonic day [E] 17-21) and infant (postnatal day [P] 1-9) rats, with nearly all bouts comprising 1-4 movements of different limbs. A computational model of SMA, including spontaneous activity of spinal motor neurons, intrasegmental and intersegmental interactions, recurrent inhibition, and descending influences, produced bouts with the same structure as that observed in perinatal rats. Consistent with the model, bouts were not eliminated on E20 after cervical spinal transection, suggesting that the brain is not necessary to produce bout organization. These investigations provide a foundation for understanding the contributions of SMA to neuromuscular and motor development.}, @@ -11520,7 +11509,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Spontaneous motor activity in fetal and infant rats is organized into discrete multilimb bouts}, Volume = {114}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Robinson_BehavNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Robinson_BehavNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Sokoloff:2000, Abstract = {In infant rats, huddling improves surface-to-volume ratios and provides metabolic savings during cold exposure. It is unclear, however, whether endothermy is also a necessary component of huddling. In the present experiment, huddles composed of infant Norway rats (2- or 8-day-olds), which produce heat endogenously, or Syrian golden hamsters (8-day-olds), which do not produce heat endogenously, were exposed to decreases in air temperature. Behavioral and physiological responses were monitored throughout the test. Rats, especially at 8 days of age, were better able to thermoregulate using huddling than hamsters, due in part to endogenous heat production. Furthermore, 8-day-old rats exhibited behavioral responses that promote heat retention, suggesting that both physiological and behavioral mechanisms contribute to effective thermoregulation during huddling in the cold.}, @@ -11558,7 +11547,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Learning in sensorimotor circuits}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schouenborg_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schouenborg_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf}} @article{Varela:2001, Abstract = {The emergence of a unified cognitive moment relies on the coordination of scattered mosaics of functionally specialized brain regions. Here we review the mechanisms of large-scale integration that counterbalance the distributed anatomical and functional organization of brain activity to enable the emergence of coherent behaviour and cognition. Although the mechanisms involved in large-scale integration are still largely unknown, we argue that the most plausible candidate is the formation of dynamic links mediated by synchrony over multiple frequency bands.}, @@ -11578,7 +11567,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Varela_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Varela_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35067550}} @article{Collins:2001, @@ -11598,7 +11587,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The effect of calcium pump inhibitors on the response of intracellular calcium to caffeine in snail neurones}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Collins_CellCalcium2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Collins_CellCalcium2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/ceca.2001.0209}} @article{Rolston:2009, @@ -11617,7 +11606,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {A low-cost multielectrode system for data acquisition enabling real-time closed-loop processing with rapid recovery from stimulation artifacts}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rolston_FrontNeuroeng2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rolston_FrontNeuroeng2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.16.012.2009}} @article{Brickley:1998, @@ -11637,7 +11626,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Synchronizing retinal activity in both eyes disrupts binocular map development in the optic tectum}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brickley_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brickley_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Leinekugel:1997, Abstract = {We asked whether GABA(A) and NMDA receptors may act in synergy in neonatal hippocampal slices, at a time when GABA exerts a depolarizing action. The GABA(A) receptor agonist isoguvacine reduced the voltage-dependent Mg2+ block of single NMDA channels recorded in cell-attached configuration from P(2-5) CA3 pyramidal neurons and potentiated the Ca2+ influx through NMDA channels. The synaptic response evoked by electrical stimulation of stratum radiatum was mediated by a synergistic interaction between GABA(A) and NMDA receptors. Network-driven Giant Depolarizing Potentials, which are a typical feature of the neonatal hippocampal network, provided coactivation of GABA(A) and NMDA receptors and were associated with spontaneous and synchronous Ca2+ increases in CA3 pyramidal neurons. Thus, at the early stages of development, GABA is a major excitatory transmitter that acts in synergy with NMDA receptors. This provides in neonatal neurons a hebbian stimulation that may be involved in neuronal plasticity and network formation in the developing hippocampus.}, @@ -11656,7 +11645,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Ca2+ oscillations mediated by the synergistic excitatory actions of GABA(A) and NMDA receptors in the neonatal hippocampus}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Leinekugel_Neuron1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Leinekugel_Neuron1997.pdf}} @article{Akerman:2006a, Abstract = {Neurotransmission during development regulates synaptic maturation in neural circuits, but the contribution of different neurotransmitter systems is unclear. We investigated the role of GABAA receptor-mediated Cl- conductances in the development of synaptic responses in the Xenopus visual system. Intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) was found to be high in immature tectal neurons and then falls over a period of several weeks. GABAergic synapses are present at early stages of tectal development and, when activated by optic nerve stimulation or visual stimuli, induce sustained depolarizing Cl- conductances that facilitate retinotectal transmission by NMDA receptors. To test whether depolarizing GABAergic inputs cooperate with NMDA receptors during activity-dependent maturation of glutamatergic synapses, we prematurely reduced [Cl-]i in tectal neurons in vivo by expressing the Cl- transporter KCC2. This blocked the normal developmental increase in AMPA receptor-mediated retinotectal transmission and increased GABAergic synaptic input to tectal neurons. Therefore, depolarizing GABAergic transmission plays a pivotal role in the maturation of excitatory transmission and controls the balance of excitation and inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit.}, @@ -11676,7 +11665,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Depolarizing GABAergic conductances regulate the balance of excitation to inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit in vivo}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Akerman_JNeurosci2006a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Akerman_JNeurosci2006a.pdf}} @article{Munz:2014, Abstract = {We examined how correlated firing controls axon remodeling, using in vivo time-lapse imaging and electrophysiological analysis of individual retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons that were visually stimulated either synchronously or asynchronously relative to neighboring inputs in the Xenopus laevis optic tectum. RGCs stimulated out of synchrony rapidly lost the ability to drive tectal postsynaptic partners while their axons grew and added many new branches. In contrast, synchronously activated RGCs produced fewer new branches, but these were more stable. The effects of synchronous activation were prevented by the inhibition of neurotransmitter release and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blockade, which is consistent with a role for synaptic NMDAR activation in the stabilization of axonal branches and suppression of further exploratory branch addition.}, @@ -11696,7 +11685,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Rapid Hebbian axonal remodeling mediated by visual stimulation}, Volume = {344}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Munz_Science2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Munz_Science2014.pdf}} @article{Schwartz:2001, Abstract = {The population of neurons participating in an epileptiform event varies from moment to moment. Most techniques currently used to localize epileptiform events in vivo have spatial and/or temporal sampling limitations. Here we show in an animal model that optical imaging based on intrinsic signals is an excellent method for in vivo mapping of clinically relevant epileptiform events, such as interictal spikes, ictal onsets, ictal spread and secondary homotopic foci. In addition, a decrease in the optical signal correlates spatially with a decrease in neuronal activity recorded from cortex surrounding an epileptic focus. Optical mapping of epilepsy might be a useful adjunct in the surgical treatment of neocortical epilepsy, which critically depends on the precise localization of intrinsically epileptogenic neurons.}, @@ -11716,7 +11705,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {In vivo optical mapping of epileptic foci and surround inhibition in ferret cerebral cortex}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schwartz_NatMed2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schwartz_NatMed2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0901-1063}} @article{Suarez:2014, @@ -11737,7 +11726,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Balanced interhemispheric cortical activity is required for correct targeting of the corpus callosum}, Volume = {82}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Suárez_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Suárez_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.040}} @article{Brandes:2001, @@ -11750,7 +11739,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {A Faster Algorithm for Betweenness Centrality}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brandes_JournalofMathematicalSociology2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brandes_JournalofMathematicalSociology2001.pdf}} @article{Sporns:2005, Abstract = {The connection matrix of the human brain (the human "connectome") represents an indispensable foundation for basic and applied neurobiological research. However, the network of anatomical connections linking the neuronal elements of the human brain is still largely unknown. While some databases or collations of large-scale anatomical connection patterns exist for other mammalian species, there is currently no connection matrix of the human brain, nor is there a coordinated research effort to collect, archive, and disseminate this important information. We propose a research strategy to achieve this goal, and discuss its potential impact.}, @@ -11771,7 +11760,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {The human connectome: A structural description of the human brain}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sporns_PLoSComputBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sporns_PLoSComputBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010042}} @article{Smith:2013, @@ -11793,7 +11782,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Functional connectomics from resting-state fMRI}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smith_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Smith_TrendsCognSci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.016}} @article{Nadel:1990, @@ -11810,7 +11799,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Varieties of spatial cognition. Psychobiological considerations}, Volume = {608}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nadel_AnnNYAcadSci1990.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nadel_AnnNYAcadSci1990.pdf}} @article{Zhang:2014, Abstract = {Top-down modulation of sensory processing allows the animal to select inputs most relevant to current tasks. We found that the cingulate (Cg) region of the mouse frontal cortex powerfully influences sensory processing in the primary visual cortex (V1) through long-range projections that activate local γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) circuits. Optogenetic activation of Cg neurons enhanced V1 neuron responses and improved visual discrimination. Focal activation of Cg axons in V1 caused a response increase at the activation site but a decrease at nearby locations (center-surround modulation). Whereas somatostatin-positive GABAergic interneurons contributed preferentially to surround suppression, vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive interneurons were crucial for center facilitation. Long-range corticocortical projections thus act through local microcircuits to exert spatially specific top-down modulation of sensory processing.}, @@ -11829,7 +11818,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Selective attention. Long-range and local circuits for top-down modulation of visual cortex processing}, Volume = {345}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_Science2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhang_Science2014.pdf}} @article{An:2014, Abstract = {Self-generated neuronal activity originating from subcortical regions drives early spontaneous motor activity, which is a hallmark of the developing sensorimotor system. However, the neural activity patterns and role of primary motor cortex (M1) in these early movements are still unknown. Combining voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) with simultaneous extracellular multielectrode recordings in postnatal day 3 (P3)-P5 rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and M1 in vivo, we observed that tactile forepaw stimulation induced spindle bursts in S1 and gamma and spindle bursts in M1. Approximately 40% of the spontaneous gamma and spindle bursts in M1 were driven by early motor activity, whereas 23.7% of the M1 bursts triggered forepaw movements. Approximately 35% of the M1 bursts were uncorrelated to movements and these bursts had significantly fewer spikes and shorter burst duration. Focal electrical stimulation of layer V neurons in M1 mimicking physiologically relevant 40 Hz gamma or 10 Hz spindle burst activity reliably elicited forepaw movements. We conclude that M1 is already involved in somatosensory information processing during early development. M1 is mainly activated by tactile stimuli triggered by preceding spontaneous movements, which reach M1 via S1. Only a fraction of M1 activity transients trigger motor responses directly. We suggest that both spontaneously occurring and sensory-evoked gamma and spindle bursts in M1 contribute to the maturation of corticospinal and sensorimotor networks required for the refinement of sensorimotor coordination.}, @@ -11848,7 +11837,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Sensory-evoked and spontaneous gamma and spindle bursts in neonatal rat motor cortex}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/An_JNeurosci2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/An_JNeurosci2014.pdf}} @article{Spitzer:2012, Abstract = {For many years it has been assumed that the identity of the transmitters expressed by neurons is stable and unchanging. Recent work, however, shows that electrical activity can respecify neurotransmitter expression during development and in the mature nervous system, and an understanding is emerging of the molecular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent transmitter respecification. Changes in postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor expression accompany and match changes in transmitter specification, thus enabling synaptic transmission. The functional roles of neurotransmitter respecification are beginning to be understood and appear to involve homeostatic synaptic regulation, which in turn influences behaviour. Activation of this novel form of plasticity by sensorimotor stimuli may provide clinical benefits.}, @@ -11868,7 +11857,7 @@ VIDEO ABSTRACT: }, Title = {Activity-dependent neurotransmitter respecification}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spitzer_NatRevNeurosci2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Spitzer_NatRevNeurosci2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3154}} @article{Christensen:2013, @@ -11939,7 +11928,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with re Title = {Hierarchical organization of human cortical networks in health and schizophrenia}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bassett_JNeurosci2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bassett_JNeurosci2008.pdf}} @url{Csardi:2013, Author = {Csardi, G.}, @@ -11959,7 +11948,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with re Title = {Finding community structure in very large networks}, Url = {http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0408187v2.pdf}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Clauset_2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Clauset_2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0408187v2.pdf}} @webpage{Dollar:2014, @@ -11982,7 +11971,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with re Pages = {674-697}, Title = {An Iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision}, Year = {1981}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lucas_1981.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lucas_1981.pdf}} @url{Ackman:2014b, Author = {Ackman, James B}, @@ -12010,7 +11999,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with re Url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066133}, Volume = {69}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Newman_Phys.Rev.E2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Newman_Phys.Rev.E2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066133}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.066133}} @@ -12031,7 +12020,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with re Title = {The developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gaspar_NatRevNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gaspar_NatRevNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Lebrand:1998, Abstract = {Neurons in first-order sensory thalamic nuclei have been shown to express functional plasma membrane serotonin (SERT) and vesicular monoamine (VMAT2) transporters during early postnatal development. In the present study, we provide an extensive description of the spatial and the temporal patterns of VMAT2 and SERT expression, during early embryonic development and postnatal life, by using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. VMAT2 and SERT genes are transiently expressed in a wide population of non-monoaminergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system with a large overlap in the temporal and spatial pattern of expression of both genes. A selective pattern of expression of both genes was observed in the thalamus with expression limited to the dorsal thalamus and more particularly to primary sensory relay nuclei that convey point to point projection maps. Transient expression of the transporters was also observed in sensory cranial nerves, in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, septum, and amygdala. VMAT2 and SERT gene expression was not necessarily linked, as some neural populations expressed only VMAT2, while others only contained SERT. Since VMAT2 serves to transport catecholamines besides serotonin, we examined the developmental expression of the plasma membrane dopamine and norepinephrine transporters but found no transient expression of these genes. Despite minor temporal disparities, VMAT2 and SERT extinguished almost simultaneously during the second and third weeks of post-natal life. These expressions did not seem to be dependent on peripheral neural inputs, since monocular enucleations and infraorbital nerve cuts effected on the day of birth, did not modify the period of transporter expression or of extinction.}, @@ -12049,7 +12038,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with re Title = {Transient developmental expression of monoamine transporters in the rodent forebrain}, Volume = {401}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lebrand_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lebrand_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} @article{Lebrand:1996, Abstract = {Serotonin (5-HT) has been shown to affect the development and patterning of the mouse barrelfield. We show that the dense transient 5-HT innervation of the somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortices originates in the thalamus rather than in the raphe: 5-HT is detected in thalamocortical fibers and most 5-HT cortical labeling disappears after thalamic lesions. Thalamic neurons do not synthesize 5-HT but take up exogenous 5-HT through 5-HT high affinity uptake sites located on thalamocortical axons and terminals. 3H-5-HT injected into the cortex is retrogradely transported to thalamic neurons. In situ hybridization shows a transient expression of the genes encoding the serotonin transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter in thalamic sensory neurons. In these glutamatergic neurons, internalized 5-HT might thus be stored and used as a "borrowed transmitter" for extraneuronal signaling or could exert an intraneuronal control on thalamic maturation.}, @@ -12067,7 +12056,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with re Title = {Transient uptake and storage of serotonin in developing thalamic neurons}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lebrand_Neuron1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lebrand_Neuron1996.pdf}} @article{Newman:2000, Abstract = {The small-world network model is a simple model of the structure of social networks, which possesses characteristics of both regular lattices and random graphs. The model consists of a one-dimensional lattice with a low density of shortcuts added between randomly selected pairs of points. These shortcuts greatly reduce the typical path length between any two points on the lattice. We present a mean-field solution for the average path length and for the distribution of path lengths in the model. This solution is exact in the limit of large system size and either a large or small number of shortcuts.}, @@ -12085,7 +12074,7 @@ INTERPRETATION: Fetal valproate exposure has dose-dependent associations with re Title = {Mean-field solution of the small-world network model}, Volume = {84}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Newman_PhysRevLett2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Newman_PhysRevLett2000.pdf}} @article{Humphries:2008, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Many technological, biological, social, and information networks fall into the broad class of 'small-world' networks: they have tightly interconnected clusters of nodes, and a shortest mean path length that is similar to a matched random graph (same number of nodes and edges). This semi-quantitative definition leads to a categorical distinction ('small/not-small') rather than a quantitative, continuous grading of networks, and can lead to uncertainty about a network's small-world status. Moreover, systems described by small-world networks are often studied using an equivalent canonical network model--the Watts-Strogatz (WS) model. However, the process of establishing an equivalent WS model is imprecise and there is a pressing need to discover ways in which this equivalence may be quantified. @@ -12106,7 +12095,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Title = {Network 'small-world-ness': a quantitative method for determining canonical network equivalence}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Humphries_PLoSOne2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Humphries_PLoSOne2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002051}} @article{Sporns:2004, @@ -12126,7 +12115,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Title = {Organization, development and function of complex brain networks}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sporns_TrendsCognSci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sporns_TrendsCognSci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.008}} @article{Lim:2013, @@ -12143,7 +12132,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Preferential Detachment During Human Brain Development: Age- and Sex-Specific Structural Connectivity in Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Data}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lim_CerebCortex2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lim_CerebCortex2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht333}} @article{Heuvel:2014, @@ -12160,7 +12149,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {The Neonatal Connectome During Preterm Brain Development}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Heuvel_CerebCortex2014.pdf}} + File = {papers/Heuvel_CerebCortex2014.pdf}} @article{Doria:2010, Abstract = {The functions of the resting state networks (RSNs) revealed by functional MRI remain unclear, but it has seemed possible that networks emerge in parallel with the development of related cognitive functions. We tested the alternative hypothesis: that the full repertoire of resting state dynamics emerges during the period of rapid neural growth before the normal time of birth at term (around 40 wk of gestation). We used a series of independent analytical techniques to map in detail the development of different networks in 70 infants born between 29 and 43 wk of postmenstrual age (PMA). We characterized and charted the development of RSNs from recognizable but often fragmentary elements at 30 wk of PMA to full facsimiles of adult patterns at term. Visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor, default mode, frontoparietal, and executive control networks developed at different rates; however, by term, complete networks were present, several of which were integrated with thalamic activity. These results place the emergence of RSNs largely during the period of rapid neural growth in the third trimester of gestation, suggesting that they are formed before the acquisition of cognitive competencies in later childhood.}, @@ -12181,7 +12170,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Title = {Emergence of resting state networks in the preterm human brain}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Doria_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Doria_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}} @article{Ko:2014, Abstract = {In primary visual cortex (V1), connectivity between layer 2/3 (L2/3) excitatory neurons undergoes extensive reorganization after the onset of visual experience whereby neurons with similar feature selectivity form functional microcircuits (Ko et al., 2011, 2013). It remains unknown whether visual experience is required for the developmental refinement of intracortical circuitry or whether this maturation is guided intrinsically. Here, we correlated the connectivity between V1 L2/3 neurons assayed by simultaneous whole-cell recordings in vitro to their response properties measured by two-photon calcium imaging in vivo in dark-reared mice. We found that neurons with similar responses to oriented gratings or natural movies became preferentially connected in the absence of visual experience. However, the relationship between connectivity and similarity of visual responses to natural movies was not as strong in dark-reared as in normally reared mice. Moreover, dark rearing prevented the normally occurring loss of connections between visually nonresponsive neurons after eye opening (Ko et al., 2013). Therefore, our data suggest that the absence of visual input does not prevent the emergence of functionally specific recurrent connectivity in cortical circuits; however, visual experience is required for complete microcircuit maturation.}, @@ -12200,7 +12189,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Title = {Emergence of feature-specific connectivity in cortical microcircuits in the absence of visual experience}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ko_JNeurosci2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ko_JNeurosci2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0875-14.2014}} @article{Nasiriavanaki:2014, @@ -12222,7 +12211,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Title = {High-resolution photoacoustic tomography of resting-state functional connectivity in the mouse brain}, Volume = {111}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nasiriavanaki_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nasiriavanaki_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311868111}} @article{Mohns:2008, @@ -12243,7 +12232,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Title = {Synchronous bursts of neuronal activity in the developing hippocampus: modulation by active sleep and association with emerging gamma and theta rhythms}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mohns_JNeurosci2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mohns_JNeurosci2008.pdf}} @article{Karlsson:2005, Abstract = {Sleep is a poorly understood behavior that predominates during infancy but is studied almost exclusively in adults. One perceived impediment to investigations of sleep early in ontogeny is the absence of state-dependent neocortical activity. Nonetheless, in infant rats, sleep is reliably characterized by the presence of tonic (i.e., muscle atonia) and phasic (i.e., myoclonic twitching) components; the neural circuitry underlying these components, however, is unknown. Recently, we described a medullary inhibitory area (MIA) in week-old rats that is necessary but not sufficient for the normal expression of atonia. Here we report that the infant MIA receives projections from areas containing neurons that exhibit state-dependent activity. Specifically, neurons within these areas, including the subcoeruleus (SubLC), pontis oralis (PO), and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLPT), exhibit discharge profiles that suggest causal roles in the modulation of muscle tone and the production of myoclonic twitches. Indeed, lesions in the SubLC and PO decreased the expression of muscle atonia without affecting twitching (resulting in "REM sleep without atonia"), whereas lesions of the DLPT increased the expression of atonia while decreasing the amount of twitching. Thus, the neural substrates of infant sleep are strikingly similar to those of adults, a surprising finding in light of theories that discount the contribution of supraspinal neural elements to sleep before the onset of state-dependent neocortical activity.}, @@ -12263,7 +12252,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Title = {The neural substrates of infant sleep in rats}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Karlsson_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Karlsson_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}} @article{Mohns:2006, Abstract = {Recent findings in infant rats suggest that the preoptic area (POA) and/or basal forebrain (BF) contribute to developmental changes in sleep and wake organization between postnatal day 2 (P2) and P9. To examine the contributions of these forebrain areas to sleep and wakefulness, separate lesions of the POA or BF, or combined lesions (POA + BF), were performed at P9, and precollicular transections were performed at P2. In addition, modafinil, a drug of unknown mechanism of action the effects of which on sleep and wakefulness have been hypothesized to result from inhibition of POA activity, was administered at P2 and P9. Finally, extracellular neuronal activity was recorded from the POA and BF. POA lesions decreased sleep bout durations and increased wake bout durations. BF lesions inhibited sleep bout durations to a lesser extent, while leaving wake bout durations unaffected. POA + BF lesions produced a combination of these effects, resulting in short bouts of sleep and wakefulness similar to those of transected P8 rats. Even at P2, transections decreased sleep bout durations. The finding, however, that the sleep-inhibiting and wake-promoting effects of modafinil were more potent at P9 than at P2 suggests increasing sleep-wake modulation by the POA between these two ages. Finally, neuronal recordings confirmed the presence of state-dependent neurons within the infant POA and BF. We propose that the POA, in addition to promoting sleep, inhibits wakefulness via direct and indirect inhibitory connections with wake-promoting neurons in the BF, and that this inhibitory influence increases across early development.}, @@ -12283,7 +12272,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Title = {The preoptic hypothalamus and basal forebrain play opposing roles in the descending modulation of sleep and wakefulness in infant rats}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mohns_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mohns_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Woolsey:1978, Author = {Woolsey, T A}, @@ -12299,7 +12288,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown how the notion of a small-world network Title = {C. N. Woolsey--scientist and artist: a complete bibliography (1933--1974)}, Volume = {15}, Year = {1978}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Woolsey_BrainBehavEvol1978.pdf}} + File = {papers/Woolsey_BrainBehavEvol1978.pdf}} @book{Harlow:1958, Annote = {http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/5224793 @@ -12316,7 +12305,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Biological and biochemical bases of behavior}, Url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=L8M0AAAAMAAJ}, Year = {1958}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harlow_1958.pdf}, + File = {papers/Harlow_1958.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://books.google.com/books?id=L8M0AAAAMAAJ}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350}} @@ -12337,7 +12326,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Histochemical changes in cytochrome oxidase of cortical barrels after vibrissal removal in neonatal and adult mice}, Volume = {77}, Year = {1980}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wong-Riley_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1980.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wong-Riley_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1980.pdf}} @article{Woolsey:1967, Author = {Woolsey, T A}, @@ -12354,7 +12343,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Somatosensory, auditory and visual cortical areas of the mouse}, Volume = {121}, Year = {1967}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Woolsey_JohnsHopkinsMedJ1967.pdf}} + File = {papers/Woolsey_JohnsHopkinsMedJ1967.pdf}} @article{Woolsey:1970a, Author = {Woolsey, T A and Van der Loos, H}, @@ -12372,7 +12361,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {The structural organization of layer IV in the somatosensory region (SI) of mouse cerebral cortex. The description of a cortical field composed of discrete cytoarchitectonic units}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1970}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Woolsey_BrainRes1970.pdf}} + File = {papers/Woolsey_BrainRes1970.pdf}} @article{Narboux-Neme:2008, Abstract = {The serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4; synonyms, SERT, 5-HTT) is expressed much more broadly during development than in adulthood. To obtain a full picture of all sites of SERT expression during development we used a new mouse model where Cre recombinase was inserted into the gene encoding the serotonin transporter. Two reporter mouse lines, ROSA26R and the Tau(mGFP), allowed to map all the cells that express SERT at any point during development. Combined LacZ histochemistry and GFP immunolabelling showed neuronal cell bodies and axon fiber tracts. Earliest recombination in embryos was visible in the periphery in the heart and liver by E10.5 followed by recombination in the brain in raphe serotonergic neurons by E12.5. Further, recombination in non-serotonin neurons was visible in the choroid plexus, roof plate, and neural crest derivatives; by E15.5, recombination was found in the dorsal thalamus, cingulate cortex, CA3 field of the hippocampus, retinal ganglion cells, superior olivary nucleus and cochlear nucleus. Postnatally, SERT mediated recombination was visible in the medial prefrontal cortex and layer VI neurons in the isocortex. Recombined cells were co-labelled with Neu-N, but not with GAD67, and were characterized by long range projections (corpus callosum, fornix, thalamocortical). This fate map of serotonin transporter expressing cells emphasizes the broad expression of SERT in non-serotonin neurons during development and clarifies the localization of SERT expression in the hippocampus and limbic cortex. The identification of targets of SSRIs and serotonin releasers during embryonic and early postnatal life helps understanding the very diverse physiological consequences of administration of these drugs during development.}, @@ -12392,7 +12381,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Serotonin transporter transgenic (SERTcre) mouse line reveals developmental targets of serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Narboux-Nême_Neuropharmacology2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Narboux-Nême_Neuropharmacology2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.020}} @article{Zhuang:2005, @@ -12412,7 +12401,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Targeted gene expression in dopamine and serotonin neurons of the mouse brain}, Volume = {143}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhuang_JNeurosciMethods2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhuang_JNeurosciMethods2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.09.020}} @article{Li:2013b, @@ -12433,7 +12422,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Laminar and columnar development of barrel cortex relies on thalamocortical neurotransmission}, Volume = {79}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Li_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.043}} @article{Kobayashi:1963, @@ -12451,7 +12440,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Brain-to-body ratios and time of maturation of the mouse brain}, Volume = {204}, Year = {1963}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/KOBAYASHI_AmJPhysiol1963.pdf}} + File = {papers/KOBAYASHI_AmJPhysiol1963.pdf}} @article{Bai:2008, Abstract = {During forebrain development the lateral cortical stream (LCS) supplies neurons to structures in the ventral telencephalon including the amygdala and piriform cortex. In the current study, we used spatially directed in utero electroporation and RNAi to investigate mechanisms of migration to the ventral telencephalon. Cells labeled by in utero electroporation of the lateral ventricular zone migrated into the LCS, and entered the lateral neocortex, piriform cortex and amygdala, where they differentiated primarily as pyramidal neurons. RNAi of DCX or LIS1 disrupted migration into amygdala and piriform cortex and caused many neurons to accumulate in the external and amygdalar capsules. RNAi of LIS1 and DCX had similar as well as distinguishable effects on the pattern of altered migration. Combinatorial RNAi of LIS1 and DCX further suggested interaction in the functions of LIS1 and DCX on the morphology and migration of migrating neurons in the LCS. Together, these results confirm that the LCS contributes pyramidal neurons to ventral forebrain structures and reveals that DCX and LIS1 have important functions in this major migratory pathway in the developing forebrain.}, @@ -12469,7 +12458,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {The role of DCX and LIS1 in migration through the lateral cortical stream of developing forebrain}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bai_DevNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bai_DevNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000109859}} @article{Golding:2014, @@ -12488,7 +12477,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Retinal input directs the recruitment of inhibitory interneurons into thalamic visual circuits}, Volume = {81}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Golding_Neuron2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Golding_Neuron2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.032}} @article{Chen:2013a, @@ -12510,7 +12499,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Ultrasensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity}, Volume = {499}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Nature2013a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chen_Nature2013a.pdf}} @article{Zingg:2014, Abstract = {Numerous studies have examined the neuronal inputs and outputs of many areas within the mammalian cerebral cortex, but how these areas are organized into neural networks that communicate across the entire cortex is unclear. Over 600 labeled neuronal pathways acquired from tracer injections placed across the entire mouse neocortex enabled us to generate a cortical connectivity atlas. A total of 240 intracortical connections were manually reconstructed within a common neuroanatomic framework, forming a cortico-cortical connectivity map that facilitates comparison of connections from different cortical targets. Connectivity matrices were generated to provide an overview of all intracortical connections and subnetwork clusterings. The connectivity matrices and cortical map revealed that the entire cortex is organized into four somatic sensorimotor, two medial, and two lateral subnetworks that display unique topologies and can interact through select cortical areas. Together, these data provide a resource that can be used to further investigate cortical networks and their corresponding functions.}, @@ -12528,7 +12517,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Neural networks of the mouse neocortex}, Volume = {156}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zingg_Cell2014a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zingg_Cell2014a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Zingg_Cell2014b.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Zingg_Cell2014.xlsx}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.023}} @@ -12552,7 +12541,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {FGF signaling expands embryonic cortical surface area by regulating Notch-dependent neurogenesis}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rash_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rash_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4439-11.2011}} @article{Rash:2013, @@ -12574,7 +12563,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Cortical gyrification induced by fibroblast growth factor 2 in the mouse brain}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rash_JNeurosci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rash_JNeurosci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3621-12.2013}} @article{Shitamukai:2011, @@ -12595,7 +12584,7 @@ From http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Source.aspx?ID=90&questID=1350: Title = {Oblique radial glial divisions in the developing mouse neocortex induce self-renewing progenitors outside the germinal zone that resemble primate outer subventricular zone progenitors}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shitamukai_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shitamukai_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4773-10.2011}} @article{Blumberg:2013a, @@ -12639,7 +12628,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that twitches are not produced randomly but Title = {Twitching in sensorimotor development from sleeping rats to robots}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blumberg_CurrBiol2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Blumberg_CurrBiol2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.075}} @article{Ackman:2014, @@ -12658,7 +12647,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that twitches are not produced randomly but Title = {Role of emergent neural activity in visual map development}, Volume = {24C}, Year = {2014}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ackman_CurrOpinNeurobiol2014.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ackman_CurrOpinNeurobiol2014.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.11.011}} @article{Fogassi:2005, @@ -12679,7 +12668,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that twitches are not produced randomly but Title = {Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding}, Volume = {308}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fogassi_Science2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fogassi_Science2005.pdf}} @article{Hohl:2013, Abstract = {We have used a new approach to study the neural decoding function that converts the population response in extrastriate area MT into estimates of target motion to drive smooth pursuit eye movement. Experiments reveal significant trial-by-trial correlations between the responses of MT neurons and the initiation of pursuit. The preponderance of significant correlations and the relatively low reduction in noise between MT and the behavioral output support the hypothesis of a sensory origin for at least some of the trial-by-trial variation in pursuit initiation. The finding of mainly positive MT-pursuit correlations, whether the target speed is faster or slower than the neuron's preferred speed, places strong constraints on the neural decoding computation. We propose that decoding is based on normalizing a weighted population vector of opponent motion responses; normalization comes from neurons uncorrelated with those used to compute the weighted population vector.}, @@ -12700,7 +12689,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that twitches are not produced randomly but Title = {Sensory population decoding for visually guided movements}, Volume = {79}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hohl_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hohl_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hohl_Neuron2013a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.026}} @@ -12723,7 +12712,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that twitches are not produced randomly but Title = {Control of the gain of visual-motor transmission occurs in visual coordinates for smooth pursuit eye movements}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lee_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Lisberger:2010, Abstract = {Smooth-pursuit eye movements transform 100 ms of visual motion into a rapid initiation of smooth eye movement followed by sustained accurate tracking. Both the mean and variation of the visually driven pursuit response can be accounted for by the combination of the mean tuning curves and the correlated noise within the sensory representation of visual motion in extrastriate visual area MT. Sensory-motor and motor circuits have both housekeeping and modulatory functions, implemented in the cerebellum and the smooth eye movement region of the frontal eye fields. The representation of pursuit is quite different in these two regions of the brain, but both regions seem to control pursuit directly with little or no noise added downstream. Finally, pursuit exhibits a number of voluntary characteristics that happen on short timescales. These features make pursuit an excellent exemplar for understanding the general properties of sensory-motor processing in the brain.}, @@ -12744,7 +12733,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that twitches are not produced randomly but Title = {Visual guidance of smooth-pursuit eye movements: sensation, action, and what happens in between}, Volume = {66}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lisberger_Neuron2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lisberger_Neuron2010.pdf}} @article{Oertel-Knochel:2011, Abstract = {The hemispheres of the human brain are anatomically and functionally asymmetric, and many cognitive and motor functions such as language and handedness are lateralized. This review examines anatomical, psychological, and physiological approaches to the understanding of separate hemispheric functions and their integration. The concept of hemispheric laterality plays a central role in current neuropsychological and pathophysiological models of schizophrenia. Reduced hemispheric asymmetry has also been reported for other mental disorders, for example, bipolar disorder. Recent research reflects an increasing interest in the molecular and population genetics of laterality and its potential link with animal models of schizophrenia. The authors review the principles of laterality and brain asymmetry and discuss the evidence for changes in asymmetry in schizophrenia and other mental disorders.}, @@ -12764,7 +12753,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that twitches are not produced randomly but Title = {Cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Oertel-Knöchel_Neuroscientist2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Oertel-Knöchel_Neuroscientist2011.pdf}} @article{Dragovic:2005, Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of various anomalous handedness subtypes in schizophrenia patients remains ambiguous. Although current literature favours the notion that the shift in lateral preferences seen is because of an increase of mixed-handedness, several studies suggest that exclusive left handedness is more prevalent than in the general population. @@ -12787,7 +12776,7 @@ CONCLUSION: An increase of exclusive left-handedness is at variance with the pre Title = {Handedness in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of evidence}, Volume = {111}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dragovic_ActaPsychiatrScand2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dragovic_ActaPsychiatrScand2005.pdf}} @article{Sommer:2001, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cerebral lateralisation appears to be decreased in schizophrenia. Results of studies investigating this, however, are equivocal. @@ -12809,7 +12798,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Handedness, language lateralisation and anatomical asymmetry in schizophrenia: meta-analysis}, Volume = {178}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sommer_BrJPsychiatry2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sommer_BrJPsychiatry2001.pdf}} @article{Crawley:2008a, Abstract = {Comprehensive behavioral analyses of transgenic and knockout mice have successfully identified the functional roles of many genes in the brain. Over the past 10 years, strategies for mouse behavioral phenotyping have evolved to maximize the scope and replicability of findings from a cohort of mutant mice, minimize the interpretation of procedural artifacts, and provide robust translational tools to test hypotheses and develop treatments. This Primer addresses experimental design issues and offers examples of high-throughput batteries, learning and memory tasks, and anxiety-related tests.}, @@ -12829,7 +12818,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Behavioral phenotyping strategies for mutant mice}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crawley_Neuron2008a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crawley_Neuron2008a.pdf}} @article{Crawley:1999, Abstract = {Rigorous experimental design can minimize the high risk of false positives and false negatives in the behavioral phenotyping of a new transgenic or knockout mouse. Use of well established, quantitative, reproducible behavioral tasks, appropriate Ns, correct statistical methods, consideration of background genes contributed by the parental strains, and attention to litter and gender issues, will maximize meaningful comparisons of -/-, +/-, and +/+ genotypes. Strategies developed and used by our laboratory are described in this review. Preliminary observations evaluate general health and neurological reflexes. Sensory abilities and motor functions are extensively quantitated. Specific tests include observations of home cage behaviors, body weight, body temperature, appearance of the fur and whiskers, righting reflex, acoustic startle, eye blink, pupil constriction, vibrissae reflex, pinna reflex, Digiscan open field locomotion, rotarod motor coordination, hanging wire, footprint pathway, visual cliff, auditory threshold, pain threshold, and olfactory acuity. Hypothesis testing then focuses on at least three well-validated tasks within each relevant behavioral domain. Specific tests for mice are described herein for the domains of learning and memory, feeding, nociception, and behaviors relevant to discrete symptoms of human anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. An example of our approach is illustrated in the behavioral phenotyping of C/EBPdelta knockout mice, which appear to be normal on general health, neurological reflexes, sensory and motor tasks, and the Morris water task, but show remarkably enhanced performance on contextual fear conditioning.}, @@ -12848,7 +12837,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice: experimental design and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities, and specific behavioral tests}, Volume = {835}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crawley_BrainRes1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crawley_BrainRes1999.pdf}} @article{Pletnikov:2008, Abstract = {A strong candidate gene for schizophrenia and major mental disorders, disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was first described in a large Scottish family in which a balanced chromosomal translocation segregates with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses. The translocation mutation may result in loss of DISC1 function via haploinsufficiency or dominant-negative effects of a predicted mutant DISC1 truncated protein product. DISC1 has been implicated in neurodevelopment, including maturation of the cerebral cortex. To evaluate the neuronal and behavioral effects of mutant DISC1, the Tet-off system under the regulation of the CAMKII promoter was used to generate transgenic mice with inducible expression of mutant human DISC1 (hDISC1) limited to forebrain regions, including cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Expression of mutant hDISC1 was not associated with gross neurodevelopmental abnormalities, but led to a mild enlargement of the lateral ventricles and attenuation of neurite outgrowth in primary cortical neurons. These morphological changes were associated with decreased protein levels of endogenous mouse DISC1, LIS1 and SNAP-25. Compared to their sex-matched littermate controls, mutant hDISC1 transgenic male mice exhibited spontaneous hyperactivity in the open field and alterations in social interaction, and transgenic female mice showed deficient spatial memory. The results show that the neuronal and behavioral effects of mutant hDISC1 are consistent with a dominant-negative mechanism, and are similar to some features of schizophrenia. The present mouse model may facilitate the study of aspects of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.}, @@ -12868,7 +12857,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Inducible expression of mutant human DISC1 in mice is associated with brain and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of schizophrenia}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pletnikov_MolPsychiatry2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pletnikov_MolPsychiatry2008.pdf}} @article{Carandini:2013, Abstract = {The study of perceptual decision-making offers insight into how the brain uses complex, sometimes ambiguous information to guide actions. Understanding the underlying processes and their neural bases requires that one pair recordings and manipulations of neural activity with rigorous psychophysics. Though this research has been traditionally performed in primates, it seems increasingly promising to pursue it at least partly in mice and rats. However, rigorous psychophysical methods are not yet as developed for these rodents as they are for primates. Here we give a brief overview of the sensory capabilities of rodents and of their cortical areas devoted to sensation and decision. We then review methods of psychophysics, focusing on the technical issues that arise in their implementation in rodents. These methods represent a rich set of challenges and opportunities.}, @@ -12888,7 +12877,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Probing perceptual decisions in rodents}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carandini_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Carandini_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Jia:2013, Abstract = {Our ability to control complex systems is a fundamental challenge of contemporary science. Recently introduced tools to identify the driver nodes, nodes through which we can achieve full control, predict the existence of multiple control configurations, prompting us to classify each node in a network based on their role in control. Accordingly a node is critical, intermittent or redundant if it acts as a driver node in all, some or none of the control configurations. Here we develop an analytical framework to identify the category of each node, leading to the discovery of two distinct control modes in complex systems: centralized versus distributed control. We predict the control mode for an arbitrary network and show that one can alter it through small structural perturbations. The uncovered bimodality has implications from network security to organizational research and offers new insights into the dynamics and control of complex systems.}, @@ -12905,7 +12894,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Emergence of bimodality in controlling complex networks}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jia_NatCommun2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jia_NatCommun2013.pdf}} @article{Raj:2008, Abstract = {Gene expression is a fundamentally stochastic process, with randomness in transcription and translation leading to cell-to-cell variations in mRNA and protein levels. This variation appears in organisms ranging from microbes to metazoans, and its characteristics depend both on the biophysical parameters governing gene expression and on gene network structure. Stochastic gene expression has important consequences for cellular function, being beneficial in some contexts and harmful in others. These situations include the stress response, metabolism, development, the cell cycle, circadian rhythms, and aging.}, @@ -12926,7 +12915,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Nature, nurture, or chance: stochastic gene expression and its consequences}, Volume = {135}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Raj_Cell2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Raj_Cell2008.pdf}} @article{Cai:2013, Abstract = {In the transgenic multicolor labeling strategy called 'Brainbow', Cre-loxP recombination is used to create a stochastic choice of expression among fluorescent proteins, resulting in the indelible marking of mouse neurons with multiple distinct colors. This method has been adapted to non-neuronal cells in mice and to neurons in fish and flies, but its full potential has yet to be realized in the mouse brain. Here we present several lines of mice that overcome limitations of the initial lines, and we report an adaptation of the method for use in adeno-associated viral vectors. We also provide technical advice about how best to image Brainbow-expressing tissue.}, @@ -12945,7 +12934,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Improved tools for the Brainbow toolbox}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cai_NatMethods2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cai_NatMethods2013.pdf}} @article{Kohl:2004, Abstract = {Fever is a common clinical complaint in adults and children with a variety of infectious illnesses, as well as a frequently reported adverse event following immunization. Although the level of measured temperature indicative of a "fever" was first defined in 1868, it remains unclear what role fever has as a physiologic reaction to invading substances, how best to measure body temperature and compare measurements from different body sites, and, consequently, how to interpret fever data derived from vaccine safety trials or immunization safety surveillance. However, even with many aspects of the societal, medical, economic, and epidemiologic meanings of fever as an adverse event following immunization (AEFI) still elusive, it is a generally benign--albeit common--clinical sign. By standardizing the definition and means of assessment of fever in vaccine safety studies, thereby permitting comparability of data, we hope to arrive at an improved understanding of its importance as an AEFI.}, @@ -12965,7 +12954,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Fever after immunization: current concepts and improved future scientific understanding}, Volume = {39}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kohl_ClinInfectDis2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kohl_ClinInfectDis2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422454}} @article{Koplan:1979, @@ -12986,7 +12975,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Pertussis vaccine--an analysis of benefits, risks and costs}, Volume = {301}, Year = {1979}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koplan_NEnglJMed1979.pdf}, + File = {papers/Koplan_NEnglJMed1979.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197910253011703}} @article{Nelson:1976, @@ -13007,7 +12996,7 @@ CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is provided for decreased cerebral lateralisation in Title = {Predictors of epilepsy in children who have experienced febrile seizures}, Volume = {295}, Year = {1976}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nelson_NEnglJMed1976.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nelson_NEnglJMed1976.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197611042951901}} @article{Klein:2010, @@ -13031,7 +13020,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures}, Volume = {126}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Klein_Pediatrics2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Klein_Pediatrics2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0665}} @article{Chen:2013, @@ -13052,7 +13041,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Behaviour-dependent recruitment of long-range projection neurons in somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {499}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Nature2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chen_Nature2013.pdf}} @article{Ramnani:2006, Abstract = {Evidence has been accumulating that the primate cerebellum contributes not only to motor control, but also to higher 'cognitive' function. However, there is no consensus about how the cerebellum processes such information. The answer to this puzzle can be found in the nature of cerebellar connections to areas of the cerebral cortex (particularly the prefrontal cortex) and in the uniformity of its intrinsic cellular organization, which implies uniformity in information processing regardless of the area of origin in the cerebral cortex. With this in mind, the relatively well-developed models of how the cerebellum processes information from the motor cortex might be extended to explain how it could also process information from the prefrontal cortex.}, @@ -13072,7 +13061,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {The primate cortico-cerebellar system: anatomy and function}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ramnani_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ramnani_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Altman:1969a, Author = {Altman, J}, @@ -13090,7 +13079,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. 3. Dating the time of production and onset of differentiation of cerebellar microneurons in rats}, Volume = {136}, Year = {1969}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Altman_JCompNeurol1969.pdf}, + File = {papers/Altman_JCompNeurol1969.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901360303}} @article{Ahrens:2013, @@ -13111,7 +13100,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Whole-brain functional imaging at cellular resolution using light-sheet microscopy}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ahrens_NatMethods2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ahrens_NatMethods2013.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ahrens_NatMethods2013a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Ahrens_NatMethods2013.zip}} @@ -13133,7 +13122,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {The effect of handedness on cortical motor activation during simple bilateral movements}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Klöppel_Neuroimage2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Klöppel_Neuroimage2007.pdf}} @article{Li:2013a, Abstract = {Mapping cortical hemispheric asymmetries in infants would increase our understanding of the origins and developmental trajectories of hemispheric asymmetries. We analyze longitudinal cortical hemispheric asymmetries in 73 healthy subjects at birth, 1, and 2 years of age using surface-based morphometry of magnetic resonance images with a specific focus on the vertex position, sulcal depth, mean curvature, and local surface area. Prominent cortical asymmetries are found around the peri-Sylvian region and superior temporal sulcus (STS) at birth that evolve modestly from birth to 2 years of age. Sexual dimorphisms of cortical asymmetries are present at birth, with males having the larger magnitudes and sizes of the clusters of asymmetries than females that persist from birth to 2 years of age. The left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) is significantly posterior to the right SMG, and the maximum position difference increases from 10.2 mm for males (6.9 mm for females) at birth to 12.0 mm for males (8.4 mm for females) by 2 years of age. The right STS and parieto-occipital sulcus are significantly larger and deeper than those in the left hemisphere, and the left planum temporale is significantly larger and deeper than that in the right hemisphere at all 3 ages. Our results indicate that early hemispheric structural asymmetries are inherent and gender related.}, @@ -13149,7 +13138,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Mapping Longitudinal Hemispheric Structural Asymmetries of the Human Cerebral Cortex From Birth to 2 Years of Age}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_CerebCortex2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Li_CerebCortex2013.pdf}} @article{Hill:2010, Abstract = {We have established a population average surface-based atlas of human cerebral cortex at term gestation and used it to compare infant and adult cortical shape characteristics. Accurate cortical surface reconstructions for each hemisphere of 12 healthy term gestation infants were generated from structural magnetic resonance imaging data using a novel segmentation algorithm. Each surface was inflated, flattened, mapped to a standard spherical configuration, and registered to a target atlas sphere that reflected shape characteristics of all 24 contributing hemispheres using landmark constrained surface registration. Population average maps of sulcal depth, depth variability, three-dimensional positional variability, and hemispheric depth asymmetry were generated and compared with previously established maps of adult cortex. We found that cortical structure in term infants is similar to the adult in many respects, including the pattern of individual variability and the presence of statistically significant structural asymmetries in lateral temporal cortex, including the planum temporale and superior temporal sulcus. These results indicate that several features of cortical shape are minimally influenced by the postnatal environment.}, @@ -13170,7 +13159,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {A surface-based analysis of hemispheric asymmetries and folding of cerebral cortex in term-born human infants}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hill_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hill_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} @article{Bishop:2013, Abstract = {In most people, language is processed predominantly by the left hemisphere of the brain, but we do not know how or why. A popular view is that developmental language disorders result from a poorly lateralized brain, but until recently, evidence has been weak and indirect. Modern neuroimaging methods have made it possible to study normal and abnormal development of lateralized function in the developing brain and have confirmed links with language and literacy impairments. However, there is little evidence that weak cerebral lateralization has common genetic origins with language and literacy impairments. Our understanding of the association between atypical language lateralization and developmental disorders may benefit if we reconceptualize the nature of cerebral asymmetry to recognize its multidimensionality and consider variation in lateralization over developmental time. Contrary to popular belief, cerebral lateralization may not be a highly heritable, stable characteristic of individuals; rather, weak lateralization may be a consequence of impaired language learning.}, @@ -13190,7 +13179,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Cerebral asymmetry and language development: cause, correlate, or consequence?}, Volume = {340}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bishop_Science2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bishop_Science2013.pdf}} @article{Mento:2010, Abstract = {In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging has allowed researchers to individuate the earlier morphological development of the right hemisphere compared with the left hemisphere during late-gestational development. Anatomical asymmetry, however, does not necessarily mean functional asymmetry, and whether the anatomical differences between hemispheres at this early age are paralleled by functional specialisations remains unknown. In this study, the presence of lateralised electrical brain activity related to both pitch detection and discrimination was investigated in 34 prematurely-born infants [24-34 gestational weeks (GWs)] all tested at the same post-conceptional age of 35 weeks. By means of a frequency-change oddball experimental paradigm, with 'standard' tones at 1000 Hz (P = 90%) and 'deviant' tones at 2000 Hz (P = 10%), we were able to record higher right event-related potential activity in the interval windows between 350 and 650 ms after stimulus onset. An explorative hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed the different distribution of the hemispheric asymmetry score in newborns < 30 weeks old. Here, we show electrophysiological evidence of the early functional right lateralisation for pitch processing (detection and discrimination) arising by 30 GWs, but not before, in preterm newborns despite the longer environmental sensorial experience of newborns < 30 GWs. Generally, these findings suggest that the earlier right structural maturation in foetal epochs seems to be paralleled by a right functional development.}, @@ -13210,7 +13199,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Functional hemispheric asymmetries in humans: electrophysiological evidence from preterm infants}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mento_EurJNeurosci2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mento_EurJNeurosci2010.pdf}} @article{Ward:1987, Abstract = {The relation between morphological variation of the corpus callosum and variation in the degree of paw preference was investigated in 129/J and BALB/cCF mice. A positive relationship explaining 24% of the variance of paw preference was found in 129/J mice; no such relationship exists in BALB/cCF mice. It is suggested that, since the genetic dissimilarity between these two inbred strains is comparable in magnitude with the genetic dissimilarity between unrelated human subjects, genetic variation may have been an uncontrolled source of heterogeneity in previous human neuropsychological studies.}, @@ -13229,7 +13218,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {The relationship between callosal variation and lateralization in mice is genotype-dependent}, Volume = {424}, Year = {1987}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ward_BrainRes1987.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ward_BrainRes1987.pdf}} @article{Fride:1990, Abstract = {Cerebral lateralization has been suggested to play a regulatory role in immune function. In this study, several measures of immune function were evaluated in mice selectively bred for either a strong (HI) or weak (LO) degree of behavioral asymmetry (paw preference) and compared to an unselected control population (HET). Both HI and LO animals had fewer spleen cells but higher degrees of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA (on a per cell basis) than HET mice. However, only HI mice had lower immune functions compared to HET controls manifest as reduced mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, and natural killer (NK) cell activity. These findings indicate that although both extremes in the degree of paw preference may be associated with deviations from the norm, a high degree of behavioral lateralization is associated with decreased immune responsiveness in this animal model.}, @@ -13266,7 +13255,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Natural killer cell activity is associated with brain asymmetry in male mice}, Volume = {5}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Betancur_BrainBehavImmun1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Betancur_BrainBehavImmun1991.pdf}} @article{Manhaes:2003, Abstract = {In the present work, the hypothesis that the ontogenetic development of the corpus callosum (CC) affects the establishment of behavioral lateralization was tested by studying paw preference performance in adult Swiss mice that were subjected to mid-sagittal transection of the CC on the first postnatal day. Magnitude and direction of laterality were evaluated independently. No significant differences between groups were found for the magnitude of paw preference. On the other hand, the transected group presented a significant populational bias favoring the left paw that was not present in the control groups. These results lend support to the hypothesis that the development of the CC plays a role in the establishment of the normal pattern of behavioral lateralization.}, @@ -13285,7 +13274,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Neonatal transection of the corpus callosum affects paw preference lateralization of adult Swiss mice}, Volume = {348}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Manhães_NeurosciLett2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Manhães_NeurosciLett2003.pdf}} @article{Gruber:1991, Abstract = {Ward et al. (Brain Research 424 (1987) 84-88) have reported that reduced size of the corpus callosum (CC) was associated with a lower degree of paw preference in the mouse strain 129/J but not in the strain BALB/cCF. Both strains show individually different degrees of development of the CC but mice completely lacking CC occur rarely. The mouse strain I/LnJ shows complete agenesis of the CC. Thus, we have compared the degree of paw lateralization by means of a food reaching task in two samples of I/LnJ mice (n1 = 81, n2 = 93) with that of two common mouse strains which show a normal CC (C57BL/6JIbm, n = 44; DBA/2JZur, n = 48). The two samples of I/LnJ mice were tested in different laboratories. The first sample of I/LnJ mice had a mean age of 36 weeks. As compared to the control mice, the males but not the females showed a significantly reduced degree of paw preference. Both, callosal and acallosal mice showed a preference for left choices. The replication sample of I/LnJ mice contained only animals between 6 and 8 weeks old. All of them were ambilateral. There was no side preference and no gender difference. We conclude that congenital absence of the CC is a factor which may substantially interfere with the development of paw lateralization. However, depending on age and gender, about half of the acallosal mice develop a paw preference.}, @@ -13304,7 +13293,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Weak or missing paw lateralization in a mouse strain (I/LnJ) with congenital absence of the corpus callosum}, Volume = {46}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gruber_BehavBrainRes1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gruber_BehavBrainRes1991.pdf}} @article{Rogers:2009, Abstract = {Hand preferences of primates are discussed as part of the broad perspective of brain lateralization in animals, and compared with paw preferences in non-primates. Previously, it has been suggested that primates are more likely to express a species-typical hand preference on complex tasks, especially in the case of coordinated hand use in using tools. I suggest that population-level hand preferences are manifested when the task demands the obligate use of the processing specialization of one hemisphere, and that this depends on the nature of the task rather than its complexity per se. Depending on the species, simple reaching tasks may not demand the obligate use of a specialized hemisphere and so do not constrain limb/hand use. In such cases, individuals may show hand preferences that are associated with consistent differences in behaviour. The individual's hand preference is associated with the expression of behaviour controlled by the hemisphere contralateral to the preferred hand (fear and reactivity in left-handed individuals versus proactivity in right-handed individuals). Recent findings of differences in brain structure between left- and right-handed primates (e.g. somatosensory cortex in marmosets) have been discussed and related to potential evolutionary advances.}, @@ -13325,7 +13314,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Hand and paw preferences in relation to the lateralized brain}, Volume = {364}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rogers_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rogers_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2009.pdf}} @article{Galaburda:2006a, Abstract = {All four genes thus far linked to developmental dyslexia participate in brain development, and abnormalities in brain development are increasingly reported in dyslexia. Comparable abnormalities induced in young rodent brains cause auditory and cognitive deficits, underscoring the potential relevance of these brain changes to dyslexia. Our perspective on dyslexia is that some of the brain changes cause phonological processing abnormalities as well as auditory processing abnormalities; the latter, we speculate, resolve in a proportion of individuals during development, but contribute early on to the phonological disorder in dyslexia. Thus, we propose a tentative pathway between a genetic effect, developmental brain changes, and perceptual and cognitive deficits associated with dyslexia.}, @@ -13345,7 +13334,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {From genes to behavior in developmental dyslexia}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Galaburda_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Galaburda_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Collins:1968, Author = {Collins, R L}, @@ -13363,7 +13352,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {On the inheritance of handedness. I. Laterality in inbred mice}, Volume = {59}, Year = {1968}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Collins_JHered1968.pdf}} + File = {papers/Collins_JHered1968.pdf}} @article{Sun:2006a, Abstract = {In the human brain, distinct functions tend to be localized in the left or right hemispheres, with language ability usually localized predominantly in the left and spatial recognition in the right. Furthermore, humans are perhaps the only mammals who have preferential handedness, with more than 90% of the population more skillful at using the right hand, which is controlled by the left hemisphere. How is a distinct function consistently localized in one side of the human brain? Because of the convergence of molecular and neurological analysis, we are beginning to consider the puzzle of brain asymmetry and handedness at a molecular level.}, @@ -13383,7 +13372,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Molecular approaches to brain asymmetry and handedness}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sun_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sun_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1930}} @article{Biddle:1993, @@ -13403,7 +13392,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Genetic variation in paw preference (handedness) in the mouse}, Volume = {36}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Biddle_Genome1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Biddle_Genome1993.pdf}} @article{Signore:1991, Abstract = {Mice from a pool of inbred strains (384 males and 329 females) were tested for handedness according to Collins' protocol in order to assess the reliability of this measurement. As previously reported by Collins these data revealed that a) approximately half of the mice were right-handed and half left-handed, b) most of the mice were strongly lateralized and c) females were more lateralized than males. The study of the psychometric characteristics of the test suggested that this measurement of behavioral asymmetry is both stable and observer independent. The test of paw preference also appeared to measure preexisting lateralization and was not a function of training during the test.}, @@ -13422,7 +13411,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {An assessment of handedness in mice}, Volume = {49}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Signore_PhysiolBehav1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Signore_PhysiolBehav1991.pdf}} @article{Li:2013, Author = {Li, Qingsong and Bian, Shan and Liu, Bingfang and Hong, Janet and Toth, Miklos and Sun, Tao}, @@ -13441,7 +13430,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {Establishing brain functional laterality in adult mice through unilateral gene manipulation in the embryonic cortex}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_CellRes2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Li_CellRes2013.pdf}} @article{Mountcastle:1997, Abstract = {The modular organization of nervous systems is a widely documented principle of design for both vertebrate and invertebrate brains of which the columnar organization of the neocortex is an example. The classical cytoarchitectural areas of the neocortex are composed of smaller units, local neural circuits repeated iteratively within each area. Modules may vary in cell type and number, in internal and external connectivity, and in mode of neuronal processing between different large entities; within any single large entity they have a basic similarity of internal design and operation. Modules are most commonly grouped into entities by sets of dominating external connections. This unifying factor is most obvious for the heterotypical sensory and motor areas of the neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities form distributed systems. The neighborhood relations between connected subsets of modules in different entities result in nested distributed systems that serve distributed functions. A cortical area defined in classical cytoarchitectural terms may belong to more than one and sometimes to several distributed systems. Columns in cytoarchitectural areas located at some distance from one another, but with some common properties, may be linked by long-range, intracortical connections.}, @@ -13459,7 +13448,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Among 12- to 23-month-olds who received their first dose of measles Title = {The columnar organization of the neocortex}, Volume = {120 ( Pt 4)}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mountcastle_Brain1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mountcastle_Brain1997.pdf}} @article{Mountcastle:1957a, Abstract = {THE METHOD of single unit analysis has now been applied to three primary sensory receiving areas of the cerebral cortex (4, 14, -15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25). Among these studies, considerable attention has been given to the somatic sensory areas, for Li et al. in an extensive series of investigations @@ -13480,7 +13469,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Response properties of neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex to peripheral stimuli}, Volume = {20}, Year = {1957}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/MOUNTCASTLE_JNeurophysiol1957a.pdf}} + File = {papers/MOUNTCASTLE_JNeurophysiol1957a.pdf}} @article{Mountcastle:1957, Abstract = {THE PRESENT PAPER describes some observations upon the modality and topographical attributes of single neurons of the first somatic sensory area of the cat's cerebral cortex, the analogue of the cortex of the postcentral gy- rus in the primate brain. These data, together with others upon the response latencies of the cells of different layers of the cortex to peripheral stimuli, support an hypothesis of the functional organization of this cortical area. This is that the neurons which lie in narrow vertical columns, or cylinders, extending from layer II through layer VI make up an elementary unit of organization, for they are activated by stimulation of the same single class of peripheral receptors, from almost identical peripheral receptive fields, at latencies which are not significantly different for the cells of the various lay- ers. It is emphasized that this pattern of organization obtains only for the early repetitiv `e responses of cortical neurons to brief peripheral stimuli. These neurons may be rela ted in quite different organization patterns when analyzed in terms of later discharges. A report of these experiments was made to the American Physiological Society in September, 1955 (10, 17).}, @@ -13499,7 +13488,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex}, Volume = {20}, Year = {1957}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/MOUNTCASTLE_JNeurophysiol1957.pdf}} + File = {papers/MOUNTCASTLE_JNeurophysiol1957.pdf}} @article{Gu:2013, Abstract = {Fluorescence imaging is one of the most versatile and widely used visualization methods in biomedical research. However, tissue autofluorescence is a major obstacle confounding interpretation of in vivo fluorescence images. The unusually long emission lifetime (5-13 μs) of photoluminescent porous silicon nanoparticles can allow the time-gated imaging of tissues in vivo, completely eliminating shorter-lived (<10 ns) emission signals from organic chromophores or tissue autofluorescence. Here using a conventional animal imaging system not optimized for such long-lived excited states, we demonstrate improvement of signal to background contrast ratio by >50-fold in vitro and by >20-fold in vivo when imaging porous silicon nanoparticles. Time-gated imaging of porous silicon nanoparticles accumulated in a human ovarian cancer xenograft following intravenous injection is demonstrated in a live mouse. The potential for multiplexing of images in the time domain by using separate porous silicon nanoparticles engineered with different excited state lifetimes is discussed.}, @@ -13517,7 +13506,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {In vivo time-gated fluorescence imaging with biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gu_NatCommun2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gu_NatCommun2013.pdf}} @article{Reimann:2013, Abstract = {Brain activity generates extracellular voltage fluctuations recorded as local field potentials (LFPs). It is known that the relevant microvariables, the ionic currents across membranes, jointly generate the macrovariables, the extracellular voltage, but neither the detailed biophysical knowledge nor the required computational power have been available to model these processes. We simulated the LFP in a model of the rodent neocortical column composed of >12,000 reconstructed, multicompartmental, and spiking cortical layer 4 and 5 pyramidal neurons and basket cells, including five million dendritic and somatic compartments with voltage- and ion-dependent currents, realistic connectivity, and probabilistic AMPA, NMDA, and GABA synapses. We found that, depending on a number of factors, the LFP reflects local and cross-layer processing. Active currents dominate the generation of LFPs, not synaptic ones. Spike-related currents impact the LFP not only at higher frequencies but below 50 Hz. This work calls for re-evaluating the genesis of LFPs.}, @@ -13537,7 +13526,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {A biophysically detailed model of neocortical local field potentials predicts the critical role of active membrane currents}, Volume = {79}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reimann_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Reimann_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.023}} @article{Zembrzycki:2013, @@ -13558,7 +13547,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Sensory cortex limits cortical maps and drives top-down plasticity in thalamocortical circuits}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zembrzycki_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zembrzycki_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Ke:2013, Abstract = {We report a water-based optical clearing agent, SeeDB, which clears fixed brain samples in a few days without quenching many types of fluorescent dyes, including fluorescent proteins and lipophilic neuronal tracers. Our method maintained a constant sample volume during the clearing procedure, an important factor for keeping cellular morphology intact, and facilitated the quantitative reconstruction of neuronal circuits. Combined with two-photon microscopy and an optimized objective lens, we were able to image the mouse brain from the dorsal to the ventral side. We used SeeDB to describe the near-complete wiring diagram of sister mitral cells associated with a common glomerulus in the mouse olfactory bulb. We found the diversity of dendrite wiring patterns among sister mitral cells, and our results provide an anatomical basis for non-redundant odor coding by these neurons. Our simple and efficient method is useful for imaging intact morphological architecture at large scales in both the adult and developing brains.}, @@ -13577,7 +13566,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {SeeDB: a simple and morphology-preserving optical clearing agent for neuronal circuit reconstruction}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ke_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ke_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Harris:2013, Abstract = {Sensory cortices receive inputs not only from thalamus but also from higher-order cortical regions. Here, Zagha et al. (2013) show that motor cortical inputs can switch barrel cortex into a desynchronized state that enables more faithful representation of subtle sensory stimuli.}, @@ -13597,7 +13586,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Top-down control of cortical state}, Volume = {79}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harris_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Harris_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.034}} @article{Zagha:2013, @@ -13618,7 +13607,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Motor cortex feedback influences sensory processing by modulating network state}, Volume = {79}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zagha_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zagha_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.008}} @article{Olcese:2013, @@ -13638,7 +13627,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Cellular and synaptic architecture of multisensory integration in the mouse neocortex}, Volume = {79}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olcese_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olcese_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.010}} @article{Partanen:2013, @@ -13658,7 +13647,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Learning-induced neural plasticity of speech processing before birth}, Volume = {110}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Partanen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Partanen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2013.pdf}} @article{Borjigin:2013, Abstract = {The brain is assumed to be hypoactive during cardiac arrest. However, the neurophysiological state of the brain immediately following cardiac arrest has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we performed continuous electroencephalography in rats undergoing experimental cardiac arrest and analyzed changes in power density, coherence, directed connectivity, and cross-frequency coupling. We identified a transient surge of synchronous gamma oscillations that occurred within the first 30 s after cardiac arrest and preceded isoelectric electroencephalogram. Gamma oscillations during cardiac arrest were global and highly coherent; moreover, this frequency band exhibited a striking increase in anterior-posterior-directed connectivity and tight phase-coupling to both theta and alpha waves. High-frequency neurophysiological activity in the near-death state exceeded levels found during the conscious waking state. These data demonstrate that the mammalian brain can, albeit paradoxically, generate neural correlates of heightened conscious processing at near-death.}, @@ -13678,7 +13667,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in the dying brain}, Volume = {110}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Borjigin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Borjigin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2013.pdf}} @article{Berger:2007, Abstract = {Cortical dynamics can be imaged at high spatiotemporal resolution with voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) and calcium-sensitive dyes (CaSDs). We combined these two imaging techniques using epifluorescence optics together with whole cell recordings to measure the spatiotemporal dynamics of activity in the mouse somatosensory barrel cortex in vitro and in the supragranular layers in vivo. The two optical signals reported distinct aspects of cortical function. VSD fluorescence varied linearly with membrane potential and was dominated by subthreshold postsynaptic potentials, whereas the CaSD signal predominantly reflected local action potential firing. Combining VSDs and CaSDs allowed us to monitor the synaptic drive and the spiking activity of a given area at the same time in the same preparation. The spatial extent of the two dye signals was different, with VSD signals spreading further than CaSD signals, reflecting broad subthreshold and narrow suprathreshold receptive fields. Importantly, the signals from the dyes were differentially affected by pharmacological manipulations, stimulation strength, and depth of isoflurane anesthesia. Combined VSD and CaSD measurements can therefore be used to specify the temporal and spatial relationships between subthreshold and suprathreshold activity of the neocortex.}, @@ -13698,7 +13687,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Combined voltage and calcium epifluorescence imaging in vitro and in vivo reveals subthreshold and suprathreshold dynamics of mouse barrel cortex}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Berger_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Berger_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01178.2006}} @article{Vogelstein:2010, @@ -13720,7 +13709,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Fast nonnegative deconvolution for spike train inference from population calcium imaging}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vogelstein_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vogelstein_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01073.2009}} @article{Ko:2013, @@ -13741,7 +13730,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {The emergence of functional microcircuits in visual cortex}, Volume = {496}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ko_Nature2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ko_Nature2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12015}} @article{Van-Hooser:2012, @@ -13763,7 +13752,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Initial neighborhood biases and the quality of motion stimulation jointly influence the rapid emergence of direction preference in visual cortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/VanHooser_JNeurosci2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/VanHooser_JNeurosci2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0230-12.2012}} @article{Soto:2012, @@ -13785,7 +13774,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Spontaneous activity promotes synapse formation in a cell-type-dependent manner in the developing retina}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Soto_JNeurosci2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Soto_JNeurosci2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0194-12.2012}} @article{Kuhl:2010, @@ -13896,7 +13885,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Too many cooks? Intrinsic and synaptic homeostatic mechanisms in cortical circuit refinement}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Turrigiano_AnnuRevNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Turrigiano_AnnuRevNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153238}} @article{Levelt:2012, @@ -13915,7 +13904,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Critical-period plasticity in the visual cortex}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Levelt_AnnuRevNeurosci2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Levelt_AnnuRevNeurosci2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113813}} @article{Syed:2004a, @@ -13936,7 +13925,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Spontaneous waves in the ventricular zone of developing mammalian retina}, Volume = {91}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Syed_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Syed_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}} @article{Copenhagen:1996, Abstract = {Propagated waves of excitation in developing neural tissues may be a critical feature of maturation. Recent findings shed new light on the mechanisms underlying these waves.}, @@ -13955,7 +13944,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Retinal development: on the crest of an exciting wave}, Volume = {6}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Copenhagen_CurrBiol1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Copenhagen_CurrBiol1996.pdf}} @article{Zhou:1998, Abstract = {Spontaneous, rhythmic waves of excitation in the developing mammalian retina play a critical role in the formation of precise neuronal connectivity in the visual system. However, it is not known what circuits in the retina are responsible for the production of these waves. Using patch-clamp recordings in the whole-mount neonatal rabbit retina, this study reports that the displaced starburst amacrine cell, a unique cholinergic interneuron in the ganglion cell layer of the retina, undergoes rhythmic bursts of membrane depolarization with a frequency and duration similar to those of spontaneous retinal waves. Simultaneous patch-clamp recordings from pairs of neighboring starburst and ganglion cells show that the rhythmic activity in starburst cells is closely correlated with that in ganglion cells, and that the excitation in both cell types is most likely driven by synaptic input. However, in contrast to ganglion cells, displaced starburst cells usually do not generate spontaneous somatic action potentials. Instead, they seem to use subthreshold potentials (at least at the soma) to mediate the rhythmic excitation. The results suggest that acetylcholine is likely released rhythmically in the developing retina. Thus, starburst amacrine cells form the first identified network of retinal interneurons that directly participate in spontaneous rhythmic activities in the developing retina.}, @@ -13991,7 +13980,7 @@ In the present investigation we wished to study the functional organiza- tion of Title = {Visual habituation in the human infant}, Volume = {43}, Year = {1972}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Miller_ChildDev1972.pdf}} + File = {papers/Miller_ChildDev1972.pdf}} @article{Lau:2008, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Spatially mapped large scale gene expression databases enable quantitative comparison of data measurements across genes, anatomy, and phenotype. In most ongoing efforts to study gene expression in the mammalian brain, significant resources are applied to the mapping and visualization of data. This paper describes the implementation and utility of Brain Explorer, a 3D visualization tool for studying in situ hybridization-based (ISH) expression patterns in the Allen Brain Atlas, a genome-wide survey of 21,000 expression patterns in the C57BL\6J adult mouse brain. @@ -14012,7 +14001,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Exploration and visualization of gene expression with neuroanatomy in the adult mouse brain}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lau_BMCBioinformatics2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lau_BMCBioinformatics2008.pdf}} @article{Inamura:2011, Abstract = {Neuronal differentiation is a crucial event during neural development. Recent studies have characterized the development of the diencephalon; however, the origins of the primarily GABAergic prethalamic nuclei, including the zona incerta (ZI), ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLG) and reticular thalamic nucleus (RT), remain unclear. Here we characterize Olig2 lineage cells in the developing prethalamus using mice in which tamoxifen-induced recombination permanently labels Olig2-expressing cells. We show that GABAergic neurons in the prethalamic nuclei, including the RT, ZI and vLG, originate from prethalamic Olig2 lineage cells. Based on these data and on those derived from short-term lineage-tracing data using Olig3-lacZ mice and previous reports, we suggest that vLG cells originate from the ventricular zone of the thalamus, zona limitans intrathalamica and prethalamus.}, @@ -14031,7 +14020,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Olig2 lineage cells generate GABAergic neurons in the prethalamic nuclei, including the zona incerta, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and reticular thalamic nucleus}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Inamura_DevNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Inamura_DevNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000328974}} @article{Arcelli:1997, @@ -14050,7 +14039,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {GABAergic neurons in mammalian thalamus: a marker of thalamic complexity?}, Volume = {42}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arcelli_BrainResBull1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Arcelli_BrainResBull1997.pdf}} @article{Rakic:2009, Abstract = {In the past three decades, mounting evidence has revealed that specification of the basic cortical neuronal classes starts at the time of their final mitotic divisions in the embryonic proliferative zones. This early cell determination continues during the migration of the newborn neurons across the widening cerebral wall, and it is in the cortical plate that they attain their final positions and establish species-specific cytoarchitectonic areas. Here, the development and evolutionary expansion of the neocortex is viewed in the context of the radial unit and protomap hypotheses. A broad spectrum of findings gave insight into the pathogenesis of cortical malformations and the biological bases for the evolution of the modern human neocortex. We examine the history and evidence behind the concept of early specification of neurons and provide the latest compendium of genes and signaling molecules involved in neuronal fate determination and specification.}, @@ -14071,7 +14060,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Decision by division: making cortical maps}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_TrendsNeurosci2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_TrendsNeurosci2009.pdf}} @article{Akrouh:2013, Abstract = {The developing retina generates spontaneous glutamatergic (stage III) waves of activity that sequentially recruit neighboring ganglion cells with opposite light responses (ON and OFF RGCs). This activity pattern is thought to help establish parallel ON and OFF pathways in downstream visual areas. The circuits that produce stage III waves and desynchronize ON and OFF RGC firing remain obscure. Using dual patch-clamp recordings, we find that ON and OFF RGCs receive sequential excitatory input from ON and OFF cone bipolar cells (CBCs), respectively. This input sequence is generated by crossover circuits, in which ON CBCs control glutamate release from OFF CBCs via diffusely stratified inhibitory amacrine cells. In addition, neighboring ON CBCs communicate directly and indirectly through lateral glutamatergic transmission and gap junctions, both of which are required for wave initiation and propagation. Thus, intersecting lateral excitatory and vertical inhibitory circuits give rise to precisely patterned stage III retinal waves.}, @@ -14087,7 +14076,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Intersecting Circuits Generate Precisely Patterned Retinal Waves}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Akrouh_Neuron2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Akrouh_Neuron2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.012}} @article{Rivlin-Etzion:2012, @@ -14109,7 +14098,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Visual stimulation reverses the directional preference of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells}, Volume = {76}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rivlin-Etzion_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rivlin-Etzion_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.041}} @article{Gitton:1999, @@ -14129,7 +14118,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Role of thalamic axons in the expression of H-2Z1, a mouse somatosensory cortex specific marker}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gitton_CerebCortex1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gitton_CerebCortex1999.pdf}} @article{Song:2005a, Abstract = {The oocyte is a highly differentiated cell. It makes organelles specialized to its unique functions and progresses through a series of developmental stages to acquire a fertilization competent phenotype. This review will integrate the biology of the oocyte with what is known about oocyte-specific gene regulation and transcription factors involved in oocyte development. We propose that oogenesis is reliant on a dynamic gene regulatory network that includes oocyte-specific transcriptional regulators.}, @@ -14149,7 +14138,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {How to make an egg: transcriptional regulation in oocytes}, Volume = {73}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Song_Differentiation2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Song_Differentiation2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-0436.2005.07301005.x}} @article{Dimos:2008, @@ -14170,7 +14159,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with ALS can be differentiated into motor neurons}, Volume = {321}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dimos_Science2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dimos_Science2008.pdf}} @article{King:2000, Abstract = {Many animals with laterally placed eyes, such as chameleons, move their eyes independently of one another. In contrast, primates with frontally placed eyes and binocular vision must move them together so that both eyes are aimed at the same point in visual space. Is binocular coordination an innate feature of how our brains are wired, or have we simply learned to move our eyes together? This question sparked a controversy in the 19(th) century between two eminent German scientists, Ewald Hering and Hermann von Helmholtz. Hering took the position that binocular coordination was innate and vigorously challenged von Helmholtz's view that it was learned. Hering won the argument and his hypothesis, known as Hering's Law of Equal Innervation, became generally accepted. New evidence suggests, however, that similar to chameleons, primates may program movements of each eye independently. Binocular coordination is achieved by a neural network at the motor periphery comprised of motoneurons and specialized interneurons located near or in the cranial nerve nuclei that innervate the extraocular muscles. It is assumed that this network must be trained and calibrated during infancy and probably throughout life in order to maintain the precise binocular coordination characteristic of primate eye movements despite growth, aging effects, and injuries to the eye movement neuromuscular system. Malfunction of this network or its ability to adaptively learn may be a contributing cause of strabismus.}, @@ -14189,7 +14178,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {New ideas about binocular coordination of eye movements: is there a chameleon in the primate family tree?}, Volume = {261}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/King_AnatRec2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/King_AnatRec2000.pdf}} @article{Medina:2000, Abstract = {Recent data on the expression of several homeobox genes in the embryonic telencephalon of mammals, birds and reptiles support the homology of a part of the avian pallium, named the Wulst, and at least the more-medial and superior parts of mammalian neocortex. This conclusion is also supported by previous embryological, topological and hodological data. Furthermore, new evidence on the connections and electrophysiological properties of specific subfields within the avian Wulst, and on the thalamic territories that project to these fields, supports the more-specific conclusion that a primary visual area and a primary somatosensory-somatomotor area are present in the avian Wulst; these areas are likely to be homologous to their counterparts in mammals. In spite of this, developmental, morphological and comparative evidence indicate that some structural and physiological traits that appear to be similar in the Wulst and neocortex (such as the lamination or binocularity) evolved independently in birds and mammals.}, @@ -14208,7 +14197,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Do birds possess homologues of mammalian primary visual, somatosensory and motor cortices?}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Medina_TrendsNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Medina_TrendsNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Mulligan:1990, Abstract = {The projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate complex to the visual cortex in Pseudemys and Chrysemys turtles was examined by using the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in vitro and the retrograde transport of HRP in vivo. In vitro HRP injections into the lateral forebrain bundle were used to fill geniculocortical axons anterogradely, which were then analyzed in cortical wholemount preparations. Geniculocortical axons gain access to the visual cortex along its entire rostral-caudal extent. They course in slightly curved trajectories for up to 2 mm from the lateral edge of the cortex through both the lateral (or pallial thickening) and medial parts of Desan's cortical area D2. Single axons are of fine caliber. They tend to cross each other and sometimes branch in the pallial thickening, but are generally unbranched in the medial part of D2. They bear small, fusiform varicosities at irregular intervals along their lengths. Although axons show small variations in the number of varicosities per 100 microns segment, no consistent variation in varicosity number as a function of distance could be detected. These results indicate that geniculocortical axons project to the visual cortex in an orderly pattern. The retrograde transport experiments provide some clue as to the significance of this pattern. Small, ionotophoretic injections of HRP in the visual cortex retrogradely labeled neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate complex. Injections in the rostral visual cortex retrogradely labeled neurons in the caudal pole of the geniculate complex. Injections at progressively more caudal loci within the visual cortex labeled neurons at progressively more rostral loci within the geniculate complex. Thus, there is a representation of the rostral-caudal axis of the geniculate complex along the caudal-rostral axis of the visual cortex. Consistent with the anterograde transport experiments that showed individual geniculocortical axons coursing through both lateral and medial parts of the visual cortex, HRP injections restricted to the medial edge of the visual cortex retrogradely labeled neurons along the entire dorsal-ventral axis of the geniculate complex at the appropriate rostral-caudal position. The neurophysiological studies of Mazurskaya ('72: J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 8:550-555; respond to a small, moving stimulus anywhere in visual space, implying a convergence of inputs from all points in visual space somewhere along the retinogeniculocortical pathway. The experiments reported here suggest a convergence in the geniculocortical projections of information along the vertical meridians, or azimuth lines, of visual space onto neurons lying along lateral to medial transects through the visual cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, @@ -14228,7 +14217,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Organization of geniculocortical projections in turtles: isoazimuth lamellae in the visual cortex}, Volume = {296}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mulligan_JCompNeurol1990a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mulligan_JCompNeurol1990a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960403}} @article{Cosans:1990, @@ -14249,7 +14238,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Spatial organization of axons in turtle visual cortex: intralamellar and interlamellar projections}, Volume = {296}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cosans_JCompNeurol1990.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cosans_JCompNeurol1990.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902960404}} @article{Schutte:1995, @@ -14269,7 +14258,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Centrifugal innervation of the rat retina}, Volume = {12}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schütte_VisNeurosci1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schütte_VisNeurosci1995.pdf}} @article{Ulinski:1988, Abstract = {Organization of retinal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate complex in turtles has been studied by means of light and electron microscopic axon tracing techniques. Orthograde degeneration studies with Fink-Heimer methods following restricted retinal lesions show the entire retina has a topologically organized projection to the contralateral dorsal lateral geniculate complex. The nasotemporal axis of the retina projects along the rostrocaudal axis of the geniculate complex; the dorsoventral axis of the retina projects along the dorsoventral axis of the geniculate complex. The projection to the ipsilateral dorsal lateral geniculate complex originates from the ventral, temporal and nasal edges of the retina. The nasotemporal axis of the ipsilateral retina projects along the rostrocaudal axis of the geniculate complex. It was not possible to determine the orientation of the dorsoventral axis of the ipsilateral retina on the geniculate complex. Light microscopic autoradiographic tracing experiments and electron microscopic degeneration experiments show the retinogeniculate projection has a laminar organization. Retinogeniculate terminals are found in both the neuropile and cell plate throughout all three subnuclei of the dorsal lateral geniculate complex but have a distinctive distribution in each subnucleus. In the subnucleus ovalis, they are frequent in both the neuropile and cell plate which forms the rostral pole of the complex. In the dorsal subnucleus, they are most prevalent in the outer part of the neuropile layer, less frequent in the inner part of the neuropile, and rare in the cell plate. In the ventral subnucleus, they are frequent in the outer part of the neuropile but are also common in the inner part of the neuropile and cell plate. These observations point to several principles of geniculate organization in turtles. First, the complex receives projections from the entire contralateral retina and a segment of the ipsilateral retina. It thus has monocular and binocular segments that together receive a topologically organized representation of the binocular visual space and the contralateral monocular visual space. Second, the three geniculate subnuclei receive information from different, specialized regions of the retina and visual space. Subnucleus ovalis receives information from the frontal binocular visual field. The ventral subnucleus receives information from the caudal binocular field. The dorsal subnucleus receives input from the contralateral monocular field. Third, there is a lamination of retinal inputs in the geniculate complex which differs in character within the three subnuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, @@ -14289,7 +14278,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Organization of retinogeniculate projections in turtles of the genera Pseudemys and Chrysemys}, Volume = {276}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ulinski_JCompNeurol1988.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ulinski_JCompNeurol1988.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902760107}} @article{Warren:2008, @@ -14310,7 +14299,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution}, Volume = {453}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Warren_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Warren_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06936}} @article{Hall:1970, @@ -14331,7 +14320,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Thalamotelencephalic projections in the turtle (Pseudemys scripta)}, Volume = {140}, Year = {1970}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hall_JCompNeurol1970.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hall_JCompNeurol1970.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901400107}} @article{Prechtl:1997, @@ -14352,7 +14341,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Visual stimuli induce waves of electrical activity in turtle cortex}, Volume = {94}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prechtl_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Prechtl_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} @article{Rutishauser:2013, Abstract = {Brain activity often consists of interactions between internal-or on-going-and external-or sensory-activity streams, resulting in complex, distributed patterns of neural activity. Investigation of such interactions could benefit from closed-loop experimental protocols in which one stream can be controlled depending on the state of the other. We describe here methods to present rapid and precisely timed visual stimuli to awake animals, conditional on features of the animal's on-going brain state; those features are the presence, power and phase of oscillations in local field potentials (LFP). The system can process up to 64 channels in real time. We quantified its performance using simulations, synthetic data and animal experiments (chronic recordings in the dorsal cortex of awake turtles). The delay from detection of an oscillation to the onset of a visual stimulus on an LCD screen was 47.5ms and visual-stimulus onset could be locked to the phase of ongoing oscillations at any frequency ≤40Hz. Our software's architecture is flexible, allowing on-the-fly modifications by experimenters and the addition of new closed-loop control and analysis components through plugins. The source code of our system "StimOMatic" is available freely as open-source.}, @@ -14371,7 +14360,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {A method for closed-loop presentation of sensory stimuli conditional on the internal brain-state of awake animals}, Volume = {215}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rutishauser_JNeurosciMethods2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rutishauser_JNeurosciMethods2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.02.020}} @article{Kriegstein:1986, @@ -14391,7 +14380,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Cellular physiology of the turtle visual cortex: synaptic properties and intrinsic circuitry}, Volume = {6}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kriegstein_JNeurosci1986.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kriegstein_JNeurosci1986.pdf}} @article{Wu:2008, Abstract = {The development of voltage-sensitive dyes (VSD) and fast optical imaging techniques have brought us a new tool for examining spatiotemporal patterns of population neuronal activity in the neocortex. Propagating waves have been observed during almost every type of cortical processing examined by VSD imaging or electrode arrays. These waves provide subthreshold depolarization to individual neurons and increase their spiking probability. Therefore, the propagation of the waves sets up a spatiotemporal framework for increased excitability in neuronal populations, which can help to determine when and where the neurons are likely to fire. In this review, first discussed is propagating waves observed in various systems and possible mechanisms for generating and sustaining these waves. Then discussed are wave dynamics as an emergent behavior of the population activity that can, in turn, influence the activity of individual neurons. The functions of spontaneous and sensory-evoked waves remain to be explored. An important next step will be to examine the interaction between dynamics of propagating waves and functions in the cortex, and to verify if cortical processing can be modified when these waves are altered.}, @@ -14412,7 +14401,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Propagating waves of activity in the neocortex: what they are, what they do}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wu_Neuroscientist2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wu_Neuroscientist2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858408317066}} @article{Senseman:1999, @@ -14432,7 +14421,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Modal behavior of cortical neural networks during visual processing}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Senseman_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Senseman_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Senseman:2002, Abstract = {In the pond turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, visually evoked cortical waves propagate at different velocities within the primary visual area compared with waves that pass into the secondary visual area. In an effort to separate intra- and intercortical wave motions, movies of visually evoked cortical waves recorded by high-speed voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging were subjected to Karhunen-Lo{\'e}ve (KL) decomposition. This procedure decomposes the VSD movies into a series of basis images that capture different spatial patterns of coherent activity. Most of the energy of the compound wave motion (>95%) was captured by the three largest basis images, M(1,1), M(1,2), and M(2,1). Based on visual comparison with maps of wave front latency, KL basis image M(1,2) appears to capture the spread of depolarization within the primary visual area, whereas KL basis image M(2,1) appears to capture the spread of depolarization from the primary into the secondary visual area. The contribution of different basis images to the intra- and intercortical wave motions was tested by reconstructing the response using different combinations of KL basis images. Only KL basis images M(1,1) and M(1,2) were needed to reconstruct intracortical wave motion, while basis images M(1,1) and M(2,1) were needed to reconstruct intercortical wave motion. It was also found that the direction and speed of wave propagation could be deduced by visual inspection of the basis image projections on to the original data set. The relative advantage of KL decomposition for the analysis of complex wave motions captured by VSD imaging is discussed.}, @@ -14451,7 +14440,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {High-speed VSD imaging of visually evoked cortical waves: decomposition into intra- and intercortical wave motions}, Volume = {87}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Senseman_JNeurophysiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Senseman_JNeurophysiol2002.pdf}} @article{Robbins:2004, Abstract = {Waves have long been thought to be a fundamental mechanism for communicating information within a medium and are widely observed in biological systems. However, a quantitative analysis of biological waves is confounded by the variability and complexity of the response. This paper proposes a robust technique for extracting wave structure from experimental data by calculating "wave subspaces" from the KL decomposition of the data set. If a wave subspace contains a substantial portion of the data set energy during a particular time interval, one can deduce the structure of the wave and potentially isolate its information content. This paper uses the wave subspace technique to extract and compare wave structure in data from three different preparations of the turtle visual cortex. The paper demonstrates that wave subspace caricatures from the three cortical preparations have qualitative similarities. In the numerical model, where information about the underlying dynamics is available, wave subspace landmarks are related to activation and changes in behavior of other dynamic variables besides membrane potential.}, @@ -14471,7 +14460,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Extracting wave structure from biological data with application to responses in turtle visual cortex}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Robbins_JComputNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Robbins_JComputNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JCNS.0000025689.01581.26}} @article{Nenadic:2003, @@ -14491,7 +14480,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Propagating waves in visual cortex: a large-scale model of turtle visual cortex}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nenadic_JComputNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nenadic_JComputNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Nenadic_JComputNeurosci2003a.pdf}} @article{Godecke:1996, @@ -14512,7 +14501,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Development of identical orientation maps for two eyes without common visual experience}, Volume = {379}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gödecke_Nature1996.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gödecke_Nature1996.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/379251a0}} @article{Toth:1989, @@ -14532,7 +14521,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Retino-retinal projections in three anuran species}, Volume = {104}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tóth_NeurosciLett1989.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tóth_NeurosciLett1989.pdf}} @article{Sarnaik:2013, Abstract = {The convergence of eye-specific thalamic inputs to visual cortical neurons forms the basis of binocular vision. Inputs from the same eye that signal light increment (On) and decrement (Off) are spatially segregated into subregions, giving rise to cortical receptive fields (RFs) that are selective for stimulus orientation. Here we map RFs of binocular neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex using spike-triggered average. We find that subregions of the same sign (On-On and Off-Off) preferentially overlap between the 2 monocular RFs, leading to binocularly matched orientation tuning. We further demonstrate that such subregion correspondence and the consequent matching of RF orientation are disrupted in mice reared in darkness during development. Surprisingly, despite the lack of all postnatal visual experience, a substantial degree of subregion correspondence still remains. In addition, dark-reared mice show normal monocular RF structures and binocular overlap. These results thus reveal the specific roles of experience-dependent and -independent processes in binocular convergence and refinement of On and Off inputs onto single cortical neurons.}, @@ -14548,7 +14537,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Experience-Dependent and Independent Binocular Correspondence of Receptive Field Subregions in Mouse Visual Cortex}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sarnaik_CerebCortex2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sarnaik_CerebCortex2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht027}} @article{Huberman:2005, @@ -14570,7 +14559,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Ephrin-As mediate targeting of eye-specific projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huberman_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huberman_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1505}} @article{Cang:2013, @@ -14587,7 +14576,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Developmental Mechanisms of Topographic Map Formation and Alignment}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cang_AnnuRevNeurosci2013.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cang_AnnuRevNeurosci2013.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170341}} @article{Friauf:1991, @@ -14607,7 +14596,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Changing patterns of synaptic input to subplate and cortical plate during development of visual cortex}, Volume = {66}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Friauf_JNeurophysiol1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Friauf_JNeurophysiol1991.pdf}} @article{McConnell:1989, Abstract = {During the development of the nervous system, growing axons must traverse considerable distances to find their targets. In insects, this problem is solved in part by pioneer neurons, which lay down the first axonal pathways when distances are at a minimum. Here the existence of a similar kind of neuron in the developing mammalian telencephalon is described. These are the subplate cells, the first postmitotic neurons of the cerebral cortex. Axons from subplate neurons traverse the internal capsule and invade the thalamus early in fetal life, even before the neurons of cortical layers 5 and 6, which will form the adult subcortical projections, are generated. During postnatal life, after the adult pattern of axonal projections is firmly established, most subplate neurons disappear. These observations raise the possibility that the early axonal scaffold formed by subplate cells may prove essential for the establishment of permanent subcortical projections.}, @@ -14626,7 +14615,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex}, Volume = {245}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McConnell_Science1989.pdf}} + File = {papers/McConnell_Science1989.pdf}} @article{Ghosh:1992a, Abstract = {During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, thalamic axons must grow into the telencephalon and select appropriate cortical targets. In order to begin to understand the cellular interactions that are important in cortical target selection by thalamic axons, we have examined the morphology of axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) as they navigate their way to the primary visual cortex. The morphology of geniculocortical axons was revealed by placing the lipophilic tracer Dil into the LGN of paraformaldehyde-fixed brains from fetal and neonatal cats between embryonic day 26 (E26; gestation is 65 d) and postnatal day 7 (P7). This morphological approach has led to three major observations. (1) As LGN axons grow within the intermediate zone of the telencephalon toward future visual cortex (E30-40), many give off distinct interstitial axon collaterals that penetrate the subplate of nonvisual cortical areas. These collaterals are transient and are not seen postnatally. (2) There is a prolonged period during which LGN axons are restricted to the visual subplate prior to their ingrowth into the cortical plate; the first LGN axons arrive within visual subplate by E36 but are not detected in layer 6 of visual cortex until about E50. (3) Within the visual subplate, LGN axons extend widespread terminal branches. This represents a marked change in their morphology from the simple growth cones present earlier as LGN axons navigate en route to visual cortex. The presence of interstitial collaterals suggests that there may be ongoing interactions between LGN axons and subplate neurons along the entire intracortical route traversed by the axons. From the extensive branching of LGN axons within the visual subplate during the waiting period, it appears that they are not simply "waiting." Rather, LGN axons may participate in dynamic cellular interactions within the subplate long before they contact their ultimate target neurons in layer 4. These observations confirm the existence of a prolonged waiting period in the development of thalamocortical connections and provide important morphological evidence in support of the previous suggestion that interactions between thalamic axons and subplate neurons are necessary for cortical target selection.}, @@ -14699,7 +14688,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns}, Volume = {255}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ghosh_Science1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ghosh_Science1992.pdf}} @article{Ghosh:1990, Abstract = {The neurons of layer 4 in the adult cerebral cortex receive their major ascending inputs from the thalamus. In development, however, thalamic axons arrive at the appropriate cortical area long before their target layer 4 neurons have migrated into the cortical plate. The axons accumulate and wait in the zone below the cortical plate, the subplate, for several weeks before invading the cortical plate. The subplate is a transient zone that contains the first postmitotic neurons of the telencephalon. These neurons mature well before other cortical neurons, and disappear by cell death after the thalamic axons have grown into the overlying cortical plate. The close proximity of growing thalamocortical axons and subplate neurons suggests that they might be involved in interactions important for normal thalamocortical development. Here we show that early in development the deletion of subplate neurons located beneath visual cortex prevents axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus from recognizing and innervating visual cortex, their normal target. In the absence of subplate neurons, lateral geniculate nucleus axons continue to grow in the white matter past visual cortex despite the presence of their target layer 4 neurons. Thus the transient subplate neurons are necessary for appropriate cortical target selection by thalamocortical axons.}, @@ -14719,7 +14708,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections}, Volume = {347}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ghosh_Nature1990.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ghosh_Nature1990.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/347179a0}} @article{Demas:2012, @@ -14741,7 +14730,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Vision drives correlated activity without patterned spontaneous activity in developing Xenopus retina}, Volume = {72}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Demas_DevNeurobiol2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Demas_DevNeurobiol2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20880}} @article{Grzywacz:2000, @@ -14779,7 +14768,7 @@ CONCLUSION: These tools offer convenient access to detailed expression informati Title = {Spontaneous activity in developing turtle retinal ganglion cells: pharmacological studies}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sernagor_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sernagor_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Sernagor:1996, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The role played by early neural activity in shaping retinal functions has not yet been established. In the developing vertebrate retina, ganglion cells fire spontaneous bursts of action potentials before the onset of visual experience. This spontaneous bursting disappears shortly after birth or eye opening. In the present study, we have investigated whether the outgrowth of receptive fields in turtle retinal ganglion cells is affected by early spontaneous bursting or by early visual experience. @@ -14800,7 +14789,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Influence of spontaneous activity and visual experience on developing retinal receptive fields}, Volume = {6}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sernagor_CurrBiol1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sernagor_CurrBiol1996.pdf}} @article{Sernagor:1995, Abstract = {1. Receptive field properties of adult retinal ganglion cells are well documented, but little is known about their development. We made extracellular recordings of activity from turtle retinal ganglion cells during embryogenesis (stages 22-26), during the first 40 days posthatching, and in adults. 2. From stage 22 the cells fired in spontaneous recurring bursts, and from stage 23 they responded to light. Polar plots of the responses to motion were highly anisotropic in early embryonic cells. More than 40% of embryonic cells exhibited multiaxis anisotropy, and only 6% were statistically isotropic. The incidence of anisotropic cells gradually decreased throughout development. The incidence of isotropic cells and the excitatory receptive field diameters of all ganglion cells gradually increased during development and their maturation coincided with the disappearance of the spontaneous bursts (2-4 wk posthatching). 3. Both sensitivities to stimulus orientation and direction of motion were observed at the earliest stages of development. However, orientation selectivity reached a peak incidence at hatching, whereas directional selectivity completely disappeared, only to reappear in adults. 4. These results show that mature spatiotemporal receptive field properties of retinal ganglion cells emerge from initially highly anisotropic properties, which may reflect an immature, polarized dendritic layout. Their maturation might be mediated by dendritic outgrowth and strengthening of excitatory synaptic connections, which could be induced by spontaneous activity and driven to maturation by exposure to light at birth. Mature directional selectivity seems to require visual experience or the late establishment of a specialized inhibitory synaptic drive.}, @@ -14819,7 +14808,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Emergence of complex receptive field properties of ganglion cells in the developing turtle retina}, Volume = {73}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sernagor_JNeurophysiol1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sernagor_JNeurophysiol1995.pdf}} @article{Wong:1998, Abstract = {Even before birth and the onset of sensory experience, neural activity plays an important role in shaping the vertebrate nervous system. In the embryonic chick visual system, activity in the retina before vision has been implicated in the refinement of retinotopic maps, the elimination of transient projections, and the survival of a full complement of neurons. In this study, we report the detection of a physiological substrate for these phenomena: waves of spontaneous activity in the ganglion cell layer of the embryonic chick retina. The activity is robust and highly patterned, taking the form of large amplitude, rhythmic, and wide-ranging waves of excitation that propagate across the retina. Activity waves are most prominent and organized between embryonic days 13-18, coinciding with the developmental period during which retinal axons refine their connections in their targets. The spatial and temporal features of the patterns observed are consistent with the role of activity patterns in shaping eye-specific projections and retinotopic maps but inconsistent with the hypothesis that they specify lamina-specific projections in the tectum. Antagonists of glutamatergic and glycinergic transmission and of gap junctional communication suppress spontaneous activity, whereas antagonists to GABAergic transmission potentiate it. Based on these results, we propose that spontaneous activity in the ganglion cells is regulated by chemical inputs from both bipolar and amacrine cells and by gap junctional coupling involving ganglion cells.}, @@ -14838,7 +14827,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Developmentally regulated spontaneous activity in the embryonic chick retina}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wong_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wong_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Catsicas:1998, Abstract = {The development of the central nervous system is dependent on spontaneous action potentials and changes in [Ca2+]i occurring in neurons [1-4]. In the mammalian retina, waves of spontaneous electrical activity spread between retinal neurons, raising [Ca2+]i as they pass [5-7]. In the ferret retina, the first spontaneous Ca2+ waves have been reported at postnatal day 2 and are thought to result from the Ca2+ influx associated with bursts of action potentials seen in ganglion cells at this time [5-7]. These waves depend on depolarisation produced by voltage-gated sodium channels, but their initiation and/or propagation also depends upon nicotinic cholinergic synaptic transmission between amacrine cells and ganglion cells [8]. Here, we report contrasting results for the chick retina where Ca2+ transients are seen at times before retinal synapse formation but when there are extensive networks of gap junctions. These Ca2+ transients do not require nicotinic cholinergic transmission but are modulated by acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine and glycine. Furthermore, they propagate into the depth of the retina, suggesting that they are not restricted to ganglion and amacrine cells. The transients are abolished by the gap-junctional blocker octanol. Thus, the Ca2+ transients seen early in chick retinal development are triggered and propagate in the absence of synapses by a mechanism that involves several neurotransmitters and gap junctions.}, @@ -14857,7 +14846,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Spontaneous Ca2+ transients and their transmission in the developing chick retina}, Volume = {8}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Catsicas_CurrBiol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Catsicas_CurrBiol1998.pdf}} @article{Sharma:2010, Abstract = {Regulation of progenitor cell fate determines the numbers of neurons in the developing brain. While proliferation of neural progenitors predominates during early central nervous system (CNS) development, progenitor cell fate shifts toward differentiation as CNS circuits develop, suggesting that signals from developing circuits may regulate proliferation and differentiation. We tested whether activity regulates neurogenesis in vivo in the developing visual system of Xenopus tadpoles. Both cell proliferation and the number of musashi1-immunoreactive progenitors in the optic tectum decrease as visual system connections become stronger. Visual deprivation for 2 days increased proliferation of musashi1-immunoreactive radial glial progenitors, while visual experience increased neuronal differentiation. Morpholino-mediated knockdown and overexpression of musashi1 indicate that musashi1 is necessary and sufficient for neural progenitor proliferation in the CNS. These data demonstrate a mechanism by which increased brain activity in developing circuits decreases cell proliferation and increases neuronal differentiation through the downregulation of musashi1 in response to circuit activity.}, @@ -14877,7 +14866,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Visual activity regulates neural progenitor cells in developing xenopus CNS through musashi1}, Volume = {68}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sharma_Neuron2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sharma_Neuron2010.pdf}} @article{Ruthazer:2004, Abstract = {The development of orderly topographic maps in the central nervous system (CNS) results from a collaboration of chemoaffinity cues that establish the coarse organization of the projection and activity-dependent mechanisms that fine-tune the map. Using the retinotectal projection as a model system, we describe evidence that biochemical tags and patterned neural activity work in parallel to produce topographically ordered axonal projections. Finally, we review recent experiments in other CNS projections that support the proposition that cooperation between molecular guidance cues and activity-dependent processes constitutes a general paradigm for CNS map formation.}, @@ -14896,7 +14885,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Insights into activity-dependent map formation from the retinotectal system: a middle-of-the-brain perspective}, Volume = {59}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ruthazer_JNeurobiol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ruthazer_JNeurobiol2004.pdf}} @article{Smetters:1994, Abstract = {Recent studies have shown that electrical activity, particularly that mediated by NMDA receptors, has a profound effect on the development of specific neuronal connections. Blocking NMDA receptors in the ferret's lateral geniculate nucleus prevents the segregation of retinal afferents into ON and OFF sublaminae. We have now examined the involvement of NMDA receptors in the separation of afferents from the two eyes that occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus several weeks earlier in development. Blockade of NMDA receptor activity does not appear to interfere with this eye-specific segregation.}, @@ -14934,7 +14923,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Synaptic development of the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus}, Volume = {518}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bickford_JCompNeurol2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bickford_JCompNeurol2010.pdf}} @article{Guido:2008, Abstract = {Much of our present understanding about the mechanisms contributing to the activity-dependent refinement of sensory connections comes from experiments done in the retinogeniculate pathway. In recent years the mouse has emerged as a model system of study. This review outlines the major changes in connectivity that occur in this species and a potential mechanism that can account for such remodelling. During early postnatal life when spontaneous activity of retinal ganglion cells sweeps across the retina in waves, retinal projections from the two eyes to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) segregate to form non-overlapping eye-specific domains. There is a loss of binocular innervation, a pruning of excitatory inputs from a dozen or more to one or two, and the emergence of inhibitory circuitry. Many of these changes underlie the development of precise eye-specific visual maps and receptive field structure of LGN neurons. Retinal activity plays a major role both in the induction and maintenance of this refinement. The activity-dependent influx of Ca(2+) through L-type channels and associated activation of CREB signalling may underlie the pruning and stabilization of developing retinogeniculate connections.}, @@ -14955,7 +14944,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Refinement of the retinogeniculate pathway}, Volume = {586}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guido_JPhysiol2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Guido_JPhysiol2008.pdf}} @article{Ziburkus:2009, Abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to determine whether retinal activity can support long-term changes in synaptic strength in the developing dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus. To test for this we made use of a rodent in vitro explant preparation in which retinal afferents and the intrinsic circuitry of the LGN remain intact. We repetitively stimulated the optic tract with a tetanus protocol that approximated the temporal features of spontaneous retinal waves. We found the amplitude of extracellular field potentials evoked by retinal stimulation changed significantly after tetanus and that the polarity of these alterations was related to postnatal age. At a time when substantial pruning of retinal connections occurs (postnatal day 1 [P1] to P14), high-frequency stimulation led to an immediate and long-term depression (LTD). However, at times when pruning wanes and adult-like patterns of connectivity are stabilizing (P16 to P30), the identical form of stimulation produced a modest form of potentiation (long-term potentiation [LTP]). The LTD was unaffected by the bath application of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. However, both LTD and LTP were blocked by L-type Ca(2+)-channel antagonists. Thus the Ca(2+) influx associated with L-type channel activation mediates the induction of synaptic plasticity and may signal the pruning and subsequent stabilization of developing retinogeniculate connections.}, @@ -14976,7 +14965,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {LTD and LTP at the developing retinogeniculate synapse}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ziburkus_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ziburkus_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}} @article{Lo:2002, Abstract = {Using intracellular recordings in an isolated (in vitro) rat brain stem preparation, we examined the synaptic responses of developing relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In newborn rats, strong stimulation of the optic tract (OT) evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that gave rise to a sustained (300-1,300 ms), slow-decaying (<0.01 mV/s), depolarization (25-40 mV). Riding atop this response was a train of spikes of variable amplitude. We refer to this synaptically evoked event as a plateau potential. Pharmacology experiments indicate the plateau potential was mediated by the activation of high-threshold L-type Ca(2+) channels. Synaptic activation of the plateau potential relied on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated activity and the spatial and/or temporal summation of retinally evoked EPSPs. Inhibitory postsynaptic responses (IPSPs) did not prevent the expression of the plateau potential. However, GABA(A) receptor activity modulated the intensity of optic tract stimulation needed to evoke the plateau potential, while GABA(B) receptor activity affected its duration. Expression of the plateau potential was developmentally regulated, showing a much higher incidence at P1-2 (90%) than at P19-20 (1%). This was in part due to the fact that developing relay cells show a greater degree of spatial summation than their mature counterparts, receiving input from as many as 7-12 retinal ganglion cells. Early spontaneous retinal activity is also likely to trigger the plateau potential. Repetitive stimulation of optic tract in a manner that approximated the high-frequency discharge of retinal ganglion cells led to a massive temporal summation of EPSPs and the activation of a sustained depolarization (>1 min) that was blocked by L-type Ca(2+) channel antagonists. These age-related changes in Ca(2+) signaling may contribute to the activity-dependent refinement of retinogeniculate connections.}, @@ -14995,7 +14984,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Synaptic mechanisms regulating the activation of a Ca(2+)-mediated plateau potential in developing relay cells of the LGN}, Volume = {87}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lo_JNeurophysiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lo_JNeurophysiol2002.pdf}} @article{Krahe:2011, Abstract = {Monocular deprivation (MD) is a classic paradigm for experience-dependent cortical plasticity. One form is known as homeostatic plasticity, in which neurons innervated by the deprived eye show a remarkable capacity to compensate for degraded visual signals in an attempt to stabilize network activity. Although the evidence supporting homeostatic plasticity in visual cortex is extensive, it remains unclear whether neurons in subcortical visual structures respond to MD in a similar manner. Here we examined whether cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the thalamic relay between the retina and visual cortex, show similar forms of experience-dependent homeostatic plasticity following MD. Two-week-old mice were monocularly deprived for a period of 5-7 d and miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) were obtained from cells located in dLGN regions receiving input from the deprived or nondeprived eye. We found that MD promotes increases in the frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs and were restricted to the monocular segment contralateral to the deprived eye. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the probability of glutamate release at corticothalamic terminals that arise from the deprived visual cortex. Our findings indicate that homeostatic synaptic regulation from MD extends beyond cortical circuitry and shed light on how the brain modulates and integrates activity in the face of altered sensory experience.}, @@ -15016,7 +15005,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Homeostatic plasticity in the visual thalamus by monocular deprivation}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Krahe_JNeurosci2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Krahe_JNeurosci2011.pdf}} @article{Dilger:2011, Abstract = {In developing cells of the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), synaptic responses evoked by optic tract (OT) stimulation give rise to long-lasting, high-amplitude depolarizations known as plateau potentials. These events are mediated by L-type Ca2+ channels and occur during early postnatal life, a time when retinogeniculate connections are remodelling. To better understand the relationship between L-type activity and dLGN development we used an in vitro thalamic slice preparation which preserves the retinal connections and intrinsic circuitry in dLGN and examined how synaptic responses evoked by OT stimulation lead to the activation of plateau potentials. By varying the strength and temporal frequency of OT stimulation we identified at least three factors that contribute to the developmental regulation of plateau activity: the degree of retinal convergence, the temporal pattern of retinal stimulation and the emergence of feed-forward inhibition. Before natural eye opening (postnatal day 14), the excitatory synaptic responses of relay cells receiving multiple retinal inputs summated in both the spatial and temporal domains to produce depolarizations sufficient to activate L-type activity. After eye opening, when inhibitory responses are fully developed, plateau activity was rarely evoked even with high temporal rates of OT stimulation. When the bulk of this inhibition was blocked by bath application of bicuculline, the incidence of plateau activity increased significantly. We also made use of a transgenic mouse that lacks the β3 subunit of the L-type Ca2+ channel. These mutants have far fewer membrane-bound Ca2+ channels and attenuated L-type activity. In β3 nulls, L-type plateau activity was rarely observed even at young ages when plateau activity prevails. Thus, in addition to the changing patterns of synaptic connectivity and retinal activity, the expression of L-type Ca2+ channels is a requisite component in the manifestation of plateau activity.}, @@ -15037,7 +15026,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Requirements for synaptically evoked plateau potentials in relay cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the mouse}, Volume = {589}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dilger_JPhysiol2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dilger_JPhysiol2011.pdf}} @article{Bender:2003a, Abstract = {The excitatory feedforward projection from layer (L) 4 to L2/3 in rat primary somatosensory (S1) cortex exhibits precise, columnar topography that is critical for columnar processing of whisker inputs. Here, we characterize the development of axonal topography in this projection using single-cell reconstructions in S1 slices. In the mature projection [postnatal day (P) 14-26], axons of L4 cells extending into L2/3 were confined almost entirely to the home barrel column, consistent with previous results. At younger ages (P8-11), however, axonal topography was significantly less columnar, with a large proportion of branches innervating neighboring barrel columns representing adjacent whisker rows. Mature topography developed from this initial state by targeted axonal growth within the home column and by growth of barrel columns themselves. Raising rats with all or a subset of whiskers plucked from P8-9, manipulations that induce reorganization of functional whisker maps and synaptic depression at L4 to L2/3 synapses, did not alter normal anatomical development of L4 to L2/3 axons. Thus, development of this projection does not require normal sensory experience after P8, and deprivation-induced reorganization of whisker maps at this age is unlikely to involve physical remodeling of L4 to L2/3 axons.}, @@ -15057,7 +15046,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Development of columnar topography in the excitatory layer 4 to layer 2/3 projection in rat barrel cortex}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bender_JNeurosci2003a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bender_JNeurosci2003a.pdf}} @article{Kovacs:2007, Abstract = {A key feature of memory processes is to link different input signals by association and to preserve this coupling at the level of synaptic connections. Late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity thought to encode long-term memory, requires gene transcription and protein synthesis. In this study, we report that a recently cloned coactivator of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), called transducer of regulated CREB activity 1 (TORC1), contributes to this process by sensing the coincidence of calcium and cAMP signals in neurons and by converting it into a transcriptional response that leads to the synthesis of factors required for enhanced synaptic transmission. We provide evidence that TORC1 is involved in L-LTP maintenance at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in the hippocampus.}, @@ -15078,7 +15067,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {TORC1 is a calcium- and cAMP-sensitive coincidence detector involved in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kovács_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kovács_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0607524104}} @article{Fino:2010, @@ -15100,7 +15089,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Distinct coincidence detectors govern the corticostriatal spike timing-dependent plasticity}, Volume = {588}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fino_JPhysiol2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fino_JPhysiol2010.pdf}} @article{Bender:2006, Abstract = {Many cortical synapses exhibit spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) in which the precise timing of presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes induces synaptic strengthening [long-term potentiation (LTP)] or weakening [long-term depression (LTD)]. Standard models posit a single, postsynaptic, NMDA receptor-based coincidence detector for LTP and LTD components of STDP. We show instead that STDP at layer 4 to layer 2/3 synapses in somatosensory (S1) cortex involves separate calcium sources and coincidence detection mechanisms for LTP and LTD. LTP showed classical NMDA receptor dependence. LTD was independent of postsynaptic NMDA receptors and instead required group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and calcium from voltage-sensitive channels and IP3 receptor-gated stores. Downstream of postsynaptic calcium, LTD required retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, leading to presynaptic LTD expression, and also required activation of apparently presynaptic NMDA receptors. These LTP and LTD mechanisms detected firing coincidence on approximately 25 and approximately 125 ms time scales, respectively, and combined to implement the overall STDP rule. These findings indicate that STDP is not a unitary process and suggest that endocannabinoid-dependent LTD may be relevant to cortical map plasticity.}, @@ -15121,7 +15110,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Two coincidence detectors for spike timing-dependent plasticity in somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bender_JNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bender_JNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Duguid:2006, Abstract = {Long-term plasticity typically relies on postsynaptic NMDA receptors to detect the coincidence of pre- and postsynaptic activity. Recent studies, however, have revealed forms of plasticity that depend on coincidence detection by presynaptic NMDA receptors. In the amygdala, cortical afferent associative presynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) requires activation of presynaptic NMDA receptors by simultaneous thalamic and cortical afferents. Surprisingly, both types of afferent can also undergo postsynaptically induced NMDA-receptor-dependent LTP. In the neocortex, spike-timing-dependent long-term depression (LTD) requires simultaneous activation of presynaptic NMDA autoreceptors and retrograde signalling by endocannabinoids. In cerebellar LTD, presynaptic NMDA receptor activation suggests that similar presynaptic mechanisms may exist. Recent studies also indicate the existence of presynaptic coincidence detection that is independent of NMDA receptors, suggesting that such mechanisms have a widespread role in plasticity.}, @@ -15141,7 +15130,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Novel presynaptic mechanisms for coincidence detection in synaptic plasticity}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Duguid_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Duguid_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}} @article{Wree:1983, Abstract = {The cerebral cortex of the albino mouse was examined by means of a quantitative method. An image analyzer was used in conjunction with an automatic scanning procedure to determine the grey level index in Nissl-stained sections. Computer plots of various ranges of grey level indices enabled delineation of cortical areas, from which cortical maps were graphically reconstructed. The cortical areal pattern is, in some regions, similar to the commonly used map of Caviness (1975) but differs considerably in other regions, especially in the temporal one. Furthermore, the primary visual cortex of the mouse was shown to be composed of two distinct cytoarchitectonic areas. The results of the study are discussed with respect to the literature on anatomical and functional localizations in the mouse cerebral cortex.}, @@ -15159,7 +15148,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {A quantitative approach to cytoarchitectonics. VIII. The areal pattern of the cortex of the albino mouse}, Volume = {166}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wree_AnatEmbryol(Berl)1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wree_AnatEmbryol(Berl)1983.pdf}} @article{Campi:2010, Abstract = {In this study we examine and describe the neuroanatomical organization of sensory cortex in four rodents: laboratory Norway rats (Long Evans; Rattus norvegicus), wild-caught Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), wild-caught California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), and wild-caught Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Specifically, we examined the myeloarchitecture and cytochrome oxidase reactivity for several well-identified areas in visual cortex (areas 17, 18, and 19), somatosensory cortex (areas S1, S2 and PV), and auditory cortex [areas A1+AAF (R) and TA] and compared the percentage of dorsolateral cortex devoted to each of these areas. Our results demonstrate that squirrels have a larger mean percentage of dorsolateral cortex devoted to visual areas than rats. The difference is due to the greater percentage of cortex devoted to known areas such as area 17 and area 18 and not simply to a difference in the number of visual areas, which ultimately makes this distinction even more pronounced. Furthermore, both rat groups have a larger percentage of the dorsolateral cortex devoted to somatosensory and auditory cortical areas. Differences within groups were also observed. The arboreal squirrel had a larger mean percentage of dorsolateral cortex devoted to areas 17 and 18 compared with the terrestrial squirrel. The laboratory Norway rat had a larger percentage of dorsolateral cortex devoted to both somatosensory and auditory areas than the wild-caught Norway rat. Our results indicate that differences in sensory apparatus, use of sensory systems, and niche are reflected in the organization and size of cortical areas.}, @@ -15180,7 +15169,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Comparative studies of diurnal and nocturnal rodents: differences in lifestyle result in alterations in cortical field size and number}, Volume = {518}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Campi_JCompNeurol2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Campi_JCompNeurol2010.pdf}} @article{Campi:2011, Abstract = {In this study we examine the size of primary sensory areas in the neocortex and the cellular composition of area 17/V1 in three rodent groups: laboratory nocturnal Norway rats (Long-Evans; Rattus norvegicus), wild-caught nocturnal Norway rats (R. norvegicus), and laboratory diurnal Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus). Specifically, we used areal measures of myeloarchitecture of the primary sensory areas to compare area size and the isotropic fractionator method to estimate the number of neurons and nonneurons in area 17 in each species. Our results demonstrate that the percentage of cortex devoted to area 17 is significantly greater and the percentage of cortex devoted to S1 is significantly smaller in the diurnal Nile grass rat compared with the nocturnal Norway rat groups. Further, the laboratory rodent groups have a greater percentage of cortex devoted to auditory cortex compared with the wild-caught group. We also demonstrate that wild-caught rats have a greater density of neurons in area 17 compared to laboratory-reared animals. However, there were no other clear cellular composition differences in area 17 or differences in the percentage of brain weight devoted to area 17 between nocturnal and diurnal rats. Thus, there are differences in primary sensory area size between diurnal versus nocturnal and laboratory versus wild-caught rat groups and cellular density between wild-caught and laboratory rat groups. Our results demonstrate that the differences in the size and cellular composition of cortical areas do not fit with what would be expected based on brain scaling differences alone, and have a consistent relationship with lifestyle and sensory morphology.}, @@ -15200,7 +15189,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Comparison of area 17 cellular composition in laboratory and wild-caught rats including diurnal and nocturnal species}, Volume = {77}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Campi_BrainBehavEvol2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Campi_BrainBehavEvol2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000324862}} @article{Caviness:1975, @@ -15221,7 +15210,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Architectonic map of neocortex of the normal mouse}, Volume = {164}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Caviness_JCompNeurol1975.pdf}, + File = {papers/Caviness_JCompNeurol1975.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901640207}} @article{Reep:2009, @@ -15242,7 +15231,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Posterior parietal cortex as part of a neural network for directed attention in rats}, Volume = {91}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reep_NeurobiolLearnMem2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Reep_NeurobiolLearnMem2009.pdf}} @article{Kaas:2011, Abstract = {In Prosimian primates, New World monkeys, and Old World monkeys microstimulation with half second trains of electrical pulses identifies separate zones in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) where reaching, defensive, grasping, and other complex movements can be evoked. Each functional zone receives a different pattern of visual and somatosensory inputs, and projects preferentially to functionally matched parts of motor and premotor cortex. As PPC is a relatively small portion of cortex in most mammals, including the close relatives of primates, we suggest that a larger, more significant PPC emerged with the first primates as a region where several ethologically relevant behaviors could be initiated by sensory and intrinsic signals, and mediated via connections with premotor and motor cortex. While several classes of PPC modules appear to be retained by all primates, elaboration and differentiation of these modules likely occurred in some primates, especially humans.}, @@ -15260,7 +15249,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {The organization and evolution of dorsal stream multisensory motor pathways in primates}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kaas_FrontNeuroanat2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kaas_FrontNeuroanat2011.pdf}} @book{Chalupa:2008, Address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, @@ -15409,7 +15398,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {In vivo Large-Scale Cortical Mapping Using Channelrhodopsin-2 Stimulation in Transgenic Mice Reveals Asymmetric and Reciprocal Relationships between Cortical Areas}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lim_FrontNeuralCircuits2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lim_FrontNeuralCircuits2012.pdf}} @article{Hong:2012, Abstract = {Neurons are interconnected with extraordinary precision to assemble a functional nervous system. Compared to axon guidance, far less is understood about how individual pre- and postsynaptic partners are matched. To ensure the proper relay of olfactory information in the fruitfly Drosophila, axons of ∼50 classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) form one-to-one connections with dendrites of ∼50 classes of projection neurons (PNs). Here, using genetic screens, we identified two evolutionarily conserved, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-repeat containing transmembrane Teneurin proteins, Ten-m and Ten-a, as synaptic-partner-matching molecules between PN dendrites and ORN axons. Ten-m and Ten-a are highly expressed in select PN-ORN matching pairs. Teneurin loss- and gain-of-function cause specific mismatching of select ORNs and PNs. Finally, Teneurins promote homophilic interactions in vitro, and Ten-m co-expression in non-partner PNs and ORNs promotes their ectopic connections in vivo. We propose that Teneurins instruct matching specificity between synaptic partners through homophilic attraction.}, @@ -15430,7 +15419,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Teneurins instruct synaptic partner matching in an olfactory map}, Volume = {484}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hong_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hong_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Derecki:2012a, Abstract = {Rett syndrome is an X-linked autism spectrum disorder. The disease is characterized in most cases by mutation of the MECP2 gene, which encodes a methyl-CpG-binding protein. Although MECP2 is expressed in many tissues, the disease is generally attributed to a primary neuronal dysfunction. However, as shown recently, glia, specifically astrocytes, also contribute to Rett pathophysiology. Here we examine the role of another form of glia, microglia, in a murine model of Rett syndrome. Transplantation of wild-type bone marrow into irradiation-conditioned Mecp2-null hosts resulted in engraftment of brain parenchyma by bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells of microglial phenotype, and arrest of disease development. However, when cranial irradiation was blocked by lead shield, and microglial engraftment was prevented, disease was not arrested. Similarly, targeted expression of MECP2 in myeloid cells, driven by Lysm(cre) on an Mecp2-null background, markedly attenuated disease symptoms. Thus, through multiple approaches, wild-type Mecp2-expressing microglia within the context of an Mecp2-null male mouse arrested numerous facets of disease pathology: lifespan was increased, breathing patterns were normalized, apnoeas were reduced, body weight was increased to near that of wild type, and locomotor activity was improved. Mecp2(+/-) females also showed significant improvements as a result of wild-type microglial engraftment. These benefits mediated by wild-type microglia, however, were diminished when phagocytic activity was inhibited pharmacologically by using annexin V to block phosphatydilserine residues on apoptotic targets, thus preventing recognition and engulfment by tissue-resident phagocytes. These results suggest the importance of microglial phagocytic activity in Rett syndrome. Our data implicate microglia as major players in the pathophysiology of this devastating disorder, and suggest that bone marrow transplantation might offer a feasible therapeutic approach for it.}, @@ -15451,7 +15440,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Wild-type microglia arrest pathology in a mouse model of Rett syndrome}, Volume = {484}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Derecki_Nature2012a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Derecki_Nature2012a.pdf}} @article{Mosca:2012, Abstract = {Synapse assembly requires trans-synaptic signals between the pre- and postsynapse, but our understanding of the essential organizational molecules involved in this process remains incomplete. Teneurin proteins are conserved, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-repeat-containing transmembrane proteins with large extracellular domains. Here we show that two Drosophila Teneurins, Ten-m and Ten-a, are required for neuromuscular synapse organization and target selection. Ten-a is presynaptic whereas Ten-m is mostly postsynaptic; neuronal Ten-a and muscle Ten-m form a complex in vivo. Pre- or postsynaptic Teneurin perturbations cause severe synapse loss and impair many facets of organization trans-synaptically and cell autonomously. These include defects in active zone apposition, release sites, membrane and vesicle organization, and synaptic transmission. Moreover, the presynaptic microtubule and postsynaptic spectrin cytoskeletons are severely disrupted, suggesting a mechanism whereby Teneurins organize the cytoskeleton, which in turn affects other aspects of synapse development. Supporting this, Ten-m physically interacts with α-Spectrin. Genetic analyses of teneurin and neuroligin reveal that they have differential roles that synergize to promote synapse assembly. Finally, at elevated endogenous levels, Ten-m regulates target selection between specific motor neurons and muscles. Our study identifies the Teneurins as a key bi-directional trans-synaptic signal involved in general synapse organization, and demonstrates that proteins such as these can also regulate target selection.}, @@ -15472,7 +15461,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Trans-synaptic Teneurin signalling in neuromuscular synapse organization and target choice}, Volume = {484}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mosca_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mosca_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Grienberger:2012, Abstract = {Calcium ions generate versatile intracellular signals that control key functions in all types of neurons. Imaging calcium in neurons is particularly important because calcium signals exert their highly specific functions in well-defined cellular subcompartments. In this Primer, we briefly review the general mechanisms of neuronal calcium signaling. We then introduce the calcium imaging devices, including confocal and two-photon microscopy as well as miniaturized devices that are used in freely moving animals. We provide an overview of the classical chemical fluorescent calcium indicators and of the protein-based genetically encoded calcium indicators. Using application examples, we introduce new developments in the field, such as calcium imaging in awake, behaving animals and the use of calcium imaging for mapping single spine sensory inputs in cortical neurons in vivo. We conclude by providing an outlook on the prospects of calcium imaging for the analysis of neuronal signaling and plasticity in various animal models.}, @@ -15492,7 +15481,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Imaging calcium in neurons}, Volume = {73}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grienberger_Neuron2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grienberger_Neuron2012.pdf}} @article{McGinley:2012, Abstract = {Broadband transient sounds, such as clicks and consonants, activate a traveling wave in the cochlea. This wave evokes firing in auditory nerve fibers that are tuned to high frequencies several milliseconds earlier than in fibers tuned to low frequencies. Despite this substantial traveling wave delay, octopus cells in the brainstem receive broadband input and respond to clicks with submillisecond temporal precision. The dendrites of octopus cells lie perpendicular to the tonotopically organized array of auditory nerve fibers, placing the earliest arriving inputs most distally and the latest arriving closest to the soma. Here, we test the hypothesis that the topographic arrangement of synaptic inputs on dendrites of octopus cells allows octopus cells to compensate the traveling wave delay. We show that in mice the full cochlear traveling wave delay is 1.6 ms. Because the dendrites of each octopus cell spread across approximately one-third of the tonotopic axis, a click evokes a soma-directed sweep of synaptic input lasting 0.5 ms in individual octopus cells. Morphologically and biophysically realistic, computational models of octopus cells show that soma-directed sweeps with durations matching in vivo measurements result in the largest and sharpest somatic EPSPs. A low input resistance and activation of a low-voltage-activated potassium conductance that are characteristic of octopus cells are important determinants of sweep sensitivity. We conclude that octopus cells have dendritic morphologies and biophysics tailored to accomplish the precise encoding of broadband transient sounds.}, @@ -15513,7 +15502,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Generating synchrony from the asynchronous: compensation for cochlear traveling wave delays by the dendrites of individual brainstem neurons}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McGinley_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/McGinley_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Nataraj:2011, Abstract = {Different neocortical regions are functionally specialized, but whether this specialization is reflected in the forms of plasticity present during developmental critical periods (CPs) is largely unknown. In rodent visual cortex, we recently showed that a form of intrinsic plasticity [LTP of intrinsic excitability (LTP-IE)] in the monocular region of the primary visual cortex (V1M) plays an important role in modulating cortical responsiveness following visual deprivation. Here we ask whether LTP-IE is present and similarly regulated by visual experience in the binocular region of the primary visual cortex (V1B), where inputs from the two eyes compete during the CP. In contrast to V1M, where LTP-IE is present throughout the CP, in V1B LTP-IE was only transiently expressed at the onset of the CP. Also distinct from V1M, brief monocular deprivation (MD) was unable to modulate LTP-IE magnitude in V1B, and even binocular deprivation (the equivalent of MD in V1M) could only influence LTP-IE expression during a narrow time window at the peak of the CP. Finally, we asked whether these differences depend on differences in sensory activation of the two areas during development. MD of ipsilateral inputs from before eye opening (to reduce competitive interactions) did not affect the pattern of LTP-IE expression in V1B. Further, the differences in plasticity in the two cortical areas persisted when animals were reared in the dark to remove all patterned visual input. Thus neocortical LTP-IE expression shows dramatic regional and temporal differentiation, and these differences are not driven by differences in sensory experience.}, @@ -15534,7 +15523,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Regional and temporal specificity of intrinsic plasticity mechanisms in rodent primary visual cortex}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nataraj_JNeurosci2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nataraj_JNeurosci2011.pdf}} @article{Grant:2012, Abstract = {In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of corticothalamic axon guidance; patterning of the early telencephalon, the sequence and choreography of the development of projections from subplate, layers 5 and 6. These cortical subpopulations display different axonal outgrowth kinetics and innervate distinct thalamic nuclei in a temporal pattern determined by cortical layer identity and subclass specificity. Guidance by molecular cues, structural cues, and activity-dependent mechanisms contribute to this development. There is a substantial rearrangement of the corticofugal connectivity outside the thalamus at the border of and within the reticular thalamic nucleus, a region that shares some of the characteristics of the cortical subplate during development. The early transient circuits are not well understood, nor the extent to which this developmental pattern may be driven by peripheral sensory activity. We hypothesize that transient circuits during embryonic and early postnatal development are critical in the matching of the cortical and thalamic representations and forming the cortical circuits in the mature brain.}, @@ -15552,7 +15541,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Development of the corticothalamic projections}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grant_FrontNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grant_FrontNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Blandina:2012, Abstract = {Histamine axons originate from a single source, the tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) of the posterior hypothalamus, to innervate almost all central nervous system (CNS) regions. This feature, a compact cell group with widely distributed fibers, resembles that of other amine systems, such as noradrenaline or serotonin, and is consistent with a function for histamine over a host of physiological processes, including the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, appetite, endocrine homeostasis, body temperature, pain perception, learning, memory, and emotion. An important question is whether these diverse physiological roles are served by different histamine neuronal subpopulation. While the histamine system is generally regarded as one single functional unit that provides histamine throughout the brain, evidence is beginning to accumulate in favor of heterogeneity of histamine neurons. The aim of this review is to summarize experimental evidence demonstrating that histamine neurons are heterogeneous, organized into functionally distinct circuits, impinging on different brain regions, and displaying selective control mechanisms. This could imply independent functions of subsets of histamine neurons according to their respective origin and terminal projections.}, @@ -15570,7 +15559,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center or distinct subpopulations?}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blandina_FrontSystNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Blandina_FrontSystNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Stanley:2012, Abstract = {Medical applications of nanotechnology typically focus on drug delivery and biosensors. Here, we combine nanotechnology and bioengineering to demonstrate that nanoparticles can be used to remotely regulate protein production in vivo. We decorated a modified temperature-sensitive channel, TRPV1, with antibody-coated iron oxide nanoparticles that are heated in a low-frequency magnetic field. When local temperature rises, TRPV1 gates calcium to stimulate synthesis and release of bioengineered insulin driven by a Ca(2+)-sensitive promoter. Studying tumor xenografts expressing the bioengineered insulin gene, we show that exposure to radio waves stimulates insulin release from the tumors and lowers blood glucose in mice. We further show that cells can be engineered to synthesize genetically encoded ferritin nanoparticles and inducibly release insulin. These approaches provide a platform for using nanotechnology to activate cells.}, @@ -15590,7 +15579,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Radio-wave heating of iron oxide nanoparticles can regulate plasma glucose in mice}, Volume = {336}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stanley_Science2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stanley_Science2012.pdf}} @article{Swindell:2006a, Abstract = {Rx is a homeobox-containing gene that is critical for vertebrate eye development. Its expression domain delineates a field of cells from which the retina and the ventral hypothalamus develop. The 5' upstream regulatory sequences of the medaka fish Rx gene are functionally conserved during evolution to a degree that they direct gene expression into the Rx-expressing field of cells in mice. Using these sequences, we made a Cre line that can be used for inactivation of gene expression in the developing retina.}, @@ -15610,7 +15599,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Rx-Cre, a tool for inactivation of gene expression in the developing retina}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Swindell_Genesis2006a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Swindell_Genesis2006a.pdf}} @article{Li:2012a, Abstract = {A fundamental feature of the mammalian neocortex is its columnar organization. In the visual cortex, functional columns consisting of neurons with similar orientation preferences have been characterized extensively, but how these columns are constructed during development remains unclear. The radial unit hypothesis posits that the ontogenetic columns formed by clonally related neurons migrating along the same radial glial fibre during corticogenesis provide the basis for functional columns in adult neocortex. However, a direct correspondence between the ontogenetic and functional columns has not been demonstrated. Here we show that, despite the lack of a discernible orientation map in mouse visual cortex, sister neurons in the same radial clone exhibit similar orientation preferences. Using a retroviral vector encoding green fluorescent protein to label radial clones of excitatory neurons, and in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to measure neuronal response properties, we found that sister neurons preferred similar orientations whereas nearby non-sister neurons showed no such relationship. Interestingly, disruption of gap junction coupling by viral expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Cx26 (also known as Gjb2) or by daily administration of a gap junction blocker, carbenoxolone, during the first postnatal week greatly diminished the functional similarity between sister neurons, suggesting that the maturation of ontogenetic into functional columns requires intercellular communication through gap junctions. Together with the recent finding of preferential excitatory connections among sister neurons, our results support the radial unit hypothesis and unify the ontogenetic and functional columns in the visual cortex.}, @@ -15631,7 +15620,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Clonally related visual cortical neurons show similar stimulus feature selectivity}, Volume = {486}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Li_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Yu:2012a, Abstract = {Radial glial cells are the primary neural progenitor cells in the developing neocortex. Consecutive asymmetric divisions of individual radial glial progenitor cells produce a number of sister excitatory neurons that migrate along the elongated radial glial fibre, resulting in the formation of ontogenetic columns. Moreover, sister excitatory neurons in ontogenetic columns preferentially develop specific chemical synapses with each other rather than with nearby non-siblings. Although these findings provide crucial insight into the emergence of functional columns in the neocortex, little is known about the basis of this lineage-dependent assembly of excitatory neuron microcircuits at single-cell resolution. Here we show that transient electrical coupling between radially aligned sister excitatory neurons regulates the subsequent formation of specific chemical synapses in the neocortex. Multiple-electrode whole-cell recordings showed that sister excitatory neurons preferentially form strong electrical coupling with each other rather than with adjacent non-sister excitatory neurons during early postnatal stages. This preferential coupling allows selective electrical communication between sister excitatory neurons, promoting their action potential generation and synchronous firing. Interestingly, although this electrical communication largely disappears before the appearance of chemical synapses, blockade of the electrical communication impairs the subsequent formation of specific chemical synapses between sister excitatory neurons in ontogenetic columns. These results suggest a strong link between lineage-dependent transient electrical coupling and the assembly of precise excitatory neuron microcircuits in the neocortex.}, @@ -15652,7 +15641,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Preferential electrical coupling regulates neocortical lineage-dependent microcircuit assembly}, Volume = {486}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yu_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yu_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Rushmore:2006, Abstract = {Visuospatial neglect is a common neurological syndrome caused by unilateral brain damage to the posterior and inferior parietal cerebral cortex, and is characterized by an inability to respond or orient to stimuli presented in the contralesional hemifield. Neglect has been elicited in experimental models of the rat, cat and monkey, and is thought to result in part from a pathological state of inhibition exerted on the damaged hemisphere by the hyperexcited intact hemisphere. We sought to test this theory by assessing neural activity levels in multiple brain structures during neglect using 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) as a metabolic marker of neural activity. Neglect was induced in two ways: (i) by cooling deactivation of posterior parietal cortex or (ii) in conjunction with broader cortical blindness produced by unilateral lesion of all contiguous visual cortical areas spanning occipital, parietal and temporal regions. The direction and magnitude of changes in 2DG uptake were measured in cerebral cortex and midbrain structures. Finally, the 2DG uptake was assessed in a group of cats in which the lesion-induced neglect component of blindness was cancelled by cooling of either the contralateral posterior parietal cortex or the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). Overall, we found that (i) both lesion- and cooling-induced neglect are associated with decreases in 2DG uptake in specific ipsilateral cortical and midbrain regions; (ii) levels of 2DG uptake in the intermediate and deep layers of the SC contralateral to both cooling and lesion deactivations are increased; (iii) changes in 2DG uptake were not identified in the contralateral cortex; and (iv) reversal of the lesion-induced neglect component of blindness is associated with a reduction of contralesional 2DG uptake to normal or subnormal levels. These data are in accord with theories of neglect that include mutually suppressive mechanisms between the two hemispheres, and we show that these mechanisms operate at the level of the SC, but are not apparent at the level of cortex. These results suggest that the most effective therapies for visual neglect will be those that act to decrease neural activity in the intermediate layers of the SC contralateral to the brain damage.}, @@ -15672,7 +15661,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Functional circuitry underlying visual neglect}, Volume = {129}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rushmore_Brain2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rushmore_Brain2006.pdf}} @article{Huster:2012, Abstract = {The simultaneous recording and analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) and fMRI data in human systems, cognitive and clinical neurosciences is rapidly evolving and has received substantial attention. The significance of multimodal brain imaging is documented by a steadily increasing number of laboratories now using simultaneous EEG-fMRI aiming to achieve both high temporal and spatial resolution of human brain function. Due to recent developments in technical and algorithmic instrumentation, the rate-limiting step in multimodal studies has shifted from data acquisition to analytic aspects. Here, we introduce and compare different methods for data integration and identify the benefits that come with each approach, guiding the reader toward an understanding and informed selection of the integration approach most suitable for addressing a particular research question.}, @@ -15692,7 +15681,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Methods for simultaneous EEG-fMRI: an introductory review}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huster_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Huster_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Min:2012, Abstract = {Endocannabinoid mediated spike timing-dependent depression (t-LTD) is crucially involved in the development of the sensory neocortex. t-LTD at excitatory synapses in the developing rat barrel cortex requires cannabinoid CB(1) receptor (CB(1)R) activation, as well as activation of NMDA receptors located on the presynaptic terminal, but the exact signaling cascade leading to t-LTD remains unclear. We found that astrocytes are critically involved in t-LTD. Astrocytes gradually increased their Ca(2+) signaling specifically during the induction of t-LTD in a CB(1)R-dependent manner. In this way, astrocytes might act as a memory buffer for previous coincident neuronal activity. Following activation, astrocytes released glutamate, which activated presynaptic NMDA receptors to induce t-LTD. Astrocyte stimulation coincident with afferent activity resulted in long-term depression, indicating that astrocyte activation is sufficient for the induction of synaptic depression. Taken together, our findings describe the retrograde signaling cascade underlying neocortical t-LTD. The critical involvement of astrocytes in this process highlights their importance for experience-dependent sensory remodeling.}, @@ -15712,7 +15701,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Astrocyte signaling controls spike timing-dependent depression at neocortical synapses}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Min_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Min_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Huber:2012, Abstract = {The mechanisms linking sensation and action during learning are poorly understood. Layer 2/3 neurons in the motor cortex might participate in sensorimotor integration and learning; they receive input from sensory cortex and excite deep layer neurons, which control movement. Here we imaged activity in the same set of layer 2/3 neurons in the motor cortex over weeks, while mice learned to detect objects with their whiskers and report detection with licking. Spatially intermingled neurons represented sensory (touch) and motor behaviours (whisker movements and licking). With learning, the population-level representation of task-related licking strengthened. In trained mice, population-level representations were redundant and stable, despite dynamism of single-neuron representations. The activity of a subpopulation of neurons was consistent with touch driving licking behaviour. Our results suggest that ensembles of motor cortex neurons couple sensory input to multiple, related motor programs during learning.}, @@ -15732,7 +15721,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex during sensorimotor learning}, Volume = {484}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huber_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Huber_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Madisen:2012, Abstract = {Cell type-specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 and archaerhodopsin Arch-ER2. All four transgenes mediated Cre-dependent, robust activation or silencing of cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro and in vivo upon light stimulation, with ChR2-EYFP and Arch-ER2 demonstrating light sensitivity approaching that of in utero or virally transduced neurons. We further show specific photoactivation of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in behaving ChR2-EYFP reporter mice. The robust, consistent and inducible nature of our ChR2 mice represents a significant advance over previous lines, and the Arch-ER2 and eNpHR3.0 mice are to our knowledge the first demonstration of successful conditional transgenic optogenetic silencing. When combined with the hundreds of available Cre driver lines, this optimized toolbox of reporter mice will enable widespread investigations of neural circuit function with unprecedented reliability and accuracy.}, @@ -15753,7 +15742,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Madisen_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Madisen_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Wester:2012, Abstract = {The cortex is organized in vertical and horizontal circuits that determine the spatiotemporal properties of distributed cortical activity. Despite detailed knowledge of synaptic interactions among individual cells in the neocortex, little is known about the rules governing interactions among local populations. Here, we used self-sustained recurrent activity generated in cortex, also known as up-states, in rat thalamocortical slices in vitro to understand interactions among laminar and horizontal circuits. By means of intracellular recordings and fast optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dyes, we show that single thalamic inputs activate the cortical column in a preferential layer 4 (L4) → layer 2/3 (L2/3) → layer 5 (L5) sequence, followed by horizontal propagation with a leading front in supragranular and infragranular layers. To understand the laminar and columnar interactions, we used focal injections of TTX to block activity in small local populations, while preserving functional connectivity in the rest of the network. We show that L2/3 alone, without underlying L5, does not generate self-sustained activity and is inefficient propagating activity horizontally. In contrast, L5 sustains activity in the absence of L2/3 and is necessary and sufficient to propagate activity horizontally. However, loss of L2/3 delays horizontal propagation via L5. Finally, L5 amplifies activity in L2/3. Our results show for the first time that columnar interactions between supragranular and infragranular layers are required for the normal propagation of activity in the neocortex. Our data suggest that supragranular and infragranular circuits, with their specific and complex set of inputs and outputs, work in tandem to determine the patterns of cortical activation observed in vivo.}, @@ -15774,7 +15763,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Columnar interactions determine horizontal propagation of recurrent network activity in neocortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wester_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wester_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Derecki:2012, Abstract = {Rett syndrome is an X-linked autism spectrum disorder. The disease is characterized in most cases by mutation of the MECP2 gene, which encodes a methyl-CpG-binding protein. Although MECP2 is expressed in many tissues, the disease is generally attributed to a primary neuronal dysfunction. However, as shown recently, glia, specifically astrocytes, also contribute to Rett pathophysiology. Here we examine the role of another form of glia, microglia, in a murine model of Rett syndrome. Transplantation of wild-type bone marrow into irradiation-conditioned Mecp2-null hosts resulted in engraftment of brain parenchyma by bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells of microglial phenotype, and arrest of disease development. However, when cranial irradiation was blocked by lead shield, and microglial engraftment was prevented, disease was not arrested. Similarly, targeted expression of MECP2 in myeloid cells, driven by Lysm(cre) on an Mecp2-null background, markedly attenuated disease symptoms. Thus, through multiple approaches, wild-type Mecp2-expressing microglia within the context of an Mecp2-null male mouse arrested numerous facets of disease pathology: lifespan was increased, breathing patterns were normalized, apnoeas were reduced, body weight was increased to near that of wild type, and locomotor activity was improved. Mecp2(+/-) females also showed significant improvements as a result of wild-type microglial engraftment. These benefits mediated by wild-type microglia, however, were diminished when phagocytic activity was inhibited pharmacologically by using annexin V to block phosphatydilserine residues on apoptotic targets, thus preventing recognition and engulfment by tissue-resident phagocytes. These results suggest the importance of microglial phagocytic activity in Rett syndrome. Our data implicate microglia as major players in the pathophysiology of this devastating disorder, and suggest that bone marrow transplantation might offer a feasible therapeutic approach for it.}, @@ -15795,7 +15784,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Wild-type microglia arrest pathology in a mouse model of Rett syndrome}, Volume = {484}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Derecki_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Derecki_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Simini:2012, Abstract = {Introduced in its contemporary form in 1946 (ref. 1), but with roots that go back to the eighteenth century, the gravity law is the prevailing framework with which to predict population movement, cargo shipping volume and inter-city phone calls, as well as bilateral trade flows between nations. Despite its widespread use, it relies on adjustable parameters that vary from region to region and suffers from known analytic inconsistencies. Here we introduce a stochastic process capturing local mobility decisions that helps us analytically derive commuting and mobility fluxes that require as input only information on the population distribution. The resulting radiation model predicts mobility patterns in good agreement with mobility and transport patterns observed in a wide range of phenomena, from long-term migration patterns to communication volume between different regions. Given its parameter-free nature, the model can be applied in areas where we lack previous mobility measurements, significantly improving the predictive accuracy of most of the phenomena affected by mobility and transport processes.}, @@ -15815,7 +15804,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {A universal model for mobility and migration patterns}, Volume = {484}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Simini_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Simini_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Harvey:2012, Abstract = {The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has an important role in many cognitive behaviours; however, the neural circuit dynamics underlying PPC function are not well understood. Here we optically imaged the spatial and temporal activity patterns of neuronal populations in mice performing a PPC-dependent task that combined a perceptual decision and memory-guided navigation in a virtual environment. Individual neurons had transient activation staggered relative to one another in time, forming a sequence of neuronal activation spanning the entire length of a task trial. Distinct sequences of neurons were triggered on trials with opposite behavioural choices and defined divergent, choice-specific trajectories through a state space of neuronal population activity. Cells participating in the different sequences and at distinct time points in the task were anatomically intermixed over microcircuit length scales (<100 micrometres). During working memory decision tasks, the PPC may therefore perform computations through sequence-based circuit dynamics, rather than long-lived stable states, implemented using anatomically intermingled microcircuits.}, @@ -15836,7 +15825,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Choice-specific sequences in parietal cortex during a virtual-navigation decision task}, Volume = {484}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harvey_Nature2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Harvey_Nature2012.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Harvey_Nature2012a.pdf}} @article{Petersen:2004b, @@ -15857,7 +15846,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Synaptic changes in layer 2/3 underlying map plasticity of developing barrel cortex}, Volume = {304}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petersen_Science2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Petersen_Science2004.pdf}} @article{Lee:2012, Abstract = {Inhibitory interneurons are essential components of the neural circuits underlying various brain functions. In the neocortex, a large diversity of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) interneurons has been identified on the basis of their morphology, molecular markers, biophysical properties and innervation pattern. However, how the activity of each subtype of interneurons contributes to sensory processing remains unclear. Here we show that optogenetic activation of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) sharpens neuronal feature selectivity and improves perceptual discrimination. Using multichannel recording with silicon probes and channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-mediated optical activation, we found that increased spiking of PV+ interneurons markedly sharpened orientation tuning and enhanced direction selectivity of nearby neurons. These effects were caused by the activation of inhibitory neurons rather than a decreased spiking of excitatory neurons, as archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch)-mediated optical silencing of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CAMKIIα)-positive excitatory neurons caused no significant change in V1 stimulus selectivity. Moreover, the improved selectivity specifically required PV+ neuron activation, as activating somatostatin or vasointestinal peptide interneurons had no significant effect. Notably, PV+ neuron activation in awake mice caused a significant improvement in their orientation discrimination, mirroring the sharpened V1 orientation tuning. Together, these results provide the first demonstration that visual coding and perception can be improved by increased spiking of a specific subtype of cortical inhibitory interneurons.}, @@ -15878,7 +15867,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Activation of specific interneurons improves V1 feature selectivity and visual perception}, Volume = {488}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lee_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Wilson:2012, Abstract = {Brain circuits process information through specialized neuronal subclasses interacting within a network. Revealing their interplay requires activating specific cells while monitoring others in a functioning circuit. Here we use a new platform for two-way light-based circuit interrogation in visual cortex in vivo to show the computational implications of modulating different subclasses of inhibitory neurons during sensory processing. We find that soma-targeting, parvalbumin-expressing (PV) neurons principally divide responses but preserve stimulus selectivity, whereas dendrite-targeting, somatostatin-expressing (SOM) neurons principally subtract from excitatory responses and sharpen selectivity. Visualized in vivo cell-attached recordings show that division by PV neurons alters response gain, whereas subtraction by SOM neurons shifts response levels. Finally, stimulating identified neurons while scanning many target cells reveals that single PV and SOM neurons functionally impact only specific subsets of neurons in their projection fields. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibitory neuronal subclasses have distinct and complementary roles in cortical computations.}, @@ -15898,7 +15887,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo}, Volume = {488}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wilson_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wilson_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{West:2011, Abstract = {Activity-dependent plasticity of vertebrate neurons allows the brain to respond to its environment. During brain development, both spontaneous and sensory-driven neural activity are essential for instructively guiding the process of synapse development. These effects of neuronal activity are transduced in part through the concerted regulation of a set of activity-dependent transcription factors that coordinate a program of gene expression required for the formation and maturation of synapses. Here we review the cellular signaling networks that regulate the activity of transcription factors during brain development and discuss the functional roles of specific activity-regulated transcription factors in specific stages of synapse formation, refinement, and maturation. Interestingly, a number of neurodevelopmental disorders have been linked to abnormalities in activity-regulated transcriptional pathways, indicating that these signaling networks are critical for cognitive development and function.}, @@ -15918,7 +15907,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription in synapse development and cognitive function}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/West_ColdSpringHarbPerspectBiol2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/West_ColdSpringHarbPerspectBiol2011.pdf}} @article{Petrof:2012, Abstract = {The subgranular layers (layers 5 and 6) of primary sensory cortex provide corticofugal output to thalamus and they also project to the appropriate secondary sensory cortices. Here we injected two combinations of different color retrograde fluorescent markers in the thalamic and cortical targets of these layers from the three primary sensory cortices (somatosensory, auditory, and visual) in mice to examine the degree of overlap between corticothalamic and interareal corticocortical cells in the subgranular layers. We found that, for all three primary sensory cortices, double-labeled cells were extremely rare, indicating that corticothalamic and interareal corticocortical cells in the subgranular layers represent largely independent populations.}, @@ -15939,7 +15928,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Two populations of corticothalamic and interareal corticocortical cells in the subgranular layers of the mouse primary sensory cortices}, Volume = {520}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petrof_JCompNeurol2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Petrof_JCompNeurol2012.pdf}} @article{Nassi:2009, Abstract = {Incoming sensory information is sent to the brain along modality-specific channels corresponding to the five senses. Each of these channels further parses the incoming signals into parallel streams to provide a compact, efficient input to the brain. Ultimately, these parallel input signals must be elaborated on and integrated in the cortex to provide a unified and coherent percept. Recent studies in the primate visual cortex have greatly contributed to our understanding of how this goal is accomplished. Multiple strategies including retinal tiling, hierarchical and parallel processing and modularity, defined spatially and by cell type-specific connectivity, are used by the visual system to recover the intricate detail of our visual surroundings.}, @@ -15960,7 +15949,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Parallel processing strategies of the primate visual system}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nassi_NatRevNeurosci2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nassi_NatRevNeurosci2009.pdf}} @article{Yu:2012, Abstract = {In primates, prostriata is a small area located between the primary visual cortex (V1) and the hippocampal formation. Prostriata sends connections to multisensory and high-order association areas in the temporal, parietal, cingulate, orbitofrontal, and frontopolar cortices. It is characterized by a relatively simple histological organization, alluding to an early origin in mammalian evolution. Here we show that prostriata neurons in marmoset monkeys exhibit a unique combination of response properties, suggesting a new pathway for rapid distribution of visual information in parallel with the traditionally recognized dorsal and ventral streams. Whereas the location and known connections of prostriata suggest a high-level association area, its response properties are unexpectedly simple, resembling those found in early stages of the visual processing: neurons have robust, nonadapting responses to simple stimuli, with latencies comparable to those found in V1, and are broadly tuned to stimulus orientation and spatiotemporal frequency. However, their receptive fields are enormous and form a unique topographic map that emphasizes the far periphery of the visual field. These results suggest a specialized circuit through which stimuli in peripheral vision can bypass the elaborate hierarchy of extrastriate visual areas and rapidly elicit coordinated motor and cognitive responses across multiple brain systems.}, @@ -15980,7 +15969,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {A specialized area in limbic cortex for fast analysis of peripheral vision}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yu_CurrBiol2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yu_CurrBiol2012.pdf}} @article{Paul:2012, Abstract = {The assembly of neural circuits involves multiple sequential steps such as the specification of cell-types, their migration to proper brain locations, morphological and physiological differentiation, and the formation and maturation of synaptic connections. This intricate and often prolonged process is guided by elaborate genetic mechanisms that regulate each step. Evidence from numerous systems suggests that each cell-type, once specified, is endowed with a genetic program that unfolds in response to, and is regulated by, extrinsic signals, including cell-cell and synaptic interactions. To a large extent, the execution of this intrinsic program is achieved by the expression of specific sets of genes that support distinct developmental processes. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the developmental progression of gene expression in synaptic partners of neurons may provide a basis for exploring the genetic mechanisms regulating circuit assembly. Here we examined the developmental gene expression profiles of well-defined cell-types in a stereotyped microcircuit of the cerebellar cortex. We found that the transcriptomes of Purkinje cell and stellate/basket cells are highly dynamic throughout postnatal development. We revealed "phasic expression" of transcription factors, ion channels, receptors, cell adhesion molecules, gap junction proteins, and identified distinct molecular pathways that might contribute to sequential steps of cerebellar inhibitory circuit formation. We further revealed a correlation between genomic clustering and developmental co-expression of hundreds of transcripts, suggesting the involvement of chromatin level gene regulation during circuit formation.}, @@ -15998,7 +15987,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Developmental Coordination of Gene Expression between Synaptic Partners During GABAergic Circuit Assembly in Cerebellar Cortex}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Paul_FrontNeuralCircuits2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Paul_FrontNeuralCircuits2012.pdf}} @article{Thomson:2010, Abstract = {This review attempts to summarise some of the major areas of neocortical research as it pertains to neocortical layer 6. After a brief summary of the development of this intriguing layer, the major pyramidal cell classes to be found in layer 6 are described and compared. The connections made and received by these different classes of neurones are then discussed and the possible functions of these connections, with particular reference to the shaping of responses in visual cortex and thalamus. Inhibition in layer 6 is discussed where appropriate, but not in great detail. Many types of interneurones are to be found in each cortical layer and layer 6 is no exception, but the functions of each type remain to be elucidated (Gonchar et al., 2007).}, @@ -16016,7 +16005,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Neocortical layer 6, a review}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thomson_FrontNeuroanat2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Thomson_FrontNeuroanat2010.pdf}} @article{Mahou:2012, Abstract = {We achieve simultaneous two-photon excitation of three chromophores with distinct absorption spectra using synchronized pulses from a femtosecond laser and an optical parametric oscillator. The two beams generate separate multiphoton processes, and their spatiotemporal overlap provides an additional two-photon excitation route, with submicrometer overlay of the color channels. We report volume and live multicolor imaging of 'Brainbow'-labeled tissues as well as simultaneous three-color fluorescence and third-harmonic imaging of fly embryos.}, @@ -16036,7 +16025,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Multicolor two-photon tissue imaging by wavelength mixing}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mahou_NatMethods2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mahou_NatMethods2012.pdf}} @article{Clemens:2012, Abstract = {Sensory experience plays a critical role in the development of cortical circuits. At the time of eye opening, visual cortical neurons in the ferret exhibit orientation selectivity, but lack direction selectivity, which is a feature of mature cortical neurons in this species. Direction selectivity emerges in the days and weeks following eye opening via a process that requires visual experience. However, the circuit mechanisms that underlie the development of direction selectivity remain unclear. Here, we used microelectrodes to examine the laminar chronology of the development of direction selectivity around the time of eye opening to identify the locations within the cortical circuit that are altered during this process. We found that neurons in layers 4 and 2/3 exhibited weak direction selectivity just before natural eye opening. Layer 4 neurons in animals that had opened their eyes but were younger than postnatal day 35 (PND 35) exhibited modestly increased direction selectivity, but layer 2/3 cells remained as weakly tuned as before eye opening. Animals that had opened their eyes and were PND 35 or older exhibited increased direction selectivity in both layers 4 and 2/3. On average, initial increases in direction selectivity in animals younger than PND 35 were explained by increases in responses to the preferred direction, while subsequent increases in direction selectivity in animals PND 35 or older were explained by decreases in responses to the null direction. These results suggest that all cortical layers are influenced by sensory stimulation during early stages of experience-dependent development.}, @@ -16057,7 +16046,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {The laminar development of direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Clemens_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Clemens_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Stensola:2012, Abstract = {The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is part of the brain's circuit for dynamic representation of self-location. The metric of this representation is provided by grid cells, cells with spatial firing fields that tile environments in a periodic hexagonal pattern. Limited anatomical sampling has obscured whether the grid system operates as a unified system or a conglomerate of independent modules. Here we show with recordings from up to 186 grid cells in individual rats that grid cells cluster into a small number of layer-spanning anatomically overlapping modules with distinct scale, orientation, asymmetry and theta-frequency modulation. These modules can respond independently to changes in the geometry of the environment. The discrete topography of the grid-map, and the apparent autonomy of the modules, differ from the graded topography of maps for continuous variables in several sensory systems, raising the possibility that the modularity of the grid map is a product of local self-organizing network dynamics.}, @@ -16077,7 +16066,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {The entorhinal grid map is discretized}, Volume = {492}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stensola_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stensola_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Su:2012, Abstract = {Diverse sensory organs, including mammalian taste buds and insect chemosensory sensilla, show a marked compartmentalization of receptor cells; however, the functional impact of this organization remains unclear. Here we show that compartmentalized Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) communicate with each other directly. The sustained response of one ORN is inhibited by the transient activation of a neighbouring ORN. Mechanistically, such lateral inhibition does not depend on synapses and is probably mediated by ephaptic coupling. Moreover, lateral inhibition in the periphery can modulate olfactory behaviour. Together, the results show that integration of olfactory information can occur via lateral interactions between ORNs. Inhibition of a sustained response by a transient response may provide a means of encoding salience. Finally, a CO(2)-sensitive ORN in the malaria mosquito Anopheles can also be inhibited by excitation of an adjacent ORN, suggesting a broad occurrence of lateral inhibition in insects and possible applications in insect control.}, @@ -16098,7 +16087,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Non-synaptic inhibition between grouped neurons in an olfactory circuit}, Volume = {492}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Su_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Su_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Yang:2010a, Abstract = {Imaging neurons, glia and vasculature in the living brain has become an important experimental tool for understanding how the brain works. Here we describe in detail a protocol for imaging cortical structures at high optical resolution through a thinned-skull cranial window in live mice using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). Surgery can be performed within 30-45 min and images can be acquired immediately thereafter. The procedure can be repeated multiple times allowing longitudinal imaging of the cortex over intervals ranging from days to years. Imaging through a thinned-skull cranial window avoids exposure of the meninges and the cortex, thus providing a minimally invasive approach for studying structural and functional changes of cells under normal and pathological conditions in the living brain.}, @@ -16118,7 +16107,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Thinned-skull cranial window technique for long-term imaging of the cortex in live mice}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_NatProtoc2010a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yang_NatProtoc2010a.pdf}} @article{Warner:2012, Abstract = {The hierarchical development of the primate visual cortex and associated streams remains somewhat of a mystery. While anatomical, physiological, and psychological studies have demonstrated the early maturation of the dorsal "where"/"how" or motion cortical stream, little is known about the circuitry responsible. The influence of the retinogeniculostriate pathway has been investigated, but little attention has been paid to the role of two more recently described disynaptic retinothalamic projections to the middle temporal (MT) area, an early maturing dorsal stream cortical field, and which bypass the primary visual cortex (V1). These pathways are via the koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the medial portion of the inferior pulvinar (PIm). Both have been demonstrated in the adult nonhuman primate, but their influence during the maturation of the visual cortex is unknown. We used a combination of neural tracing and immunohistochemistry to follow the development of LGN and PIm inputs to area MT in the marmoset monkey. Our results revealed that the early maturation of area MT is likely due to the disynaptic retinopulvinar input and not the retinogeniculate input or the direct projection from V1. Furthermore, from soon after birth to adulthood, there was a dynamic shift in the ratio of input from these three structures to area MT, with an increasing dominance of the direct V1 afference.}, @@ -16138,7 +16127,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {The early maturation of visual cortical area MT is dependent on input from the retinorecipient medial portion of the inferior pulvinar}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Warner_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Warner_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Okun:2012, Abstract = {Cortical circuits encode sensory stimuli through the firing of neuronal ensembles, and also produce spontaneous population patterns in the absence of sensory drive. This population activity is often characterized experimentally by the distribution of multineuron "words" (binary firing vectors), and a match between spontaneous and evoked word distributions has been suggested to reflect learning of a probabilistic model of the sensory world. We analyzed multineuron word distributions in sensory cortex of anesthetized rats and cats, and found that they are dominated by fluctuations in population firing rate rather than precise interactions between individual units. Furthermore, cortical word distributions change when brain state shifts, and similar behavior is seen in simulated networks with fixed, random connectivity. Our results suggest that similarity or dissimilarity in multineuron word distributions could primarily reflect similarity or dissimilarity in population firing rate dynamics, and not necessarily the precise interactions between neurons that would indicate learning of sensory features.}, @@ -16159,7 +16148,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Population rate dynamics and multineuron firing patterns in sensory cortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Okun_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Okun_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Mancini:2012, Abstract = {Topographic maps of the receptive surface are a fundamental feature of neural organization in many sensory systems. While touch is finely mapped in the cerebral cortex, it remains controversial how precise any cortical nociceptive map may be. Given that nociceptive innervation density is relatively low on distal skin regions such as the digits, one might conclude that the nociceptive system lacks fine representation of these regions. Indeed, only gross spatial organization of nociceptive maps has been reported so far. However, here we reveal the existence of fine-grained somatotopy for nociceptive inputs to the digits in human primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Using painful nociceptive-selective laser stimuli to the hand, and phase-encoded functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis methods, we observed somatotopic maps of the digits in contralateral SI. These nociceptive maps were highly aligned with maps of non-painful tactile stimuli, suggesting comparable cortical representations for, and possible interactions between, mechanoreceptive and nociceptive signals. Our findings may also be valuable for future studies tracking the time course and the spatial pattern of plastic changes in cortical organization involved in chronic pain.}, @@ -16180,7 +16169,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Fine-grained nociceptive maps in primary somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mancini_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mancini_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Ren:2012, Abstract = {Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurological disorder that is associated with mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. RTT patients suffer from mental retardation and behavioral disorders, including heightened anxiety and state-dependent breathing irregularities, such as hyperventilation and apnea. Many symptoms are recapitulated by the Mecp2-null male mice (Mecp2(-/y)). To characterize developmental progression of the respiratory phenotype and explore underlying mechanisms, we examined Mecp2(-/y) and wild-type (WT) mice from presymptomatic periods to end-stage disease. We monitored breathing patterns of unrestrained mice during wake-sleep states and while altering stress levels using movement restraint or threatening odorant (trimethylthiazoline). Respiratory motor patterns generated by in situ working heart-brainstem preparations (WHBPs) were measured to assess function of brainstem respiratory networks isolated from suprapontine structures. Data revealed two general stages of respiratory dysfunction in Mecp2(-/y) mice. At the early stage, respiratory abnormalities were limited to wakefulness, correlated with markers of stress (increased fecal deposition and blood corticosterone levels), and alleviated by antalarmin (corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist). Furthermore, the respiratory rhythm generated by WHBPs was similar in WT and Mecp2(-/y) mice. During the later stage, respiratory abnormalities were evident during wakefulness and sleep. Also, WHBPs from Mecp2(-/y) showed central apneas. We conclude that, at early disease stages, stress-related modulation from suprapontine structures is a significant factor in the Mecp2(-/y) respiratory phenotype and that anxiolytics may be effective. At later stages, abnormalities of brainstem respiratory networks are a significant cause of irregular breathing patterns and central apneas.}, @@ -16200,7 +16189,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Anxiety-related mechanisms of respiratory dysfunction in a mouse model of Rett syndrome}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ren_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ren_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Stevenson:2012, Abstract = {How interactions between neurons relate to tuned neural responses is a longstanding question in systems neuroscience. Here we use statistical modeling and simultaneous multi-electrode recordings to explore the relationship between these interactions and tuning curves in six different brain areas. We find that, in most cases, functional interactions between neurons provide an explanation of spiking that complements and, in some cases, surpasses the influence of canonical tuning curves. Modeling functional interactions improves both encoding and decoding accuracy by accounting for noise correlations and features of the external world that tuning curves fail to capture. In cortex, modeling coupling alone allows spikes to be predicted more accurately than tuning curve models based on external variables. These results suggest that statistical models of functional interactions between even relatively small numbers of neurons may provide a useful framework for examining neural coding.}, @@ -16219,7 +16208,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Functional connectivity and tuning curves in populations of simultaneously recorded neurons}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stevenson_PLoSComputBiol2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stevenson_PLoSComputBiol2012.pdf}} @article{Reichl:2012, Abstract = {In the juvenile brain, the synaptic architecture of the visual cortex remains in a state of flux for months after the natural onset of vision and the initial emergence of feature selectivity in visual cortical neurons. It is an attractive hypothesis that visual cortical architecture is shaped during this extended period of juvenile plasticity by the coordinated optimization of multiple visual cortical maps such as orientation preference (OP), ocular dominance (OD), spatial frequency, or direction preference. In part (I) of this study we introduced a class of analytically tractable coordinated optimization models and solved representative examples, in which a spatially complex organization of the OP map is induced by interactions between the maps. We found that these solutions near symmetry breaking threshold predict a highly ordered map layout. Here we examine the time course of the convergence towards attractor states and optima of these models. In particular, we determine the timescales on which map optimization takes place and how these timescales can be compared to those of visual cortical development and plasticity. We also assess whether our models exhibit biologically more realistic, spatially irregular solutions at a finite distance from threshold, when the spatial periodicities of the two maps are detuned and when considering more than 2 feature dimensions. We show that, although maps typically undergo substantial rearrangement, no other solutions than pinwheel crystals and stripes dominate in the emerging layouts. Pinwheel crystallization takes place on a rather short timescale and can also occur for detuned wavelengths of different maps. Our numerical results thus support the view that neither minimal energy states nor intermediate transient states of our coordinated optimization models successfully explain the architecture of the visual cortex. We discuss several alternative scenarios that may improve the agreement between model solutions and biological observations.}, @@ -16238,7 +16227,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Coordinated optimization of visual cortical maps (II) numerical studies}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reichl_PLoSComputBiol2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Reichl_PLoSComputBiol2012.pdf}} @article{Mukamel:2010a, Abstract = {Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1-8]. Because these discharges "reflect" the perceptual aspects of actions of others onto the motor repertoire of the perceiver, these cells have been called mirror neurons. Their overlapping sensory-motor representations have been implicated in observational learning and imitation, two important forms of learning [9]. In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12-15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16-19]. We recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions. A significant proportion of neurons in supplementary motor area, and hippocampus and environs, responded to both observation and execution of these actions. A subset of these neurons demonstrated excitation during action-execution and inhibition during action-observation. These findings suggest that multiple systems in humans may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others.}, @@ -16259,7 +16248,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mukamel_CurrBiol2010a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mukamel_CurrBiol2010a.pdf}} @article{Sato:2012b, Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex is composed of various types of neurons that reflect its laminar and area structures. It has been suggested that not only intrinsic but also afferent-derived extrinsic factors are involved in neuronal differentiation during development. However, the role and molecular mechanism of such extrinsic factors are almost unknown. Here, we attempted to identify molecules that are expressed in the thalamus and affect cortical cell development. First, thalamus-specific molecules were sought by comparing gene expression profiles of the developing rat thalamus and cortex using microarrays, and by constructing a thalamus-enriched subtraction cDNA library. A systematic screening by in situ hybridization showed that several genes encoding extracellular molecules were strongly expressed in sensory thalamic nuclei. Exogenous and endogenous protein localization further demonstrated that two extracellular molecules, Neuritin-1 (NRN1) and VGF, were transported to thalamic axon terminals. Application of NRN1 and VGF to dissociated cell culture promoted the dendritic growth. An organotypic slice culture experiment further showed that the number of primary dendrites in multipolar stellate neurons increased in response to NRN1 and VGF, whereas dendritic growth of pyramidal neurons was not promoted. These molecules also increased neuronal survival of multipolar neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that the thalamus-specific molecules NRN1 and VGF play an important role in the dendritic growth and survival of cortical neurons in a cell type-specific manner.}, @@ -16279,7 +16268,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Thalamus-derived molecules promote survival and dendritic growth of developing cortical neurons}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sato_JNeurosci2012a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sato_JNeurosci2012a.pdf}} @article{State:2012, Author = {State, Matthew W and {\v S}estan, Nenad}, @@ -16298,7 +16287,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Neuroscience. The emerging biology of autism spectrum disorders}, Volume = {337}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/State_Science2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/State_Science2012.pdf}} @article{Holmes:2012, Abstract = {Cervical dystonia (CD; spasmodic torticollis) can be evoked by inhibition of substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) in the nonhuman primate (Burbaud et al., 1998; Dybdal et al., 2012). Suppression of GABAergic neurons that project from SNpr results in the disinhibition of the targets to which these neurons project. It therefore should be possible to prevent CD by inhibition of the appropriate nigral target region(s). Here we tested the hypothesis that the deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (DLSC), a key target of nigral projections, are required for the emergence of CD. To test this hypothesis, we pretreated the DLSC of four macaques with the GABA(A) agonist muscimol to determine whether this treatment would prevent CD evoked by muscimol infusions in SNpr. Our data supported this hypothesis: inhibition of DLSC attenuated CD evoked by muscimol in SNpr in all four animals. In two of the four subjects, quadrupedal rotations were evoked by muscimol application into SNpr sites that were distinct from those that induced dystonia. We found that inhibition of DLSC did not significantly alter quadrupedal rotations, suggesting that this response is dissociable from the SNpr-evoked CD. Our results are the first to demonstrate a role of DLSC in mediating the expression of CD. Furthermore, these data reveal a functional relationship between SNpr and DLSC in regulating posture and movement in the nonhuman primate, raising the possibility that the nigrotectal pathway has potential as a target for therapeutic interventions for CD.}, @@ -16318,7 +16307,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Superior colliculus mediates cervical dystonia evoked by inhibition of the substantia nigra pars reticulata}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Holmes_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Holmes_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Anastasiades:2012, Abstract = {The integration of neurons within the developing cerebral cortex is a prolonged process dependent on a combination of molecular and physiological cues. To examine the latter we used laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) of caged glutamate in conjunction with whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to probe the integration of pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor regions of the mouse neocortex. In the days immediately after postnatal day 5 (P5) the origin of the LSPS-evoked AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic inputs were diffuse and poorly defined with considerable variability between cells. Over the subsequent week this coalesced and shifted, primarily influenced by an increased contribution from layers 2/3 cells, which became a prominent motif of the afferent input onto layer 5 pyramidal cells regardless of cortical region. To further investigate this particular emergent translaminar connection, we alternated our mapping protocol between two holding potentials (-70 and +40 mV) allowing us to detect exclusively NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated inputs. This revealed distal MK-801-sensitive synaptic inputs that predict the formation of the mature, canonical layer 2/3 to 5 pathway. However, these were a transient feature and had been almost entirely converted to AMPAR synapses at a later age (P16). To examine the role of activity in the recruitment of early NMDAR synapses, we evoked brief periods (20 min) of rhythmic bursting. Short intense periods of activity could cause a prolonged augmentation of the total input onto pyramidal cells up until P12; a time point when the canonical circuit has been instated and synaptic integration shifts to a more consolidatory phase.}, @@ -16338,7 +16327,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {A role for silent synapses in the development of the pathway from layer 2/3 to 5 pyramidal cells in the neocortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Anastasiades_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Anastasiades_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Rizo:2012, Author = {Rizo, Josep}, @@ -16357,7 +16346,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Cell biology. Staging membrane fusion}, Volume = {337}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rizo_Science2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rizo_Science2012.pdf}} @article{Sherratt:2012, Author = {Sherratt, Thomas N and Roberts, Gilbert}, @@ -16376,7 +16365,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Ecology. When paths to cooperation converge}, Volume = {337}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sherratt_Science2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sherratt_Science2012.pdf}} @article{Capotondo:2012, Abstract = {The recent hypothesis that postnatal microglia are maintained independently of circulating monocytes by local precursors that colonize the brain before birth has relevant implications for the treatment of various neurological diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), for which hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is applied to repopulate the recipient myeloid compartment, including microglia, with cells expressing the defective functional hydrolase. By studying wild-type and LSD mice at diverse time-points after HCT, we showed the occurrence of a short-term wave of brain infiltration by a fraction of the transplanted hematopoietic progenitors, independently from the administration of a preparatory regimen and from the presence of a disease state in the brain. However, only the use of a conditioning regimen capable of ablating functionally defined brain-resident myeloid precursors allowed turnover of microglia with the donor, mediated by local proliferation of early immigrants rather than entrance of mature cells from the circulation.}, @@ -16397,7 +16386,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Brain conditioning is instrumental for successful microglia reconstitution following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation}, Volume = {109}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Capotondo_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Capotondo_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012.pdf}} @article{Yurovsky:2012, Abstract = {The study of cognitive development hinges, largely, on the analysis of infant looking. But analyses of eye gaze data require the adoption of linking hypotheses: assumptions about the relationship between observed eye movements and underlying cognitive processes. We develop a general framework for constructing, testing, and comparing these hypotheses, and thus for producing new insights into early cognitive development. We first introduce the general framework--applicable to any infant gaze experiment--and then demonstrate its utility by analyzing data from a set of experiments investigating the role of attentional cues in infant learning. The new analysis uncovers significantly more structure in these data, finding evidence of learning that was not found in standard analyses and showing an unexpected relationship between cue use and learning rate. Finally, we discuss general implications for the construction and testing of quantitative linking hypotheses. MATLAB code for sample linking hypotheses can be found on the first author's website.}, @@ -16416,7 +16405,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Quantitative linking hypotheses for infant eye movements}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yurovsky_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yurovsky_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Margolis:2012, Abstract = {Sensory maps are reshaped by experience. It is unknown how map plasticity occurs in vivo in functionally diverse neuronal populations because activity of the same cells has not been tracked over long time periods. Here we used repeated two-photon imaging of a genetic calcium indicator to measure whisker-evoked responsiveness of the same layer 2/3 neurons in adult mouse barrel cortex over weeks, first with whiskers intact, then during continued trimming of all but one whisker. Across the baseline period, neurons displayed heterogeneous yet stable responsiveness. During sensory deprivation, responses to trimmed whisker stimulation globally decreased, whereas responses to spared whisker stimulation increased for the least active neurons and decreased for the most active neurons. These findings suggest that recruitment of inactive, 'silent' neurons is part of a convergent redistribution of population activity underlying sensory map plasticity. Sensory-driven responsiveness is a key property controlling experience-dependent activity changes in individual neurons.}, @@ -16436,7 +16425,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Reorganization of cortical population activity imaged throughout long-term sensory deprivation}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Margolis_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Margolis_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Blanco-Hernandez:2012, Abstract = {The olfactory system, particularly the olfactory epithelium, presents a unique opportunity to study the regenerative capabilities of the brain, because of its ability to recover after damage. In this study, we ablated olfactory sensory neurons with methimazole and followed the anatomical and functional recovery of circuits expressing genetic markers for I7 and M72 receptors (M72-IRES-tau-LacZ and I7-IRES-tau-GFP). Our results show that 45 days after methimazole-induced lesion, axonal projections to the bulb of M72 and I7 populations are largely reestablished. Furthermore, regenerated glomeruli are re-formed within the same areas as those of control, unexposed mice. This anatomical regeneration correlates with functional recovery of a previously learned odorant-discrimination task, dependent on the cognate ligands for M72 and I7. Following regeneration, mice also recover innate responsiveness to TMT and urine. Our findings show that regeneration of neuronal circuits in the olfactory system can be achieved with remarkable precision and underscore the importance of glomerular organization to evoke memory traces stored in the brain.}, @@ -16455,7 +16444,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Odor memory stability after reinnervation of the olfactory bulb}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blanco-Hernández_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Blanco-Hernández_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Watakabe:2012, Abstract = {We are interested in identifying and characterizing various projection neurons that constitute the neocortical circuit. For this purpose, we developed a novel lentiviral vector that carries the tetracycline transactivator (tTA) and the transgene under the TET Responsive Element promoter (TRE) on a single backbone. By pseudotyping such a vector with modified rabies G-protein, we were able to express palmitoylated-GFP (palGFP) or turboFP635 (RFP) in corticothalamic, corticocortical, and corticopontine neurons of mice. The high-level expression of the transgene achieved by the TET-Off system enabled us to observe characteristic elaboration of neuronal processes for each cell type. At higher magnification, we were able to observe fine structures such as boutons and spines as well. We also injected our retrograde TET-Off vector to the marmoset cortex and proved that it can be used to label the long-distance cortical connectivity of millimeter scale. In conclusion, our novel retrograde tracer provides an attractive option to investigate the morphologies of identified cortical projection neurons of various species.}, @@ -16474,7 +16463,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Visualization of cortical projection neurons with retrograde TET-off lentiviral vector}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Watakabe_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Watakabe_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Reese:2012, Abstract = {The brain is one of the most studied and highly complex systems in the biological world. While much research has concentrated on studying the brain directly, our focus is the structure of the brain itself: at its core an interconnected network of nodes (neurons). A better understanding of the structural connectivity of the brain should elucidate some of its functional properties. In this paper we analyze the connectome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Consisting of only 302 neurons, it is one of the better-understood neural networks. Using a Laplacian Matrix of the 279-neuron "giant component" of the network, we use an eigenvalue counting function to look for fractal-like self similarity. This matrix representation is also used to plot visualizations of the neural network in eigenfunction coordinates. Small-world properties of the system are examined, including average path length and clustering coefficient. We test for localization of eigenfunctions, using graph energy and spacial variance on these functions. To better understand results, all calculations are also performed on random networks, branching trees, and known fractals, as well as fractals which have been "rewired" to have small-world properties. We propose algorithms for generating Laplacian matrices of each of these graphs.}, @@ -16493,7 +16482,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Analyzing self-similar and fractal properties of the C. elegans neural network}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reese_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Reese_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Sugar:2011, Abstract = {A connectome is an indispensable tool for brain researchers, since it quickly provides comprehensive knowledge of the brain's anatomical connections. Such knowledge lies at the basis of understanding network functions. Our first comprehensive and interactive account of brain connections comprised the rat hippocampal-parahippocampal network. We have now added all anatomical connections with the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) as well as the intrinsic connections of this region, because of the interesting functional overlap between these brain regions. The RSC is involved in a variety of cognitive tasks including memory, navigation, and prospective thinking, yet the exact role of the RSC and the functional differences between its subdivisions remain elusive. The connectome presented here may help to define this role by providing an unprecedented interactive and searchable overview of all connections within and between the rat RSC, parahippocampal region and hippocampal formation.}, @@ -16511,7 +16500,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {The retrosplenial cortex: intrinsic connectivity and connections with the (para)hippocampal region in the rat. An interactive connectome}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sugar_FrontNeuroinform2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sugar_FrontNeuroinform2011.pdf}} @article{McNaughton:2006, Abstract = {The hippocampal formation can encode relative spatial location, without reference to external cues, by the integration of linear and angular self-motion (path integration). Theoretical studies, in conjunction with recent empirical discoveries, suggest that the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) might perform some of the essential underlying computations by means of a unique, periodic synaptic matrix that could be self-organized in early development through a simple, symmetry-breaking operation. The scale at which space is represented increases systematically along the dorsoventral axis in both the hippocampus and the MEC, apparently because of systematic variation in the gain of a movement-speed signal. Convergence of spatially periodic input at multiple scales, from so-called grid cells in the entorhinal cortex, might result in non-periodic spatial firing patterns (place fields) in the hippocampus.}, @@ -16531,7 +16520,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Path integration and the neural basis of the 'cognitive map'}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McNaughton_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/McNaughton_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Wagner:2006, Abstract = {Retinoic acid is well recognized to promote neuronal differentiation in the embryonic nervous system, but how it influences the postnatal cerebral cortex remains largely unknown. The domain of highest retinoic acid actions in the cortex of the mouse constricts postnatally to a narrow band that includes the dorsal visual stream and the attentional and executive networks. This band of cortex, which is distinguished by the retinoic acid-synthesizing enzyme RALDH3, exhibits signs of delayed maturation and enhanced plasticity compared to the surrounding cortex, as indicated by suppression of parvalbumin, neurofilament, cytochrome oxidase and perineuronal net maturation, and persistence of the embryonic, polysialated form of the neural cell-adhesion molecule PSA-NCAM. During the first postnatal week, the RALDH3-expressing territory translocates in the caudal cortex from the medial limbic lobe to the adjacent neocortex. This topographical shift requires the neurotrophin NT-3 because in mice lacking neuronal NT-3 the RALDH3 enzyme maintains its early postnatal pattern up to adulthood. In the NT-3-null mutants, expression of the markers, whose topography colocalizes with RALDH3 in the normal cortex, matches the abnormal RALDH3 pattern. This indicates that the uneven retinoic acid distribution serves a role in patterning the maturation and to some extent function of the normal postnatal cerebral cortex.}, @@ -16551,7 +16540,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Retinoic acid delineates the topography of neuronal plasticity in postnatal cerebral cortex}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wagner_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wagner_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Grimsley:2011, Abstract = {Adult mice are highly vocal animals, with both males and females vocalizing in same sex and cross sex social encounters. Mouse pups are also highly vocal, producing isolation vocalizations when they are cold or removed from the nest. This study examined patterns in the development of pup isolation vocalizations, and compared these to adult vocalizations. In three litters of CBA/CaJ mice, we recorded isolation vocalizations at ages postnatal day 5 (p5), p7, p9, p11, and p13. Adult vocalizations were obtained in a variety of social situations. Altogether, 28,384 discrete vocal signals were recorded using high-frequency-sensitive equipment and analyzed for syllable type, spectral and temporal features, and the temporal sequencing within bouts. We found that pups produced all but one of the 11 syllable types recorded from adults. The proportions of syllable types changed developmentally, but even the youngest pups produced complex syllables with frequency-time variations. When all syllable types were pooled together for analysis, changes in the peak frequency or the duration of syllables were small, although significant, from p5 through p13. However, individual syllable types showed different, large patterns of change over development, requiring analysis of each syllable type separately. Most adult syllables were substantially lower in frequency and shorter in duration. As pups aged, the complexity of vocal bouts increased, with a greater tendency to switch between syllable types. Vocal bouts from older animals, p13 and adult, had significantly more sequential structure than those from younger mice. Overall, these results demonstrate substantial changes in social vocalizations with age. Future studies are required to identify whether these changes result from developmental processes affecting the vocal tract or control of vocalization, or from vocal learning. To provide a tool for further research, we developed a MATLAB program that generates bouts of vocalizations that correspond to mice of different ages.}, @@ -16571,7 +16560,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Development of social vocalizations in mice}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grimsley_PLoSOne2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grimsley_PLoSOne2011.pdf}} @article{Taniguchi:2013, Abstract = {Diverse γ-aminobutyric acid-releasing interneurons regulate the functional organization of cortical circuits and derive from multiple embryonic sources. It remains unclear to what extent embryonic origin influences interneuron specification and cortical integration because of difficulties in tracking defined cell types. Here, we followed the developmental trajectory of chandelier cells (ChCs), the most distinct interneurons that innervate the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons and control action potential initiation. ChCs mainly derive from the ventral germinal zone of the lateral ventricle during late gestation and require the homeodomain protein Nkx2.1 for their specification. They migrate with stereotyped routes and schedule and achieve specific laminar distribution in the cortex. The developmental specification of this bona fide interneuron type likely contributes to the assembly of a cortical circuit motif.}, @@ -16591,7 +16580,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {The spatial and temporal origin of chandelier cells in mouse neocortex}, Volume = {339}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Taniguchi_Science2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Taniguchi_Science2013.pdf}} @article{Haider:2013, Abstract = {The activity of the cerebral cortex is thought to depend on the precise relationship between synaptic excitation and inhibition. In the visual cortex, in particular, intracellular measurements have related response selectivity to coordinated increases in excitation and inhibition. These measurements, however, have all been made during anaesthesia, which strongly influences cortical state and therefore sensory processing. The synaptic activity that is evoked by visual stimulation during wakefulness is unknown. Here we measured visually evoked responses--and the underlying synaptic conductances--in the visual cortex of anaesthetized and awake mice. Under anaesthesia, responses could be elicited from a large region of visual space and were prolonged. During wakefulness, responses were more spatially selective and much briefer. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of synaptic conductances showed a difference in synaptic inhibition between the two conditions. Under anaesthesia, inhibition tracked excitation in amplitude and spatial selectivity. By contrast, during wakefulness, inhibition was much stronger than excitation and had extremely broad spatial selectivity. We conclude that during wakefulness, cortical responses to visual stimulation are dominated by synaptic inhibition, restricting the spatial spread and temporal persistence of neural activity. These results provide a direct glimpse of synaptic mechanisms that control sensory responses in the awake cortex.}, @@ -16612,7 +16601,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Inhibition dominates sensory responses in the awake cortex}, Volume = {493}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Haider_Nature2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Haider_Nature2013.pdf}} @article{Lazarenko:2010, Abstract = {At surgical depths of anesthesia, inhalational anesthetics cause a loss of motor response to painful stimuli (i.e., immobilization) that is characterized by profound inhibition of spinal motor circuits. Yet, although clearly depressed, the respiratory motor system continues to provide adequate ventilation under these same conditions. Here, we show that isoflurane causes robust activation of CO(2)/pH-sensitive, Phox2b-expressing neurons located in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) of the rodent brainstem, in vitro and in vivo. In brainstem slices from Phox2b-eGFP mice, the firing of pH-sensitive RTN neurons was strongly increased by isoflurane, independent of prevailing pH conditions. At least two ionic mechanisms contributed to anesthetic activation of RTN neurons: activation of an Na(+)-dependent cationic current and inhibition of a background K(+) current. Single-cell reverse transcription-PCR analysis of dissociated green fluorescent protein-labeled RTN neurons revealed expression of THIK-1 (TWIK-related halothane-inhibited K(+) channel, K(2P)13.1), a channel that shares key properties with the native RTN current (i.e., suppression by inhalational anesthetics, weak rectification, inhibition by extracellular Na(+), and pH-insensitivity). Isoflurane also increased firing rate of RTN chemosensitive neurons in urethane-anesthetized rats, again independent of CO(2) levels. In these animals, isoflurane transiently enhanced activity of the respiratory system, an effect that was most prominent at low levels of respiratory drive and mediated primarily by an increase in respiratory frequency. These data indicate that inhalational anesthetics cause activation of RTN neurons, which serve an important integrative role in respiratory control; the increased drive provided by enhanced RTN neuronal activity may contribute, in part, to maintaining respiratory motor activity under immobilizing anesthetic conditions.}, @@ -16633,7 +16622,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Anesthetic activation of central respiratory chemoreceptor neurons involves inhibition of a THIK-1-like background K(+) current}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lazarenko_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lazarenko_JNeurosci2010.pdf}} @article{Meyer-Lindenberg:2012, Abstract = {Mental health and social life are intimately inter-related, as demonstrated by the frequent social deficits of psychiatric patients and the increased rate of psychiatric disorders in people exposed to social environmental adversity. Here, we review emerging evidence that combines epidemiology, social psychology and neuroscience to bring neural mechanisms of social risk factors for mental illness into focus. In doing so, we discuss existing evidence on the effects of common genetic risk factors in social neural pathways and outline the need for integrative approaches to identify the converging mechanisms of social environmental and genetic risk in brain.}, @@ -16653,7 +16642,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Neural mechanisms of social risk for psychiatric disorders}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meyer-Lindenberg_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Meyer-Lindenberg_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Halje:2012, Abstract = {The standard pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease using the dopamine precursor levodopa is unfortunately limited by gradual development of disabling involuntary movements for which the underlying causes are poorly understood. Here we show that levodopa-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats is strongly associated with pronounced 80 Hz local field potential oscillations in the primary motor cortex following levodopa treatment. When this oscillation is interrupted by application of a dopamine antagonist onto the cortical surface the dyskinetic symptoms disappear. The finding that abnormal cortical oscillations are a key pathophysiological mechanism calls for a revision of the prevailing hypothesis that links levodopa-induced dyskinesia to an altered sensitivity to dopamine only in the striatum. Apart from having important implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, the discovered pathophysiological mechanism may also play a role in several other psychiatric and neurological conditions involving cortical dysfunction.}, @@ -16673,7 +16662,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Levodopa-induced dyskinesia is strongly associated with resonant cortical oscillations}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Halje_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Halje_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{McMullen:2011, Abstract = {Many multiphoton imaging applications would benefit from a larger field of view; however, large field of views (>mm) require low magnification objectives which have low light collection efficiencies. We demonstrate a light collection system mounted on a low magnification objective that increases fluorescence collection by as much as 20-fold in scattering tissues. This peripheral detector results in an effective numerical aperture of collection >0.8 with a 3-4 mm field of view.}, @@ -16693,7 +16682,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Enhancing collection efficiency in large field of view multiphoton microscopy}, Volume = {241}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McMullen_JMicrosc2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/McMullen_JMicrosc2011.pdf}} @article{Kwan:2010, Abstract = {Neural activity can be captured by state-of-the-art optical imaging methods although the analysis of the resulting data sets is often manual and not standardized. Therefore, laboratories using large-scale calcium imaging eagerly await software toolboxes that can automate the process of identifying cells and inferring spikes. An algorithm proposed and implemented in a recent paper by Mukamel et al. [Neuron 63, 747-760 (2009)] used independent component analysis and offers significant improvements over conventional methods. The approach should be widely applicable, as tested with data obtained from the mouse cerebellum, neocortex, and spinal cord. The emergence of analysis tools in parallel with the rapid advances in optical imaging is an exciting development that will stimulate new discoveries and further elucidate the functions of neural circuits.}, @@ -16713,7 +16702,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Toward reconstructing spike trains from large-scale calcium imaging data}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kwan_HFSPJ2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kwan_HFSPJ2010.pdf}} @article{Li:2012, Abstract = {The usefulness of genetically encoded probes for optical monitoring of neuronal activity and brain circuits would be greatly advanced by the generation of multiple indicators with non-overlapping color spectra. Most existing indicators are derived from or spectrally convergent on GFP. We generated a bright, red, pH-sensitive fluorescent protein, pHTomato, that can be used in parallel with green probes to monitor neuronal activity. SypHTomato, made by fusing pHTomato to the vesicular membrane protein synaptophysin, reported activity-dependent exocytosis as efficiently as green reporters. When expressed with the GFP-based indicator GCaMP3 in the same neuron, sypHTomato enabled concomitant imaging of transmitter release and presynaptic Ca(2+) transients at single nerve terminals. Expressing sypHTomato and GCaMP3 in separate cells enabled the simultaneous determination of presynaptic vesicular turnover and postsynaptic sub- and supra-threshold responses from a connected pair of neurons. With these new tools, we observed a close size matching between pre- and postsynaptic compartments, as well as interesting target cell-dependent regulation of presynaptic vesicle pools. Lastly, by coupling expression of pHTomato- and GFP-based probes with distinct variants of channelrhodopsin, we provided proof-of-principle for an all-optical approach to multiplex control and tracking of distinct circuit pathways.}, @@ -16733,7 +16722,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {pHTomato, a red, genetically encoded indicator that enables multiplex interrogation of synaptic activity}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Li_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Koralek:2012, Abstract = {The ability to learn new skills and perfect them with practice applies not only to physical skills but also to abstract skills, like motor planning or neuroprosthetic actions. Although plasticity in corticostriatal circuits has been implicated in learning physical skills, it remains unclear if similar circuits or processes are required for abstract skill learning. Here we use a novel behavioural task in rodents to investigate the role of corticostriatal plasticity in abstract skill learning. Rodents learned to control the pitch of an auditory cursor to reach one of two targets by modulating activity in primary motor cortex irrespective of physical movement. Degradation of the relation between action and outcome, as well as sensory-specific devaluation and omission tests, demonstrate that these learned neuroprosthetic actions are intentional and goal-directed, rather than habitual. Striatal neurons change their activity with learning, with more neurons modulating their activity in relation to target-reaching as learning progresses. Concomitantly, strong relations between the activity of neurons in motor cortex and the striatum emerge. Specific deletion of striatal NMDA receptors impairs the development of this corticostriatal plasticity, and disrupts the ability to learn neuroprosthetic skills. These results suggest that corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for abstract skill learning, and that neuroprosthetic movements capitalize on the neural circuitry involved in natural motor learning.}, @@ -16754,7 +16743,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for learning intentional neuroprosthetic skills}, Volume = {483}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koralek_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Koralek_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Kinoshita:2012, Abstract = {It is generally accepted that the direct connection from the motor cortex to spinal motor neurons is responsible for dexterous hand movements in primates. However, the role of the 'phylogenetically older' indirect pathways from the motor cortex to motor neurons, mediated by spinal interneurons, remains elusive. Here we used a novel double-infection technique to interrupt the transmission through the propriospinal neurons (PNs), which act as a relay of the indirect pathway in macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata and Macaca mulatta). The PNs were double infected by injection of a highly efficient retrograde gene-transfer vector into their target area and subsequent injection of adeno-associated viral vector at the location of cell somata. This method enabled reversible expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged tetanus neurotoxin, thereby permitting the selective and temporal blockade of the motor cortex--PN--motor neuron pathway. This treatment impaired reach and grasp movements, revealing a critical role for the PN-mediated pathway in the control of hand dexterity. Anti-GFP immunohistochemistry visualized the cell bodies and axonal trajectories of the blocked PNs, which confirmed their anatomical connection to motor neurons. This pathway-selective and reversible technique for blocking neural transmission does not depend on cell-specific promoters or transgenic techniques, and is a new and powerful tool for functional dissection in system-level neuroscience studies.}, @@ -16774,7 +16763,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Genetic dissection of the circuit for hand dexterity in primates}, Volume = {487}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kinoshita_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kinoshita_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Park:2009, Abstract = {Constructing a rich and continuous visual experience requires computing specific details across views as well as integrating similarities across views. In this paper, we report functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence that these distinct computations may occur in two scene-sensitive regions in the brain, the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC). Participants saw different snapshot views from panoramic scenes, which represented clearly different views, but appeared to come from the same scene. Using fMRI adaptation, we tested whether the PPA and RSC treated these panoramic views as the same or different. In the panoramic condition, three different views from a single panoramic scene were presented. We did not find any attenuation for panoramic repeats in the PPA, showing viewpoint-specificity. In contrast, RSC showed significant attenuation for the panoramic condition, showing viewpoint-integration. However, when the panoramic views were not presented in a continuous way, both the specificity in the PPA and the integration in RSC were lost. These results demonstrate that the PPA and RSC compute different properties of scenes: the PPA focuses on selective discrimination of different views while RSC focuses on the integration of scenes under the same visual context. These complementary functions of the PPA and RSC enable both specific and integrative representations of scenes across several viewpoints.}, @@ -16795,7 +16784,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Different roles of the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in panoramic scene perception}, Volume = {47}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Park_Neuroimage2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Park_Neuroimage2009.pdf}} @article{Tsai:2009a, Abstract = {It is well known that the density of neurons varies within the adult brain. In neocortex, this includes variations in neuronal density between different lamina as well as between different regions. Yet the concomitant variation of the microvessels is largely uncharted. Here, we present automated histological, imaging, and analysis tools to simultaneously map the locations of all neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei and the centerlines and diameters of all blood vessels within thick slabs of neocortex from mice. Based on total inventory measurements of different cortical regions ( approximately 10(7) cells vectorized across brains), these methods revealed: (1) In three dimensions, the mean distance of the center of neuronal somata to the closest microvessel was 15 mum. (2) Volume samples within lamina of a given region show that the density of microvessels does not match the strong laminar variation in neuronal density. This holds for both agranular and granular cortex. (3) Volume samples in successive radii from the midline to the ventral-lateral edge, where each volume summed the number of cells and microvessels from the pia to the white matter, show a significant correlation between neuronal and microvessel densities. These data show that while neuronal and vascular densities do not track each other on the 100 mum scale of cortical lamina, they do track each other on the 1-10 mm scale of the cortical mantle. The absence of a disproportionate density of blood vessels in granular lamina is argued to be consistent with the initial locus of functional brain imaging signals.}, @@ -16815,7 +16804,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Correlations of neuronal and microvascular densities in murine cortex revealed by direct counting and colocalization of nuclei and vessels}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsai_JNeurosci2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tsai_JNeurosci2009.pdf}} @article{Erzurumlu:2012, Abstract = {In primary sensory neocortical areas of mammals, the distribution of sensory receptors is mapped with topographic precision and amplification in proportion to the peripheral receptor density. The visual, somatosensory and auditory cortical maps are established during a critical period in development. Throughout this window in time, the developing cortical maps are vulnerable to deleterious effects of sense organ damage or sensory deprivation. The rodent barrel cortex offers an invaluable model system with which to investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of topographic maps and their plasticity during development. Five rows of mystacial vibrissa (whisker) follicles on the snout and an array of sinus hairs are represented by layer IV neural modules ('barrels') and thalamocortical axon terminals in the primary somatosensory cortex. Perinatal damage to the whiskers or the sensory nerve innervating them irreversibly alters the structural organization of the barrels. Earlier studies emphasized the role of the sensory periphery in dictating whisker-specific brain maps and patterns. Recent advances in molecular genetics and analyses of genetically altered mice allow new insights into neural pattern formation in the neocortex and the mechanisms underlying critical period plasticity. Here, we review the development and patterning of the barrel cortex and the critical period plasticity.}, @@ -16836,7 +16825,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Development and critical period plasticity of the barrel cortex}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Erzurumlu_EurJNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Erzurumlu_EurJNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Hochberg:2012, Abstract = {Paralysis following spinal cord injury, brainstem stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other disorders can disconnect the brain from the body, eliminating the ability to perform volitional movements. A neural interface system could restore mobility and independence for people with paralysis by translating neuronal activity directly into control signals for assistive devices. We have previously shown that people with long-standing tetraplegia can use a neural interface system to move and click a computer cursor and to control physical devices. Able-bodied monkeys have used a neural interface system to control a robotic arm, but it is unknown whether people with profound upper extremity paralysis or limb loss could use cortical neuronal ensemble signals to direct useful arm actions. Here we demonstrate the ability of two people with long-standing tetraplegia to use neural interface system-based control of a robotic arm to perform three-dimensional reach and grasp movements. Participants controlled the arm and hand over a broad space without explicit training, using signals decoded from a small, local population of motor cortex (MI) neurons recorded from a 96-channel microelectrode array. One of the study participants, implanted with the sensor 5 years earlier, also used a robotic arm to drink coffee from a bottle. Although robotic reach and grasp actions were not as fast or accurate as those of an able-bodied person, our results demonstrate the feasibility for people with tetraplegia, years after injury to the central nervous system, to recreate useful multidimensional control of complex devices directly from a small sample of neural signals.}, @@ -16856,7 +16845,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm}, Volume = {485}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hochberg_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hochberg_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Ahrens:2012, Abstract = {A fundamental question in neuroscience is how entire neural circuits generate behaviour and adapt it to changes in sensory feedback. Here we use two-photon calcium imaging to record the activity of large populations of neurons at the cellular level, throughout the brain of larval zebrafish expressing a genetically encoded calcium sensor, while the paralysed animals interact fictively with a virtual environment and rapidly adapt their motor output to changes in visual feedback. We decompose the network dynamics involved in adaptive locomotion into four types of neuronal response properties, and provide anatomical maps of the corresponding sites. A subset of these signals occurred during behavioural adjustments and are candidates for the functional elements that drive motor learning. Lesions to the inferior olive indicate a specific functional role for olivocerebellar circuitry in adaptive locomotion. This study enables the analysis of brain-wide dynamics at single-cell resolution during behaviour.}, @@ -16876,7 +16865,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Brain-wide neuronal dynamics during motor adaptation in zebrafish}, Volume = {485}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ahrens_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ahrens_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Allene:2012, Abstract = {During early postnatal development, neuronal networks successively produce various forms of spontaneous patterned activity that provide key signals for circuit maturation. Initially, in both rodent hippocampus and neocortex, coordinated activity emerges in the form of synchronous plateau assemblies (SPAs) that are initiated by sparse groups of gap-junction-coupled oscillating neurons. Subsequently, SPAs are replaced by synapse-driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). Whether these sequential changes in mechanistically distinct network activities correlate with modifications in single-cell properties is unknown. To determine this, we studied the morphophysiological fate of single SPA cells as a function of development. We focused on CA3 GABAergic interneurons, which are centrally involved in generating GDPs in the hippocampus. As the network matures, GABAergic neurons are engaged more in GDPs and less in SPAs. Using inducible genetic fate mapping, we show that the individual involvement of GABAergic neurons in SPAs is correlated to their temporal origin. In addition, we demonstrate that the SPA-to-GDP transition is paralleled by a remarkable maturation in the morphophysiological properties of GABAergic neurons. Compared with those involved in GDPs, interneurons participating in SPAs possess immature intrinsic properties, receive synaptic inputs spanning a wide amplitude range, and display large somata as well as membrane protrusions. Thus, a developmental switch in the morphophysiological properties of GABAergic interneurons as they progress from SPAs to GDPs marks the emergence of synapse-driven network oscillations.}, @@ -16897,7 +16886,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Dynamic changes in interneuron morphophysiological properties mark the maturation of hippocampal network activity}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Allene_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Allene_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Beurdeley:2012, Abstract = {Specific transfer of (orthodenticle homeobox 2) Otx2 homeoprotein into GABAergic interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) is necessary and sufficient to open, then close, a critical period (CP) of plasticity in the developing mouse visual cortex. The accumulation of endogenous Otx2 in PV cells suggests the presence of specific Otx2 binding sites. Here, we find that perineuronal nets (PNNs) on the surfaces of PV cells permit the specific, constitutive capture of Otx2. We identify a 15 aa domain containing an arginine-lysine doublet (RK peptide) within Otx2, bearing prototypic traits of a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding sequence that mediates Otx2 binding to PNNs, and specifically to chondroitin sulfate D and E, with high affinity. Accordingly, PNN hydrolysis by chondroitinase ABC reduces the amount of endogenous Otx2 in PV cells. Direct infusion of RK peptide similarly disrupts endogenous Otx2 localization to PV cells, reduces PV and PNN expression, and reopens plasticity in adult mice. The closure of one eye during this transient window reduces cortical acuity and is specific to the RK motif, as an Alanine-Alanine variant or a scrambled peptide fails to reactivate plasticity. Conversely, this transient reopening of plasticity in the adult restores binocular vision in amblyopic mice. Thus, one function of PNNs is to facilitate the persistent internalization of Otx2 by PV cells to maintain CP closure. The pharmacological use of the Otx2 GAG binding domain offers a novel, potent therapeutic tool with which to restore cortical plasticity in the mature brain.}, @@ -16918,7 +16907,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Otx2 binding to perineuronal nets persistently regulates plasticity in the mature visual cortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Beurdeley_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Beurdeley_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Guo:2012, Abstract = {Topographically organized maps of the sensory receptor epithelia are regarded as cornerstones of cortical organization as well as valuable readouts of diverse biological processes ranging from evolution to neural plasticity. However, maps are most often derived from multiunit activity recorded in the thalamic input layers of anesthetized animals using near-threshold stimuli. Less distinct topography has been described by studies that deviated from the formula above, which brings into question the generality of the principle. Here, we explicitly compared the strength of tonotopic organization at various depths within core and belt regions of the auditory cortex using electrophysiological measurements ranging from single units to delta-band local field potentials (LFP) in the awake and anesthetized mouse. Unit recordings in the middle cortical layers revealed a precise tonotopic organization in core, but not belt, regions of auditory cortex that was similarly robust in awake and anesthetized conditions. In core fields, tonotopy was degraded outside the middle layers or when LFP signals were substituted for unit activity, due to an increasing proportion of recording sites with irregular tuning for pure tones. However, restricting our analysis to clearly defined receptive fields revealed an equivalent tonotopic organization in all layers of the cortical column and for LFP activity ranging from gamma to theta bands. Thus, core fields represent a transition between topographically organized simple receptive field arrangements that extend throughout all layers of the cortical column and the emergence of nontonotopic representations outside the input layers that are further elaborated in the belt fields.}, @@ -16939,7 +16928,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Robustness of cortical topography across fields, laminae, anesthetic states, and neurophysiological signal types}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guo_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Guo_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Sansom:2009, Abstract = {In the developing brain, gradients are commonly used to divide neurogenic regions into distinct functional domains. In this article, we discuss the functions of morphogen and gene expression gradients in the assembly of the nervous system in the context of the development of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is a mammal-specific region of the forebrain that functions at the top of the neural hierarchy to process and interpret sensory information, plan and organize tasks, and to control motor functions. The mature cerebral cortex is a modular structure, consisting of anatomically and functionally distinct areas. Those areas of neurons are generated from a uniform neuroepithelial sheet by two forms of gradients: graded extracellular signals and a set of transcription factor gradients operating across the field of neocortical stem cells. Fgf signaling from the rostral pole of the cerebral cortex sets up gradients of expression of transcription factors by both activating and repressing gene expression. However, in contrast to the spinal cord and the early Drosophila embryo, these gradients are not subsequently resolved into molecularly distinct domains of gene expression. Instead, graded information in stem cells is translated into discrete, region-specific gene expression in the postmitotic neuronal progeny of the stem cells.}, @@ -16960,7 +16949,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Gradients in the brain: the control of the development of form and function in the cerebral cortex}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sansom_ColdSpringHarbPerspectBiol2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sansom_ColdSpringHarbPerspectBiol2009.pdf}} @article{Courchet:2012, Abstract = {In this issue of Neuron, Harwell et al. (2012) identify a new role for the secreted molecule Shh and its receptor Boc in synapse formation. These results add an unexpected new player to the expanding list of extracellular cues regulating the spatial specificity of synapse formation.}, @@ -16980,7 +16969,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Sonic hedgehog, BOC, and synaptic development: new players for an old game}, Volume = {73}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Courchet_Neuron2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Courchet_Neuron2012.pdf}} @article{Johansen-Berg:2012, Abstract = {How rapidly does learning shape our brains? A new study in this issue of Neuron by Sagi et al. (2012) that uses diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in both humans and rats suggests that just 2 hr of spatial learning is sufficient to change brain structure.}, @@ -17001,7 +16990,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Human structural plasticity at record speed}, Volume = {73}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Johansen-Berg_Neuron2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Johansen-Berg_Neuron2012.pdf}} @article{Eglen:2003, Abstract = {A role for spontaneous spiking activity in shaping neuronal circuits has frequently been debated. Analyses of retinotopy in mutant mice with reduced correlated firing among neighboring retinal cells by Grubb et al. and McLaughlin et al. in this issue of Neuron indicate the importance of patterned spontaneous activity for retinotopic map refinement in subcortical visual targets.}, @@ -17020,7 +17009,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Mapping by waves. Patterned spontaneous activity regulates retinotopic map refinement}, Volume = {40}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eglen_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Eglen_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Harwell:2012, Abstract = {The precise connectivity of inputs and outputs is critical for cerebral cortex function; however, the cellular mechanisms that establish these connections are poorly understood. Here, we show that the secreted molecule Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is involved in synapse formation of a specific cortical circuit. Shh is expressed in layer V corticofugal projection neurons and the Shh receptor, Brother of CDO (Boc), is expressed in local and callosal projection neurons of layer II/III that synapse onto the subcortical projection neurons. Layer V neurons of mice lacking functional Shh exhibit decreased synapses. Conversely, the loss of functional Boc leads to a reduction in the strength of synaptic connections onto layer Vb, but not layer II/III, pyramidal neurons. These results demonstrate that Shh is expressed in postsynaptic target cells while Boc is expressed in a complementary population of presynaptic input neurons, and they function to guide the formation of cortical microcircuitry. VIDEO ABSTRACT:}, @@ -17041,7 +17030,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Sonic hedgehog expression in corticofugal projection neurons directs cortical microcircuit formation}, Volume = {73}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harwell_Neuron2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Harwell_Neuron2012.pdf}} @article{Schutz-Bosbach:2007, Abstract = {A direct relationship between perception and action implies bi-directionality, and predicts not only effects of perception on action but also effects of action on perception. Modern theories of social cognition have intensively examined the relation from perception to action and propose that mirroring the observed actions of others underlies action understanding. Here, we suggest that this view is incomplete, as it neglects the perspective of the actor. We will review empirical evidence showing the effects of self-generated action on perceptual judgments. We propose that producing action might prime perception in a way that observers are selectively sensitive to related or similar actions of conspecifics. Therefore, perceptual resonance, not motor resonance, might be decisive for grounding sympathy and empathy and, thus, successful social interactions.}, @@ -17060,7 +17049,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Perceptual resonance: action-induced modulation of perception}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schütz-Bosbach_TrendsCognSci2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schütz-Bosbach_TrendsCognSci2007.pdf}} @article{Nataraj:2010, Abstract = {In visual cortex monocular deprivation (MD) during a critical period (CP) reduces the ability of the deprived eye to activate cortex, but the underlying cellular plasticity mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here we show that MD reduces the intrinsic excitability of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons and enhances long-term potentiation of intrinsic excitability (LTP-IE). Further, MD and LTP-IE induce reciprocal changes in K(v)2.1 current, and LTP-IE reverses the effects of MD on intrinsic excitability. Taken together these data suggest that MD reduces intrinsic excitability by preventing sensory-drive induced LTP-IE. The effects of MD on excitability were correlated with the classical visual system CP, and (like the functional effects of MD) could be rapidly reversed when vision was restored. These data establish LTP-IE as a candidate mechanism mediating loss of visual responsiveness within L5, and suggest that intrinsic plasticity plays an important role in experience-dependent refinement of visual cortical circuits.}, @@ -17081,7 +17070,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Visual deprivation suppresses L5 pyramidal neuron excitability by preventing the induction of intrinsic plasticity}, Volume = {68}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nataraj_Neuron2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nataraj_Neuron2010.pdf}} @article{Zheng:2004, Abstract = {Dual patch-clamp recording and Ca2+ uncaging revealed Ca2+-dependent corelease of ACh and GABA from, and the presence of reciprocal nicotinic and GABAergic synapses between, starburst cells in the perinatal rabbit retina. With maturation, the nicotinic synapses between starburst cells dramatically diminished, whereas the GABAergic synapses remained and changed from excitatory to inhibitory, indicating a coordinated conversion of the starburst network excitability from an early hyperexcitatory to a mature nonepileptic state. We show that this transition allows the starburst cells to use their neurotransmitters for two completely different functions. During early development, the starburst network mediates recurrent excitation and spontaneous retinal waves, which are important for visual system development. After vision begins, starburst cells release GABA in a prolonged and Ca2+-dependent manner and inhibit each other laterally via direct GABAergic synapses, which may be important for visual integration, such as the detection of motion direction.}, @@ -17101,7 +17090,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {A developmental switch in the excitability and function of the starburst network in the mammalian retina}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zheng_Neuron2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zheng_Neuron2004.pdf}} @article{Vanderhaeghen:2004, Abstract = {Roger Sperry proposed 40 years ago that topographic neural connections are established through complementary expression of chemoaffinity labels in projecting neurons and their final targets. This led to the identification of ephrins as key molecular cues controlling the topography of retinotectal projections. Recent studies have revealed a surprising twist to this model, shedding light on the developmental mechanisms patterning the projections between the thalamus and the cortex: ephrins, unexpectedly expressed in an intermediate target, control the establishment of topography of axonal projections between these two structures. The same cues are re-used later to control the mapping of thalamocortical projections within a given cortical area, which strikingly illustrates how a limited set of genes can contribute to generate several levels of complexity of a neuronal network.}, @@ -17121,7 +17110,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Developmental mechanisms patterning thalamocortical projections: intrinsic, extrinsic and in between}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vanderhaeghen_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vanderhaeghen_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.05.009}} @article{Stahl:2004, @@ -17141,7 +17130,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Using eye movements to assess brain function in mice}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stahl_VisionRes2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stahl_VisionRes2004.pdf}} @article{Charrier:2012, Abstract = {Structural genomic variations represent a major driving force of evolution, and a burst of large segmental gene duplications occurred in the human lineage during its separation from nonhuman primates. SRGAP2, a gene recently implicated in neocortical development, has undergone two human-specific duplications. Here, we find that both duplications (SRGAP2B and SRGAP2C) are partial and encode a truncated F-BAR domain. SRGAP2C is expressed in the developing and adult human brain and dimerizes with ancestral SRGAP2 to inhibit its function. In the mouse neocortex, SRGAP2 promotes spine maturation and limits spine density. Expression of SRGAP2C phenocopies SRGAP2 deficiency. It underlies sustained radial migration and leads to the emergence of human-specific features, including neoteny during spine maturation and increased density of longer spines. These results suggest that inhibition of SRGAP2 function by its human-specific paralogs has contributed to the evolution of the human neocortex and plays an important role during human brain development.}, @@ -17162,7 +17151,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Inhibition of SRGAP2 function by its human-specific paralogs induces neoteny during spine maturation}, Volume = {149}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Charrier_Cell2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Charrier_Cell2012.pdf}} @article{Tamietto:2012, Abstract = {Nonconscious [1-6], rapid [7, 8], or coarse [9] visual processing of emotional stimuli induces functional activity in a subcortical pathway to the amygdala involving the superior colliculus and pulvinar. Despite evidence in lower mammals [10, 11] and nonhuman primates [12], it remains speculative whether anatomical connections between these structures exist in the human brain [13-15]. It is also unknown whether destruction of the visual cortex, which provides a major input to the amygdala, induces modifications in anatomical connections along this subcortical pathway. We used diffusion tensor imaging to investigate in vivo anatomical connections between human amygdala and subcortical visual structures in ten age-matched controls and in one patient with early unilateral destruction of the visual cortex. We found fiber connections between pulvinar and amygdala and also between superior colliculus and amygdala via the pulvinar in the controls as well as in the patient. Destruction of the visual cortex led to qualitative and quantitative modifications along the pathways connecting these three structures and the changes were confined to the patient's damaged hemisphere. The present findings thus show extensive neural plasticity in the anatomical connections between subcortical visual structures of old evolutionary origin involved in the processing of emotional stimuli.}, @@ -17182,7 +17171,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Subcortical connections to human amygdala and changes following destruction of the visual cortex}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tamietto_CurrBiol2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tamietto_CurrBiol2012.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Tamietto_CurrBiol2012a.pdf}} @article{Hoshiko:2012, @@ -17223,7 +17212,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Thalamus-derived molecules promote survival and dendritic growth of developing cortical neurons}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sato_JNeurosci2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sato_JNeurosci2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0293-12.2012}} @article{Jin:2011, @@ -17245,7 +17234,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Reorganization of inhibitory synaptic circuits in rodent chronically injured epileptogenic neocortex}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jin_CerebCortex2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jin_CerebCortex2011.pdf}} @article{Tiriac:2012, Abstract = {Spontaneous activity in the sensory periphery drives infant brain activity and is thought to contribute to the formation of retinotopic and somatotopic maps. In infant rats during active (or REM) sleep, brainstem-generated spontaneous activity triggers hundreds of thousands of skeletal muscle twitches each day; sensory feedback from the resulting limb movements is a primary activator of forebrain activity. The rodent whisker system, with its precise isomorphic mapping of individual whiskers to discrete brain areas, has been a key contributor to our understanding of somatotopic maps and developmental plasticity. But although whisker movements are controlled by dedicated skeletal muscles, spontaneous whisker activity has not been entertained as a contributing factor to the development of this system. Here we report in 3- to 6-day-old rats that whiskers twitch rapidly and asynchronously during active sleep; furthermore, neurons in whisker thalamus exhibit bursts of activity that are tightly associated with twitches but occur infrequently during waking. Finally, we observed barrel-specific cortical activity during periods of twitching. This is the first report of self-generated, sleep-related twitches in the developing whisker system, a sensorimotor system that is unique for the precision with which it can be experimentally manipulated. The discovery of whisker twitching will allow us to attain a better understanding of the contributions of peripheral sensory activity to somatosensory integration and plasticity in the developing nervous system.}, @@ -17265,7 +17254,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Rapid whisker movements in sleeping newborn rats}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tiriac_CurrBiol2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tiriac_CurrBiol2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.009}} @article{Chen:2012, @@ -17286,7 +17275,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Imaging neural activity using Thy1-GCaMP transgenic mice}, Volume = {76}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Chen_Neuron2012a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.011}} @@ -17308,7 +17297,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Development of the brain's functional network architecture}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vogel_NeuropsycholRev2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vogel_NeuropsycholRev2010.pdf}} @article{Donoghue:1999, Abstract = {To identify molecules that may play a role in the initiation of cerebral cortical area formation, we examined the expression of the Eph receptors and their ligands, the ephrins, during primate corticogenesis. We selected the macaque monkey neocortex because of its clear areal subdivisions, large surface area, protracted development (gestation = 165 d), and similarity to the human brain. In situ hybridizations, performed at early [embryonic day 65 (E65)], middle (E80), and late (E95) stages of cortical development, revealed that EphA system family members are expressed in distinct gradients and laminar and areal domains in the embryonic neocortex. Indeed, several regionally restricted molecular patterns are already apparent within the cortical plate at E65, before the formation of thalamocortical connections, suggesting that the initial expression of some EphA system members is regulated by programs intrinsic to cortical cells. For example, EphA3, EphA6, and EphA7 are all selectively expressed within the presumptive visual cortex. However, although EphA6 and EphA7 are present throughout this region, EphA3 is only expressed in the prospective extrastriate cortex, suggesting that cortical cells harbor functional biases that may influence the formation of appropriate synaptic connections. Although several patterns of early gene expression are stable (e.g., EphA3, EphA4, and EphA6), others change as development proceeds (e.g., EphA5, EphA7, ephrin-A2, ephrin-A3, and ephrin-A5), perhaps responding to extrinsic cues. Thus, at E95, after connections between the cortical plate and thalamus have formed, receptor subtypes EphA3, EphA5, EphA6, and EphA7 and the ligand ephrin-A5 are expressed in posterior regions, whereas EphA4 and ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A3 are either uniformly distributed or anteriorly biased. Taken together, our results demonstrate molecular distinctions among cells of the embryonic primate neocortex, revealing hitherto unrecognized compartmentalization early in corticogenesis.}, @@ -17326,7 +17315,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Molecular evidence for the early specification of presumptive functional domains in the embryonic primate cerebral cortex}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Donoghue_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Donoghue_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Lu:2012, Abstract = {The default mode network (DMN) in humans has been suggested to support a variety of cognitive functions and has been implicated in an array of neuropsychological disorders. However, its function(s) remains poorly understood. We show that rats possess a DMN that is broadly similar to the DMNs of nonhuman primates and humans. Our data suggest that, despite the distinct evolutionary paths between rodent and primate brain, a well-organized, intrinsically coherent DMN appears to be a fundamental feature in the mammalian brain whose primary functions might be to integrate multimodal sensory and affective information to guide behavior in anticipation of changing environmental contingencies.}, @@ -17347,7 +17336,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Rat brains also have a default mode network}, Volume = {109}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012a.pdf}} @article{Kron:2012, @@ -17369,7 +17358,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Brain activity mapping in Mecp2 mutant mice reveals functional deficits in forebrain circuits, including key nodes in the default mode network, that are reversed with ketamine treatment}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kron_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kron_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{White:2012, Abstract = {Resting-state networks derived from temporal correlations of spontaneous hemodynamic fluctuations have been extensively used to elucidate the functional organization of the brain in adults and infants. We have previously developed functional connectivity diffuse optical tomography methods in adults, and we now apply these techniques to study functional connectivity in newborn infants at the bedside. We present functional connectivity maps in the occipital cortices obtained from healthy term-born infants and premature infants, including one infant with an occipital stroke. Our results suggest that functional connectivity diffuse optical tomography has potential as a valuable clinical tool for the early detection of functional deficits and for providing prognostic information on future development.}, @@ -17389,7 +17378,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Bedside optical imaging of occipital resting-state functional connectivity in neonates}, Volume = {59}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/White_Neuroimage2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/White_Neuroimage2012.pdf}} @article{White:2011, Abstract = {Functional neuroimaging (e.g., with fMRI) has been difficult to perform in mice, making it challenging to translate between human fMRI studies and molecular and genetic mechanisms. A method to easily perform large-scale functional neuroimaging in mice would enable the discovery of functional correlates of genetic manipulations and bridge with mouse models of disease. To satisfy this need, we combined resting-state functional connectivity mapping with optical intrinsic signal imaging (fcOIS). We demonstrate functional connectivity in mice through highly detailed fcOIS mapping of resting-state networks across most of the cerebral cortex. Synthesis of multiple network connectivity patterns through iterative parcellation and clustering provides a comprehensive map of the functional neuroarchitecture and demonstrates identification of the major functional regions of the mouse cerebral cortex. The method relies on simple and relatively inexpensive camera-based equipment, does not require exogenous contrast agents and involves only reflection of the scalp (the skull remains intact) making it minimally invasive. In principle, fcOIS allows new paradigms linking human neuroscience with the power of molecular/genetic manipulations in mouse models.}, @@ -17409,7 +17398,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Imaging of functional connectivity in the mouse brain}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011.eps}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011a.eps}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/White_PLoSOne2011b.eps}, @@ -17487,7 +17476,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Spatial learning, discrimination learning, paw preference and neocortical ectopias in two autoimmune strains of mice}, Volume = {562}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Denenberg_BrainRes1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Denenberg_BrainRes1991.pdf}} @article{Waters:1991, Abstract = {A lateral paw preference testing unit is described. Mice are allowed access to preferred food with either their left or right forepaw, and the amount eaten with each paw is measured. The unit allows easy measurement and quantification of this behavior, without requiring food deprivation or continuous monitoring of the subjects, and may be performed in the subject's home cage. Its reliability under a number of conditions is reported. The results do not correlate with those obtained using the Collins paw preference test.}, @@ -17506,7 +17495,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {A measure of lateral paw preference in the mouse}, Volume = {50}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Waters_PhysiolBehav1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Waters_PhysiolBehav1991.pdf}} @article{Vyazovskiy:2008a, Abstract = {Sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity is increased after wakefulness and decreases during sleep. Regional sleep EEG differences are thought to be a consequence of activation of specific cortical neuronal circuits during waking. We investigated the relationship between handedness and interhemispheric brain asymmetry. Bilateral EEG recordings were obtained from the frontal and occipital cortex in rats with a clear paw preference in a food-reaching task (right, n = 5; left, n = 5). While still na{\"\i}ve to the task, no waking or sleep EEG asymmetry was present. During the food-reaching task, the waking EEG showed significant, substantial power increases in the frontal hemisphere contralateral to the dominant paw in the low theta range (4.5-6.0 Hz). Moreover, the non-REM sleep EEG following feeding bouts was markedly asymmetric, with significantly higher power in the hemisphere contralateral to the preferred paw in frequencies >1.5 Hz. No asymmetry was evident in the occipital EEG. Correlation analyses revealed a positive association between the hemispheric asymmetry during sleep and the degree of preferred use of the contralateral paw during waking in frequencies <9.0 Hz. Our findings show that handedness is reflected in specific, regional EEG asymmetry during sleep. Neuronal activity induced by preferential use of a particular forelimb led to a local enhancement of EEG power in frequencies within the delta and sigma ranges, supporting the hypothesis of use-dependent local sleep regulation. We conclude that inherent laterality is manifested when animals are exposed to complex behavioral tasks, and sleep plays a role in consolidating the hemispheric dominance of the brain.}, @@ -17526,7 +17515,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly suggest that early, acetylcholine-dependent Title = {Handedness leads to interhemispheric EEG asymmetry during sleep in the rat}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vyazovskiy_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vyazovskiy_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf}} @article{Dharmaratne:2012, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The alignment of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting retinal axons that view the same part of visual space is fundamental to binocular vision. While much progress has been made regarding the mechanisms which regulate contralateral topography, very little is known of the mechanisms which regulate the mapping of ipsilateral axons such that they align with their contralateral counterparts. @@ -17547,7 +17536,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Ten-m3 is required for the development of topography in the ipsilateral retinocollicular pathway}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dharmaratne_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dharmaratne_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Wyatt:2012, Abstract = {The stability of dendritic spines in the neocortex is profoundly influenced by sensory experience, which determines the magnitude and pattern of neural firing. By optically manipulating the temporal structure of neural activity in vivo using channelrhodopsin-2 and repeatedly imaging dendritic spines along these stimulated neurons over a period of weeks, we show that the specific pattern, rather than the total amount of activity, determines spine stability in awake mice.}, @@ -17568,7 +17557,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Pattern and not magnitude of neural activity determines dendritic spine stability in awake mice}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wyatt_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wyatt_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Feldheim:1998, Abstract = {Visual connections to the mammalian forebrain are known to be patterned by neural activity, but it remains unknown whether the map topography of such higher sensory projections depends on axon guidance labels. Here, we show complementary expression and binding for the receptor EphA5 in mouse retina and its ligands ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 in multiple retinal targets, including the major forebrain target, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). These ligands can act in vitro as topographically specific repellents for mammalian retinal axons and are necessary for normal dLGN mapping in vivo. The results suggest a general and economic modular mechanism for brain mapping whereby a projecting field is mapped onto multiple targets by repeated use of the same labels. They also indicate the nature of a coordinate system for the mapping of sensory connections to the forebrain.}, @@ -17587,7 +17576,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Topographic guidance labels in a sensory projection to the forebrain}, Volume = {21}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feldheim_Neuron1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Feldheim_Neuron1998.pdf}} @article{Chang:2012, Abstract = {Social decisions are crucial for the success of individuals and the groups that they comprise. Group members respond vicariously to benefits obtained by others, and impairments in this capacity contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and sociopathy. We examined the manner in which neurons in three frontal cortical areas encoded the outcomes of social decisions as monkeys performed a reward-allocation task. Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) predominantly encoded rewards that were delivered to oneself. Neurons in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACCg) encoded reward allocations to the other monkey, to oneself or to both. Neurons in the anterior cingulate sulcus (ACCs) signaled reward allocations to the other monkey or to no one. In this network of received (OFC) and foregone (ACCs) reward signaling, ACCg emerged as an important nexus for the computation of shared experience and social reward. Individual and species-specific variations in social decision-making might result from the relative activation and influence of these areas.}, @@ -17606,7 +17595,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Neuronal reference frames for social decisions in primate frontal cortex}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chang_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chang_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Buckner:2008, Abstract = {Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain's default network-a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition. Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment. Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system. Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others. Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems. The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation. The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations. These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex. The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world. We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.}, @@ -17625,7 +17614,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease}, Volume = {1124}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Buckner_AnnNYAcadSci2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Buckner_AnnNYAcadSci2008.pdf}} @article{Sommer:2004, Abstract = {Neuronal processing in cerebral cortex and signal transmission from cortex to brain stem have been studied extensively, but little is known about the numerous feedback pathways that ascend from brain stem to cortex. In this study, we characterized the signals conveyed through an ascending pathway coursing from the superior colliculus (SC) to the frontal eye field (FEF) via mediodorsal thalamus (MD). Using antidromic and orthodromic stimulation, we identified SC source neurons, MD relay neurons, and FEF recipient neurons of the pathway in Macaca mulatta. The monkeys performed oculomotor tasks, including delayed-saccade tasks, that permitted analysis of signals such as visual activity, delay activity, and presaccadic activity. We found that the SC sends all of these signals into the pathway with no output selectivity, i.e., the signals leaving the SC resembled those found generally within the SC. Visual activity arrived in FEF too late to contribute to short-latency visual responses there, and delay activity was largely filtered out in MD. Presaccadic activity, however, seemed critical because it traveled essentially unchanged from SC to FEF. Signal transmission in the pathway was fast ( approximately 2 ms from SC to FEF) and topographically organized (SC neurons drove MD and FEF neurons having similarly eccentric visual and movement fields). Our analysis of identified neurons in one pathway from brain stem to frontal cortex thus demonstrates that multiple signals are sent from SC to FEF with presaccadic activity being prominent. We hypothesize that a major signal conveyed by the pathway is corollary discharge information about the vector of impending saccades.}, @@ -17645,7 +17634,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {What the brain stem tells the frontal cortex. I. Oculomotor signals sent from superior colliculus to frontal eye field via mediodorsal thalamus}, Volume = {91}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sommer_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sommer_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}} @article{Namiki:2013, Abstract = {Correlated spiking activity prevails in immature cortical networks and is believed to contribute to neuronal circuit maturation; however, its spatiotemporal organization is not fully understood. Using wide-field calcium imaging from acute whole-brain slices of rat pups on postnatal days 1-6, we found that correlated spikes were initiated in the anterior part of the lateral entorhinal cortex and propagated anteriorly to the frontal cortex and posteriorly to the medial entorhinal cortex, forming traveling waves that engaged almost the entire cortex. The waves were blocked by ionotropic glutamatergic receptor antagonists but not by GABAergic receptor antagonists. During wave events, glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic inputs were balanced and induced UP state-like depolarization. Magnified monitoring with cellular resolution revealed that the layer III neurons were first activated when the waves were initiated. Consistent with this finding, layer III contained a larger number of neurons that were autonomously active, even under a blockade of synaptic transmission. During wave propagation, the layer III neurons constituted a leading front of the wave. The waves did not enter the parasubiculum; however, in some cases, they were reflected at the parasubicular border and propagated back in the opposite direction. During this reflection process, the layer III neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex maintained persistent activity. Thus, our data emphasize the role of layer III in early network behaviors and provide insight into the circuit mechanisms through which cerebral cortical networks maturate.}, @@ -17664,7 +17653,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Layer III Neurons Control Synchronized Waves in the Immature Cerebral Cortex}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Namiki_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Namiki_JNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{De-la-Rossa:2013, Abstract = {The molecular mechanisms that control how progenitors generate distinct subtypes of neurons, and how undifferentiated neurons acquire their specific identity during corticogenesis, are increasingly understood. However, whether postmitotic neurons can change their identity at late stages of differentiation remains unknown. To study this question, we developed an electrochemical in vivo gene delivery method to rapidly manipulate gene expression specifically in postmitotic neurons. Using this approach, we found that the molecular identity, morphology, physiology and functional input-output connectivity of layer 4 mouse spiny neurons could be specifically reprogrammed during the first postnatal week by ectopic expression of the layer 5B output neuron-specific transcription factor Fezf2. These findings reveal a high degree of plasticity in the identity of postmitotic neocortical neurons and provide a proof of principle for postnatal re-engineering of specific neural microcircuits in vivo.}, @@ -17683,7 +17672,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {In vivo reprogramming of circuit connectivity in postmitotic neocortical neurons}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DelaRossa_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/DelaRossa_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Krey:2013, Abstract = {L-type voltage gated calcium channels have an important role in neuronal development by promoting dendritic growth and arborization. A point mutation in the gene encoding Ca(V)1.2 causes Timothy syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We report that channels with the Timothy syndrome alteration cause activity-dependent dendrite retraction in rat and mouse neurons and in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from individuals with Timothy syndrome. Dendrite retraction was independent of calcium permeation through the mutant channel, was associated with ectopic activation of RhoA and was inhibited by overexpression of the channel-associated GTPase Gem. These results suggest that Ca(V)1.2 can activate RhoA signaling independently of Ca(2+) and provide insights into the cellular basis of Timothy syndrome and other ASDs.}, @@ -17702,7 +17691,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Timothy syndrome is associated with activity-dependent dendritic retraction in rodent and human neurons}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Krey_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Krey_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Glickfeld:2013, Abstract = {Neurons in primary sensory cortex have diverse response properties, whereas higher cortical areas are specialized. Specific connectivity may be important for areal specialization, particularly in the mouse, where neighboring neurons are functionally diverse. To examine whether higher visual areas receive functionally specific input from primary visual cortex (V1), we used two-photon calcium imaging to measure responses of axons from V1 arborizing in three areas with distinct spatial and temporal frequency preferences. We found that visual preferences of presynaptic boutons in each area were distinct and matched the average preferences of recipient neurons. This specificity could not be explained by organization within V1 and instead was due to both a greater density and greater response amplitude of functionally matched boutons. Projections from a single layer (layer 5) and from secondary visual cortex were also matched to their target areas. Thus, transmission of specific information to downstream targets may be a general feature of cortico-cortical communication.}, @@ -17721,7 +17710,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Cortico-cortical projections in mouse visual cortex are functionally target specific}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Glickfeld_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Glickfeld_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Beltramo:2013, Abstract = {In the absence of external stimuli, the mammalian neocortex shows intrinsic network oscillations. These dynamics are characterized by translaminar assemblies of neurons whose activity synchronizes rhythmically in space and time. How different cortical layers influence the formation of these spontaneous cellular assemblies is poorly understood. We found that excitatory neurons in supragranular and infragranular layers have distinct roles in the regulation of intrinsic low-frequency oscillations in mice in vivo. Optogenetic activation of infragranular neurons generated network activity that resembled spontaneous events, whereas photoinhibition of these same neurons substantially attenuated slow ongoing dynamics. In contrast, light activation and inhibition of supragranular cells had modest effects on spontaneous slow activity. This study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first causal demonstration that excitatory circuits located in distinct cortical layers differentially control spontaneous low-frequency dynamics.}, @@ -17740,7 +17729,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Layer-specific excitatory circuits differentially control recurrent network dynamics in the neocortex}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2013}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Beltramo_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} + File = {papers/Beltramo_NatNeurosci2013.pdf}} @article{Brecht:2011, Abstract = {In this issue, two studies, by Ehrlich et al. and Hill et al., address the role of the frontal motor cortices in behavior of the rat and suggest a potential role for this structure in high-level control of diverse behaviors. Hill et al. show that motor cortical neurons predict whisker movements even without sensory feedback and that their activity reflects efferent control. Surprisingly, Ehrlich et al. report the participation of this same cortical region in the preparation and execution of orienting behaviors.}, @@ -17760,7 +17749,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Movement, confusion, and orienting in frontal cortices}, Volume = {72}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brecht_Neuron2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brecht_Neuron2011.pdf}} @article{Arvanitis:2008, Abstract = {Bidirectional signaling has emerged as an important signature by which Ephs and ephrins control biological functions. Eph/ephrin signaling participates in a wide spectrum of developmental processes, and cross-regulation with other communication pathways lies at the heart of the complexity underlying their function in vivo. Here, we review in vitro and in vivo data describing molecular, functional, and genetic interactions between Eph/ephrin and other cell surface signaling pathways. The complexity of Eph/ephrin function is discussed in terms of the pathways that regulate Eph/ephrin signaling and also the pathways that are regulated by Eph/ephrin signaling.}, @@ -17781,7 +17770,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Eph/ephrin signaling: networks}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arvanitis_GenesDev2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Arvanitis_GenesDev2008.pdf}} @article{Prigge:2012, Abstract = {Channelrhodopsin-2 is a light-gated ion channel and a major tool of optogenetics. It is used to control neuronal activity via blue light. Here we describe the construction of color-tuned high efficiency channelrhodopsins (ChRs), based on chimeras of Chlamydomonas channelrhodopsin-1 and Volvox channelrhodopsin-1. These variants show superb expression and plasma membrane integration, resulting in 3-fold larger photocurrents in HEK cells compared with channelrhodopsin-2. Further molecular engineering gave rise to chimeric variants with absorption maxima ranging from 526 to 545 nm, dovetailing well with maxima of channelrhodopsin-2 derivatives ranging from 461 to 492 nm. Additional kinetic fine-tuning led to derivatives in which the lifetimes of the open state range from 19 ms to 5 s. Finally, combining green- with blue-absorbing variants allowed independent activation of two distinct neural cell populations at 560 and 405 nm. This novel panel of channelrhodopsin variants may serve as an important toolkit element for dual-color cell stimulation in neural circuits.}, @@ -17802,7 +17791,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Color-tuned channelrhodopsins for multiwavelength optogenetics}, Volume = {287}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prigge_JBiolChem2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Prigge_JBiolChem2012.pdf}} @article{Schoppik:2006, Abstract = {Saccades modulate the relationship between visual motion and smooth eye movement. Before a saccade, pursuit eye movements reflect a vector average of motion across the visual field. After a saccade, pursuit primarily reflects the motion of the target closest to the endpoint of the saccade. We tested the hypothesis that the saccade produces a spatial weighting of motion around the endpoint of the saccade. Using a moving pursuit stimulus that stepped to a new spatial location just before a targeting saccade, we controlled the distance between the endpoint of the saccade and the position of the moving target. We demonstrate that the smooth eye velocity following the targeting saccade weights the presaccadic visual motion inputs by the distance from their location in space to the endpoint of the saccade, defining the extent of a spatiotemporal filter for driving the eyes. The center of the filter is located at the endpoint of the saccade in space, not at the position of the fovea. The filter is stable in the face of a distracter target, is present for saccades to stationary and moving targets, and affects both the speed and direction of the postsaccadic eye movement. The spatial filter can explain the target-selecting gain change in postsaccadic pursuit, and has intriguing parallels to the process by which perceptual decisions about a restricted region of space are enhanced by attention. The effect of the spatial saccade plan on the pursuit response to a given retinal motion describes the dynamics of a coordinate transformation.}, @@ -17844,7 +17833,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Cortical mechanisms of smooth eye movements revealed by dynamic covariations of neural and behavioral responses}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schoppik_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schoppik_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.02.015}} @article{McConnell:1988, @@ -17933,7 +17922,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Delay-dependent impairment of a matching-to-place task with chronic and intrahippocampal infusion of the NMDA-antagonist D-AP5}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Steele_Hippocampus1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Steele_Hippocampus1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:2%3C118::AID-HIPO4%3E3.0.CO;2-8}} @article{Ferrer:1988, @@ -17952,7 +17941,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {The organization of corticocortical projections from area 17 to area 18 of the cat's visual cortex}, Volume = {233}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ferrer_ProcRSocLondBBiolSci1988.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ferrer_ProcRSocLondBBiolSci1988.pdf}} @article{King:1988, Abstract = {Environmental factors play an important role in certain aspects of the development of sensory systems. But the way in which the maturation of different sensory modalities is coordinated is poorly understood. We have investigated this question neurophysiologically in the mammalian superior colliculus (SC), which contains topographically aligned maps of visual and auditory space. We report here that an essentially normal auditory map, in approximate register with the visual map, is found in the SC of adult ferrets reared with abnormal binaural localization cues. Also, if, early in life, one eye is deviated laterally, there is a compensatory shift in the auditory map, but early eye rotation totally disorders the auditory representation. These results imply that development of the auditory map is affected by visual activity or by information about eye position and that there is definite, but limited, capacity for the auditory map to reorganize so that it remains aligned with the visual map.}, @@ -17971,7 +17960,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Developmental plasticity in the visual and auditory representations in the mammalian superior colliculus}, Volume = {332}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/King_Nature1988.pdf}, + File = {papers/King_Nature1988.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332073a0}} @article{Stein:2008, @@ -17991,7 +17980,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stein_NatRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Stein_NatRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2331}} @article{Mu:2012, @@ -18012,7 +18001,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Visual input modulates audiomotor function via hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons through a cooperative mechanism}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mu_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mu_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.035}} @article{Salin:1989, @@ -18033,7 +18022,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Convergence and divergence in the afferent projections to cat area 17}, Volume = {283}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Salin_JCompNeurol1989.pdf}, + File = {papers/Salin_JCompNeurol1989.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902830405}} @article{Olavarria:2012, @@ -18051,7 +18040,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Deafferentation-induced plasticity of visual callosal connections: predicting critical periods and analyzing cortical abnormalities using diffusion tensor imaging}, Volume = {2012}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olavarria_NeuralPlast2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olavarria_NeuralPlast2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/250196}} @article{Laing:2012, @@ -18071,7 +18060,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Role of retinal input on the development of striate-extrastriate patterns of connections in the rat}, Volume = {520}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Laing_JCompNeurol2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Laing_JCompNeurol2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23096}} @article{Bock:2012, @@ -18092,7 +18081,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Retinal input influences the size and corticocortical connectivity of visual cortex during postnatal development in the ferret}, Volume = {520}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bock_JCompNeurol2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bock_JCompNeurol2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22738}} @article{Bock:2011a, @@ -18114,7 +18103,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Neonatal enucleation during a critical period reduces the precision of cortico-cortical projections in visual cortex}, Volume = {501}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bock_NeurosciLett2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bock_NeurosciLett2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.005}} @article{Bock:2010, @@ -18133,7 +18122,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Diffusion tensor imaging detects early cerebral cortex abnormalities in neuronal architecture induced by bilateral neonatal enucleation: an experimental model in the ferret}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bock_FrontSystNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bock_FrontSystNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2010.00149}} @article{Ruthazer:2010a, @@ -18154,7 +18143,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Role of interstitial branching in the development of visual corticocortical connections: a time-lapse and fixed-tissue analysis}, Volume = {518}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ruthazer_JCompNeurol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ruthazer_JCompNeurol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22502}} @article{Olavarria:2008, @@ -18212,7 +18201,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Effects of visual experience on the maturation of the efferent system to the corpus callosum}, Volume = {280}, Year = {1979}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Innocenti_Nature1979.pdf}} + File = {papers/Innocenti_Nature1979.pdf}} @article{Nimmervoll:2012, Abstract = {During the pre- and neonatal period, the cerebral cortex reveals distinct patterns of spontaneous synchronized activity, which is critically involved in the formation of early networks and in the regulation of neuronal survival and programmed cell death (apoptosis). During this period, the cortex is also highly vulnerable to inflammation and in humans prenatal infection may have a profound impact on neurodevelopment causing long-term neurological deficits. Using in vitro and in vivo multi-electrode array recordings and quantification of caspase-3 (casp-3)-dependent apoptosis, we demonstrate that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation causes rapid alterations in the pattern of spontaneous burst activities, which subsequently leads to an increase in apoptosis. We show that these inflammatory effects are specifically initiated by the microglia-derived pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2. Our data demonstrate that inflammation-induced modifications in spontaneous network activities influence casp-3-dependent cell death in the developing cerebral cortex.}, @@ -18228,7 +18217,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {LPS-Induced Microglial Secretion of TNFα Increases Activity-Dependent Neuronal Apoptosis in the Neonatal Cerebral Cortex}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nimmervoll_CerebCortex2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nimmervoll_CerebCortex2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs156}} @article{Yang:2012a, @@ -18245,7 +18234,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Thalamic Network Oscillations Synchronize Ontogenetic Columns in the Newborn Rat Barrel Cortex}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_CerebCortex2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yang_CerebCortex2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs103}} @article{Blanton:1990, @@ -18285,7 +18274,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Small-world brain networks}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bassett_Neuroscientist2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bassett_Neuroscientist2006.pdf}} @article{Bullmore:2009, Abstract = {Recent developments in the quantitative analysis of complex networks, based largely on graph theory, have been rapidly translated to studies of brain network organization. The brain's structural and functional systems have features of complex networks--such as small-world topology, highly connected hubs and modularity--both at the whole-brain scale of human neuroimaging and at a cellular scale in non-human animals. In this article, we review studies investigating complex brain networks in diverse experimental modalities (including structural and functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography in humans) and provide an accessible introduction to the basic principles of graph theory. We also highlight some of the technical challenges and key questions to be addressed by future developments in this rapidly moving field.}, @@ -18305,7 +18294,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bullmore_NatRevNeurosci2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bullmore_NatRevNeurosci2009.pdf}} @article{Lynall:2010, Abstract = {Schizophrenia has often been conceived as a disorder of connectivity between components of large-scale brain networks. We tested this hypothesis by measuring aspects of both functional connectivity and functional network topology derived from resting-state fMRI time series acquired at 72 cerebral regions over 17 min from 15 healthy volunteers (14 male, 1 female) and 12 people diagnosed with schizophrenia (10 male, 2 female). We investigated between-group differences in strength and diversity of functional connectivity in the 0.06-0.125 Hz frequency interval, and some topological properties of undirected graphs constructed from thresholded interregional correlation matrices. In people with schizophrenia, strength of functional connectivity was significantly decreased, whereas diversity of functional connections was increased. Topologically, functional brain networks had reduced clustering and small-worldness, reduced probability of high-degree hubs, and increased robustness in the schizophrenic group. Reduced degree and clustering were locally significant in medial parietal, premotor and cingulate, and right orbitofrontal cortical nodes of functional networks in schizophrenia. Functional connectivity and topological metrics were correlated with each other and with behavioral performance on a verbal fluency task. We conclude that people with schizophrenia tend to have a less strongly integrated, more diverse profile of brain functional connectivity, associated with a less hub-dominated configuration of complex brain functional networks. Alongside these behaviorally disadvantageous differences, however, brain networks in the schizophrenic group also showed a greater robustness to random attack, pointing to a possible benefit of the schizophrenia connectome, if less extremely expressed.}, @@ -18326,7 +18315,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Functional connectivity and brain networks in schizophrenia}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lynall_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lynall_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0333-10.2010}} @article{Karlsgodt:2008, @@ -18346,7 +18335,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Developmental disruptions in neural connectivity in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Karlsgodt_DevPsychopathol2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Karlsgodt_DevPsychopathol2008.pdf}} @article{Bressler:2010, Abstract = {An understanding of how the human brain produces cognition ultimately depends on knowledge of large-scale brain organization. Although it has long been assumed that cognitive functions are attributable to the isolated operations of single brain areas, we demonstrate that the weight of evidence has now shifted in support of the view that cognition results from the dynamic interactions of distributed brain areas operating in large-scale networks. We review current research on structural and functional brain organization, and argue that the emerging science of large-scale brain networks provides a coherent framework for understanding of cognition. Critically, this framework allows a principled exploration of how cognitive functions emerge from, and are constrained by, core structural and functional networks of the brain.}, @@ -18366,7 +18355,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Large-scale brain networks in cognition: emerging methods and principles}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bressler_TrendsCognSci2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bressler_TrendsCognSci2010.pdf}} @article{Menon:2011, Abstract = {The science of large-scale brain networks offers a powerful paradigm for investigating cognitive and affective dysfunction in psychiatric and neurological disorders. This review examines recent conceptual and methodological developments which are contributing to a paradigm shift in the study of psychopathology. I summarize methods for characterizing aberrant brain networks and demonstrate how network analysis provides novel insights into dysfunctional brain architecture. Deficits in access, engagement and disengagement of large-scale neurocognitive networks are shown to play a prominent role in several disorders including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, dementia and autism. Synthesizing recent research, I propose a triple network model of aberrant saliency mapping and cognitive dysfunction in psychopathology, emphasizing the surprising parallels that are beginning to emerge across psychiatric and neurological disorders.}, @@ -18386,7 +18375,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Menon_TrendsCognSci2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Menon_TrendsCognSci2011.pdf}} @article{Courchesne:2005, Abstract = {Although it has long been thought that frontal lobe abnormality must play an important part in generating the severe impairment in higher-order social, emotional and cognitive functions in autism, only recently have studies identified developmentally early frontal lobe defects. At the microscopic level, neuroinflammatory reactions involving glial activation, migration defects and excess cerebral neurogenesis and/or defective apoptosis might generate frontal neural pathology early in development. It is hypothesized that these abnormal processes cause malformation and thus malfunction of frontal minicolumn microcircuitry. It is suggested that connectivity within frontal lobe is excessive, disorganized and inadequately selective, whereas connectivity between frontal cortex and other systems is poorly synchronized, weakly responsive and information impoverished. Increased local but reduced long-distance cortical-cortical reciprocal activity and coupling would impair the fundamental frontal function of integrating information from widespread and diverse systems and providing complex context-rich feedback, guidance and control to lower-level systems.}, @@ -18406,7 +18395,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Courchesne_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Courchesne_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.001}} @article{Desgent:2012, @@ -18425,7 +18414,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Cortical GABAergic interneurons in cross-modal plasticity following early blindness}, Volume = {2012}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Desgent_NeuralPlast2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Desgent_NeuralPlast2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/590725}} @article{Baumann:2012, @@ -18444,7 +18433,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Development: Knowing left from right}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baumann_NatRevMolCellBiol2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Baumann_NatRevMolCellBiol2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3456}} @article{Nakamura:2012, @@ -18465,7 +18454,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Left-right patterning: conserved and divergent mechanisms}, Volume = {139}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nakamura_Development2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nakamura_Development2012.pdf}} @article{Vandenberg:2010, Abstract = {Consistent laterality is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, physiology, and behavior. While strides have been made in understanding unilaterally expressed genes and the asymmetries of organogenesis, early mechanisms are still poorly understood. One popular model centers on the structure and function of motile cilia and subsequent chiral extracellular fluid flow during gastrulation. Alternative models focus on intracellular roles of the cytoskeleton in driving asymmetries of physiological signals or asymmetric chromatid segregation, at much earlier stages. All three models trace the origin of asymmetry back to the chirality of cytoskeletal organizing centers, but significant controversy exists about how this intracellular chirality is amplified onto cell fields. Analysis of specific predictions of each model and crucial recent data on new mutants suggest that ciliary function may not be a broadly conserved, initiating event in left-right patterning. Many questions about embryonic left-right asymmetry remain open, offering fascinating avenues for further research in cell, developmental, and evolutionary biology.}, @@ -18485,7 +18474,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Far from solved: a perspective on what we know about early mechanisms of left-right asymmetry}, Volume = {239}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vandenberg_DevDyn2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vandenberg_DevDyn2010.pdf}} @article{Yost:1998, Abstract = {Bilateran animals have external bilateral symmetry along the dorsoventral (DV) and anteroposterior (AP) axes. Internal left-right asymmetries appear to be consistently aligned along the left-right (LR) axis with respect to the other axes. Left-right development is most apparent in the directional looping of the cardiac tube, the coiling and placement of the intestines, the positioning of internal organs such as liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and stomach. In addition, there are obvious morphological asymmetries in the brains of some vertebrates and functional left-right asymmetries in the activities of the brain, as assessed by psychological testing, MRI, and the analysis of lesions. There are several fundamental questions: What are the origins of the left-right axis, and are they highly conserved across metazoans? Once the left-right axis is established by the initial breaking of bilateral symmetry, what is the genetic pathway that perpetrates left-right development? What are the cellular and tissue mechanics that lead to morphogenesis during, for example, the looping of the cardiac tube, the coiling of the gut, or asymmetric brain development? Finally, do the asymmetric developmental pathways of each organ system take register from the same initial event that establishes the left-right axis, or are there separate mechanisms that orient heart, gut, and brain left-right asymmetry with respect to the DV and AP axes? These questions are beginning to be experimentally addressed, and papers in this issue of Developmental Genetics make contributions to several aspects in the burgeoning field of left-right development. Recent reviews have summarized the emerging genes and pathways in vertebrate left-right development [Wood, 1997; Harvey, 1998; Ramsdell and Yost, 1998]. Here, I give an overview of the contributions in this issue to the fundamental questions in left-right development.}, @@ -18504,7 +18493,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Left-right development from embryos to brains}, Volume = {23}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yost_DevGenet1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yost_DevGenet1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6408(1998)23:3%3C159::AID-DVG1%3E3.0.CO;2-1}} @article{Borodinsky:2004, @@ -18525,7 +18514,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Activity-dependent homeostatic specification of transmitter expression in embryonic neurons}, Volume = {429}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Borodinsky_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Borodinsky_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02518}} @article{Marek:2010, @@ -18547,7 +18536,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {cJun integrates calcium activity and tlx3 expression to regulate neurotransmitter specification}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marek_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Marek_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2582}} @article{Mire:2012, @@ -18568,7 +18557,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Spontaneous activity regulates Robo1 transcription to mediate a switch in thalamocortical axon growth}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mire_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mire_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Bouwman:2004, Abstract = {Outgrowing axons in the developing nervous system secrete neurotransmitters and neuromodulatory substances, which is considered to stimulate synaptogenesis. However, some synapses develop independent of presynaptic secretion. To investigate the role of secretion in synapse formation and maintenance in vivo, we quantified synapses and their morphology in the neocortical marginal zone of munc18-1 deficient mice which lack both evoked and spontaneous secretion [Science 287 (2000) 864]. Histochemical analyses at embryonic day 18 (E18) showed that the overall organization of the neocortex and the number of cells were similar in mutants and controls. Western blot analysis revealed equal concentrations of pre- and post-synaptic marker proteins in mutants and controls and immunocytochemical analyses indicated that these markers were targeted to the neuropil of the synaptic layer in the mutant neocortex. Electron microscopy revealed that at E16 immature synapses had formed both in mutants and controls. These synapses had a similar synapse diameter, active zone length and contained similar amounts of synaptic vesicles, which were immuno-positive for two synaptic vesicle markers. However, these synapses were three times less abundant in the mutant. Two days later, E18, synapses in the controls had more total and docked vesicles, but not in the mutant. Furthermore, synapses were now five times less abundant in the mutant. In both mutant and controls, synapse-like structures were observed with irregular shaped vesicles on both sides of the synaptic cleft. These 'multivesicular structures' were immuno-positive for synaptic vesicle markers and were four times more abundant in the mutant. We conclude that in the absence of presynaptic secretion immature synapses with a normal morphology form, but fewer in number. These secretion-deficient synapses might fail to mature and instead give rise to multivesicular structures. These two observations suggest that secretion of neurotransmitters and neuromodulatory substances is required for synapse maintenance, not for synaptogenesis. Multivesicular structures may develop out of unstable synapses.}, @@ -18587,7 +18576,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Quantification of synapse formation and maintenance in vivo in the absence of synaptic release}, Volume = {126}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bouwman_Neuroscience2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bouwman_Neuroscience2004.pdf}} @article{Yamamoto:2002, Abstract = {During development of the central nervous system, growth cones navigate along specific pathways, recognize their targets and then form synaptic connections by elaborating terminal arbors. To date, a number of developmental and in vitro studies have characterized the nature of the guidance cues that underlie various types of axonal behavior, from initial outgrowth to synapse formation, including pathway selection, polarized growth, orientated growth, termination and branching. New approaches in molecular biology have identified several types of guidance cues, most of which are likely to act as local cues. Moreover, recent studies have indicated that axonal responsiveness to guidance cues changes dynamically, which appears to be elicited by environmental factors encountered by the navigating growth cones. This article addresses what molecular cues are responsible for guidance mechanisms including axonal responsiveness, focusing on axonal behavior in the developmental stages.}, @@ -18606,7 +18595,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Wiring of the brain by a range of guidance cues}, Volume = {68}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yamamoto_ProgNeurobiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yamamoto_ProgNeurobiol2002.pdf}} @article{Mason:2009, Author = {Mason, Carol}, @@ -18625,7 +18614,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {The development of developmental neuroscience}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mason_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mason_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4648-09.2009}} @article{Sato:2012, @@ -18646,7 +18635,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Traveling waves in visual cortex}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sato_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sato_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.029}} @article{Priebe:2012, @@ -18667,7 +18656,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Mechanisms of neuronal computation in mammalian visual cortex}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Priebe_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Priebe_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.011}} @article{Gilbert:2012, @@ -18689,7 +18678,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Adult visual cortical plasticity}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gilbert_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gilbert_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.030}} @article{Reid:2012, @@ -18710,7 +18699,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {From functional architecture to functional connectomics}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reid_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Reid_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.031}} @book{finlay:2003, @@ -18722,7 +18711,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Publisher = {Praeger}, Title = {The Developmental Neurobiology of Early Vision}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Finlay_2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Finlay_2003.pdf}} @article{Roffwarg:1966, Author = {Roffwarg, H P and Muzio, J N and Dement, W C}, @@ -18740,7 +18729,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Ontogenetic development of the human sleep-dream cycle}, Volume = {152}, Year = {1966}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roffwarg_Science1966.pdf}, + File = {papers/Roffwarg_Science1966.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.152.3722.604}} @article{Espinosa:2012, @@ -18761,7 +18750,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Development and plasticity of the primary visual cortex}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Espinosa_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Espinosa_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.009}} @article{Takahashi:2011, @@ -18783,7 +18772,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Developing neocortex organization and connectivity in cats revealed by direct correlation of diffusion tractography and histology}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takahashi_CerebCortex2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Takahashi_CerebCortex2011.pdf}} @article{Rubel:2002, Abstract = {The neurons of the cochlear ganglion transmit acoustic information between the inner ear and the brain. These placodally derived neurons must produce a topographically precise pattern of connections in both the inner ear and the brain. In this review, we consider the current state of knowledge concerning the development of these neurons, their peripheral and central connections, and their influences on peripheral and central target cells. Relatively little is known about the cellular and molecular regulation of migration or the establishment of precise topographic connection to the hair cells or cochlear nucleus (CN) neurons. Studies of mice with neurotrophin deletions are beginning to yield increasing understanding of variations in ganglion cell survival and resulting innervation patterns, however. Finally, existing evidence suggests that while ganglion cells have little influence on the differentiation of their hair cell targets, quite the opposite is true in the brain. Ganglion cell innervation and synaptic activity are essential for normal development of neurons in the cochlear nucleus.}, @@ -18801,7 +18790,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Auditory system development: primary auditory neurons and their targets}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rubel_AnnuRevNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rubel_AnnuRevNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Dunn:2012, Abstract = {Sensory circuits use common strategies, such as convergence and divergence, typically at different synapses, to pool or distribute inputs. Inputs from different presynaptic cell types converge onto a common postsynaptic cell, acting together to shape neuronal output (Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008). Also, individual presynaptic cells contact several postsynaptic cell types, generating divergence of signals. Attaining such complex wiring patterns relies on the orchestration of many events across development, including axonal and dendritic growth and synapse formation and elimination (reviewed by Waites et al., 2005; Sanes and Yamagata, 2009). Recent work has focused on how distinct presynaptic cell types form stereotypic connections with an individual postsynaptic cell (Morgan et al., 2011; Williams et al., 2011), but how a single presynaptic cell type diverges to form distinct wiring patterns with multiple postsynaptic cell types during development remains unexplored. Here we take advantage of the compactness of the visual system's first synapse to observe development of such a circuit in mouse retina. By imaging three types of postsynaptic bipolar cells and their common photoreceptor targets across development, we found that distinct bipolar cell types engage in disparate dendritic growth behaviors, exhibit targeted or exploratory approaches to contact photoreceptors, and adhere differently to the synaptotropic model of establishing synaptic territories. Furthermore each type establishes its final connectivity patterns with the same afferents on separate time scales. We propose that such differences in strategy and timeline could facilitate the division of common inputs among multiple postsynaptic cell types to create parallel circuits with diverse function.}, @@ -18822,7 +18811,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Diverse strategies engaged in establishing stereotypic wiring patterns among neurons sharing a common input at the visual system's first synapse}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dunn_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dunn_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Rust:2012, Abstract = {Although popular accounts suggest that neurons along the ventral visual processing stream become increasingly selective for particular objects, this appears at odds with the fact that inferior temporal cortical (IT) neurons are broadly tuned. To explore this apparent contradiction, we compared processing in two ventral stream stages (visual cortical areas V4 and IT) in the rhesus macaque monkey. We confirmed that IT neurons are indeed more selective for conjunctions of visual features than V4 neurons and that this increase in feature conjunction selectivity is accompanied by an increase in tolerance ("invariance") to identity-preserving transformations (e.g., shifting, scaling) of those features. We report here that V4 and IT neurons are, on average, tightly matched in their tuning breadth for natural images ("sparseness") and that the average V4 or IT neuron will produce a robust firing rate response (>50% of its peak observed firing rate) to ∼10% of all natural images. We also observed that sparseness was positively correlated with conjunction selectivity and negatively correlated with tolerance within both V4 and IT, consistent with selectivity-building and invariance-building computations that offset one another to produce sparseness. Our results imply that the conjunction-selectivity-building and invariance-building computations necessary to support object recognition are implemented in a balanced manner to maintain sparseness at each stage of processing.}, @@ -18843,7 +18832,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Balanced increases in selectivity and tolerance produce constant sparseness along the ventral visual stream}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rust_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rust_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Cohen-Cory:2002, Abstract = {Synapse formation and stabilization in the vertebrate central nervous system is a dynamic process, requiring bi-directional communication between pre- and postsynaptic partners. Numerous mechanisms coordinate where and when synapses are made in the developing brain. This review discusses cellular and activity-dependent mechanisms that control the development of synaptic connectivity.}, @@ -18863,7 +18852,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {The developing synapse: construction and modulation of synaptic structures and circuits}, Volume = {298}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cohen-Cory_Science2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cohen-Cory_Science2002.pdf}} @article{Economides:2012, Abstract = {Misalignment of the eyes can lead to double vision and visual confusion. However, these sensations are rare when strabismus is acquired early in life, because the extra image is suppressed. To explore the mechanism of perceptual suppression in strabismus, the visual fields were mapped binocularly in 14 human subjects with exotropia. Subjects wore red/blue filter glasses to permit dichoptic stimulation while fixating a central target on a tangent screen. A purple stimulus was flashed at a peripheral location; its reported color ("red" or "blue") revealed which eye's image was perceived at that locus. The maps showed a vertical border between the center of gaze for each eye, splitting the visual field into two separate regions. In each region, perception was mediated by only one eye, with suppression of the other eye. Unexpectedly, stimuli falling on the fovea of the deviated eye were seen in all subjects. However, they were perceived in a location shifted by the angle of ocular deviation. This plasticity in the coding of visual direction allows accurate localization of objects everywhere in the visual scene, despite the presence of strabismus.}, @@ -18884,7 +18873,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Perception via the deviated eye in strabismus}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Economides_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Economides_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Liang:2012, Abstract = {The neural mechanism of unconsciousness has been a major unsolved question in neuroscience despite its vital role in brain states like coma and anesthesia. The existing literature suggests that neural connections, information integration, and conscious states are closely related. Indeed, alterations in several important neural circuitries and networks during unconscious conditions have been reported. However, how the whole-brain network is topologically reorganized to support different patterns of information transfer during unconscious states remains unknown. Here we directly compared whole-brain neural networks in awake and anesthetized states in rodents. Consistent with our previous report, the awake rat brain was organized in a nontrivial manner and conserved fundamental topological properties in a way similar to the human brain. Strikingly, these topological features were well maintained in the anesthetized brain. Local neural networks in the anesthetized brain were reorganized with altered local network properties. The connectional strength between brain regions was also considerably different between the awake and anesthetized conditions. Interestingly, we found that long-distance connections were not preferentially reduced in the anesthetized condition, arguing against the hypothesis that loss of long-distance connections is characteristic to unconsciousness. These findings collectively show that the integrity of the whole-brain network can be conserved between widely dissimilar physiologic states while local neural networks can flexibly adapt to new conditions. They also illustrate that the governing principles of intrinsic brain organization might represent fundamental characteristics of the healthy brain. With the unique spatial and temporal scales of resting-state fMRI, this study has opened a new avenue for understanding the neural mechanism of (un)consciousness.}, @@ -18905,7 +18894,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Intrinsic organization of the anesthetized brain}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Liang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Liang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Mao:2012, Abstract = {Brain damage resulting in loss of sensory stimulation can induce reorganization of sensory maps in cerebral cortex. Previous research on recovery from brain damage has focused primarily on adaptive plasticity within the affected modality. Less attention has been paid to maladaptive plasticity that may arise as a result of ectopic innervation from other modalities. Using ferrets in which neonatal midbrain damage results in diversion of retinal projections to the auditory thalamus, we investigated how auditory cortical function is impacted by the resulting ectopic visual activation. We found that, although auditory neurons in cross-modal auditory cortex (XMAC) retained sound frequency tuning, their thresholds were increased, their tuning was broader, and tonotopic order in their frequency maps was disturbed. Multisensory neurons in XMAC also exhibited frequency tuning, but they had longer latencies than normal auditory neurons, suggesting they arise from multisynaptic, non-geniculocortical sources. In a control group of animals with neonatal deafferentation of auditory thalamus but without redirection of retinal axons, tonotopic order and sharp tuning curves were seen, indicating that this aspect of auditory function had developed normally. This result shows that the compromised auditory function in XMAC results from invasion by ectopic visual inputs and not from deafferentation. These findings suggest that the cross-modal plasticity that commonly occurs after loss of sensory input can significantly interfere with recovery from brain damage and that mitigation of maladaptive effects is critical to maximizing the potential for recovery.}, @@ -18926,7 +18915,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Compromise of auditory cortical tuning and topography after cross-modal invasion by visual inputs}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mao_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mao_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Emsley:2004, Abstract = {During the past three decades, research exploring potential neuronal replacement therapies has focused on replacing lost neurons by transplanting cells or grafting tissue into diseased regions of the brain. However, in the last decade, the development of novel approaches has resulted in an explosion of new research showing that neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, normally occurs in two limited and specific regions of the adult mammalian brain, and that there are significant numbers of multipotent neural precursors in many parts of the adult mammalian brain. Recent advances in our understanding of related events of neural development and plasticity, including the role of radial glia in developmental neurogenesis, and the ability of endogenous precursors present in the adult brain to be induced to produce neurons and partially repopulate brain regions affected by neurodegenerative processes, have led to fundamental changes in the views about how the brain develops, as well as to approaches by which transplanted or endogenous precursors might be used to repair the adult brain. For example, recruitment of new neurons can be induced in a region-specific, layer-specific, and neuronal type-specific manner, and, in some cases, newly recruited neurons can form long-distance connections to appropriate targets. Elucidation of the relevant molecular controls may both allow control over transplanted precursor cells and potentially allow for the development of neuronal replacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease and other CNS injuries that might not require transplantation of exogenous cells.}, @@ -18967,7 +18956,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Experience-dependent changes in basal dendritic branching of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons during a critical period for developmental plasticity in rat barrel cortex}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maravall_CerebCortex2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Maravall_CerebCortex2004.pdf}} @article{Parvizi:2012, Abstract = {Face-selective neural responses in the human fusiform gyrus have been widely examined. However, their causal role in human face perception is largely unknown. Here, we used a multimodal approach of electrocorticography (ECoG), high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrical brain stimulation (EBS) to directly investigate the causal role of face-selective neural responses of the fusiform gyrus (FG) in face perception in a patient implanted with subdural electrodes in the right inferior temporal lobe. High-resolution fMRI identified two distinct FG face-selective regions [mFus-faces and pFus-faces (mid and posterior fusiform, respectively)]. ECoG revealed a striking anatomical and functional correspondence with fMRI data where a pair of face-selective electrodes, positioned 1 cm apart, overlapped mFus-faces and pFus-faces, respectively. Moreover, electrical charge delivered to this pair of electrodes induced a profound face-specific perceptual distortion during viewing of real faces. Specifically, the subject reported a "metamorphosed" appearance of faces of people in the room. Several controls illustrate the specificity of the effect to the perception of faces. EBS of mFus-faces and pFus-faces neither produced a significant deficit in naming pictures of famous faces on the computer, nor did it affect the appearance of nonface objects. Further, the appearance of faces remained unaffected during both sham stimulation and stimulation of a pair of nearby electrodes that were not face-selective. Overall, our findings reveal a striking convergence of fMRI, ECoG, and EBS, which together offer a rare causal link between functional subsets of the human FG network and face perception.}, @@ -18986,7 +18975,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Electrical stimulation of human fusiform face-selective regions distorts face perception}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Parvizi_JNeurosci2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Parvizi_JNeurosci2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/10/identifying-the-brains-own-facia.html?ref=em}} @article{Narboux-Neme:2012, @@ -19007,7 +18996,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Neurotransmitter release at the thalamocortical synapse instructs barrel formation but not axon patterning in the somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Narboux-Nême_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Narboux-Nême_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Barkovich:2012, Abstract = {Malformations of the midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) have become topics of considerable interest in the neurology and neuroscience literature in recent years. The combined advances of imaging and molecular biology have improved analyses of structures in these areas of the central nervous system, while advances in genetics have made it clear that malformations of these structures are often associated with dysfunction or malformation of other organ systems. This review focuses upon the importance of communication between clinical researchers and basic scientists in the advancement of knowledge of this group of disorders. Disorders of anteroposterior (AP) patterning, cerebellar hypoplasias, disorders associated with defects of the pial limiting membrane (cobblestone cortex), disorders of the Reelin pathway, and disorders of the primary cilium/basal body organelle (molar tooth malformations) are the main focus of the review.}, @@ -19026,7 +19015,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Developmental disorders of the midbrain and hindbrain}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barkovich_FrontNeuroanat2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Barkovich_FrontNeuroanat2012.pdf}} @article{Wang:2012, Abstract = {Much of the information used for visual perception and visually guided actions is processed in complex networks of connections within the cortex. To understand how this works in the normal brain and to determine the impact of disease, mice are promising models. In primate visual cortex, information is processed in a dorsal stream specialized for visuospatial processing and guided action and a ventral stream for object recognition. Here, we traced the outputs of 10 visual areas and used quantitative graph analytic tools of modern network science to determine, from the projection strengths in 39 cortical targets, the community structure of the network. We found a high density of the cortical graph that exceeded that shown previously in monkey. Each source area showed a unique distribution of projection weights across its targets (i.e., connectivity profile) that was well fit by a lognormal function. Importantly, the community structure was strongly dependent on the location of the source area: outputs from medial/anterior extrastriate areas were more strongly linked to parietal, motor, and limbic cortices, whereas lateral extrastriate areas were preferentially connected to temporal and parahippocampal cortices. These two subnetworks resemble dorsal and ventral cortical streams in primates, demonstrating that the basic layout of cortical networks is conserved across species.}, @@ -19047,7 +19036,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Network analysis of corticocortical connections reveals ventral and dorsal processing streams in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Nicol:2007, Abstract = {Spontaneous activity generated in the retina is necessary to establish a precise retinotopic map, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We demonstrate here that neural activity controls ephrin-A-mediated responses. In the mouse retinotectal system, we show that spontaneous activity of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is needed, independently of synaptic transmission, for the ordering of the retinotopic map and the elimination of exuberant retinal axons. Activity blockade suppressed the repellent action of ephrin-A on RGC growth cones by cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent pathways. Unexpectedly, the ephrin-A5-induced retraction required cAMP oscillations rather than sustained increases in intracellular cAMP concentrations. Periodic photo-induced release of caged cAMP in growth cones rescued the response to ephrin-A5 when activity was blocked. These results provide a direct molecular link between spontaneous neural activity and axon guidance mechanisms during the refinement of neural maps.}, @@ -19067,7 +19056,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {cAMP oscillations and retinal activity are permissive for ephrin signaling during the establishment of the retinotopic map}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nicol_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nicol_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}} @article{Mukamel:2010, Abstract = {Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1-8]. Because these discharges "reflect" the perceptual aspects of actions of others onto the motor repertoire of the perceiver, these cells have been called mirror neurons. Their overlapping sensory-motor representations have been implicated in observational learning and imitation, two important forms of learning [9]. In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12-15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16-19]. We recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions. A significant proportion of neurons in supplementary motor area, and hippocampus and environs, responded to both observation and execution of these actions. A subset of these neurons demonstrated excitation during action-execution and inhibition during action-observation. These findings suggest that multiple systems in humans may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others.}, @@ -19088,7 +19077,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mukamel_CurrBiol2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mukamel_CurrBiol2010.pdf}} @article{Mane:2012, Abstract = {Spreading depression (SD) is characterized by a sustained near-complete depolarization of neurons, a massive depolarization of glia, and a negative deflection of the extracellular DC potential. These electrophysiological signs are accompanied by an intrinsic optical signal (IOS) which arises from changes in light scattering and absorption. Even though the underlying mechanisms are unclear, the IOS serves as non-invasive tool to define the spatiotemporal dynamics of SD in brain slices. Usually the tissue is illuminated by white light, and light reflectance or transmittance is monitored. Using a polychromatic, fast-switchable light source we now performed temporo-spectral recordings of the IOS associated with hypoxia-induced SD-like depolarization (HSD) in rat hippocampal slices kept in an interface recording chamber. Recording full illumination spectra (320-680 nm) yielded distinct reflectance profiles for the different phases of HSD. Early during hypoxia tissue reflectance decreased within almost the entire spectrum due to cell swelling. HSD was accompanied by a reversible reflectance increase being most pronounced at 400 nm and 460 nm. At 440 nm massive porphyrin absorption (Soret band) was detected. Hypotonic solutions, Ca(2+)-withdrawal and glial poisoning intensified the reflectance increase during HSD, whereas hypertonic solutions dampened it. Replacement of Cl(-) inverted the reflectance increase. Inducing HSD by cyanide distorted the IOS and reflectance at 340-400 nm increased irreversibly. The pronounced changes at short wavelengths (380 nm, 460 nm) and their cyanide sensitivity suggest that block of mitochondrial metabolism contributes to the IOS during HSD. For stable and reliable IOS recordings during HSD wavelengths of 460-560 nm are recommended.}, @@ -19107,7 +19096,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Temporo-spectral imaging of intrinsic optical signals during hypoxia-induced spreading depression-like depolarization}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mané_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mané_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Lin:2012, Abstract = {Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, usually occurs during early childhood and results in poor or blurred vision. Recent neuroimaging studies have found cortical structural/functional abnormalities in amblyopia. However, until now, it was still not known whether the spontaneous activity of the brain changes in amblyopia subjects. In the present study, regional homogeneity (ReHo), a measure of the homogeneity of functional magnetic resonance imaging signals, was used for the first time to investigate changes in resting-state local spontaneous brain activity in individuals with anisometropic amblyopia. Compared with age- and gender-matched subjects with normal vision, the anisometropic amblyopia subjects showed decreased ReHo of spontaneous brain activity in the right precuneus, the left medial prefrontal cortex, the left inferior frontal gyrus, and the left cerebellum, and increased ReHo of spontaneous brain activity was found in the bilateral conjunction area of the postcentral and precentral gyri, the left paracentral lobule, the left superior temporal gyrus, the left fusiform gyrus, the conjunction area of the right insula, putamen and the right middle occipital gyrus. The observed decreases in ReHo may reflect decreased visuo-motor processing ability, and the increases in ReHo in the somatosensory cortices, the motor areas and the auditory area may indicate compensatory plasticity in amblyopia.}, @@ -19126,7 +19115,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Altered spontaneous activity in anisometropic amblyopia subjects: revealed by resting-state FMRI}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lin_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lin_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Grinevich:2005, Abstract = {The mammalian motor cortex typically innervates motor neurons indirectly via oligosynaptic pathways. However, evolution of skilled digit movements in humans, apes, and some monkey species is associated with the emergence of abundant monosynaptic cortical projections onto spinal motor neurons innervating distal limb muscles. Rats perform skilled movements with their whiskers, and we examined the possibility that the rat vibrissa motor cortex (VMC) projects monosynaptically onto facial motor neurons controlling the whisker movements. First, single injections of lentiviruses to VMC sites identified by intracortical microstimulations were used to label a distinct subpopulation of VMC axons or presynaptic terminals by expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) or GFP-tagged synaptophysin, respectively. Four weeks after the injections, GFP and synaptophysin-GFP labeling of axons and putative presynaptic terminals was detected in the lateral portion of the facial nucleus (FN), in close proximity to motor neurons identified morphologically and by axonal back-labeling from the whisker follicles. The VMC projections were detected bilaterally, with threefold larger density of labeling in the contralateral FN. Next, multiple VMC injections were used to label a large portion of VMC axons, resulting in overall denser but still laterally restricted FN labeling. Ultrastructural analysis of the GFP-labeled VMC axons confirmed the existence of synaptic contacts onto dendrites and somata of FN motor neurons. These findings provide anatomical demonstration of monosynaptic VMC-to-FN pathway in the rat and show that lentivirus-based expression of GFP and GFP-tagged presynaptic proteins can be used as a high-resolution neuroanatomical tracing method.}, @@ -19146,7 +19135,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Monosynaptic pathway from rat vibrissa motor cortex to facial motor neurons revealed by lentivirus-based axonal tracing}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grinevich_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grinevich_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2235-05.2005}} @article{Komai:2006a, @@ -19166,7 +19155,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Postsynaptic excitability is necessary for strengthening of cortical sensory responses during experience-dependent development}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Komai_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Komai_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Baudouin:2012, Abstract = {The genetic heterogeneity of autism poses a major challenge for identifying mechanism-based treatments. A number of rare mutations are associated with autism, and it is unclear whether these result in common neuronal alterations. Monogenic syndromes, such as fragile X, include autism as one of their multifaceted symptoms and have revealed specific defects in synaptic plasticity. We discovered an unexpected convergence of synaptic pathophysiology in a nonsyndromic form of autism with those in fragile X syndrome. Neuroligin-3 knockout mice (a model for nonsyndromic autism) exhibited disrupted heterosynaptic competition and perturbed metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity, a hallmark of fragile X. These phenotypes could be rescued by reexpression of neuroligin-3 in juvenile mice, highlighting the possibility of reverting neuronal circuit alterations in autism after the completion of development.}, @@ -19186,7 +19175,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Shared synaptic pathophysiology in syndromic and nonsyndromic rodent models of autism}, Volume = {338}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baudouin_Science2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Baudouin_Science2012.pdf}} @article{Ragan:2012, Abstract = {Here we describe an automated method, named serial two-photon (STP) tomography, that achieves high-throughput fluorescence imaging of mouse brains by integrating two-photon microscopy and tissue sectioning. STP tomography generates high-resolution datasets that are free of distortions and can be readily warped in three dimensions, for example, for comparing multiple anatomical tracings. This method opens the door to routine systematic studies of neuroanatomy in mouse models of human brain disorders.}, @@ -19207,7 +19196,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Serial two-photon tomography for automated ex vivo mouse brain imaging}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ragan_NatMethods2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ragan_NatMethods2012.pdf}} @article{Yang:2012, Abstract = {The basic circuitry of auditory, visual, somatosensory and other cortical areas is highly stereotyped (Douglas and Martin, 2004). However, it remains unclear whether this anatomical stereotypy implies functional homogeneity, or whether instead different cortical areas are specialized to process the diverse sensory inputs they receive. Here we have used a two alternative forced choice task to assess modality-specific differences in the ability of rats to exploit precise neuronal timing. We delivered pairs of electrical pulses directly to different areas of cortex to determine the minimum timing differences subjects could detect. By stimulating the cortex directly, we isolated differences due to cortical circuitry rather than to sensory transduction and subcortical processing. Surprisingly, the minimum detectable timing differences varied over more than an order of magnitude, ranging from 1 ms in barrel cortex to 15 ms in visual cortex. Furthermore, these modality-specific differences depended upon sensory experience: although animals subjected to whisker clipping initially showed an impaired ability to exploit fine timing in barrel cortical stimulation, behavioral training partially rescued this deficit. Our results suggest that different cortical areas are adapted to the specific structure of the input signals they process, and that precise spike timing may play a more important role for some cortical areas than for others.}, @@ -19226,7 +19215,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Differences in Sensitivity to Neural Timing among Cortical Areas}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Chan:2012, Abstract = {In humans, naturally acquired microchimerism has been observed in many tissues and organs. Fetal microchimerism, however, has not been investigated in the human brain. Microchimerism of fetal as well as maternal origin has recently been reported in the mouse brain. In this study, we quantified male DNA in the human female brain as a marker for microchimerism of fetal origin (i.e. acquisition of male DNA by a woman while bearing a male fetus). Targeting the Y-chromosome-specific DYS14 gene, we performed real-time quantitative PCR in autopsied brain from women without clinical or pathologic evidence of neurologic disease (n = 26), or women who had Alzheimer's disease (n = 33). We report that 63% of the females (37 of 59) tested harbored male microchimerism in the brain. Male microchimerism was present in multiple brain regions. Results also suggested lower prevalence (p = 0.03) and concentration (p = 0.06) of male microchimerism in the brains of women with Alzheimer's disease than the brains of women without neurologic disease. In conclusion, male microchimerism is frequent and widely distributed in the human female brain.}, @@ -19245,7 +19234,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Male microchimerism in the human female brain}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chan_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chan_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Johansson:2008, Abstract = {Transplanted bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) have been reported to fuse with cells of diverse tissues, but the extremely low frequency of fusion has led to the view that such events are biologically insignificant. Nonetheless, in mice with a lethal recessive liver disease (tyrosinaemia), transplantation of wild-type BMDCs restored liver function by cell fusion and prevented death, indicating that cell fusion can have beneficial effects. Here we report that chronic inflammation resulting from severe dermatitis or autoimmune encephalitis leads to robust fusion of BMDCs with Purkinje neurons and formation of hundreds of binucleate heterokaryons per cerebellum, a 10-100-fold higher frequency than previously reported. Single haematopoietic stem-cell transplants showed that the fusogenic cell is from the haematopoietic lineage and parabiosis experiments revealed that fusion can occur without irradiation. Transplantation of rat bone marrow into mice led to activation of dormant rat Purkinje neuron-specific genes in BMDC nuclei after fusion with mouse Purkinje neurons, consistent with nuclear reprogramming. The precise neurological role of these heterokaryons awaits elucidation, but their frequency in brain after inflammation is clearly much higher than previously appreciated.}, @@ -19265,7 +19254,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Extensive fusion of haematopoietic cells with Purkinje neurons in response to chronic inflammation}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Johansson_NatCellBiol2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Johansson_NatCellBiol2008.pdf}} @article{Lapray:2010, Abstract = {Previous reports indicate that in utero knockdown of doublecortin (DCX) results in the genesis of a subcortical heterotopia reminiscent of the doublecortex observed in female patients with DCX mutations. It has also been shown that these rats display an increased susceptibility to convulsant agents and increased cortical neurons excitability; but it is presently unknown whether they display spontaneous seizures. Furthermore, the link between the size of heterotopia and the clinical manifestation remained to be elucidated. Using video-electrocorticogram recordings, we now report that DCX knockdown induces frequent spontaneous seizures commonly associated with myoclonic jerks in adult rats. Surprisingly, epilepsy occurred even in rats with very small subcortical heterotopias, as revealed by histological analysis of recorded animals. Moreover, the severity of the epileptic manifestations was positively correlated with both the size of the subcortical heterotopia and the age of recorded animals; thus, epileptic features were not detected in immature affected rats. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time that subtle alterations can yield epilepsy and reveal a strong correlation between thicknesses of subcortical heterotopia, age of affected individuals and clinical impairment.}, @@ -19285,7 +19274,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Spontaneous epileptic manifestations in a DCX knockdown model of human double cortex}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lapray_CerebCortex2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lapray_CerebCortex2010.pdf}} @article{Grinevich:2009, Abstract = {The brain-specific immediate early gene Arc/Arg3.1 is induced in response to a variety of stimuli, including sensory and behavior-linked neural activity. Here we report the generation of transgenic mice, termed TgArc/Arg3.1-d4EGFP, expressing a 4-h half-life form of enhanced green fluorescent protein (d4EGFP) under the control of the Arc/Arg3.1 promoter. We show that d4EGFP-mediated fluorescence faithfully reports Arc/Arg3.1 induction in response to physiological, pathological and pharmacological stimuli, and that this fluorescence permits electrical recording from activated neurons in the live mouse. Moreover, the fluorescent Arc/Arg3.1 indicator revealed activity changes in circumscribed brain areas in distinct modes of stress and in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. These findings identify the TgArc/Arg3.1-d4EGFP mouse as a versatile tool to monitor Arc/Arg3.1 induction in neural circuits, both in vitro and in vivo.}, @@ -19305,7 +19294,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Fluorescent Arc/Arg3.1 indicator mice: a versatile tool to study brain activity changes in vitro and in vivo}, Volume = {184}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grinevich_JNeurosciMethods2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grinevich_JNeurosciMethods2009.pdf}} @article{Lam:2012, Abstract = {A variety of genetically encoded reporters use changes in fluorescence (or F{\"o}rster) resonance energy transfer (FRET) to report on biochemical processes in living cells. The standard genetically encoded FRET pair consists of CFPs and YFPs, but many CFP-YFP reporters suffer from low FRET dynamic range, phototoxicity from the CFP excitation light and complex photokinetic events such as reversible photobleaching and photoconversion. We engineered two fluorescent proteins, Clover and mRuby2, which are the brightest green and red fluorescent proteins to date and have the highest F{\"o}rster radius of any ratiometric FRET pair yet described. Replacement of CFP and YFP with these two proteins in reporters of kinase activity, small GTPase activity and transmembrane voltage significantly improves photostability, FRET dynamic range and emission ratio changes. These improvements enhance detection of transient biochemical events such as neuronal action-potential firing and RhoA activation in growth cones.}, @@ -19325,7 +19314,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Improving FRET dynamic range with bright green and red fluorescent proteins}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lam_NatMethods2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lam_NatMethods2012.pdf}} @article{Jones:2012, Abstract = {Noise is a major concern in circuits processing electrical signals, including neural circuits. There are many factors that influence how noise propagates through neural circuits, and there are few systems in which noise levels have been studied throughout a processing pathway. We recorded intracellularly from multiple stages of a sensory-motor pathway in the locust that detects approaching objects. We found that responses are more variable and that signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are lower further from the sensory periphery. SNRs remain low even with the use of stimuli for which the pathway is most selective and for which the neuron representing its final sensory level must integrate many synaptic inputs. Modeling of this neuron shows that variability in the strength of individual synaptic inputs within a large population has little effect on the variability of the spiking output. In contrast, jitter in the timing of individual inputs and spontaneous variability is important for shaping the responses to preferred stimuli. These results suggest that neural noise is inherent to the processing of visual stimuli signaling impending collision and contributes to shaping neural responses along this sensory-motor pathway.}, @@ -19349,7 +19338,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Impact of neural noise on a sensory-motor pathway signaling impending collision}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jones_JNeurophysiol2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jones_JNeurophysiol2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/ShowModel.asp?model=144007&file=%5CLGMD%5Cjnphysiol2012%5Cparameter_comparison.rtf}} @article{Fan:2012, @@ -19370,7 +19359,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Non-invasive prenatal measurement of the fetal genome}, Volume = {487}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fan_Nature2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fan_Nature2012.pdf}} @article{Campbell:2012, Abstract = {Bone and lung metastases are responsible for the majority of deaths in patients with breast cancer. Following treatment of the primary cancer, emotional and psychosocial factors within this population precipitate time to recurrence and death, however the underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. Using a mouse model of bone metastasis, we provide experimental evidence that activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is one of many pathophysiological consequences of severe stress and depression, promotes MDA-231 breast cancer cell colonization of bone via a neurohormonal effect on the host bone marrow stroma. We demonstrate that induction of RANKL expression in bone marrow osteoblasts, following β2AR stimulation, increases the migration of metastatic MDA-231 cells in vitro, independently of SDF1-CXCR4 signaling. We also show that the stimulatory effect of endogenous (chronic stress) or pharmacologic sympathetic activation on breast cancer bone metastasis in vivo can be blocked with the β-blocker propranolol, and by knockdown of RANK expression in MDA-231 cells. These findings indicate that RANKL promotes breast cancer cell metastasis to bone via its pro-migratory effect on breast cancer cells, independently of its effect on bone turnover. The emerging clinical implication, supported by recent epidemiological studies, is that βAR-blockers and drugs interfering with RANKL signaling, such as Denosumab, could increase patient survival if used as adjuvant therapy to inhibit both the early colonization of bone by metastatic breast cancer cells and the initiation of the "vicious cycle" of bone destruction induced by these cells.}, @@ -19391,7 +19380,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Stimulation of host bone marrow stromal cells by sympathetic nerves promotes breast cancer bone metastasis in mice}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Campbell_PLoSBiol2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Campbell_PLoSBiol2012.pdf}} @article{Poil:2012, Abstract = {Criticality has gained widespread interest in neuroscience as an attractive framework for understanding the character and functional implications of variability in brain activity. The metastability of critical systems maximizes their dynamic range, storage capacity, and computational power. Power-law scaling-a hallmark of criticality-has been observed on different levels, e.g., in the distribution of neuronal avalanches in vitro and in vivo, but also in the decay of temporal correlations in behavioral performance and ongoing oscillations in humans. An unresolved issue is whether power-law scaling on different organizational levels in the brain-and possibly in other hierarchically organized systems-can be related. Here, we show that critical-state dynamics of avalanches and oscillations jointly emerge in a neuronal network model when excitation and inhibition is balanced. The oscillatory activity of the model was qualitatively similar to what is typically observed in recordings of human resting-state MEG. We propose that homeostatic plasticity mechanisms tune this balance in healthy brain networks, and that it is essential for critical behavior on multiple levels of neuronal organization with ensuing functional benefits. Based on our network model, we introduce a concept of multi-level criticality in which power-law scaling can emerge on multiple time scales in oscillating networks.}, @@ -19411,7 +19400,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Critical-state dynamics of avalanches and oscillations jointly emerge from balanced excitation/inhibition in neuronal networks}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Poil_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Poil_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Danziger:2012, Abstract = {How does visual perception shape the way we coordinate movements? Recent studies suggest that the brain organizes movements based on minimizing reaching errors in the presence of motor and sensory noise. We present an alternative hypothesis in which movement trajectories also result from acquired knowledge about the geometrical properties of the object that the brain is controlling. To test this hypothesis, we asked human subjects to control a simulated kinematic linkage by continuous finger motion, a completely novel experience. This paradigm removed all biases arising from influences of limb dynamics and past experience. Subjects were exposed to two different types of visual feedback; some saw the entire simulated linkage and others saw only the moving extremity. Consistent with our hypothesis, subjects learned to move the simulated linkage along geodesic lines corresponding to the geometrical structure of the observed motion. Thus, optimizing final accuracy is not the unique determinant of trajectory formation.}, @@ -19432,7 +19421,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {The influence of visual motion on motor learning}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Danziger_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Danziger_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Tang:2012, Abstract = {Recent computational and experimental work has shown that similar network performance can result from variable sets of synaptic and intrinsic properties. Because temperature is a global perturbation that differentially influences every biological process within the nervous system, one might therefore expect that individual animals would respond differently to temperature. Nonetheless, the phase relationships of the pyloric rhythm of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crab, Cancer borealis, are remarkably invariant between 7 and 23$\,^{\circ}$C (Tang et al., 2010). Here, we report that, when isolated STG preparations were exposed to more extreme temperature ranges, their networks became nonrhythmic, or "crashed", in a reversible fashion. Animals were acclimated for at least 3 weeks at 7, 11, or 19$\,^{\circ}$C. When networks from the acclimated animals were perturbed by acute physiologically relevant temperature ramps (11-23$\,^{\circ}$C), the network frequency and phase relationships were independent of the acclimation group. At high acute temperatures (>23$\,^{\circ}$C), circuits from the cold-acclimated animals produced less-regular pyloric rhythms than those from warm-acclimated animals. At high acute temperatures, phase relationships between pyloric neurons were more variable from animal to animal than at moderate acute temperatures, suggesting that individual differences across animals in intrinsic circuit parameters are revealed at high temperatures. This shows that individual and variable neuronal circuits can behave similarly in normal conditions, but their behavior may diverge when confronted with extreme external perturbations.}, @@ -19452,7 +19441,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Robustness of a rhythmic circuit to short- and long-term temperature changes}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tang_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Nguyen:2012, Abstract = {Mutations in the X-linked gene, methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (Mecp2), underlie a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, most commonly, Rett Syndrome (RTT), a severe autism spectrum disorder that affects approximately one in 10,000 female live births. Because mutations in the Mecp2 gene occur in the germ cells with onset of neurological symptoms occurring in early childhood, the role of MeCP2 has been ascribed to brain maturation at a specific developmental window. Here, we show similar kinetics of onset and progression of RTT-like symptoms in mice, including lethality, if MeCP2 is removed postnatally during the developmental stage that coincides with RTT onset, or adult stage. For the first time, we show that brains that lose MeCP2 at these two different stages are actively shrinking, resulting in higher than normal neuronal cell density. Furthermore, we show that mature dendritic arbors of pyramidal neurons are severely retracted and dendritic spine density is dramatically reduced. In addition, hippocampal astrocytes have significantly less complex ramified processes. These changes accompany a striking reduction in the levels of several synaptic proteins, including CaMKII α/β, AMPA, and NMDA receptors, and the synaptic vesicle proteins Vglut and Synapsin, which represent critical modifiers of synaptic function and dendritic arbor structure. Importantly, the mRNA levels of these synaptic proteins remains unchanged, suggesting that MeCP2 likely regulates these synaptic proteins post-transcriptionally, directly or indirectly. Our data suggest a crucial role for MeCP2 in post-transcriptional regulation of critical synaptic proteins involved in maintaining mature neuronal networks during late stages of postnatal brain development.}, @@ -19473,7 +19462,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {MeCP2 is critical for maintaining mature neuronal networks and global brain anatomy during late stages of postnatal brain development and in the mature adult brain}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nguyen_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nguyen_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Litwin-Kumar:2012, Abstract = {Anatomical studies demonstrate that excitatory connections in cortex are not uniformly distributed across a network but instead exhibit clustering into groups of highly connected neurons. The implications of clustering for cortical activity are unclear. We studied the effect of clustered excitatory connections on the dynamics of neuronal networks that exhibited high spike time variability owing to a balance between excitation and inhibition. Even modest clustering substantially changed the behavior of these networks, introducing slow dynamics during which clusters of neurons transiently increased or decreased their firing rate. Consequently, neurons exhibited both fast spiking variability and slow firing rate fluctuations. A simplified model shows how stimuli bias networks toward particular activity states, thereby reducing firing rate variability as observed experimentally in many cortical areas. Our model thus relates cortical architecture to the reported variability in spontaneous and evoked spiking activity.}, @@ -19492,7 +19481,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Slow dynamics and high variability in balanced cortical networks with clustered connections}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Litwin-Kumar_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Litwin-Kumar_NatNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Wandell:2011, Abstract = {A quarter-century ago visual neuroscientists had little information about the number and organization of retinotopic maps in human visual cortex. The advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a non-invasive, spatially-resolved technique for measuring brain activity, provided a wealth of data about human retinotopic maps. Just as there are differences amongst non-human primate maps, the human maps have their own unique properties. Many human maps can be measured reliably in individual subjects during experimental sessions lasting less than an hour. The efficiency of the measurements and the relatively large amplitude of functional MRI signals in visual cortex make it possible to develop quantitative models of functional responses within specific maps in individual subjects. During this last quarter-century, there has also been significant progress in measuring properties of the human brain at a range of length and time scales, including white matter pathways, macroscopic properties of gray and white matter, and cellular and molecular tissue properties. We hope the next 25years will see a great deal of work that aims to integrate these data by modeling the network of visual signals. We do not know what such theories will look like, but the characterization of human retinotopic maps from the last 25years is likely to be an important part of future ideas about visual computations.}, @@ -19513,7 +19502,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Imaging retinotopic maps in the human brain}, Volume = {51}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wandell_VisionRes2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wandell_VisionRes2011.pdf}} @article{Sengpiel:1999, Abstract = {Visual search tasks appear to involve spatially selective attention to the target, but evidence for attentional modulation in the visual area with the most precise retinotopic organization V1 has been elusive. Recent imaging studies show that spatial attention can indeed enhance visual responses in human V1.}, @@ -19532,7 +19521,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Visual attention: spotlight on the primary visual cortex}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sengpiel_CurrBiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sengpiel_CurrBiol1999.pdf}} @article{Hoffmann:2012, Abstract = {The absence of the optic chiasm is an extraordinary and extreme abnormality in the nervous system. The abnormality produces highly atypical functional responses in the cortex, including overlapping hemifield representations and bilateral population receptive fields in both striate and extrastriate visual cortex. Even in the presence of these large functional abnormalities, the effect on visual perception and daily life is not easily detected. Here, we demonstrate that in two achiasmic humans the gross topography of the geniculostriate and occipital callosal connections remains largely unaltered. We conclude that visual function is preserved by reorganization of intracortical connections instead of large-scale reorganizations of the visual cortex. Thus, developmental mechanisms of local wiring within cortical maps compensate for the improper gross wiring to preserve function in human achiasma.}, @@ -19552,7 +19541,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Plasticity and stability of the visual system in human achiasma}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hoffmann_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hoffmann_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hoffmann_Neuron2012a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.026}} @@ -19575,7 +19564,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Gamma oscillations are generated locally in an attention-related midbrain network}, Volume = {73}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goddard_Neuron2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Goddard_Neuron2012.pdf}} @article{Park:2006, Author = {Park, Chan Young and Dolmetsch, Richard}, @@ -19594,7 +19583,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Cell signaling. The double life of a transcription factor takes it outside the nucleus}, Volume = {314}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Park_Science2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Park_Science2006.pdf}} @article{Gomez-Ospina:2006, Abstract = {Voltage-gated calcium channels play a central role in regulating the electrical and biochemical properties of neurons and muscle cells. One of the ways in which calcium channels regulate long-lasting neuronal properties is by activating signaling pathways that control gene expression, but the mechanisms that link calcium channels to the nucleus are not well understood. We report that a C-terminal fragment of Ca(V)1.2, an L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTC), translocates to the nucleus and regulates transcription. We show that this calcium channel associated transcription regulator (CCAT) binds to a nuclear protein, associates with an endogenous promoter, and regulates the expression of a wide variety of endogenous genes important for neuronal signaling and excitability. The nuclear localization of CCAT is regulated both developmentally and by changes in intracellular calcium. These findings provide evidence that voltage-gated calcium channels can directly activate transcription and suggest a mechanism linking voltage-gated channels to the function and differentiation of excitable cells.}, @@ -19615,7 +19604,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {The C terminus of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel Ca(V)1.2 encodes a transcription factor}, Volume = {127}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gomez-Ospina_Cell2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gomez-Ospina_Cell2006.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Gomez-Ospina_Cell2006a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Gomez-Ospina_Cell2006b.pdf}} @@ -19637,7 +19626,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Calcium oscillations increase the efficiency and specificity of gene expression}, Volume = {392}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dolmetsch_Nature1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dolmetsch_Nature1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/31960}} @article{Barreto-Chang:2009, @@ -19677,7 +19666,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Using light to control signaling cascades in live neurons}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rana_CurrOpinNeurobiol2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rana_CurrOpinNeurobiol2010.pdf}} @article{Ackman:2012, Abstract = {The morphological and functional development of the vertebrate nervous system is initially governed by genetic factors and subsequently refined by neuronal activity. However, fundamental features of the nervous system emerge before sensory experience is possible. Thus, activity-dependent development occurring before the onset of experience must be driven by spontaneous activity, but the origin and nature of activity in vivo remains largely untested. Here we use optical methods to show in live neonatal mice that waves of spontaneous retinal activity are present and propagate throughout the entire visual system before eye opening. This patterned activity encompassed the visual field, relied on cholinergic neurotransmission, preferentially initiated in the binocular retina and exhibited spatiotemporal correlations between the two hemispheres. Retinal waves were the primary source of activity in the midbrain and primary visual cortex, but only modulated ongoing activity in secondary visual areas. Thus, spontaneous retinal activity is transmitted through the entire visual system and carries patterned information capable of guiding the activity-dependent development of complex intra- and inter-hemispheric circuits before the onset of vision.}, @@ -19697,7 +19686,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Retinal waves coordinate patterned activity throughout the developing visual system}, Volume = {490}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ackman_Nature2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ackman_Nature2012.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ackman_Nature2012a.pdf}} @article{Just:2007, @@ -19718,7 +19707,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that important aspects of adult visuotopy are establish Title = {Functional and anatomical cortical underconnectivity in autism: evidence from an FMRI study of an executive function task and corpus callosum morphometry}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Just_CerebCortex2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Just_CerebCortex2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl006}} @article{Demonet:2004, @@ -19765,7 +19754,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Evidence is found of a reduced size of the corpus callosum in autis Title = {Reduced size of corpus callosum in autism}, Volume = {52}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Egaas_ArchNeurol1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Egaas_ArchNeurol1995.pdf}} @article{Castelli:2002, Abstract = {Ten able adults with autism or Asperger syndrome and 10 normal volunteers were PET scanned while watching animated sequences. The animations depicted two triangles moving about on a screen in three different conditions: moving randomly, moving in a goal-directed fashion (chasing, fighting), and moving interactively with implied intentions (coaxing, tricking). The last condition frequently elicited descriptions in terms of mental states that viewers attributed to the triangles (mentalizing). The autism group gave fewer and less accurate descriptions of these latter animations, but equally accurate descriptions of the other animations compared with controls. While viewing animations that elicited mentalizing, in contrast to randomly moving shapes, the normal group showed increased activation in a previously identified mentalizing network (medial prefrontal cortex, superior temporal sulcus at the temporo-parietal junction and temporal poles). The autism group showed less activation than the normal group in all these regions. However, one additional region, extrastriate cortex, which was highly active when watching animations that elicited mentalizing, showed the same amount of increased activation in both groups. In the autism group this extrastriate region showed reduced functional connectivity with the superior temporal sulcus at the temporo-parietal junction, an area associated with the processing of biological motion as well as with mentalizing. This finding suggests a physiological cause for the mentalizing dysfunction in autism: a bottleneck in the interaction between higher order and lower order perceptual processes.}, @@ -19802,7 +19791,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Evidence is found of a reduced size of the corpus callosum in autis Title = {A potential reservoir of immature dopaminergic replacement neurons in the adult mammalian olfactory bulb}, Volume = {457}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pignatelli_PflugersArch2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pignatelli_PflugersArch2009.pdf}} @article{Wei:2012, Abstract = {Neural activity-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission is believed to be one of the cellular mechanisms underlying experience-dependent developmental refinement of neural circuits. Although it is well established that visual experience and neural activity are critical for the refinement of retinal circuits, whether and how LTP occurs in the retina remain unknown. Using in vivo perforated whole-cell recording and two-photon calcium imaging, we find that both repeated electrical and visual stimulations can induce LTP at excitatory synapses formed by bipolar cells on retinal ganglion cells in larval but not juvenile zebrafish. LTP induction requires the activation of postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and its expression involves arachidonic acid-dependent presynaptic changes in calcium dynamics and neurotransmitter release. Physiologically, both electrical and visual stimulation-induced LTP can enhance visual responses of retinal ganglion cells. Thus, LTP exists in developing retinae with a presynaptic locus and may serve for visual experience-dependent refinement of retinal circuits.}, @@ -19821,7 +19810,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Evidence is found of a reduced size of the corpus callosum in autis Title = {Activity-induced long-term potentiation of excitatory synapses in developing zebrafish retina in vivo}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wei_Neuron2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wei_Neuron2012.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.031}} @article{Hansel:2012, @@ -19842,7 +19831,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Evidence is found of a reduced size of the corpus callosum in autis Title = {The mechanism of orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex without a functional map}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hansel_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hansel_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Triplett:2012, Abstract = {The superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that integrates visual, somatosensory, and auditory inputs to direct head and eye movements. Each of these modalities is topographically mapped and aligned with the others to ensure precise behavioral responses to multimodal stimuli. While it is clear that neural activity is instructive for topographic alignment of inputs from the visual cortex (V1) and auditory system with retinal axons in the SC, there is also evidence that activity-independent mechanisms are used to establish topographic alignment between modalities. Here, we show that the topography of the projection from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to the SC is established during the first postnatal week. Unlike V1-SC projections, the S1-SC projection does not bifurcate when confronted with a duplicated retinocollicular map, showing that retinal input in the SC does not influence the topography of the S1-SC projection. However, S1-SC topography is disrupted in mice lacking ephrin-As, which we find are expressed in graded patterns along with their binding partners, the EphA4 and EphA7, in both S1 and the somatosensory recipient layer of the SC. Together, these data support a model in which somatosensory inputs into the SC map topographically and establish alignment with visual inputs in the SC using a gradient-matching mechanism.}, @@ -19863,7 +19852,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Evidence is found of a reduced size of the corpus callosum in autis Title = {Alignment of multimodal sensory input in the superior colliculus through a gradient-matching mechanism}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Triplett_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Triplett_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Gutknecht:2012, Abstract = {Brain serotonin (5-HT) is implicated in a wide range of functions from basic physiological mechanisms to complex behaviors, including neuropsychiatric conditions, as well as in developmental processes. Increasing evidence links 5-HT signaling alterations during development to emotional dysregulation and psychopathology in adult age. To further analyze the importance of brain 5-HT in somatic and brain development and function, and more specifically differentiation and specification of the serotonergic system itself, we generated a mouse model with brain-specific 5-HT deficiency resulting from a genetically driven constitutive inactivation of neuronal tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2). Tph2 inactivation (Tph2-/-) resulted in brain 5-HT deficiency leading to growth retardation and persistent leanness, whereas a sex- and age-dependent increase in body weight was observed in Tph2+/- mice. The conserved expression pattern of the 5-HT neuron-specific markers (except Tph2 and 5-HT) demonstrates that brain 5-HT synthesis is not a prerequisite for the proliferation, differentiation and survival of raphe neurons subjected to the developmental program of serotonergic specification. Furthermore, although these neurons are unable to synthesize 5-HT from the precursor tryptophan, they still display electrophysiological properties characteristic of 5-HT neurons. Moreover, 5-HT deficiency induces an up-regulation of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptors across brain regions as well as a reduction of norepinephrine concentrations accompanied by a reduced number of noradrenergic neurons. Together, our results characterize developmental, neurochemical, neurobiological and electrophysiological consequences of brain-specific 5-HT deficiency, reveal a dual dose-dependent role of 5-HT in body weight regulation and show that differentiation of serotonergic neuron phenotype is independent from endogenous 5-HT synthesis.}, @@ -19882,7 +19871,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Evidence is found of a reduced size of the corpus callosum in autis Title = {Impacts of Brain Serotonin Deficiency following Tph2 Inactivation on Development and Raphe Neuron Serotonergic Specification}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gutknecht_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gutknecht_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Farook:2012, Abstract = {Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders like Angelman syndrome and autism may be the result of underlying defects in neuronal plasticity and ongoing problems with synaptic signaling. Some of these defects may be due to abnormal monoamine levels in different regions of the brain. Ube3a, a gene that causes Angelman syndrome (AS) when maternally deleted and is associated with autism when maternally duplicated has recently been shown to regulate monoamine synthesis in the Drosophila brain. Therefore, we examined monoamine levels in striatum, ventral midbrain, frontal cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and hippocampus in Ube3a deficient and Ube3a duplication animals. We found that serotonin (5HT), a monoamine affected in autism, was elevated in the striatum and cortex of AS mice. Dopamine levels were almost uniformly elevated compared to control littermates in the striatum, midbrain and frontal cortex regardless of genotype in Ube3a deficient and Ube3a duplication animals. In the duplication 15q autism mouse model, paternal but not maternal duplication animals showed a decrease in 5HT levels when compared to their wild type littermates, in accordance with previously published data. However, maternal duplication animals show no significant changes in 5HT levels throughout the brain. These abnormal monoamine levels could be responsible for many of the behavioral abnormalities observed in both AS and autism, but further investigation is required to determine if any of these changes are purely dependent on Ube3a levels in the brain.}, @@ -19901,7 +19890,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Evidence is found of a reduced size of the corpus callosum in autis Title = {Altered serotonin, dopamine and norepinepherine levels in 15q duplication and angelman syndrome mouse models}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Farook_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Farook_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Ye:2012, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cross-modal plasticity is characterized as the hypersensitivity of remaining modalities after a sensory function is lost in rodents, which ensures their awareness to environmental changes. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cross-modal sensory plasticity remain unclear. We aim to study the role of different types of neurons in cross-modal plasticity. @@ -19922,7 +19911,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {The functional upregulation of piriform cortex is associated with cross-modal plasticity in loss of whisker tactile inputs}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ye_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ye_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Stetter:2012, Abstract = {A systematic assessment of global neural network connectivity through direct electrophysiological assays has remained technically infeasible, even in simpler systems like dissociated neuronal cultures. We introduce an improved algorithmic approach based on Transfer Entropy to reconstruct structural connectivity from network activity monitored through calcium imaging. We focus in this study on the inference of excitatory synaptic links. Based on information theory, our method requires no prior assumptions on the statistics of neuronal firing and neuronal connections. The performance of our algorithm is benchmarked on surrogate time series of calcium fluorescence generated by the simulated dynamics of a network with known ground-truth topology. We find that the functional network topology revealed by Transfer Entropy depends qualitatively on the time-dependent dynamic state of the network (bursting or non-bursting). Thus by conditioning with respect to the global mean activity, we improve the performance of our method. This allows us to focus the analysis to specific dynamical regimes of the network in which the inferred functional connectivity is shaped by monosynaptic excitatory connections, rather than by collective synchrony. Our method can discriminate between actual causal influences between neurons and spurious non-causal correlations due to light scattering artifacts, which inherently affect the quality of fluorescence imaging. Compared to other reconstruction strategies such as cross-correlation or Granger Causality methods, our method based on improved Transfer Entropy is remarkably more accurate. In particular, it provides a good estimation of the excitatory network clustering coefficient, allowing for discrimination between weakly and strongly clustered topologies. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our method to analyses of real recordings of in vitro disinhibited cortical cultures where we suggest that excitatory connections are characterized by an elevated level of clustering compared to a random graph (although not extreme) and can be markedly non-local.}, @@ -19942,7 +19931,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {Model-free reconstruction of excitatory neuronal connectivity from calcium imaging signals}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stetter_PLoSComputBiol2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stetter_PLoSComputBiol2012.pdf}} @article{Carver:2012, Abstract = {Examining real-time cortical dynamics is crucial for understanding time perception. Using magnetoencephalography we studied auditory duration discrimination of short (<.5 s) versus long tones (>.5 s) versus a pitch control. Time-frequency analysis of event-related fields showed widespread beta-band (13-30 Hz) desynchronization during all tone presentations. Synthetic aperture magnetometry indicated automatic primarily sensorimotor responses in short and pitch conditions, with activation specific to timing in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus. In the long condition, a right lateralized network was active, including lateral prefrontal cortices, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus and secondary auditory areas. Activation in this network peaked just after attention to tone duration was no longer necessary, suggesting a role in sustaining representation of the interval. These data expand our understanding of time perception by revealing its complex cortical spatiotemporal signature.}, @@ -19961,7 +19950,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {The neuromagnetic dynamics of time perception}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carver_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Carver_PLoSOne2012.pdf}} @article{Kozorovitskiy:2012, Abstract = {Neural activity during development critically shapes postnatal wiring of the mammalian brain. This is best illustrated by the sensory systems, in which the patterned feed-forward excitation provided by sensory organs and experience drives the formation of mature topographic circuits capable of extracting specific features of sensory stimuli. In contrast, little is known about the role of early activity in the development of the basal ganglia, a phylogenetically ancient group of nuclei fundamentally important for complex motor action and reward-based learning. These nuclei lack direct sensory input and are only loosely topographically organized, forming interlocking feed-forward and feed-back inhibitory circuits without laminar structure. Here we use transgenic mice and viral gene transfer methods to modulate neurotransmitter release and neuronal activity in vivo in the developing striatum. We find that the balance of activity between the two inhibitory and antagonist pathways in the striatum regulates excitatory innervation of the basal ganglia during development. These effects indicate that the propagation of activity through a multi-stage network regulates the wiring of the basal ganglia, revealing an important role of positive feedback in driving network maturation.}, @@ -19982,7 +19971,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {Recurrent network activity drives striatal synaptogenesis}, Volume = {485}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kozorovitskiy_Nature2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kozorovitskiy_Nature2012.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kozorovitskiy_Nature2012a.pdf}} @article{Geschwind:1965, @@ -20001,7 +19990,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I}, Volume = {88}, Year = {1965}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Geschwind_Brain1965.pdf}} + File = {papers/Geschwind_Brain1965.pdf}} @article{Rizzolatti:2001, Abstract = {The cortical motor system of primates is formed by a mosaic of anatomically and functionally distinct areas. These areas are not only involved in motor functions, but also play a role in functions formerly attributed to higher order associative cortical areas. In the present review, we discuss three types of higher functions carried out by the motor cortical areas: sensory-motor transformations, action understanding, and decision processing regarding action execution. We submit that generating internal representations of actions is central to cortical motor function. External contingencies and motivational factors determine then whether these action representations are transformed into actual actions.}, @@ -20020,7 +20009,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {The cortical motor system}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rizzolatti_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rizzolatti_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Rizzolatti:2004, Abstract = {A category of stimuli of great importance for primates, humans in particular, is that formed by actions done by other individuals. If we want to survive, we must understand the actions of others. Furthermore, without action understanding, social organization is impossible. In the case of humans, there is another faculty that depends on the observation of others' actions: imitation learning. Unlike most species, we are able to learn by imitation, and this faculty is at the basis of human culture. In this review we present data on a neurophysiological mechanism--the mirror-neuron mechanism--that appears to play a fundamental role in both action understanding and imitation. We describe first the functional properties of mirror neurons in monkeys. We review next the characteristics of the mirror-neuron system in humans. We stress, in particular, those properties specific to the human mirror-neuron system that might explain the human capacity to learn by imitation. We conclude by discussing the relationship between the mirror-neuron system and language.}, @@ -20038,7 +20027,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {The mirror-neuron system}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rizzolatti_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rizzolatti_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Bullmore:1997, Abstract = {Two separate theories that attempt to explain different aspects of schizophrenia have recently attracted much attention. The first, the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, postulates that deviations in early development establish a neuronal phenotype that predisposes to, or, in some versions, determines the later onset of schizophrenia. The second theory proposes that schizophrenic symptoms arise from abnormalities in neuronal connectivity. Here, we suggest that the findings from these two separate lines of inquiry can be integrated into a unitary framework: the dysplastic net hypothesis. In essence, this proposes that anatomical and physiological dysconnectivity of the adult schizophrenic brain is determined by dysplastic fetal brain development. We also indicate how abnormal connectivity between brain regions constituting large-scale neurocognitive networks is expressed in both the prepsychotic and psychotic phases of schizophrenia, and we examine possible risk factors (genetic and environmental) for dysplastic formation of these networks.}, @@ -20057,7 +20046,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {The dysplastic net hypothesis: an integration of developmental and dysconnectivity theories of schizophrenia}, Volume = {28}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bullmore_SchizophrRes1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bullmore_SchizophrRes1997.pdf}} @article{Iacoboni:2006, Abstract = {The discovery of premotor and parietal cells known as mirror neurons in the macaque brain that fire not only when the animal is in action, but also when it observes others carrying out the same actions provides a plausible neurophysiological mechanism for a variety of important social behaviours, from imitation to empathy. Recent data also show that dysfunction of the mirror neuron system in humans might be a core deficit in autism, a socially isolating condition. Here, we review the neurophysiology of the mirror neuron system and its role in social cognition and discuss the clinical implications of mirror neuron dysfunction.}, @@ -20077,7 +20066,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Iacoboni_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Iacoboni_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Williams:2008, Abstract = {Mirror neuron system dysfunction may underlie a self-other matching impairment, which has previously been suggested to account for autism. Embodied Cognition Theory, which proposes that action provides a foundation for cognition has lent further credence to these ideas. The hypotheses of a self-other matching deficit and impaired mirror neuron function in autism have now been well supported by studies employing a range of methodologies. However, underlying mechanisms require further exploration to explain how mirror neurons may be involved in attentional and mentalizing processes. Impairments in self-other matching and mirror neuron function are not necessarily inextricably linked and it seems possible that different sub-populations of mirror neurons, located in several regions, contribute differentially to social cognitive functions. It is hypothesized that mirror neuron coding for action-direction may be required for developing attentional sensitivity to self-directed actions, and consequently for person-oriented, stimulus-driven attention. Mirror neuron networks may vary for different types of social learning such as "automatic" imitation and imitation learning. Imitation learning may be more reliant on self-other comparison processes (based on mirror neurons) that identify differences as well as similarities between actions. Differential connectivity with the amygdala-orbitofrontal system may also be important. This could have implications for developing "theory of mind," with intentional self-other comparison being relevant to meta-representational abilities, and "automatic" imitation being more relevant to empathy. While it seems clear that autism is associated with impaired development of embodied aspects of cognition, the ways that mirror neurons contribute to these brain-behavior links are likely to be complex.}, @@ -20097,7 +20086,7 @@ CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: An upregulation of pyramidal neurons and a downregulati Title = {Self-other relations in social development and autism: multiple roles for mirror neurons and other brain bases}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Williams_AutismRes2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Williams_AutismRes2008.pdf}} @article{Murias:2007, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Theoretical conceptions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and experimental studies of cerebral blood flow suggest abnormalities in connections among distributed neural systems in ASD. @@ -20121,7 +20110,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Resting state cortical connectivity reflected in EEG coherence in individuals with autism}, Volume = {62}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Murias_BiolPsychiatry2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Murias_BiolPsychiatry2007.pdf}} @article{Maestrini:2000, Author = {Maestrini, E and Paul, A and Monaco, A P and Bailey, A}, @@ -20139,7 +20128,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Identifying autism susceptibility genes}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maestrini_Neuron2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Maestrini_Neuron2000.pdf}} @article{McCarthy:2004, Author = {McCarthy, Alice A}, @@ -20158,7 +20147,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The genetics of autism}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCarthy_ChemBiol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/McCarthy_ChemBiol2004.pdf}} @article{White:1986, Abstract = {The structure and connectivity of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been deduced from reconstructions of electron micrographs of serial sections. The hermaphrodite nervous system has a total complement of 302 neurons, which are arranged in an essentially invariant structure. Neurons with similar morphologies and connectivities have been grouped together into classes; there are 118 such classes. Neurons have simple morphologies with few, if any, branches. Processes from neurons run in defined positions within bundles of parallel processes, synaptic connections being made en passant. Process bundles are arranged longitudinally and circumferentially and are often adjacent to ridges of hypodermis. Neurons are generally highly locally connected, making synaptic connections with many of their neighbours. Muscle cells have arms that run out to process bundles containing motoneuron axons. Here they receive their synaptic input in defined regions along the surface of the bundles, where motoneuron axons reside. Most of the morphologically identifiable synaptic connections in a typical animal are described. These consist of about 5000 chemical synapses, 2000 neuromuscular junctions and 600 gap junctions.}, @@ -20176,7 +20165,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans}, Volume = {314}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/White_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1986.pdf}} + File = {papers/White_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1986.pdf}} @article{Frith:2001, Abstract = {Experimental evidence shows that the inability to attribute mental states, such as desires and beliefs, to self and others (mentalizing) explains the social and communication impairments of individuals with autism. Brain imaging studies in normal volunteers highlight a circumscribed network that is active during mentalizing and links medial prefrontal regions with posterior superior temporal sulcus and temporal poles. The brain abnormality that results in mentalizing failure in autism may involve weak connections between components of this system.}, @@ -20195,7 +20184,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Mind blindness and the brain in autism}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Frith_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Frith_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Alivisatos:2012, Abstract = {The function of neural circuits is an emergent property that arises from the coordinated activity of large numbers of neurons. To capture this, we propose launching a large-scale, international public effort, the Brain Activity Map Project, aimed at reconstructing the full record of neural activity across complete neural circuits. This technological challenge could prove to be an invaluable step toward understanding fundamental and pathological brain processes.}, @@ -20214,7 +20203,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The brain activity map project and the challenge of functional connectomics}, Volume = {74}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alivisatos_Neuron2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alivisatos_Neuron2012.pdf}} @article{Bulankina:2012, Abstract = {The organ of Corti, the sensory epithelium of the mammalian auditory system, uses afferent and efferent synapses for encoding auditory signals and top-down modulation of cochlear function. During development, the final precisely ordered sensorineural circuit is established following excessive formation of afferent and efferent synapses and subsequent refinement. Here, we review the development of innervation of the mouse organ of Corti and its regulation.}, @@ -20234,7 +20223,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Neural circuit development in the mammalian cochlea}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bulankina_Physiology(Bethesda)2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bulankina_Physiology(Bethesda)2012.pdf}} @article{Fair:2008, Abstract = {In recent years, the brain's "default network," a set of regions characterized by decreased neural activity during goal-oriented tasks, has generated a significant amount of interest, as well as controversy. Much of the discussion has focused on the relationship of these regions to a "default mode" of brain function. In early studies, investigators suggested that, the brain's default mode supports "self-referential" or "introspective" mental activity. Subsequently, regions of the default network have been more specifically related to the "internal narrative," the "autobiographical self," "stimulus independent thought," "mentalizing," and most recently "self-projection." However, the extant literature on the function of the default network is limited to adults, i.e., after the system has reached maturity. We hypothesized that further insight into the network's functioning could be achieved by characterizing its development. In the current study, we used resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) to characterize the development of the brain's default network. We found that the default regions are only sparsely functionally connected at early school age (7-9 years old); over development, these regions integrate into a cohesive, interconnected network.}, @@ -20255,7 +20244,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The maturing architecture of the brain's default network}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fair_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fair_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800376105}} @article{Wijetunge:2008, @@ -20276,7 +20265,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {mGluR5 regulates glutamate-dependent development of the mouse somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wijetunge_JNeurosci2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wijetunge_JNeurosci2008.pdf}} @article{Issa:1999, Abstract = {Microelectrode recordings and optical imaging of intrinsic signals were used to define the critical period for susceptibility to monocular deprivation (MD) in the primary visual cortex of the ferret. Ferrets were monocularly deprived for 2, 7 or >14 d, beginning between postnatal day 19 (P19) and P110. The responses of visual cortical neurons to stimulation of the two eyes were used to gauge the onset, peak, and decline of the critical period. MDs ending before P32 produced little or no loss of response to the deprived eye. MDs of 7 d or more beginning around P42 produced the greatest effects. A rapid decline in cortical susceptibility to MD was observed after the seventh week of life, such that MDs beginning between P50 and P65 were approximately half as effective as those beginning on P42; MDs beginning after P100 did not reduce the response to the deprived eye below that to the nondeprived eye. At all ages, 2 d deprivations were 55-85% as effective as 7 d of MD. Maps of intrinsic optical responses from the deprived eye were weaker and less well tuned for orientation than those from the nondeprived eye, with the weakest maps seen in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the deprived eye. Analysis of the effects of 7 d and longer deprivations revealed a second period of plasticity in cortical responses in which MD induced an effect like that of strabismus. After P70, MD caused a marked loss of binocular responses with little or no overall loss of response to the deprived eye. The critical period measured here is compared to other features of development in ferret and cat.}, @@ -20296,7 +20285,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in the Ferret's visual cortex}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Issa_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Issa_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Coogan:1996, Abstract = {We have investigated the development of intrinsic and interareal connections in areas V1 and V2 of the macaque monkey using postmortem transport of the lipophilic fluorescent tracer diI, applied to brains fixed at different pre- and postnatal ages. Intrinsic connections in the deep layers of V1 are evident on embryonic day 108 (E108), but are not robust in the superficial layers until around E118, when migration is largely complete. Both intrinsic horizontal projections and extrinsic projections to V2 initially have a continuous distribution. Patchy projections are first evident in V1 around E145, the same age at which cytochrome oxidase blobs appear, presumably signaling the differentiation of the blob-dominated and interblob-dominated streams in the primary visual cortex. The magnocellular-dominated stream becomes distinct at earlier stages (by E122), as judged by connectional and histochemical criteria. In area V2, intrinsic connections initially (at E108) involve only deep layer cells and do not have a clustered organization. By E130, superficial layer cells are involved and the V2 intrinsic connections have a patchy distribution; by E145, an adult-like pattern is present. The projection from V2 to V1 passes through an early stage (up to E133) of originating principally from deep layer cells, and thereafter originating from superficial as well as deep layers. We found evidence for changes in dendritic morphology during development. Most notably, at E118, many neurons in layer 6 which are involved in intrinsic or interareal connections have dendrites that extend well into the superficial layers, even into layer 1, a characteristic not reported in the adult.}, @@ -20315,7 +20304,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Development of connections within and between areas V1 and V2 of macaque monkeys}, Volume = {372}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Coogan_JCompNeurol1996.pdf}, + File = {papers/Coogan_JCompNeurol1996.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960826)372:3%5C<327::AID-CNE1%5C>3.0.CO;2-4}} @article{Furukawa:1997, @@ -20336,7 +20325,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {rax, a novel paired-type homeobox gene, shows expression in the anterior neural fold and developing retina}, Volume = {94}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Furukawa_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Furukawa_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} @article{Swindell:2006, Abstract = {Rx is a homeobox-containing gene that is critical for vertebrate eye development. Its expression domain delineates a field of cells from which the retina and the ventral hypothalamus develop. The 5' upstream regulatory sequences of the medaka fish Rx gene are functionally conserved during evolution to a degree that they direct gene expression into the Rx-expressing field of cells in mice. Using these sequences, we made a Cre line that can be used for inactivation of gene expression in the developing retina.}, @@ -20356,7 +20345,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Rx-Cre, a tool for inactivation of gene expression in the developing retina}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Swindell_Genesis2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Swindell_Genesis2006.pdf}} @article{Olney:1968a, Author = {Olney, J W}, @@ -20374,7 +20363,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {An electron microscopic study of synapse formation, receptor outer segment development, and other aspects of developing mouse retina}, Volume = {7}, Year = {1968}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olney_InvestOphthalmol1968.pdf}} + File = {papers/Olney_InvestOphthalmol1968.pdf}} @article{Olney:1968, Author = {Olney, J W}, @@ -20411,7 +20400,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The development of synapses in the visual system of the cat}, Volume = {160}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cragg_JCompNeurol1975.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cragg_JCompNeurol1975.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901600202}} @article{Mathers:1978, @@ -20431,7 +20420,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Synaptic development in the rabbit superior colliculus and visual cortex}, Volume = {33}, Year = {1978}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mathers_ExpBrainRes1978.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mathers_ExpBrainRes1978.pdf}} @article{Blue:1983, Abstract = {We have examined quantitatively the formation and maturation of synapses in the visual cortex of the rat. The density of the total number of synapses (synapses per 100 micron2 neuropil) as well as the densities of Gray's type I and type II contacts were estimated from photographic montages of coronal strips of visual cortex from rats of various postnatal ages. Histograms of synaptic density as a function of depth were prepared, and the mean values of the postsynaptic density length and vesicle number per terminal were estimated for the two synapse types at each age examined. During the first few days of life, synapses were concentrated in the subplate region. By the latter part of the second postnatal week they were present throughout the cortex and an adult-like distribution, in which the highest densities were present in the superficial layers, was achieved by day 14. The postsynaptic density length of the type I synapses remained relatively unchanged during development but that of the type II synapses was more variable. Specifically, it was significantly longer during the second and third postnatal weeks compared to earlier ages and to adult values. The mean number of vesicles per terminal for the two synapse types increased with age until day 28. Subsequently, it only increased slightly between days 28 and 90 for the type I synapses but decreased significantly for the type II synaptic contacts. At all ages examined, type I synapses formed the majority of synaptic contacts. The developmental pattern appeared to differ for the two synapse types. The density of type I synapses increased continuously during the first three weeks and achieved a mean value close to that of adult animals by day 20. In contrast, the density of type II synapses did not increase significantly until day 6, increased dramatically in the second and third postnatal weeks, and then declined markedly between days 20 and 90. The observed decrease in the density of type II synaptic contacts is a clear example of synapse elimination in the visual cortex.}, @@ -20450,7 +20439,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The formation and maturation of synapses in the visual cortex of the rat. II. Quantitative analysis}, Volume = {12}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blue_JNeurocytol1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Blue_JNeurocytol1983.pdf}} @article{Chapman:1993, Abstract = {The orientation selectivity of cells in ferret primary visual cortex was studied during normal development and in animals deprived of vision or of visual cortical activity. In normal animals from the age when visual responses were first recorded (postnatal day 23) through postnatal week 5, only about 25% of cells showed orientation-selective responses. By postnatal week 7, cortical responses had matured to an adult-like state, with approximately 75% of cells clearly selective for orientation. This development of orientation selectivity was not merely a reflection of the development of cortical cell responsiveness: at all ages studied, there was no correlation between responsiveness and selectivity. Infusion of TTX into visual cortex to silence neuronal activity completely blocked the maturation of orientation selectivity. Visual deprivation by bilateral lid suture impaired but did not completely block the normal development of orientation selectivity. We conclude that the maturation of orientation-selective responses in ferret primary visual cortex requires cortical neuronal activity, and that normal development requires visually driven activity.}, @@ -20543,7 +20532,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Developmental loss of synchronous spontaneous activity in the mouse retina is independent of visual experience}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Demas_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Demas_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Thivierge:2009, Abstract = {Highly non-random forms of spontaneous activity are proposed to play an instrumental role in the early development of the visual system. However, both the fundamental properties of spontaneous activity required to drive map formation, as well as the exact role of this information remain largely unknown. Here, a realistic computational model of spontaneous retinal waves is employed to demonstrate that both the amplitude and frequency of waves may play determining roles in retinocollicular map formation. Furthermore, results obtained with different learning rules show that spike precision in the order of milliseconds may be instrumental to neural development: a rule based on precise spike interactions (spike-timing-dependent plasticity) reduced the density of aberrant projections to the SC to a markedly greater extent than a rule based on interactions at much broader time-scale (correlation-based plasticity). Taken together, these results argue for an important role of spontaneous yet highly non-random activity, along with temporally precise learning rules, in the formation of neural circuits.}, @@ -20563,7 +20552,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {How does non-random spontaneous activity contribute to brain development?}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thivierge_NeuralNetw2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Thivierge_NeuralNetw2009.pdf}} @article{Kerschensteiner:2008, Abstract = {Patterns of coordinated spontaneous activity have been proposed to guide circuit refinement in many parts of the developing nervous system. It is unclear, however, how such patterns, which are thought to indiscriminately synchronize nearby cells, could provide the cues necessary to segregate functionally distinct circuits within overlapping cell populations. Here, we report that glutamatergic retinal waves possess a substructure in the bursting of neighboring retinal ganglion cells with opposite light responses (ON or OFF). Within a wave, cells fire repetitive nonoverlapping bursts in a fixed order: ON before OFF. This pattern is absent from cholinergic waves, which precede glutamate-dependent activity, providing a developmental sequence of distinct activity-encoded cues. Asynchronous bursting of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells depends on inhibition between these parallel pathways. Similar asynchronous activity patterns could arise throughout the nervous system, as inhibition matures and might help to separate connections of functionally distinct subnetworks.}, @@ -20584,7 +20573,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {A precisely timed asynchronous pattern of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cell activity during propagation of retinal waves}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kerschensteiner_Neuron2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kerschensteiner_Neuron2008.pdf}} @article{Demas:2006, Abstract = {Axon terminals from the two eyes initially overlap in the dorsal-lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) but subsequently refine to occupy nonoverlapping territories. Retinal activity is required to establish and maintain this segregation. We show that despite the presence of retinal activity, segregated projections desegregate when the structure of activity is altered. Early in development, spontaneous retinal activity in the no b-wave (nob) mouse is indistinguishable from that of wild-type mice, and eye-specific segregation proceeds normally. But, around eye-opening, spontaneous and visually evoked activity in nob retinas become abnormal, coincident with a failure to preserve precise eye-specific territories. Dark-rearing studies suggest that altered visual experience is not responsible. Transgenic rescue of the mutated protein (nyctalopin) within nob retinal interneurons, without rescuing expression in either retinal projection neurons or their postsynaptic targets in the dLGN, restores spontaneous retinal activity patterns and prevents desegregation. Thus, normally structured spontaneous retinal activity stabilizes newly refined retinogeniculate circuitry.}, @@ -20604,7 +20593,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Failure to maintain eye-specific segregation in nob, a mutant with abnormally patterned retinal activity}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Demas_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Demas_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.033}} @article{Tribollet:2004, @@ -20624,7 +20613,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Comparative distribution of nicotinic receptor subtypes during development, adulthood and aging: an autoradiographic study in the rat brain}, Volume = {124}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tribollet_Neuroscience2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tribollet_Neuroscience2004.pdf}} @article{Naeff:1992, Abstract = {The ontogeny of high affinity nicotinic cholinergic binding sites was studied in Long-Evans rat brain by in vitro autoradiography, using [3H]nicotine (10 nM) and cold (-)nicotine bitartrate to assess specificity. The first binding sites become detectable in spinal cord and caudal medulla oblongata at gestational day (GD) 12. Until GD 14, labelling spreads throughout lower brainstem, mesencephalon and parts of diencephalon, with higher densities in ventral areas (including the area of developing mesencephalic dopamine neurons). Matrix zones remain unlabelled. Receptor sites appear in the cerebellar anlage by GD 15, and in caudal caudate-putamen by GD 16. During development from late gestational to early postnatal stages, labelling is reduced in many lower brainstem areas and increases in forebrain, in particular in neocortex. Receptor density remains high in thalamus. In neocortex, nicotinic receptor sites are first seen in the subplate layer by GD 20. Labelling of this zone remains prominent until PN 14, when an additional band of increased receptor density is seen in cortical layers III/IV which contain high receptor levels in adulthood. At PN 27, the pattern has become similar to the adult one. The development of [3H]nicotine-binding sites in individual brain regions, with a general caudo-rostral gradient, accompanies cell differentiation and early synapse formation, e.g., in neocortex. The ontogenetic pattern differs in detail from that of muscarinic-cholinergic binding sites. The early presence of binding sites provides a basis for specific actions of nicotine on the fetal brain. As a consequence of the ontogenetic changes, different brain structures become targets for the action of this drug at different stages of development.}, @@ -20662,7 +20651,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells}, Volume = {53}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sharma_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sharma_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}} @article{Simon:1992, Abstract = {The topographic ordering of retinal connections in the rat superior colliculus emerges during early postnatal life from an initially diffuse projection. Disruption of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity in the superior colliculus during this period interferes with map remodeling. In rats chronically treated with NMDA receptor antagonists during the first two postnatal weeks, aberrant axons remain and arborize at topographically incorrect sites. These results indicate that, at a stage preceding visually evoked activity, normal NMDA receptor function is important for the development of an ordered neural map in the mammalian brain.}, @@ -20682,7 +20671,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists disrupt the formation of a mammalian neural map}, Volume = {89}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Simon_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Simon_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1992.pdf}} @article{Huberman:2002, Abstract = {To determine whether there is a critical period for development of eye-specific layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), we prevented the normal segregation of retinogeniculate afferents and then allowed an extended period of time for recovery. After recovery, both anatomy and physiology revealed strictly nonoverlapping territories of input from the two eyes. However, the normal stereotyped pattern of eye-specific afferent and cellular layers never developed. Instead, the eye-specific territories of afferent input emerged as variable and disorganized patches with no corresponding interlaminar spaces in the LGN. These findings reveal a critical period for coordinating the development of three processes in the LGN: the segregation of afferents from the two eyes, the spatial organization of those afferents into layers, and the alignment of postsynaptic cytoarchitecture with the afferent inputs. We also assessed the physiological consequences of preventing normal lamination and found normal single-cell responses and topographic representation of visual space in the LGN. Clusters of ON-center and OFF-center LGN cells were segregated from one another as in normal animals. However, the organization of ON and OFF sublaminas in the treated animals was disrupted.}, @@ -20702,7 +20691,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Decoupling eye-specific segregation from lamination in the lateral geniculate nucleus}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huberman_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Huberman_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Marks:2002, Abstract = {The beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit null mutation eliminated most high affinity [(3) H]epibatidine binding in mouse brain, but significant binding remained in accessory olfactory nucleus, medial habenula, inferior colliculus and interpeduncular nucleus. Residual [(125) I]epibatidine binding sites in the inferior colliculus and interpeduncular nucleus were subsequently characterized. Inhibition of [(125) I]epibatidine binding by 12 agonists and six antagonists was very similar in these regions. Most acetylcholine-stimulated (86) Rb(+) efflux is eliminated in thalamus and superior colliculus of beta2 null mutants, but significant activity remained in inferior colliculus and interpeduncular nucleus. This residual activity was subsequently characterized. The 12 nicotinic agonists tested elicited concentration-dependent (86) Rb(+) efflux. Epibatidine was the most potent agonist. Cytisine was also potent and efficacious. EC(50) values for quaternary agonists were relatively high. Cytisine-stimulated (86) Rb(+) efflux was inhibited by six classical nicotinic antagonists. Mecamylamine and D-tubocurarine were most potent, while decamethonium was the least potent. Agonists and antagonists exhibited similar potency in both brain regions. Alpha-bungarotoxin (100 nm) did not significantly inhibit cytisine-stimulated (86) Rb(+) efflux, while the alpha3beta4 selective antagonist, alphaConotoxinAuIB, inhibited a significant fraction of the response in both brain regions. Thus, beta2 null mutant mice express residual nicotinic activity with properties resembling those of alpha3beta4*-nAChR.}, @@ -20721,7 +20710,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Characterization of [(125) I]epibatidine binding and nicotinic agonist-mediated (86) Rb(+) efflux in interpeduncular nucleus and inferior colliculus of beta2 null mutant mice}, Volume = {81}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marks_JNeurochem2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Marks_JNeurochem2002.pdf}} @article{Marks:1996, Abstract = {The effects of the nicotinic agonists acetylcholine, (+)-anatox in-a, carbachol, cytisine, dimethylphenylpiperazinum, (+)-epibatidine, (-)-epibatidine, methylcarbachol, D-nicotine, L-nicotine, and tetramethylammonium on 86Rb+ efflux from mouse thalamic synaptosomes were investigated. All 11 agonists evoked a concentration-dependent stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux as well as a time- and concentration-dependent reduction of response (desensitization). The agonists varied widely in potency, efficacy and rate of desensitization. (+)-Epibatidine was the most potent agonist (EC50 = 10 nM), whereas tetramethylammonium was the least potent (EC50 = 65 microM). The agonists containing a quaternary ammonium group were generally more efficacious than the other agonists, except for both of the enantiomers of epibatidine, which stimulated 86Rb+ efflux at least as well as acetylcholine. Cytisine was the least efficacious compound tested with a maximal response approximately 10% that of (-)-epibatidine. Exposure of the thalamic synaptosomes to agonist concentrations that generally stimulated little or no efflux reduced in a concentration-dependent manner a subsequent response to 10 microM nicotine. The IC50 values for this functional blockade (desensitization) were highly correlated with the Ki values for the inhibition of [3H]nicotine binding. Furthermore, exposure of the thalamic synaptosomes to 300 nM L-nicotine reduced the responses evoked by a subsequent exposure to a stimulating concentration of all 11 agonists. The observation of desensitization by both stimulating and substimulating concentrations of each agonist is consistent with the predictions of the two-state model of Katz and Thesleff.}, @@ -20740,7 +20729,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Nicotinic agonists differ in activation and desensitization of 86Rb+ efflux from mouse thalamic synaptosomes}, Volume = {277}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marks_JPharmacolExpTher1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Marks_JPharmacolExpTher1996.pdf}} @article{Muir-Robinson:2002, Abstract = {Spontaneous retinal activity mediated by cholinergic transmission regulates the segregation of retinal ganglion cell axons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus into eye-specific layers. The details of how the layers form are unknown. Mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor lack ACh-mediated waves and as a result, do not form eye-specific layers at any stage of development. However, during the second postnatal week, beta2-/- mice have glutamate-mediated waves. Here we show that after the first postnatal week, even in the absence of layers, retinothalamic axons segregate into an unlayered, patchy distribution of eye-specific regions. These results indicate that spontaneous neural activity may independently regulate eye-specific segregation and the formation of layers at the developing retinothalamic projection.}, @@ -20760,7 +20749,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Retinogeniculate axons undergo eye-specific segregation in the absence of eye-specific layers}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Muir-Robinson_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Muir-Robinson_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/20026563}} @article{Pfeiffenberger:2005, @@ -20782,7 +20771,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Ephrin-As and neural activity are required for eye-specific patterning during retinogeniculate mapping}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pfeiffenberger_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pfeiffenberger_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}} @article{Bonetti:2010, Abstract = {The relative contribution of extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms to cortical development is an intensely debated issue and an outstanding question in neurobiology. Currently, the emerging view is that interplay between intrinsic genetic mechanisms and extrinsic information shape different stages of cortical development. Yet, whereas the intrinsic program of early neocortical developmental events has been at least in part decoded, the exact nature and impact of extrinsic signaling are still elusive and controversial. We found that in the mouse developing visual system, acute pharmacological inhibition of spontaneous retinal activity (retinal waves-RWs) during embryonic stages increase the rate of corticogenesis (cell cycle withdrawal). Furthermore, early perturbation of retinal spontaneous activity leads to changes of cortical layer structure at a later time point. These data suggest that mouse embryonic retina delivers long-distance information capable of modulating cell genesis in the developing visual cortex and that spontaneous activity is the candidate long-distance acting extrinsic cue mediating this process. In addition, these data may support spontaneous activity to be a general signal coordinating neurogenesis in other developing sensory pathways or areas of the central nervous system.}, @@ -20802,7 +20791,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Mouse embryonic retina delivers information controlling cortical neurogenesis}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bonetti_PLoSOne2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bonetti_PLoSOne2010.pdf}} @article{Schafer:2012, Abstract = {Microglia are the resident CNS immune cells and active surveyors of the extracellular environment. While past work has focused on the role of these cells during disease, recent imaging studies reveal dynamic interactions between microglia and synaptic elements in the healthy brain. Despite these intriguing observations, the precise function of microglia at remodeling synapses and the mechanisms that underlie microglia-synapse interactions remain elusive. In the current study, we demonstrate a role for microglia in activity-dependent synaptic pruning in the postnatal retinogeniculate system. We show that microglia engulf presynaptic inputs during peak retinogeniculate pruning and that engulfment is dependent upon neural activity and the microglia-specific phagocytic signaling pathway, complement receptor 3(CR3)/C3. Furthermore, disrupting microglia-specific CR3/C3 signaling resulted in sustained deficits in synaptic connectivity. These results define a role for microglia during postnatal development and identify underlying mechanisms by which microglia engulf and remodel developing synapses.}, @@ -20821,7 +20810,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner}, Volume = {74}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schafer_Neuron2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schafer_Neuron2012.pdf}} @article{Minlebaev:2011, Abstract = {During development, formation of topographic maps in sensory cortex requires precise temporal binding in thalamocortical networks. However, the physiological substrate for such synchronization is unknown. We report that early gamma oscillations (EGOs) enable precise spatiotemporal thalamocortical synchronization in the neonatal rat whisker sensory system. Driven by a thalamic gamma oscillator and initially independent of cortical inhibition, EGOs synchronize neurons in a single thalamic barreloid and corresponding cortical barrel and support plasticity at developing thalamocortical synapses. We propose that the multiple replay of sensory input in thalamocortical circuits during EGOs allows thalamic and cortical neurons to be organized into vertical topographic functional units before the development of horizontal binding in adult brain.}, @@ -20841,7 +20830,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Early γ oscillations synchronize developing thalamus and cortex}, Volume = {334}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Minlebaev_Science2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Minlebaev_Science2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Minlebaev_Science2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1210574}} @@ -20863,7 +20852,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Starburst amacrine cells change from spiking to nonspiking neurons during retinal development}, Volume = {93}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhou_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhou_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}} @article{Lee:2006c, Abstract = {Patch-clamp recordings revealed that distal processes of starburst amacrine cells (SACs) received largely excitatory synaptic input from the receptive field center and nearly purely inhibitory inputs from the surround during both stationary and moving light stimulations. The direct surround inhibition was mediated mainly by reciprocal GABA(A) synapses between opposing SACs, which provided leading and prolonged inhibition during centripetal stimulus motion. Simultaneous Ca(2+) imaging and current-clamp recording during apparent-motion stimulation further demonstrated the contributions of both centrifugal excitation and GABA(A/C)-receptor-mediated centripetal inhibition to the direction-selective Ca(2+) responses in SAC distal processes. Thus, by placing GABA release sites in electrotonically semi-isolated distal processes and endowing these sites with reciprocal GABA(A) synapses, SACs use a radial-symmetric center-surround receptive field structure to build a polar-asymmetric circuitry. This circuitry may integrate at least three levels of interactions--center excitation, surround inhibition, and reciprocal inhibitions that amplify the center--surround antagonism-to generate robust direction selectivity in the distal processes.}, @@ -20883,7 +20872,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The synaptic mechanism of direction selectivity in distal processes of starburst amacrine cells}, Volume = {51}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_Neuron2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lee_Neuron2006.pdf}} @article{Syed:2004, Abstract = {We report here a systematic investigation of the dynamics, regulation and distribution of spontaneous waves in the rabbit retina during the course of wave development prior to eye opening. Three major findings were obtained in this longitudinal study. (1) Spontaneous retinal waves underwent three developmental stages, each of which displayed distinct wave dynamics, pharmacology and mechanism of generation and regulation. Stage I waves emerged prior to synaptogenesis and appeared as frequent, fast propagating waves that did not form spatial boundaries between waves. These waves could be inhibited by blockers of gap junctions and adenosine receptors, but not by nicotinic antagonists. Stage I waves lasted about one day (around embryonic day 22) and then switched rapidly to stage II, resulting in slower and less frequent waves that could be blocked by nicotinic antagonists and had a characteristic postwave refractory period and spatial boundaries between adjacent waves. Immediately after the transition from stage I to stage II, the waves could be reverted back to stage I by blocking nicotinic receptors, indicating the presence of mutually compensatory mechanisms for wave generation. Stage III waves emerged around postnatal day 3-4 (P3-4), and they were mediated by glutamtergic and muscarinic interactions. With age, these waves became weaker, more localized and less frequent. Spontaneous waves were rarely detected after P7. (2) GABA strongly modulated the wave dynamics in a stage- and receptor type-dependent manner. At stage I, endogenous GABAB activation downregulated the waves. The GABAB modulation disappeared during stage II and was replaced by a strong GABA(A/C)-mediated inhibition at stage III. Blocking GABA(A/C) receptors not only dramatically enhanced spontaneous stage III waves, but also induced propagating waves in >P7 retinas that did not show spontaneous waves, indicating a role of GABA inhibition in the disappearance of spontaneous waves. (3) Spontaneous retinal waves were found in both the inner and outer retina at all three stages. The waves in the outer retina (ventricular zone) also showed stage-dependent pharmacology and dynamics. Together, the results revealed a multistaged developmental sequence and stage-dependent dynamics, pharmacology and regulation of spontaneous retinal waves in the mammalian retina. The presence of retinal waves during multiple developmental stages and in multiple retinal layers suggests that the waves are a general developmental phenomenon with diverse functions.}, @@ -20904,7 +20893,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Stage-dependent dynamics and modulation of spontaneous waves in the developing rabbit retina}, Volume = {560}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004.avi}, + File = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004.avi}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004a.avi}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Syed_JPhysiol2004a.pdf}, @@ -20926,7 +20915,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Visualization and manipulation of neural activity in the developing vertebrate nervous system}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_FrontMolNeurosci2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhang_FrontMolNeurosci2011.pdf}} @article{Tritsch:2010a, Abstract = {We found rat central auditory neurons to fire action potentials in a precise sequence of mini-bursts before the age of hearing onset. This stereotyped pattern was initiated by hair cells in the cochlea, which trigger brief bursts of action potentials in auditory neurons each time they fire a Ca2+ spike. By generating theta-like activity, hair cells may limit the influence of synaptic depression in developing auditory circuits and promote consolidation of synapses.}, @@ -20947,7 +20936,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Calcium action potentials in hair cells pattern auditory neuron activity before hearing onset}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tritsch_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tritsch_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Tritsch_NatNeurosci2010a.pdf}} @article{Nelson:1995, @@ -20967,7 +20956,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Emergence of functional circuits in ferret visual cortex visualized by optical imaging}, Volume = {15}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nelson_Neuron1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nelson_Neuron1995.pdf}} @article{Dalva:1994, Abstract = {Assessing patterns of synaptic connections in the developing mammalian neocortex has relied primarily on anatomical studies. In a physiological approach described here, the patterns of synaptic connections in slices of developing ferret visual cortex were determined with scanning laser photostimulation. Functional synaptic inputs to pyramidal cells in cortical layers 2 and 3 originating from sites close to the neuronal cell body appeared at least 2 weeks before eye opening, prior to the formation of long-range horizontal connections. Extensive long-range horizontal connections appeared in the next 10 days of development. The number of local connections peaked at the time of eye opening; the number of these connections subsequently declined to the level found in the adult while the specificity of long-distance connections increased. Thus, the relative influence of local connections on the activity of layer 2 and layer 3 neurons declines as the cortex matures while the influence of longer range connections increases substantially.}, @@ -20986,7 +20975,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Rearrangements of synaptic connections in visual cortex revealed by laser photostimulation}, Volume = {265}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dalva_Science1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dalva_Science1994.pdf}} @article{Callaway:1991, Abstract = {Intrinsic horizontal axon collaterals in the striate cortex of adult cats specifically link columns having the same preferred orientation; consequently, retrograde tracer injections result in intrinsic labeling that is sharply clustered. We have previously shown that the normal development of this circuitry involves the emergence of crude clusters from an unclustered pattern during the second postnatal week. Crude clusters are later refined to the adult level of specificity by the selective rearrangement of axonal arbors that initially project to incorrect orientation columns. Here we report that depriving animals of patterned visual experience by binocular lid suture prior to natural eye opening had no discernible effect on the emergence of crude clusters. In contrast, cluster refinement was dramatically affected by binocular deprivation. Injections of retrograde tracers in the striate cortex of animals binocularly deprived for greater than 1 month revealed only crude clusters, indicating that horizontal axon collaterals projecting to incorrect orientation columns were retained well past the age when they normally would have been eliminated. Layer 2/3 pyramidal cells from 6-week-old binocularly deprived animals had abnormal distributions of intrinsic horizontal axon collaterals that mirrored the lack of cluster refinement. The radial clustering of their horizontal collaterals was considerably less precise than normal. These cells, nevertheless, developed many of the features of normal mature arbors, including the distal axonal branches not seen in arbors from younger animals with normal visual experience. Together, these results indicate that axonal rearrangements occurred, but with reduced specificity. Thus, binocular deprivation did not simply arrest the development of this orientation-specific circuit at an immature state but limited the accuracy with which axon collaterals were added or eliminated. We suggest that development of this orientation-specific circuitry, like ocular dominance column segregation, may depend on temporal correlation of activity for regulation of axonal rearrangement. The specificity of rearrangement may be degraded in binocularly deprived cats because they do not experience sharply oriented visual stimuli necessary for concurrent activation of same-orientation columns.}, @@ -21006,7 +20995,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Effects of binocular deprivation on the development of clustered horizontal connections in cat striate cortex}, Volume = {88}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Callaway_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Callaway_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1991.pdf}} @article{Katz:1993, Abstract = {New approaches for detecting and manipulating patterns of neuronal activity have revealed diverse strategies for constructing circuits in the developing brain. Spontaneously generated patterns can provide activity-based information before the onset of sensory inputs. In addition to mechanisms based on chemical synaptic communication, coordination of activity via gap junctions can provide important cues for synchronous activity early in circuit formation.}, @@ -21025,7 +21014,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Coordinate activity in retinal and cortical development}, Volume = {3}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Katz_CurrOpinNeurobiol1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Katz_CurrOpinNeurobiol1993.pdf}} @article{Weliky:1995, Abstract = {Combined optical imaging and electrophysiological techniques were used to assess directly the functional nature of long-range excitatory and inhibitory synaptic interactions between orientation columns in area 17 of ferret visual cortex. A significant correlation was found between the layout of iso-orientation columns and the pattern of evoked synaptic inputs between cortical sites: the largest-amplitude inhibitory and excitatory synaptic responses were evoked in single neurons when stimulation and recording electrodes were located in orientation columns sharing the same angle preference. Both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic responses decreased in amplitude when stimulation and recording electrodes were located in orientation columns with orthogonal angle preferences. Changing the stimulus intensity altered the balance of evoked excitation and inhibition without changing the columnar specificity of inputs. These results directly demonstrate that horizontal connections modulate both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic interactions between iso-orientation columns.}, @@ -21044,7 +21033,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Patterns of excitation and inhibition evoked by horizontal connections in visual cortex share a common relationship to orientation columns}, Volume = {15}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weliky_Neuron1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Weliky_Neuron1995.pdf}} @article{Kandler:1998a, Abstract = {During brain development, endogenously generated coordinated neuronal activity regulates the precision of developing synaptic circuits (Shatz and Stryker, 1988; Weliky and Katz, 1997). In the neonatal neocortex, a form of endogenous coordinated activity is present as locally restricted intercellular calcium waves that are mediated by gap junctions (Yuste et al., 1992). As in other neuronal and non-neuronal systems, these coordinated calcium fluctuations may form the basis of functional cell assemblies (for review, seeWarner, 1992; Peinado et al., 1993b). In the present study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms that mediate the activation of neuronal domains and the propagation of intercellular calcium waves in slices from neonatal rat neocortex. The occurrence of neuronal domains did not depend on intercellular propagation of regenerative electrical signals because domains persisted after blockade of sodium and calcium-dependent action potentials. Neuronal domains were elicited by intracellular infusion of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) but not of calcium, indicating the involvement of IP3-related second-messenger systems. Pharmacological stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, which are linked to the production of IP3, elicited similarly coordinated calcium increases, whereas pharmacological blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptors dramatically reduced the number of neuronal domains. Therefore, the propagating cellular signal that causes the occurrence of neuronal domains seems to be inositol trisphosphate but not calcium. Because coordination of neuronal calcium changes by gap junctions is independent of electrical signals, the function of gap junctions between neocortical neurons is probably to synchronize biochemical rather than electrical activity.}, @@ -21063,7 +21052,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Coordination of neuronal activity in developing visual cortex by gap junction-mediated biochemical communication}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kandler_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kandler_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Kandler:1998, Abstract = {Neuronal coupling by gap junctions is common during early development of the brain. Coupling is thought to create functional cell assemblies which may be involved in the functional specification of brain areas and the formation of synaptic circuits. In the present study we used slices from the visual cortex of postnatal ferrets to investigate the temporal relationship of gap junction coupling and formation of functional synapses. Individual neurons were filled with the gap-junction-permeable dye biotin ethylenediamine while spontaneous synaptic currents were recorded using whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques. We found that dye coupling increased during the first 2 postnatal weeks resulting at a peak around P14, after which coupling steadily decreased until adult levels were reached in animals older than P30. Spontaneous synaptic activity increased 30-fold between birth and maturity (from 10.8 +/- 2.4 to 318 +/- 54 events/min). The sharpest rise in synaptic activity, an over 5-fold increase, occurred between P15 and P19, shortly after the invasion of thalamocortical fibers.}, @@ -21081,7 +21070,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Relationship between dye coupling and spontaneous activity in developing ferret visual cortex}, Volume = {20}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kandler_DevNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kandler_DevNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Zheng:2006a, Abstract = {Pharmacologically isolated starburst amacrine cells (SACs) in perinatal rabbit retinas spontaneously generated semiperiodic calcium spikes and long-lasting after-hyperpolarizations (AHPs), mediated by calcium-activated, cyclic AMP-sensitive potassium currents. These AHPs, rather than a depletion of neurotransmitters (as was previously believed), produced the refractory period of spontaneous retinal waves and set the upper limit of the wave frequency. Each SAC received inputs from roughly 10-30 neighboring SACs during a wave. These inputs synchronized and reshaped the intrinsic bursts to produce network oscillations at a rhythm different from that of individual SACs. With maturation, the semiperiodic bursts in SACs disappeared, owing to reduced intrinsic excitability and increased network inhibition. Thus, retinal waves are generated by a transient and specific network of cell-autonomous oscillators synchronized by reciprocally excitatory connections.}, @@ -21101,7 +21090,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {A transient network of intrinsically bursting starburst cells underlies the generation of retinal waves}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zheng_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zheng_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}} @article{Zariwala:2012, Abstract = {Fluorescent calcium indicator proteins, such as GCaMP3, allow imaging of activity in genetically defined neuronal populations. GCaMP3 can be expressed using various gene delivery methods, such as viral infection or electroporation. However, these methods are invasive and provide inhomogeneous and nonstationary expression. Here, we developed a genetic reporter mouse, Ai38, which expresses GCaMP3 in a Cre-dependent manner from the ROSA26 locus, driven by a strong CAG promoter. Crossing Ai38 with appropriate Cre mice produced robust GCaMP3 expression in defined cell populations in the retina, cortex, and cerebellum. In the primary visual cortex, visually evoked GCaMP3 signals showed normal orientation and direction selectivity. GCaMP3 signals were rapid, compared with virally expressed GCaMP3 and synthetic calcium indicators. In the retina, Ai38 allowed imaging spontaneous calcium waves in starburst amacrine cells during development, and light-evoked responses in ganglion cells in adult tissue. Our results show that the Ai38 reporter mouse provides a flexible method for targeted expression of GCaMP3.}, @@ -21121,7 +21110,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {A Cre-dependent GCaMP3 reporter mouse for neuronal imaging in vivo}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zariwala_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zariwala_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Vaney:2002, Abstract = {The neuronal circuitry underlying the generation of direction selectivity in the retina has remained elusive for almost 40 years. Recent studies indicate that direction selectivity may be established within the radial dendrites of 'starburst' amacrine cells and that retinal ganglion cells may acquire their direction selectivity by the appropriate weighting of excitatory and inhibitory inputs from starburst dendrites pointing in different directions. If so, this would require unexpected complexity and subtlety in the synaptic connectivity of these CNS neurons.}, @@ -21140,7 +21129,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Direction selectivity in the retina}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vaney_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vaney_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}} @article{Wei:2011, Abstract = {Establishing precise synaptic connections is crucial to the development of functional neural circuits. The direction-selective circuit in the retina relies upon highly selective wiring of inhibitory inputs from starburst amacrine cells (SACs) onto four subtypes of ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs), each preferring motion in one of four cardinal directions. It has been reported in rabbit that the SACs on the 'null' sides of DSGCs form functional GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-mediated synapses, whereas those on the preferred sides do not. However, it is not known how the asymmetric wiring between SACs and DSGCs is established during development. Here we report that in transgenic mice with cell-type-specific labelling, the synaptic connections from SACs to DSGCs were of equal strength during the first postnatal week, regardless of whether the SAC was located on the preferred or null side of the DSGC. However, by the end of the second postnatal week, the strength of the synapses made from SACs on the null side of a DSGC significantly increased whereas those made from SACs located on the preferred side remained constant. Blocking retinal activity by intraocular injections of muscimol or gabazine during this period did not alter the development of direction selectivity. Hence, the asymmetric inhibition between the SACs and DSGCs is achieved by a developmental program that specifically strengthens the GABA-mediated inputs from SACs located on the null side, in a manner not dependent on neural activity.}, @@ -21160,7 +21149,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Development of asymmetric inhibition underlying direction selectivity in the retina}, Volume = {469}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wei_Nature2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wei_Nature2011.pdf}} @article{Malsburg:1973, Author = {von der Malsburg, C}, @@ -21178,7 +21167,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Self-organization of orientation sensitive cells in the striate cortex}, Volume = {14}, Year = {1973}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Malsburg_Kybernetik1973.pdf}} + File = {papers/Malsburg_Kybernetik1973.pdf}} @article{Ragsdale:2001, Abstract = {When and how is the area map of the cerebral cortex set up during development? Recent studies indicate that regional pattern emerges early in cortical neurogenesis, and that this pattern does not require cues from extrinsic innervation. Studies of mutant mice indicate a role for embryonic signaling centers and for specific transcription factors in regionalizing the cortex. Thus, it is increasingly probable that the cortex is partitioned using the same types of mechanisms--and in some cases, the same gene families--that are used in patterning other parts of the embryo. This emerging model is likely to be the basis for many future studies. However, new evidence also confirms the special nature of the cerebral cortex, in that cues from developing connections appear to modify and refine the final area map.}, @@ -21197,7 +21186,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Patterning the mammalian cerebral cortex}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ragsdale_CurrOpinNeurobiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ragsdale_CurrOpinNeurobiol2001.pdf}} @article{Shimogori:2005, Abstract = {Thalamic innervation of each neocortical area is vital to cortical function, but the developmental strategies that guide axons to specific areas remain unclear. We took a new approach to determine the contribution of intracortical cues. The cortical patterning molecule fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) was misexpressed in the cortical primordium to rearrange the area map. Thalamic axons faithfully tracked changes in area position and innervated duplicated somatosensory barrel fields induced by an ectopic source of FGF8, indicating that thalamic axons indeed use intracortical positional information. Because cortical layers are generated in temporal order, FGF8 misexpression at different ages could be used to shift regional identity in the subplate and cortical plate either in or out of register. Thalamic axons showed strikingly different responses in the two different conditions, disclosing sources of positional guidance in both subplate and cortical plate. Unexpectedly, axon trajectories indicated that an individual neocortical layer could provide not only laminar but also area-specific guidance. Our findings demonstrate that thalamocortical axons are directed by sequential, positional cues within the cortex and implicate FGF8 as an indirect regulator of thalamocortical innervation.}, @@ -21217,7 +21206,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Fibroblast growth factor 8 regulates neocortical guidance of area-specific thalamic innervation}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shimogori_JNeurosci2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shimogori_JNeurosci2005.pdf}} @article{Grove:2008, Abstract = {The RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology recently held its 2008 Symposium ;Turning Neurons into a Nervous System' in Kobe, Japan. The program, organized by Masatoshi Takeichi, Joshua Sanes, Hideki Enomoto and Raj Ladher, provided a rich sampling from current work in developmental neurobiology. Researchers from Japan, Europe and the USA gathered at this meeting to share insights into neural development and to admire the opening of the cherry blossom season.}, @@ -21237,7 +21226,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Turning neurons into a nervous system}, Volume = {135}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grove_Development2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grove_Development2008.pdf}} @article{Toyoda:2010, Abstract = {Gain- and loss-of-function experiments have demonstrated that a source of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 regulates anterior to posterior (A/P) patterning in the neocortical area map. Whether FGF8 controls patterning as a classic diffusible morphogen has not been directly tested. We report evidence that FGF8 diffuses through the mouse neocortical primordium from a discrete source in the anterior telencephalon, forms a protein gradient across the entire A/P extent of the primordium, and acts directly at a distance from its source to determine area identity. FGF8 immunofluorescence revealed FGF8 protein distributed in an A/P gradient. Fate-mapping experiments showed that outside the most anterior telencephalon, neocortical progenitor cells did not express Fgf8, nor were they derived from Fgf8-expressing cells, suggesting that graded distribution of FGF8 results from protein diffusion from the anterior source. Supporting this conclusion, a dominant-negative high-affinity FGF8 receptor captured endogenous FGF8 at a distance from the FGF8 source. New FGF8 sources introduced by electroporation showed haloes of FGF8 immunofluorescence indicative of FGF8 diffusion, and surrounding cells reacted to a new source of FGF8 by upregulating different FGF8-responsive genes in concentric domains around the source. Reducing endogenous FGF8 with the dominant-negative receptor in the central neocortical primordium induced cells to adopt a more posterior area identity, demonstrating long-range area patterning by FGF8. These observations support FGF8 as a classic diffusible morphogen in neocortex, thereby guiding future studies of neocortical pattern formation.}, @@ -21258,7 +21247,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {FGF8 acts as a classic diffusible morphogen to pattern the neocortex}, Volume = {137}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Toyoda_Development2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Toyoda_Development2010.pdf}} @article{Rash:2007, Abstract = {Division of the telencephalic vesicle into hemispheres and specification of the cerebral cortex are key stages in forebrain development. We investigate the interplay in these processes of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs), and the transcription factor Gli3, which in its repressor form (Gli3R) antagonizes Shh signaling and downregulates expression of several Fgf genes. Contrary to previous reports, Shh is not required for dorsal hemisphere separation. Mice lacking Shh develop a dorsal telencephalic midline, a cortical hem, and two cortical hemispheres. The hemispheres do not divide rostrally, probably because of reduced local Fgf gene expression, resulting from the loss of Shh inhibition of Gli3R. Removing one functional copy of Gli3 substantially rescues Fgf expression and rostral telencephalic morphology. In mice lacking Gli3 function, cortical development is arrested, and ventral gene expression invades the dorsal telencephalon. These defects are potentially explained by disinhibition of Shh activity. However, when both copies of Shh are removed from Gli3-null mice, dorsal telencephalic defects persist. One such defect is a large dorsal expansion of the expression of Fgf genes. Fgf15 expression, for example, expands from a discrete ventral domain throughout the dorsal telencephalon. We propose that Fgf signaling, known to ventralize the telencephalon in a Shh-independent manner, suppresses cortical fate in the absence of Gli3. Our findings point away from Shh involvement in dorsal telencephalic patterning and encourage additional exploration of Fgf signaling and Gli3 repression in corticogenesis.}, @@ -21278,7 +21267,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Patterning the dorsal telencephalon: a role for sonic hedgehog?}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rash_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rash_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} @article{Rash:2006, Abstract = {Two anatomical patterns characterize the neocortex, and both are essential for normal cortical function. First, neocortex is divided into anatomically distinct and functionally specialized areas that form a species-specific map. Second, neocortex is composed of layers that organize cortical connectivity. Recent studies of layer and area development have used time-lapse microscopy to follow cortical cell division and migration, gene arrays to find layer- or area- specific regulatory genes, time- and region- specific manipulations of candidate genes, and optical imaging to compare area maps in wild type with genetically altered mice. New observations clarify the molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate each pattern, and stress the links between layer and area formation.}, @@ -21298,7 +21287,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Area and layer patterning in the developing cerebral cortex}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rash_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rash_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}} @article{Grove:2003, Abstract = {The view that the cortical primordium is initially patterned in similar ways to the rest of the embryo has been a conceptual breakthrough. We now have a new starting point for understanding how the cortical area map is established and how maps may change and evolve. Here we review findings that signaling molecules secreted from distinct cortical signaling centers establish positional information in the cortical primordium and regulate regional growth. In other embryonic systems, positional signals would regulate the patterned expression of transcription factors, leading, in a gene regulatory cascade, to the patterned differentiation of the tissue. We discuss candidate transcription factors with respect to such a model of cortical patterning. Finally, embryonic structures interact to pattern one another. We review data suggesting that the thalamus and cortex are patterned independently then interact to generate the final cortical area map.}, @@ -21316,7 +21305,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Generating the cerebral cortical area map}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grove_AnnuRevNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grove_AnnuRevNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Ford:2012, Abstract = {Before vision, a transient network of recurrently connected cholinergic interneurons, called starburst amacrine cells (SACs), generates spontaneous retinal waves. Despite an absence of robust inhibition, cholinergic retinal waves initiate infrequently and propagate within finite boundaries. Here, we combine a variety of electrophysiological and imaging techniques and computational modeling to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these spatial and temporal properties of waves in developing mouse retina. Waves initiate via rare spontaneous depolarizations of SACs. Waves propagate through recurrent cholinergic connections between SACs and volume release of ACh as demonstrated using paired recordings and a cell-based ACh optical sensor. Perforated-patch recordings and two-photon calcium imaging reveal that individual SACs have slow afterhyperpolarizations that induce SACs to have variable depolarizations during sequential waves. Using a computational model in which the properties of SACs are based on these physiological measurements, we reproduce the slow frequency, speed, and finite size of recorded waves. This study represents a detailed description of the circuit that mediates cholinergic retinal waves and indicates that variability of the interneurons that generate this network activity may be critical for the robustness of waves across different species and stages of development.}, @@ -21335,7 +21324,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Cellular mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal features of cholinergic retinal waves}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ford_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ford_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Inta:2008, Abstract = {Most forebrain GABAergic interneurons in rodents are born during embryonic development in the ganglionic eminences (GE) and migrate tangentially into the cortical plate. A subset, however, continues to be generated postnatally in the subventricular zone (SVZ). These interneurons populate the olfactory bulb (OB) reached via migration in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Employing transgenic mice expressing EGFP in 5-HT(3)-positive neurons, we identified additional migratory pathways in the early postnatal brain. Time-lapse imaging experiments revealed massive migration of EGFP-positive cells from the SVZ into numerous forebrain regions, including cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. The neuronal fate of the migratory EGFP-labeled cells was indicated by their doublecortin (DCX) expression. Birthdating experiments, by using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and retrovirus-based experiments, provided evidence that migrating neuroblasts were born in the SVZ postnatally and developed a distinct GABAergic phenotype. Our results demonstrate that the SVZ is a reservoir of GABAergic interneurons not only for the OB, but also for other cortical and subcortical areas.}, @@ -21356,7 +21345,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Neurogenesis and widespread forebrain migration of distinct GABAergic neurons from the postnatal subventricular zone}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Inta_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Inta_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807059105}} @article{Snyder:2009, @@ -21378,7 +21367,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Adult-born hippocampal neurons are more numerous, faster maturing, and more involved in behavior in rats than in mice}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Snyder_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Snyder_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Snyder_JNeurosci2009a.pdf}} @article{Siegel:2012, @@ -21398,7 +21387,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Peripheral and central inputs shape network dynamics in the developing visual cortex in vivo}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Siegel_CurrBiol2012.pdf}, + File = {papers/Siegel_CurrBiol2012.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Siegel_CurrBiol2012a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Siegel_CurrBiol2012b.pdf}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Siegel_CurrBiol2012.avi}} @@ -21421,7 +21410,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Everything that glitters isn't gold: a critical review of postnatal neural precursor analyses}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Breunig_CellStemCell2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Breunig_CellStemCell2007.pdf}} @article{Fortin:1999, Abstract = {Visually responsive neurons were recorded in the superficial layers of rat superior colliculus from postnatal day 12 to 28. Receptive field properties such as size, type (ON, OFF, ON-OFF and motion sensitive) and direction selectivity were analyzed to disclose changes during maturation. Although some aspects of sensory properties are modified during development (latency, receptive field sizes, and proportions of receptive field types), a high level of sophistication is also present in young animals even before eyelid opening. For instance, direction selective and direction biased cells, which require complex synaptic relations, are already observed when the first light evoked responses emerge in the superior colliculus (P13), strongly suggesting that this property develops without visual experience. Furthermore, direction selectivity is present in the colliculus prior to the appearance of visually evoked activity in the cortex. This indicates that direction selectivity can not be attributable to incoming cortical afferents. This study provides the first direct evidence that, unlike the cat, the rat's cortico-tectal pathway is only weakly involved in the establishment of direction selectivity in collicular neurons.}, @@ -21440,7 +21429,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Maturation of visual receptive field properties in the rat superior colliculus}, Volume = {112}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fortin_BrainResDevBrainRes1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fortin_BrainResDevBrainRes1999.pdf}} @article{Mooney:1985, Abstract = {Intracellular recording, receptive field mapping, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection techniques were used to determine the structural and functional characteristics of neurons in the superficial laminae (stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum) of the hamster's superior colliculus (SC). Fifty-nine neurons (from 38 different hamsters) were successfully characterized, injected with HRP, and recovered. Of these, 8 were marginal cells, 14 had stellate morphology, 10 had narrow, vertically oriented dendritic trees, 12 had wide, vertically oriented dendritic arbors, and 8 were horizontal cells. Seven neurons had somatodendritic morphologies which did not fall into any of these groups. Overall, the distribution of receptive field properties for these cells matched that obtained in previous extracellular recordings from the superficial SC laminae in this species (Chalupa, L.M., and R.W. Rhoades (1977) J. Physiol. (Lond.) 270: 595-626; Chalupa, L.M. and R.W. Rhoades (1978) J. Physiol. (Lond.) 274: 571-592). There were significant correlations between receptive field properties and morphology. Sixty-four percent of the stellate cells and 75% of the marginal cells were directionally selective. Only 17% of the other cell types exhibited this response property. In addition, only 36% of the stellate cells and 25% of the marginal neurons were discharged by stationary, flashed spots. Eighty-one percent of the other recovered cells gave reliable responses to such stimuli. Stellate and marginal cells could also be differentiated from the other cell types on the basis of speed selectivity. Only 29% of the stellate and 13% of the marginal cells responded to stimulus speeds in excess of 20 degrees/sec.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, @@ -21477,7 +21466,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {A cre-dependent, anterograde transsynaptic viral tracer for mapping output pathways of genetically marked neurons}, Volume = {72}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lo_Neuron2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lo_Neuron2011.pdf}} @article{Kleindienst:2011, Abstract = {During brain development, before sensory systems become functional, neuronal networks spontaneously generate repetitive bursts of neuronal activity, which are typically synchronized across many neurons. Such activity patterns have been described on the level of networks and cells, but the fine-structure of inputs received by an individual neuron during spontaneous network activity has not been studied. Here, we used calcium imaging to record activity at many synapses of hippocampal pyramidal neurons simultaneously to establish the activity patterns in the majority of synapses of an entire cell. Analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns of synaptic activity revealed a fine-scale connectivity rule: neighboring synapses (<16 μm intersynapse distance) are more likely to be coactive than synapses that are farther away from each other. Blocking spiking activity or NMDA receptor activation revealed that the clustering of synaptic inputs required neuronal activity, demonstrating a role of developmentally expressed spontaneous activity for connecting neurons with subcellular precision.}, @@ -21496,7 +21485,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Activity-dependent clustering of functional synaptic inputs on developing hippocampal dendrites}, Volume = {72}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kleindienst_Neuron2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kleindienst_Neuron2011.pdf}} @article{Marshel:2011, Abstract = {To establish the mouse as a genetically tractable model for high-order visual processing, we characterized fine-scale retinotopic organization of visual cortex and determined functional specialization of layer 2/3 neuronal populations in seven retinotopically identified areas. Each area contains a distinct visuotopic representation and encodes a unique combination of spatiotemporal features. Areas LM, AL, RL, and AM prefer up to three times faster temporal frequencies and significantly lower spatial frequencies than V1, while V1 and PM prefer high spatial and low temporal frequencies. LI prefers both high spatial and temporal frequencies. All extrastriate areas except LI increase orientation selectivity compared to V1, and three areas are significantly more direction selective (AL, RL, and AM). Specific combinations of spatiotemporal representations further distinguish areas. These results reveal that mouse higher visual areas are functionally distinct, and separate groups of areas may be specialized for motion-related versus pattern-related computations, perhaps forming pathways analogous to dorsal and ventral streams in other species.}, @@ -21516,7 +21505,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Functional specialization of seven mouse visual cortical areas}, Volume = {72}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marshel_Neuron2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Marshel_Neuron2011.pdf}} @article{Andermann:2011, Abstract = {The mouse is emerging as an important model for understanding how sensory neocortex extracts cues to guide behavior, yet little is known about how these cues are processed beyond primary cortical areas. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice to compare visual responses in primary visual cortex (V1) and in two downstream target areas, AL and PM. Neighboring V1 neurons had diverse stimulus preferences spanning five octaves in spatial and temporal frequency. By contrast, AL and PM neurons responded best to distinct ranges of stimulus parameters. Most strikingly, AL neurons preferred fast-moving stimuli while PM neurons preferred slow-moving stimuli. By contrast, neurons in V1, AL, and PM demonstrated similar selectivity for stimulus orientation but not for stimulus direction. Based on these findings, we predict that area AL helps guide behaviors involving fast-moving stimuli (e.g., optic flow), while area PM helps guide behaviors involving slow-moving objects.}, @@ -21535,7 +21524,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Functional specialization of mouse higher visual cortical areas}, Volume = {72}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2011b.pdf}} @@ -21555,7 +21544,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {mGRASP enables mapping mammalian synaptic connectivity with light microscopy}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kim_NatMethods2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kim_NatMethods2011.pdf}} @article{Kralj:2011a, Abstract = {Reliable optical detection of single action potentials in mammalian neurons has been one of the longest-standing challenges in neuroscience. Here we achieved this goal by using the endogenous fluorescence of a microbial rhodopsin protein, Archaerhodopsin 3 (Arch) from Halorubrum sodomense, expressed in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. This genetically encoded voltage indicator exhibited an approximately tenfold improvement in sensitivity and speed over existing protein-based voltage indicators, with a roughly linear twofold increase in brightness between -150 mV and +150 mV and a sub-millisecond response time. Arch detected single electrically triggered action potentials with an optical signal-to-noise ratio >10. Arch(D95N) lacked endogenous proton pumping and had 50% greater sensitivity than wild type but had a slower response (41 ms). Nonetheless, Arch(D95N) also resolved individual action potentials. Microbial rhodopsin-based voltage indicators promise to enable optical interrogation of complex neural circuits and electrophysiology in systems for which electrode-based techniques are challenging.}, @@ -21574,7 +21563,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Optical recording of action potentials in mammalian neurons using a microbial rhodopsin}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kralj_NatMethods2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kralj_NatMethods2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kralj_NatMethods2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Kralj_NatMethods2011b.pdf}} @@ -21596,7 +21585,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Characterization and adaptive optical correction of aberrations during in vivo imaging in the mouse cortex}, Volume = {109}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ji_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ji_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2012.pdf}} @article{Tolner:2012, Abstract = {Patterned neuronal activity such as spindle bursts in the neonatal cortex is likely to promote the maturation of cortical synapses and neuronal circuits. Previous work on cats has shown that removal of subplate neurons, a transient neuronal population in the immature cortex, prevents the functional maturation of thalamocortical and intracortical connectivity. Here we studied the effect of subplate removal in the neonatal rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Using intracortical EEG we show that after selective removal of subplate neurons in the limb region of S1, endogenous and sensory evoked spindle burst activity is largely abolished. Consistent with the reduced in vivo activity in the S1 limb region, we find by in vitro recordings that thalamocortical inputs to layer 4 neurons are weak. In addition, we find that removal of subplate neurons in the S1 barrel region prevents the development of the characteristic histological barrel-like appearance. Thus, subplate neurons are crucially involved in the generation of particular types of early network activity in the neonatal cortex, which are an important feature of cortical development. The altered EEG pattern following subplate damage could be applicable in the neurological assessment of human neonates.}, @@ -21615,7 +21604,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Subplate neurons promote spindle bursts and thalamocortical patterning in the neonatal rat somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tolner_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tolner_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Podgorski:2012, Abstract = {Sensory experience drives dramatic structural and functional plasticity in developing neurons. However, for single-neuron plasticity to optimally improve whole-network encoding of sensory information, changes must be coordinated between neurons to ensure a full range of stimuli is efficiently represented. Using two-photon calcium imaging to monitor evoked activity in over 100 neurons simultaneously, we investigate network-level changes in the developing Xenopus laevis tectum during visual training with motion stimuli. Training causes stimulus-specific changes in neuronal responses and interactions, resulting in improved population encoding. This plasticity is spatially structured, increasing tuning curve similarity and interactions among nearby neurons, and decreasing interactions among distant neurons. Training does not improve encoding by single clusters of similarly responding neurons, but improves encoding across clusters, indicating coordinated plasticity across the network. NMDA receptor blockade prevents coordinated plasticity, reduces clustering, and abolishes whole-network encoding improvement. We conclude that NMDA receptors support experience-dependent network self-organization, allowing efficient population coding of a diverse range of stimuli.}, @@ -21635,7 +21624,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Functional Clustering Drives Encoding Improvement in a Developing Brain Network during Awake Visual Learning}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Podgorski_PLoSBiol2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Podgorski_PLoSBiol2012.pdf}} @article{Wu:2012, Abstract = {Accumulating evidence indicates that GABA acts beyond inhibitory synaptic transmission and regulates the development of inhibitory synapses in the vertebrate brain, but the underlying cellular mechanism is not well understood. We have combined live imaging of cortical GABAergic axons across time scales from minutes to days with single-cell genetic manipulation of GABA release to examine its role in distinct steps of inhibitory synapse formation in the mouse neocortex. We have shown previously, by genetic knockdown of GABA synthesis in developing interneurons, that GABA signaling promotes the maturation of inhibitory synapses and axons. Here we found that a complete blockade of GABA release in basket interneurons resulted in an opposite effect, a cell-autonomous increase in axon and bouton density with apparently normal synapse structures. These results not only demonstrate that GABA is unnecessary for synapse formation per se but also uncover a novel facet of GABA in regulating synapse elimination and axon pruning. Live imaging revealed that developing GABAergic axons form a large number of transient boutons, but only a subset was stabilized. Release blockade led to significantly increased bouton stability and filopodia density, increased axon branch extension, and decreased branch retraction. Our results suggest that a major component of GABA function in synapse development is transmission-mediated elimination of subsets of nascent contacts. Therefore, GABA may regulate activity-dependent inhibitory synapse formation by coordinately eliminating certain nascent contacts while promoting the maturation of other nascent synapses.}, @@ -21654,7 +21643,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {GABA Signaling Promotes Synapse Elimination and Axon Pruning in Developing Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2012}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wu_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wu_JNeurosci2012.pdf}} @article{Cossart:2011, Abstract = {If the classical functional attribute of cortical GABAergic interneurons is to mediate synaptic inhibition in the adult cortex, it is becoming evident that their major task is instead to shape the spatio-temporal dynamics of the network oscillations that support most brain functions. This complex function involves a division of labour between morpho-physiologically diverse interneuron subtypes. Both the central network function and the bewildering heterogeneity of the interneuron population are especially emphasized during cortical development: at early postnatal stages, a single GABAergic neuron can efficiently pace the activity of hundreds of other cells, whereas some interneuron subtypes are still poorly developed. Given the role of coherent activity in brain development, this confers to GABAergic interneurons a major role in the proper maturation of cortical networks.}, @@ -21674,7 +21663,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The maturation of cortical interneuron diversity: how multiple developmental journeys shape the emergence of proper network function}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cossart_CurrOpinNeurobiol2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cossart_CurrOpinNeurobiol2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2010.10.003}} @article{Feldt:2011, @@ -21695,7 +21684,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Dissecting functional connectivity of neuronal microcircuits: experimental and theoretical insights}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feldt_TrendsNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Feldt_TrendsNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2011.02.007}} @article{Picardo:2011, @@ -21717,7 +21706,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Pioneer GABA cells comprise a subpopulation of hub neurons in the developing hippocampus}, Volume = {71}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Picardo_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Picardo_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Picardo_Neuron2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.018}} @@ -21739,7 +21728,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Ocular dominance shift in kitten visual cortex caused by imbalance in retinal electrical activity}, Volume = {324}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chapman_Nature1986.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chapman_Nature1986.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324154a0}} @article{Yamashita:2003, @@ -21760,7 +21749,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Rearrangement of synaptic connections with inhibitory neurons in developing mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {464}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yamashita_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yamashita_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10810}} @article{Wang:2011a, @@ -21782,7 +21771,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Gateways of ventral and dorsal streams in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3488-10.2011}} @article{Wang:2007c, @@ -21803,7 +21792,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Area map of mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {502}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_JCompNeurol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_JCompNeurol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21286}} @article{Wang:2007b, @@ -21824,7 +21813,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {In vivo transcranial imaging of connections in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {159}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_JNeurosciMethods2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_JNeurosciMethods2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.07.024}} @article{Dhande:2011a, @@ -21862,7 +21851,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Visual map development depends on the temporal pattern of binocular activity in mice}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhang_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}} @book{Gonzalez:2009, Annote = {LDR 01098cam 2200301 a 4500 @@ -21921,7 +21910,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Functional specificity of local synaptic connections in neocortical networks}, Volume = {473}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ko_Nature2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ko_Nature2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ko_Nature2011a.pdf}} @article{Kang:2011, @@ -21941,7 +21930,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Spatio-temporal transcriptome of the human brain}, Volume = {478}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kang_Nature2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kang_Nature2011.pdf}} @article{Torborg:2005, Abstract = {Blockade of retinal waves prevents the segregation of retinogeniculate afferents into eye-specific layers in the visual thalamus. However, the key features of retinal waves that drive this refinement are controversial. Some manipulations of retinal waves lead to normal eye-specific segregation but others do not. By comparing retinal spiking patterns in several mutant mice with differing levels of eye-specific segregation, we show that the presence of high-frequency bursts synchronized across neighboring retinal ganglion cells correlates with robust eye-specific segregation and that the presence of high levels of asynchronous spikes does not inhibit this segregation. These findings provide a possible resolution to previously described discrepancies regarding the role of retinal waves in retinogeniculate segregation.}, @@ -21962,7 +21951,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {High frequency, synchronized bursting drives eye-specific segregation of retinogeniculate projections}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Torborg_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Torborg_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1376}} @article{Torborg:2004, @@ -22004,7 +21993,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Ventral medial prefrontal cortex neuronal ensembles mediate context-induced relapse to heroin}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bossert_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bossert_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2758}} @article{Koya:2009, @@ -22026,7 +22015,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Targeted disruption of cocaine-activated nucleus accumbens neurons prevents context-specific sensitization}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koya_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Koya_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2364}} @article{Blank:2011, @@ -22047,7 +22036,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The Down syndrome critical region regulates retinogeniculate refinement}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blank_JNeurosci2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Blank_JNeurosci2011.pdf}} @article{Guo:2011, Abstract = {DNA methylation has been traditionally viewed as a highly stable epigenetic mark in postmitotic cells. However, postnatal brains appear to show stimulus-induced methylation changes, at least in a few identified CpG dinucleotides. How extensively the neuronal DNA methylome is regulated by neuronal activity is unknown. Using a next-generation sequencing-based method for genome-wide analysis at single-nucleotide resolution, we quantitatively compared the CpG methylation landscape of adult mouse dentate granule neurons in vivo before and after synchronous neuronal activation. About 1.4% of 219,991 CpGs measured showed rapid active demethylation or de novo methylation. Some modifications remained stable for at least 24 h. These activity-modified CpGs showed a broad genomic distribution with significant enrichment in low-CpG density regions, and were associated with brain-specific genes related to neuronal plasticity. Our study implicates modification of the neuronal DNA methylome as a previously underappreciated mechanism for activity-dependent epigenetic regulation in the adult nervous system.}, @@ -22065,7 +22054,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Neuronal activity modifies the DNA methylation landscape in the adult brain}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guo_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Guo_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}} @article{Feller:1997, Abstract = {In the developing mammalian retina, spontaneous waves of action potentials are present in the ganglion cell layer weeks before vision. These waves are known to be generated by a synaptically connected network of amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells, and exhibit complex spatiotemporal patterns, characterized by shifting domains of coactivation. Here, we present a novel dynamical model consisting of two coupled populations of cells that quantitatively reproduces the experimentally observed domain sizes, interwave intervals, and wavefront velocity profiles. Model and experiment together show that the highly correlated activity generated by retinal waves can be explained by a combination of random spontaneous activation of cells and the past history of local retinal activity.}, @@ -22084,7 +22073,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Dynamic processes shape spatiotemporal properties of retinal waves}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feller_Neuron1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Feller_Neuron1997.pdf}} @article{Douglas:2006, Abstract = {The coherence thresholds to discriminate the direction of motion in random-dot kinematograms were measured in rats and mice. Performance was best in the rats when dot displacement from frame-to-frame was about 2 degrees, and frame duration was less than 100 ms. Mice had coherence thresholds similar to those of rats when tested at the same step size and frame duration. Although the lowest thresholds in the rats and mice occasionally reached human levels, average rodent values ( approximately 25%) were 2-3 times higher than those of humans. These data indicate that the rodent and primate visual systems are similar in that both have local motion detectors and a system for extracting global motion from a noisy signal.}, @@ -22104,7 +22093,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Perception of visual motion coherence by rats and mice}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Douglas_VisionRes2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Douglas_VisionRes2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.02.025}} @article{Prusky:2006, @@ -22125,7 +22114,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Enhancement of vision by monocular deprivation in adult mice}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prusky_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Prusky_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3396-06.2006}} @article{Prusky:2004, @@ -22146,7 +22135,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Characterization of mouse cortical spatial vision}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prusky_VisionRes2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Prusky_VisionRes2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.001}} @article{Prusky:2008, @@ -22167,7 +22156,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Experience-dependent plasticity from eye opening enables lasting, visual cortex-dependent enhancement of motion vision}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prusky_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Prusky_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1940-08.2008}} @article{Tschetter:2011, @@ -22186,7 +22175,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Experience-induced interocular plasticity of vision in infancy}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tschetter_FrontSystNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tschetter_FrontSystNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2011.00044}} @article{Huberman:2009, @@ -22208,7 +22197,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Genetic identification of an On-Off direction-selective retinal ganglion cell subtype reveals a layer-specific subcortical map of posterior motion}, Volume = {62}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.014}} @article{Huberman:2007, @@ -22229,7 +22218,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Mechanisms of eye-specific visual circuit development}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huberman_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huberman_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.01.005}} @article{Huberman:2011, @@ -22249,7 +22238,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {What can mice tell us about how vision works?}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huberman_TrendsNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huberman_TrendsNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2011.07.002}} @article{Reillo:2011, @@ -22269,7 +22258,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {A role for intermediate radial glia in the tangential expansion of the mammalian cerebral cortex}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reillo_CerebCortex2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Reillo_CerebCortex2011.pdf}} @article{Olavarria:1984, Abstract = {Following multiple injections of horseradish peroxidase into the posterior neocortex of one hemisphere, we examined the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradely labeled terminations in tangential and coronal sections through contralateral areas 17 and 18 in three groups of adult mice: normal-eyed (ZRDCT-n and C57Bl/6J strains), congenitally anophthalmic (ZRDCT-an strain), neonatally enucleated (ZRDCT-n strain). In agreement with previous studies, we observed that the pattern of callosal connections in areas 17 and 18 of normal-eyed mice contains the following features: (1) a dense band of callosal cells and terminations separating the interiors of areas 17 and 18, which have relatively few callosal connections, (2) a ring-like configuration anterolateral to area 17, (3) a region of dense labeling lateral to area 18, (4) a narrow band of labeling bridging the posterior portion of area 18, and (5) a region of labeling anteromedial to area 17. We find that all these features of the normal callosal pattern are recognizable in congenitally anophthalmic mice. Their presence in mice that never had eyes supports the hypothesis that central visual pathways can develop many aspects of their connectivity in the absence of input from the periphery. However, we also find that the details of certain features of the callosal pattern in congenitally eyeless mice often differ from those of the same features in normal-eyed mice, and that the between-animal variability in the appearance of these features is higher in eyeless mice. These latter findings indicate that the eyes are needed during normal development to fine-tune the pattern of callosal connections. Our results also reveal that the callosal pattern in neonatally enucleated mice does not differ significantly from that in congenitally anophthalmic mice, indicating that the period in which the eyes guide callosal development extends into postnatal life. While the present data do not delineate the time course of this period, the finding of similarly abnormal callosal patterns in congenitally anophthalmic and neonatally enucleated mice suggests that the eyes exert little if any influence prenatally. Finally, examination of coronal sections indicates that the laminar distribution of callosal connections develops normally in both groups of eyeless mice.}, @@ -22289,7 +22278,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Callosal connections of the posterior neocortex in normal-eyed, congenitally anophthalmic, and neonatally enucleated mice}, Volume = {230}, Year = {1984}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1984.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1984.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902300209}} @article{Rakic:1991, @@ -22310,7 +22299,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {A novel cytoarchitectonic area induced experimentally within the primate visual cortex}, Volume = {88}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1991.pdf}} @article{Kuljis:1990, Abstract = {The visual cortex in primates consists of an array of anatomically and chemically identifiable cellular modules (hypercolumns) with distinct physiological properties. For example, layers II/III in the macaque monkey contain a regular array of cytochrome oxidase-rich blobs. Furthermore, the surrounding cytochrome oxidase-poor interblob regions have a higher density of neuropeptide Y-positive aspiny stellate cells. Neurons in the blobs are thought to mediate predominantly low spatial frequencies and color vision, while those in the interblobs appear to be engaged in pattern vision and high spatial frequency analysis. In this study we examined the role of the retina in the development of hypercolumns. A bilateral retinal ablation was performed in embryos at midgestation, before any photoreceptors had established contacts with other retinal neurons and before layers II/III of the cortex--or their synaptic connection--had been generated. We found that the cortex in operated animals had cytochrome oxidase blobs and that their size and spacing were normal. In addition, neuropeptide Y-containing neurons were preferentially distributed in the interblob region as in control animals. Our findings indicate that some basic aspects of the cyto- and chemoarchitectonic organization of the cerebral cortex, which presumably evolved for the analysis of form and color, can emerge in the absence of cues from the retinal photoreceptors that mediate these attributes of vision.}, @@ -22330,7 +22319,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Hypercolumns in primate visual cortex can develop in the absence of cues from photoreceptors}, Volume = {87}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuljis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1990.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kuljis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1990.pdf}} @article{Dehay:1991, Abstract = {Bilateral enucleation in the macaque fetus causes an areal reduction of an otherwise normal striate cortex. Here we show that in early operated animals this reduction is accompanied by a separation of striate and prostriate cortices which are normally contiguous. However this induced separation does not correspond to the areal reduction of striate cortex, indicating that extrinsic signals regulate either the proliferation and/or survival of striate cortical neurons.}, @@ -22349,7 +22338,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {The effects of bilateral enucleation in the primate fetus on the parcellation of visual cortex}, Volume = {62}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dehay_BrainResDevBrainRes1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dehay_BrainResDevBrainRes1991.pdf}} @article{Chalupa:1984, Abstract = {During fetal development of the cat's visual system there is a marked overproliferation of optic nerve axons. In utero binocular interaction contributes to the severity of fiber loss since removal of an eye during gestation attenuates axon loss in the remaining optic nerve. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this reduced loss of optic nerve fibers is due to a failure of retraction by supernumerary axon branches or to a reduction in ganglion cell death. To resolve this issue, we compared the number of ganglion cells and optic nerve fibers in adult cats which had one eye removed at known gestational ages. Retinal ganglion cells were backfilled with horseradish peroxidase and counts were made from retinal wholemounts. The axon complement was assessed with an electron microscopic assay. In the retinas of a normal cat we estimated 151,000 and 152,000 ganglion cells. The optic nerves of two other normal cats contained approximately 158,000 and 159,000 axons. In comparison, an animal enucleated on embryonic day 42 had 180,000 ganglion cells and 178,000 optic nerve fibers, while in an animal enucleated on embryonic day 51 the corresponding estimates were 182,000 and 190,000. The close agreement between cell and fiber counts indicates that axonal bifurcation does not contribute appreciably to the axon surplus in the optic nerve of prenatally enucleated cats. These results demonstrate that prenatal binocular interaction regulates the size of the mature retinal ganglion cell population.}, @@ -22368,7 +22357,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Binocular interaction in the fetal cat regulates the size of the ganglion cell population}, Volume = {12}, Year = {1984}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chalupa_Neuroscience1984.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chalupa_Neuroscience1984.pdf}} @article{Rakic:1981a, Author = {Rakic, P}, @@ -22386,7 +22375,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Development of visual centers in the primate brain depends on binocular competition before birth}, Volume = {214}, Year = {1981}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_Science1981.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_Science1981.pdf}} @article{Rakic:1977a, Author = {Rakic, P}, @@ -22404,7 +22393,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Prenatal development of the visual system in rhesus monkey}, Volume = {278}, Year = {1977}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1977.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1977.pdf}} @article{Rakic:1977, Author = {Rakic, P}, @@ -22442,7 +22431,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Development of the rat's uncrossed retinotectal pathway and its relation to plasticity studies}, Volume = {205}, Year = {1979}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Land_Science1979.pdf}} + File = {papers/Land_Science1979.pdf}} @article{Rakic:1974a, Abstract = {Autoradiographic evidence after injection of tritiated thymidine indicates that cell position in the laminae of the monkey visual cortex is systematically related to time of cell orgin. The earliest-formed neurons, destined for the deepest stratum, arise at about embryonic day 45, and the last ones, destined for the outermost cell stratum, form at about day 102; cells of intervening layers are generated at intervening times. No neocortical neurons are produced in the last two prenatal months or after birth. Compared to cortical neurons in rodents, those in the monkey arise earlier, and the "inside-out" relation of cell position to time of origin is more rigid.}, @@ -22461,7 +22450,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Neurons in rhesus monkey visual cortex: systematic relation between time of origin and eventual disposition}, Volume = {183}, Year = {1974}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_Science1974a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_Science1974a.pdf}} @article{Tolonen:2007, Abstract = {Recent experimental studies have shown that developing cortex in several animals species, including humans, exhibits spontaneous intermittent activity that is believed to be crucial for the proper wiring of early brain networks. The present study examined the developmental changes in these spontaneous activity transients (SAT) and in other ongoing cortical activities in human preterm babies. Full-band electroencephalography (FbEEG) recordings were obtained from 16 babies at conceptional ages between 32.8 and 40 wk. We examined the SATs and the intervening ongoing cortical activities (inter-SAT; iSAT) with average waveforms, their variance and power, as well as with wavelet-based time-frequency analyses. Our results show, that the low frequency power and the variance of the average waveform of SAT decrease during development. There was a simultaneous increase in the activity at higher frequencies, with most pronounced increase at theta-alpha range (4-9 Hz). In addition to the overall increase, the activity at higher frequencies showed an increased grouping into bursts that are nested in the low frequency (0.5-1 Hz) waves. Analysis of the iSAT epochs showed a developmental increase in power at lower frequencies in quiet sleep. There was an increase in a wide range of higher frequencies (4-16 Hz), whereas the ratio of beta (16-30 Hz) and theta-alpha (4-9 Hz) range activity declined, indicating a preferential increase at theta-alpha range activity. Notably, SAT and iSAT activities remained distinct throughout the development in all measures used in our study. The present results are consistent with the idea that SAT and the other ongoing cortical activities are distinct functional entities. Recognition of these two basic mechanisms in the cortical activity in preterm human babies opens new rational approaches for an evaluation and monitoring of early human brain function.}, @@ -22481,7 +22470,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Development of the spontaneous activity transients and ongoing cortical activity in human preterm babies}, Volume = {145}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tolonen_Neuroscience2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tolonen_Neuroscience2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.070}} @article{Vanhatalo:2005, @@ -22502,7 +22491,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Slow endogenous activity transients and developmental expression of K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 in the immature human cortex}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vanhatalo_EurJNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vanhatalo_EurJNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04459.x}} @article{Wong:1999, @@ -22521,7 +22510,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Robust patterns of over- and under-connectivity are apparent at dis Title = {Retinal waves and visual system development}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wong_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wong_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.29}} @article{Uchiyama:1989, @@ -22563,7 +22552,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Immunoreactive serotonin is present in a distinct population of ret Title = {Serotonergic retinopetal axons in the monkey retina}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gastinger_CurrEyeRes2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gastinger_CurrEyeRes2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713680500371532}} @article{Gastinger:1999, @@ -22586,7 +22575,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Histamine immunoreactive axons in the macaque retina}, Volume = {40}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gastinger_InvestOphthalmolVisSci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gastinger_InvestOphthalmolVisSci1999.pdf}} @article{Takahashi:2005, Abstract = {Previous electrophysiological studies have shown that the commissural connections between the two superior colliculi are mainly inhibitory with fewer excitatory connections. However, the functional roles of the commissural connections are not well understood, so we sought to clarify the physiology of tectal commissural excitation and inhibition of tectoreticular neurons (TRNs) in the "fixation " and "saccade " zones of the superior colliculus (SC). By recording intracellular potentials, we identified TRNs by their antidromic responses to stimulation of the omnipause neuron (OPN) and inhibitory burst neuron (IBN) regions and analyzed the effects of stimulation of the contralateral SC on these TRNs in anesthetized cats. TRNs in the caudal SC (saccade neurons) projected to the IBN region, and received mono- or disynaptic inhibition from the entire rostrocaudal extent of the contralateral SC. In contrast, TRNs in the rostral SC projected to the OPN or IBN region and received monosynaptic excitation from the most rostral level of the contralateral SC, and mono- or disynaptic inhibition from its entire rostrocaudal extent. Among the rostral TRNs with commissural excitation, IBN-projecting TRNs also projected to Forel's field H (vertical gaze center), suggesting that they were most likely saccade neurons related to vertical saccades. In contrast, TRNs projecting only to the OPN region were most likely fixation neurons. Most putative inhibitory neurons in the rostral SC had multiple axon branches throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the contralateral SC, whereas excitatory commissural neurons, most of which were rostral TRNs, distributed terminals to a discrete region in the rostral SC.}, @@ -22605,7 +22594,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Commissural excitation and inhibition by the superior colliculus in tectoreticular neurons projecting to omnipause neuron and inhibitory burst neuron regions}, Volume = {94}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takahashi_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Takahashi_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00347.2005}} @article{Lewis:1995, @@ -22626,7 +22615,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Two rules for callosal connectivity in striate cortex of the rat}, Volume = {361}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lewis_JCompNeurol1995.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lewis_JCompNeurol1995.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903610110}} @article{Olavarria:1995a, @@ -22647,7 +22636,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Overall pattern of callosal connections in visual cortex of normal and enucleated cats}, Volume = {363}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1995a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1995a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903630202}} @article{Olavarria:1995, @@ -22668,7 +22657,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Effects of neonatal enucleation on the organization of callosal linkages in striate cortex of the rat}, Volume = {361}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1995.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1995.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903610111}} @article{Olavarria:1985, @@ -22689,7 +22678,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Organization and postnatal development of callosal connections in the visual cortex of the rat}, Volume = {239}, Year = {1985}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1985.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1985.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902390102}} @article{Leamey:2007, @@ -22711,7 +22700,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Ten_m3 regulates eye-specific patterning in the mammalian visual pathway and is required for binocular vision}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Leamey_PLoSBiol2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Leamey_PLoSBiol2007.pdf}} @article{Leamey:2008, Abstract = {Adult neocortical areas are characterized by marked differences in cytoarchitecture and connectivity that underlie their functional roles. The molecular determinants of these differences are largely unknown. We performed a microarray analysis to identify molecules that define the somatosensory and visual areas during the time when afferent and efferent projections are forming. We identified 122 molecules that are differentially expressed between the regions and confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction 95\% of the 20 genes tested. Two genes were chosen for further investigation: Bcl6 and Ten_m3. Bcl6 was highly expressed in the superficial cortical plate corresponding to developing layer IV of somatosensory cortex at postnatal day (P) 0. This had diminished by P3, but strong expression was found in layer V pyramidal cells by P7 and was maintained until adulthood. Retrograde tracing showed that Bcl6 is expressed in corticospinal neurons. Ten_m3 was expressed in a graded pattern within layer V of caudal cortex that corresponds well with visual cortex. Retrograde tracing and immunostaining showed that Ten_m3 is highly expressed along axonal tracts of projection neurons of the developing visual pathway. Overexpression demonstrated that Ten_m3 promotes homophilic adhesion and neurite outgrowth in vivo. This suggests an important role for Ten_m3 in the development of the visual pathway.}, @@ -22731,7 +22720,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Differential gene expression between sensory neocortical areas: potential roles for Ten_m3 and Bcl6 in patterning visual and somatosensory pathways}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Leamey_CerebCortex2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Leamey_CerebCortex2008.pdf}} @article{Catmur:2009, Abstract = {A core requirement for imitation is a capacity to solve the correspondence problem; to map observed onto executed actions, even when observation and execution yield sensory inputs in different modalities and coordinate frames. Until recently, it was assumed that the human capacity to solve the correspondence problem is innate. However, it is now becoming apparent that, as predicted by the associative sequence learning model, experience, and especially sensorimotor experience, plays a critical role in the development of imitation. We review evidence from studies of non-human animals, children and adults, focusing on research in cognitive neuroscience that uses training and naturally occurring variations in expertise to examine the role of experience in the formation of the mirror system. The relevance of this research depends on the widely held assumption that the mirror system plays a causal role in generating imitative behaviour. We also report original data supporting this assumption. These data show that theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the inferior frontal gyrus, a classical mirror system area, disrupts automatic imitation of finger movements. We discuss the implications of the evidence reviewed for the evolution, development and intentional control of imitation.}, @@ -22752,7 +22741,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Associative sequence learning: the role of experience in the development of imitation and the mirror system}, Volume = {364}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Catmur_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Catmur_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2009.pdf}} @article{Cumming:1999, Abstract = {Most neurophysiological accounts of disparity selectivity in neurons of the primary visual cortex (V1) imply that they are selective for absolute retinal disparities. By contrast, a number of psychophysical observations indicate that relative disparities play a more important role in depth perception. During recordings from disparity selective neurons in area V1 of awake behaving monkeys, we used a disparity feedback loop () to add controlled amounts of absolute disparity to a display containing both absolute and relative disparities. This manipulation changed the absolute disparity of all the visible features in the display but left unchanged the relative disparities signalled by these features. The addition of absolute disparities produced clear changes in the neural responses to unchanged external stimuli, which were well predicted by the measured change in absolute disparity: in 45/53 cases, the neuron maintained a consistent firing pattern with respect to absolute disparity so that the manipulation created no significant change in the absolute disparity preferred by the neuron. No neuron in V1 maintained a consistent relationship with relative disparity. We conclude that the relative disparity signals used in primate depth perception are constructed outside area V1.}, @@ -22771,7 +22760,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Binocular neurons in V1 of awake monkeys are selective for absolute, not relative, disparity}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cumming_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cumming_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Ringach:2007, Abstract = {The basic structure of receptive fields and functional maps in primary visual cortex is established without exposure to normal sensory experience and before the onset of the critical period. How the brain wires these circuits in the early stages of development remains unknown. Possible explanations include activity-dependent mechanisms driven by spontaneous activity in the retina and thalamus, and molecular guidance orchestrating thalamo-cortical connections on a fine spatial scale. Here I propose an alternative hypothesis: the blueprint for receptive fields, feature maps, and their inter-relationships may reside in the layout of the retinal ganglion cell mosaics along with a simple statistical connectivity scheme dictating the wiring between thalamus and cortex. The model is shown to account for a number of experimental findings, including the relationship between retinotopy, orientation maps, spatial frequency maps and cytochrome oxidase patches. The theory's simplicity, explanatory and predictive power makes it a serious candidate for the origin of the functional architecture of primary visual cortex.}, @@ -22791,7 +22780,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {On the origin of the functional architecture of the cortex}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ringach_PLoSOne2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ringach_PLoSOne2007.pdf}} @article{Zihl:1979, Abstract = {Threshold elevation in the periphery of the visual field as a consequence of repetitive stimulation can be abolished by stimulating a mirror-symmetric position in the contralateral visual half-field. A patient suffering from a congenital malformation of the right superior colliculus did not exhibit threshold elevation when stimulated repeatedly in the left visual field. Stimulation in the right visual half-field resulted in the usually observed threshold elevation, but stimulating a mirror-symmetric position in the left visual half-field did not abolish threshold elevation in the right half-field. These observations suggest that: (a) threshold elevation probably occurs as a consequence of collicular adaptation and (b) the mirror-symmetrically organized interhemispheric interaction is mediated at the collicular level.}, @@ -22810,7 +22799,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Collicular function in human vision}, Volume = {35}, Year = {1979}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zihl_ExpBrainRes1979.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zihl_ExpBrainRes1979.pdf}} @article{Singer:1977, Author = {Singer, W and Zihl, J and P{\"o}ppel, E}, @@ -22828,7 +22817,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Subcortical control of visual thresholds in humans: evidence for modality specific and retinotopically organized mechanisms of selective attention}, Volume = {29}, Year = {1977}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Singer_ExpBrainRes1977.pdf}} + File = {papers/Singer_ExpBrainRes1977.pdf}} @article{Boire:2001, Abstract = {The anatomical consequences of unilateral cerebral hemispherectomy in some animal models are reviewed. We have shown that the retinogenigulate pathway undergoes severe degenerative changes in hemispherectomized monkeys, greater than those shown in cats and we proposed that remaining retinal terminals to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus have little potential for conveying visual information any further. All subdivisions of the pulvinar undergo severe degeneration following hemispherectomy showing that the ascending tectofugal pathway is also shut off. On the other hand, the retina subserving the blind field is not depleted of ganglion cells which still send normal appearing terminals to the midbrain pretectum and superior colliculus. Visual information from the blind hemifield can thus gain access to the brain and could potentially reach the contralateral cerebral cortex through the midbrain commissure and possibly through thalamic commissural cells.}, @@ -22861,7 +22850,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {'Seeing' in the blind hemifield following hemispherectomy}, Volume = {134}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ptito_ProgBrainRes2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ptito_ProgBrainRes2001.pdf}} @article{Fox:1965, Author = {Fox, M W}, @@ -22879,7 +22868,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The visual cliff test for the study of visual depth perception in the mouse}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1965}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fox_AnimBehav1965.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fox_AnimBehav1965.pdf}} @article{Rodger:2005, Abstract = {Following unilateral optic nerve section in adult PVG hooded rat, the axon guidance cue ephrin-A2 is up-regulated in caudal but not rostral superior colliculus (SC) and the EphA5 receptor is down-regulated in axotomised retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Changes occur bilaterally despite the retino-collicular projection being mostly crossed. Here we investigate the dynamics of Eph/ephrin expression using in situ hybridization and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry after localized retinal lesions. Unilateral krypton laser lesions to dorso-nasal retina ablated contralaterally projecting RGCs (DN group); ventro-temporal lesions ablated contralaterally and ipsilaterally projecting RGCs (VT group). Lesions of the entire retina served as controls (Total group). Results are compared to normal animals in which tectal ephrin-A2 and retinal EphA5 are expressed, respectively, as shallow ascending rostro-caudal and naso-temporal gradients. In both SCs of DN and Total groups, tectal ephrin-A2 was up-regulated caudally; in the VT group, expression remained normal bilaterally. Unilateral collicular ablation indicated that bilateral changes in ephrin-A2 expression are mediated via intercollicular pathways. EphA5 expression in the VT group was elevated in the intact nasal region of experimental retinae. For each experimental group, EphA5 expression was also elevated in nasal retina of the opposite eye, resulting in uniform expression across the naso-temporal axis. Up-regulation of ephrin-A2 in caudal, but not rostral, SC suggests the enhancement of developmental positional information as a result of injury. Bilateral increases in retinal EphA5 expression demonstrate that signals for up-regulation operate interocularly. The study demonstrates that signals regulating guidance cue expression are both localized and relayed transneuronally.}, @@ -22899,7 +22888,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Eph/ephrin expression in the adult rat visual system following localized retinal lesions: localized and transneuronal up-regulation in the retina and superior colliculus}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rodger_EurJNeurosci2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rodger_EurJNeurosci2005.pdf}} @article{Chino:1997, Abstract = {In macaque monkeys, the age at which neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) become sensitive to interocular image disparities, a prerequisite for stereopsis, is a matter of conjecture. To resolve this fundamental issue in binocular vision development, we measured the responsiveness of individual V1 neurons in anesthetized and paralyzed infant monkeys as a function of the relative, interocular, spatial phase of dichoptic sine-wave gratings. We found that an adult-like proportion of units were sensitive to interocular image disparity as early as the sixth postnatal day, several weeks before the onset age for stereopsis in monkeys. The ocular dominance distributions of cells in infant monkeys were also indistinguishable from those of adults. Thus, at or only a few days after birth, V1 neurons are capable of combining neural signals from the two eyes as in adults and are sensitive to interocular image disparities. However, the monocular spatial-frequency response properties of these disparity-sensitive units were immature, and their overall responsiveness was far lower than that in adults. During the first 4 postnatal weeks, both the spatial frequency response properties and the peak response amplitude rapidly improved, which resulted in a corresponding increase in the absolute sensitivity of individual units to interocular disparity. The results demonstrate that early binocular vision development in monkeys is not constrained by a paucity of disparity-sensitive V1 neurons but, instead, by the relative immaturity of the spatial response properties and the overall unresponsiveness of existing disparity-sensitive neurons.}, @@ -22918,7 +22907,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Postnatal development of binocular disparity sensitivity in neurons of the primate visual cortex}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chino_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chino_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} @article{Dias:1991, Abstract = {Binocular visual responses can be recorded in two regions of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of the opossum. The direct binocular region (DBR) represents the binocular portion of the contralateral hemifield whereas the rostral pole (RP) represents the binocular portion of the ipsilateral hemifield. In the present study single units from both of these regions were tested with binocular and monocular stimulation. Most cells in both regions showed response facilitation when both eyes were simultaneously stimulated and, when tested with different binocular disparities, most cells showed broadly-tuned disparity selectivity. DBR units usually preferred disparities near zero whereas RP units had a wider range of preferred disparities, with a tendency toward positive (crossed) values. This data indicates that the superior colliculus of the opossum could provide a neural substrate for a coarse analysis of depth and also might help control vergence eye movements. The different ranges of disparity selectivity of DBR and RP are consistent with the previously reported monocular receptive-field data and suggest that DBR and RP analyze different depths of the 3-dimensional visual scene.}, @@ -22936,7 +22925,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Disparity selective units in the superior colliculus of the opossum}, Volume = {87}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dias_ExpBrainRes1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dias_ExpBrainRes1991.pdf}} @article{Coleman:2009, Abstract = {Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is a classic paradigm for studying the effect of experience and deprivation on cortical development, and is manifested as shifts in the relative strength of binocular inputs to primary visual cortex (V1). The mouse has become an increasingly popular model for mechanistic studies of OD plasticity and, consequently, it is important that we understand how binocularity is constructed in this species. One puzzling feature of the mouse visual system is the gross disparity between the physiological strength of each eye in V1 and their anatomical representation in the projection from retina to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). While the contralateral-to-ipsilateral (C/I) ratio of visually evoked responses in binocular V1 is approximately 2:1, the ipsilateral retinal projection is weakly represented in terms of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density where the C/I ratio is approximately 9:1. The structural basis for this relative amplification of ipsilateral eye responses between retina and V1 is not known. Here we employed neuroanatomical tracing and morphometric techniques to quantify the relative magnitude of each eye's input to and output from the binocular segment of dLGN. Our data are consistent with the previous suggestion that a point in space viewed by both eyes will activate 9 times as many RGCs in the contralateral retina as in the ipsilateral retina. Nonetheless, the volume of the dLGN binocular segment occupied by contralateral retinogeniculate inputs is only 2.4 times larger than the volume occupied by ipsilateral retinogeniculate inputs and recipient relay cells are evenly distributed among the input layers. The results from our morphometric analyses show that this reduction in input volume can be accounted for by a three-to-one convergence of contralateral eye RGC inputs to dLGN neurons. Together, our findings establish that the relative density of feed-forward dLGN inputs determines the C/I response ratio of mouse binocular V1.}, @@ -22957,7 +22946,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Anatomical origins of ocular dominance in mouse primary visual cortex}, Volume = {161}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Coleman_Neuroscience2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Coleman_Neuroscience2009.pdf}} @article{Berman:1975, Abstract = {1. Binocularly driven neurones with small receptive fields near the area centralis were recorded in the cat's superior colliculus. 2. Binocular interaction was tested by stimulating both eyes simultaneously with a single moving stimulus at various retinal disparities. 3. Collicular cells in general showed strong summation or even facilitation when the images of the stimulus were in exact correspondence on the receptive fields, sometimes with occlusion when they were out of register. The range of retinal disparity over which there was additive interaction could be as little as 1 or 2 deg, almost as narrow as for the most precisely tuned neurones in the visual cortex. Even cells with large receptive fields sometimes showed a narrow range of binocular interaction. 4. Non-directional cells generally exhibited weaker summation and broader disparity selectivity than did direction-selective cells. 5. Some neurones with virtually no response to a stimulus in one of the eyes can exhibit marked binocular interaction. Other apparently monocular cells show little or no binocular interaction. 6. The disparity of the centres of the receptive fields was measured after correcting for small eye movements, which were assessed by two different techniques. For 132 cells the measured distribution of horizontal disparity (range 4.5 deg; S.D. 0.93 deg) was significantly broader than that of vertical disparity (range 2.2 deg; S.D. 0.52 deg). Sources of error in these measurements are considered. 7. The results are discussed in relation to the known connexions between visual cortex and superior colliculus and the possible role of the latter in the regulation of eye movements.}, @@ -22977,7 +22966,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Binocular interaction in the cat's superior colliculus}, Volume = {246}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Berman_JPhysiol1975.pdf}} + File = {papers/Berman_JPhysiol1975.pdf}} @article{Sylvester:2007, Abstract = {Eye patching has revealed enhanced saccadic latencies or attention effects when orienting toward visual stimuli presented in the temporal versus nasal hemifields of humans. Such behavioral advantages have been tentatively proposed to reflect possible temporal-nasal differences in the retinotectal pathway to the superior colliculus, rather than in the retinogeniculate pathway or visual cortex. However, this has not been directly tested with physiological measures in humans. Here, we examined responses of the human superior colliculus (SC) to contralateral visual field stimulation, using high spatial resolution fMRI, while manipulating which hemifield was stimulated and orthogonally which eye was patched. The SC responded more strongly to visual stimulation when eye-patching made this stimulation temporal rather than nasal. In contrast, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) plus retinotopic cortical areas V1-V3 did not show any temporal-nasal differences and differed from the SC in this respect. These results provide the first direct physiological demonstration in humans that SC shows temporal-nasal differences that LGN and early visual cortex apparently do not. This may represent a temporal hemifield bias in the strength of the retinotectal pathway, leading to a preference for the contralateral hemifield in the contralateral eye.}, @@ -22997,7 +22986,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visual FMRI responses in human superior colliculus show a temporal-nasal asymmetry that is absent in lateral geniculate and visual cortex}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sylvester_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sylvester_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}} @article{Held:1980, Abstract = {Stereograms were presented in a two-choice preference procedure. The mean age at which stereopsis was first demonstrable was 16 weeks. By a mean age of 21 weeks, infants had achieved stereoacuity of 1 minute of arc or better. In comparison with the relatively slow development of visual acuity, the time course for the development of stereoacuity is extremely rapid.}, @@ -23017,7 +23006,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Stereoacuity of human infants}, Volume = {77}, Year = {1980}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Held_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1980.pdf}} + File = {papers/Held_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1980.pdf}} @article{Wang:2010b, Abstract = {Changes of ocular dominance in the visual cortex can be induced by visual manipulations during a critical period in early life. However, the role of critical period plasticity in normal development is unknown. Here we show that at the onset of this time window, the preferred orientations of individual cortical cells in the mouse are mismatched through the two eyes and the mismatch decreases and reaches adult levels by the end of the period. Deprivation of visual experience during this period irreversibly blocks the binocular matching of orientation preference, but has no effect in adulthood. The critical period of binocular matching can be delayed by long-term visual deprivation from birth, like that of ocular dominance plasticity. These results demonstrate that activity-dependent changes induced by normal visual experience during the well-studied critical period serve to match eye-specific inputs in the cortex, thus revealing a physiological role for critical period plasticity during normal development.}, @@ -23038,7 +23027,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Critical period plasticity matches binocular orientation preference in the visual cortex}, Volume = {65}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_Neuron2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wang_Neuron2010.pdf}} @article{Bunt:1981, Abstract = {Intraocular HRP injections in E16-21 embryos show that during the normal development of the central optic projections in hooded and albino rats many optic axons grow through the chiasm into the contralateral eye. This retino-retinal projection disappears shortly after birth. This suggests that an initial, imprecise guidance of growing axons is followed by a selective elimination of axons taking aberrant pathways and failing to make appropriate synapses.}, @@ -23057,7 +23046,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of a transient retino-retinal pathway in hooded and albino rats}, Volume = {211}, Year = {1981}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bunt_BrainRes1981.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bunt_BrainRes1981.pdf}} @article{Ferrari:2006, Abstract = {The emergence of social behaviors early in life is likely crucial for the development of mother-infant relationships. Some of these behaviors, such as the capacity of neonates to imitate adult facial movements, were previously thought to be limited to humans and perhaps the ape lineage. Here we report the behavioral responses of infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to the following human facial and hand gestures: lip smacking, tongue protrusion, mouth opening, hand opening, and opening and closing of eyes (control condition). In the third day of life, infant macaques imitate lip smacking and tongue protrusion. On the first day of life, the model's mouth openings elicited a similar matched behavior (lip smacking) in the infants. These imitative responses are present at an early stage of development, but they are apparently confined to a narrow temporal window. Because lip smacking is a core gesture in face-to-face interactions in macaques, neonatal imitation may serve to tune infants' affiliative responses to the social world. Our findings provide a quantitative description of neonatal imitation in a nonhuman primate species and suggest that these imitative capacities, contrary to what was previously thought, are not unique to the ape and human lineage. We suggest that their evolutionary origins may be traced to affiliative gestures with communicative functions.}, @@ -23077,7 +23066,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neonatal imitation in rhesus macaques}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ferrari_PLoSBiol2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ferrari_PLoSBiol2006.pdf}} @article{Meltzoff:1990, Abstract = {This chapter began with a query about whether there was any content to an enterprise called "developmental cognitive science," and if so, whether the findings could inform work in adult cognition and neuropsychology. Both questions can now be answered in the affirmative. Evidence has been marshaled from infant studies concerning five topics of enduring interest in the cognitive and neuro-sciences: cross-modal integration, imitation, the coordination of perception and action, memory, and representation. The data show that young human infants can detect equivalences between information picked up by different sensory modalities. This was demonstrated both in tactual-visual perception of objects and auditory-visual perception of speech. Results also show that perception and production are intertwined literally from the earliest phases of infancy, with 4-month-olds demonstrating vocal imitation and newborns reproducing elementary gestures they saw an adult perform. There seems to be a transparency between the perceptual and motor systems, and it is conceivable that they may draw on the same internal code. Infants' proclivity to imitate was used to investigate early memory. It was found that young infants were not constrained to immediate mimicry, but could imitate after significant delays. The findings support the inference that infants, perhaps as early as birth, have a functioning memory system that cannot be reduced to "habit formation" or an exclusively "procedural memory." It was proposed instead that there is a kernel of some higher level memory system right from the earliest phases of human infancy. This does not imply that there is no development in the representational world of infants. Data were reviewed suggesting that there is a watershed transformation in childhood cognition at about 18 months of age. However, this is not a change from a stage in which there was a purely sensorimotor or habit-based system. Rather the development was characterized as a shift from using empirical or experience-based representations to using hypothetical representations, which concern possible realities. This developmental shift allows children to project into the future "what must be" and deduce from the past "what must have been," in advance of, and sometimes in the absence of, strictly perceptual evidence. This capacity provides the underpinnings for the conduct of science itself. Its origins are to be found in infancy.}, @@ -23094,7 +23083,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Towards a developmental cognitive science. The implications of cross-modal matching and imitation for the development of representation and memory in infancy}, Volume = {608}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meltzoff_AnnNYAcadSci1990.pdf}} + File = {papers/Meltzoff_AnnNYAcadSci1990.pdf}} @article{Beier:2011, Abstract = {To understand how the nervous system processes information, a map of the connections among neurons would be of great benefit. Here we describe the use of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) for tracing neuronal connections in vivo. We made VSV vectors that used glycoprotein (G) genes from several other viruses. The G protein from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus endowed VSV with the ability to spread transsynaptically, specifically in an anterograde direction, whereas the rabies virus glycoprotein gave a specifically retrograde transsynaptic pattern. The use of an avian G protein fusion allowed specific targeting of cells expressing an avian receptor, which allowed a demonstration of monosynaptic anterograde tracing from defined cells. Synaptic connectivity of pairs of virally labeled cells was demonstrated by using slice cultures and electrophysiology. In vivo infections of several areas in the mouse brain led to the predicted patterns of spread for anterograde or retrograde tracers.}, @@ -23110,7 +23099,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic labeling of CNS neurons with vesicular stomatitis virus vectors}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Beier_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Beier_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}} @article{Greifzu:2011, Abstract = {We tested the influence of a photothrombotic lesion in somatosensory cortex on plasticity in the mouse visual system and the efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment to rescue compromised learning. To challenge plasticity mechanisms, we induced monocular deprivation (MD) in 3-mo-old mice. In control animals, MD induced an increase of visual acuity of the open eye and an ocular dominance (OD) shift towards this eye. In contrast, after photothrombosis, there was neither an enhancement of visual acuity nor an OD-shift. However, OD-plasticity was present in the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion. Anti-inflammatory treatment restored sensory learning but not OD-plasticity, as did a 2-wk delay between photothrombosis and MD. We conclude that (i) both sensory learning and cortical plasticity are compromised in the surround of a cortical lesion; (ii) transient inflammation is responsible for impaired sensory learning, suggesting anti-inflammatory treatment as a useful adjuvant therapy to support rehabilitation following stroke; and (iii) OD-plasticity cannot be conceptualized solely as a local process because nonlocal influences are more important than previously assumed.}, @@ -23126,7 +23115,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Global impairment and therapeutic restoration of visual plasticity mechanisms after a localized cortical stroke}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Greifzu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Greifzu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}} @article{Dang-Vu:2011, Abstract = {Humans are less responsive to the surrounding environment during sleep. However, the extent to which the human brain responds to external stimuli during sleep is uncertain. We used simultaneous EEG and functional MRI to characterize brain responses to tones during wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Sounds during wakefulness elicited responses in the thalamus and primary auditory cortex. These responses persisted in NREM sleep, except throughout spindles, during which they became less consistent. When sounds induced a K complex, activity in the auditory cortex was enhanced and responses in distant frontal areas were elicited, similar to the stereotypical pattern associated with slow oscillations. These data show that sound processing during NREM sleep is constrained by fundamental brain oscillatory modes (slow oscillations and spindles), which result in a complex interplay between spontaneous and induced brain activity. The distortion of sensory information at the thalamic level, especially during spindles, functionally isolates the cortex from the environment and might provide unique conditions favorable for off-line memory processing.}, @@ -23142,7 +23131,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Interplay between spontaneous and induced brain activity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dang-Vu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dang-Vu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}} @article{Drager:1980, Abstract = {The extent of the binocular cortical field in albino mice, as revealed by recording from single cells, was almost normal; although the input from the ipsilateral eye was weaker than normal, most cells were driven from both eyes. By backfilling retinal ganglion cells from one optic tract with horseradish peroxidase we examined the origins of the retinofugal projections. Filled cells ipsilateral to the injected tract were concentrated in a crescent-shaped area bordering the inferior temperal retina. In black mice this area constituted 20\% of the total retinal area, in albinos 17\%. In black mice we counted nearly 1,000 labeled cells in the ipsilateral retina, or 2.6\% of all cells filled in both eyes. Albinos had about one-third fewer filled cells ipsilaterally than black mice. Four percent of all ipsilaterally filled cells in black mice and 8\% in albinos were scattered outside of the crescent region. The density of ipsilaterally projecting cells was uniform throughout the crescent region in black mice, but decreased toward the central retina in albinos. In retinas contralateral to the injection up to 39,000 cells were filled-about two-thirds of the cells in the ganglion-cell layer whose cytoplasm contained conspicuous Nissl substance. Depending on classification of unfilled cells as ganglion cells or interneurons, we estimated a total of 48,000 to 65,000 ganglion cells to exist in the retina. The size distribution of ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells was similar in albinos and normals. Ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells were on average 1.8-3 times larger in volume than contralaterally projecting ones in both types of mice. Displaced ganglion cells were relatively more common in ipsilateral retinofugal projections: 21\% of all ipsilateral ganglion cells were displaced versus less than 1\% of all the contralateral ganglion cells in black mice. In albinos only 13\% of the ganglion cells in the ipsilateral retina were displaced. The overall reduction in ipsilaterally projecting cells in albinos was reflected twice as much in displaced ganglion cells as in normally placed ones.}, @@ -23162,7 +23151,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Origins of crossed and uncrossed retinal projections in pigmented and albino mice}, Volume = {191}, Year = {1980}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dräger_JCompNeurol1980.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dräger_JCompNeurol1980.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901910306}} @article{Sahraie:1997, @@ -23183,7 +23172,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Pattern of neuronal activity associated with conscious and unconscious processing of visual signals}, Volume = {94}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sahraie_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sahraie_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} @article{Rajimehr:2009, Abstract = {In humans and other Old World primates, much of visual cortex comprises a set of retinotopic maps, embedded in a cortical sheet with well known, identifiable folding patterns. However, the relationship between these two prominent cortical variables has not been comprehensively studied. Here, we quantitatively tested this relationship using functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging in monkeys and humans. We found that the vertical meridian of the visual field tends to be represented on gyri (convex folds), whereas the horizontal meridian is preferentially represented in sulci (concave folds), throughout visual cortex in both primate species. This relationship suggests that the retinotopic maps may constrain the pattern of cortical folding during development.}, @@ -23204,7 +23193,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Does retinotopy influence cortical folding in primate visual cortex?}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rajimehr_JNeurosci2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rajimehr_JNeurosci2009.pdf}} @article{Thanos:1999, Abstract = {Unilateral intraocular injections of either of two fluorescent carbocyanine dyes into the embryonic chick eye resulted in both retrograde staining of ganglion cells (GCs) in the eye contralateral to site of injection and anterograde labeling of axons whose cell bodies were located within the injected eye. This prominent retino-retinal projection formed by thousands of GCs having a nasal origin and temporal termination appeared at embryonic day 6 (E6), attained its maximum intensity at E13-E14, and gradually disappeared until E18. The axonal growth cones ended superficially and never penetrated deeper layers of the retina. Treatment of the projection with BDNF resulted in massive terminal branching of the axons within deeper layers of the target retina. Double injection into the eye and the isthmo-optic nucleus showed a concomitant ingrowth of axons in the contralateral retina. Individual GCs died between E9 and E13, but massive apoptotic cell death was mainly monitored at E14 and later. Disintegrated cells showed typical images of apoptosis. Because degenerating cells were prelabeled with the membranophilic fluorescent carbocyanine dye, their death allowed the concomitant visualization of phagocytosing cells, too. Radial M{\"u}ller glia were the only class of cells observed to become phagocytotic between E9 and E16. These cells became replaced exclusively with microglial cells from E17 on. The results suggest that the topologically restricted retino-retinal projection may have some developmental significance rather than representing a massive erroneous projection. Most likely, the projection may serve as a "template" to guide centrifugal isthmo-optic axons into the retina.}, @@ -23223,7 +23212,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genesis, neurotrophin responsiveness, and apoptosis of a pronounced direct connection between the two eyes of the chick embryo: a natural error or a meaningful developmental event?}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thanos_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Thanos_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Takahashi:2007a, Abstract = {The functional roles of commissural excitation and inhibition between the two superior colliculi (SCs) are not yet well understood. We previously showed the existence of strong excitatory commissural connections between the rostral SCs, although commissural connections had been considered to be mainly inhibitory. In this study, by recording intracellular potentials, we examined the topographical distribution of commissural monosynaptic excitation and inhibition from the contralateral medial and lateral SC to tectoreticular neurons (TRNs) in the medial or lateral SC of anesthetized cats. About 85\% of TRNs examined projected to both the ipsilateral Forel's field H and the contralateral inhibitory burst neuron region where the respective premotor neurons for vertical and horizontal saccades reside. Medial TRNs received strong commissural excitation from the medial part of the opposite SC, whereas lateral TRNs received excitation mainly from its lateral part. Injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the lateral or medial SC retrogradely labeled many larger neurons in the lateral or medial part of the contralateral SC, respectively. These results indicated that excitatory commissural connections exist between the medial and medial parts and between the lateral and lateral parts of the rostral SCs. These may play an important role in reinforcing the conjugacy of upward and downward saccades, respectively. In contrast, medial SC projections to lateral SC TRNs and lateral SC projections to medial TRNs mainly produce strong inhibition. This shows that regions representing upward saccades inhibit contralateral regions representing downward saccades and vice versa.}, @@ -23243,7 +23232,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Commissural mirror-symmetric excitation and reciprocal inhibition between the two superior colliculi and their roles in vertical and horizontal eye movements}, Volume = {98}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takahashi_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Takahashi_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}} @article{Takahashi:2010a, Abstract = {Our electrophysiological study showed that there are topographic connections between excitatory and inhibitory commissural neurons (CNs) in one superior colliculus (SC) and tectoreticular neurons (TRNs) in the opposite SC. To obtain morphological evidence for these topographic commissural connections between the SCs, tracers were injected into various parts of the SC, the inhibitory burst neuron (IBN) area and Forel's field H (FFH), in the cat. Retrogradely labeled CNs were classified into three types according to their somatic areas and identified as GABA-positive or -negative immunohistochemically. Caudal SC injections labeled small GABA-positive CNs (<200 μm(2)) in the deep layers of the opposite rostral SC. Rostral SC injections mainly labeled medium-sized GABA-negative CNs (200-700 μm(2)) in the upper intermediate layer of the opposite rostral SC and small GABA-positive CNs in its deeper layers. Lateral SC injections labeled small GABA-positive CNs in the opposite medial SC and mainly medium-sized GABA-negative CNs in its lateral part. Medial SC injections labeled small GABA-positive CNs in the lateral SC and medium-sized GABA-negative CNs in the medial SC. In comparison, TRNs projecting to the FFH or IBN region were large (>700 μm(2)) and medium-sized. Many of the medium-sized GABA-negative CNs were TRNs projecting to the FFH. These results indicate that mirror-symmetric excitatory pathways link medial to medial (upper field) and lateral to lateral (lower field) parts of the SCs, whereas upper and lower field representations are linked by reciprocal inhibitory pathways in the tectal commissure. These connections presumably play important roles in conjugate upward and downward vertical saccades.}, @@ -23263,7 +23252,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Topographic organization of excitatory and inhibitory commissural connections in the superior colliculi and their functional roles in saccade generation}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takahashi_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf}} + File = {papers/Takahashi_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf}} @article{Tognini:2011, Abstract = {miR-132 is a CREB-induced microRNA that is involved in dendritic spine plasticity. We found that visual experience regulated histone post-translational modifications at a CRE locus that is important for miR-212 and miR-132 cluster transcription, and regulated miR-132 expression in the visual cortex of juvenile mice. Monocular deprivation reduced miR-132 expression in the cortex contralateral to the deprived eye. Counteracting this miR-132 reduction with an infusion of chemically modified miR-132 mimic oligonucleotides completely blocked ocular dominance plasticity.}, @@ -23279,7 +23268,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Experience-dependent expression of miR-132 regulates ocular dominance plasticity}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tognini_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tognini_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2920}} @article{Mellios:2011, @@ -23296,7 +23285,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {miR-132, an experience-dependent microRNA, is essential for visual cortex plasticity}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mellios_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mellios_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Mellios_NatNeurosci2011a.pdf}} @article{Olavarria:1996, @@ -23317,7 +23306,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Non-mirror-symmetric patterns of callosal linkages in areas 17 and 18 in cat visual cortex}, Volume = {366}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1996.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol1996.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960318)366:4%5C<643::AID-CNE6%5C>3.0.CO;2-4}} @article{Olavarria:2003, @@ -23338,7 +23327,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal influences specify cortico-cortical maps by postnatal day six in rats and mice}, Volume = {459}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10615}} @article{Sengpiel:2002, @@ -23358,7 +23347,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The role of activity in development of the visual system}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sengpiel_CurrBiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sengpiel_CurrBiol2002.pdf}} @article{Berns:1993, Abstract = {Neurons in the visual cortex require correlated binocular activity during a critical period early in life to develop normal response properties. We present a model for how the disparity selectivity of cortical neurons might arise during development. The model is based on Hebbian mechanisms for plasticity at synapses between geniculocortical neurons and cortical cells. The model is driven by correlated activity in retinal ganglion cells within each eye before birth and additionally between eyes after birth. With no correlations present between the eyes, the cortical model developed only monocular cells. Adding a small amount of correlation between eyes at the beginning of development produced cortical neurons that were entirely binocular and tuned to zero disparity. However, if an initial phase of purely same-eye correlations was followed by a second phase of development that included correlations between eyes, the cortical model became populated with both monocular and binocular cells. Moreover, in the two-phase model, binocular cells tended to be selective for zero disparity, whereas the more monocular cells tended to have nonzero disparity. This relationship between ocular dominance and disparity has been observed in the visual cortex of the cat by other workers. Differences in the relative timing of the two developmental phases could account for the higher proportion of monocular cells found in the visual cortices of other animals.}, @@ -23378,7 +23367,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A correlational model for the development of disparity selectivity in visual cortex that depends on prenatal and postnatal phases}, Volume = {90}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Berns_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Berns_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1993.pdf}} @article{Voss:2011, Author = {Voss, Patrice}, @@ -23396,7 +23385,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Superior tactile abilities in the blind: is blindness required?}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Voss_JNeurosci2011.pdf}} + File = {papers/Voss_JNeurosci2011.pdf}} @article{Fagiolini:1994, Abstract = {Postnatal development of rat visual cortical functions was studied by recording extracellularly from the primary visual cortex of 22 animals ranging in age from postnatal day 17 (P17) to P45. We found that in the youngest animals (P17-P19) all visual cortical functions tested were immature. Selectivity for orientation and movement direction of visual stimuli was almost absent, most cells received binocular input and their mean receptive field size was 5-6 times the adult size. Visual acuity was half its adult value. These functional properties developed gradually during the following weeks and by P45 they were all adult-like. This functional development is affected by manipulations of the visual input such as dark rearing (DR) and monocular deprivation (MD). DR prevented the normal postnatal maturation of visual cortical functions: in P60 rats, dark reared from birth, their visual cortical functions resembled those of P19-P21 rats. MD from P15 to P45 resulted in a dramatic shift of the ocular dominance distribution (ODD) in favour of the open eye and in a loss of visual acuity for the deprived eye. To determine the sensitive period of rat visual cortex to MD (critical period) we evaluated the shift in ODD of visual cortical neurones in rats that were subjected to the progressive delay of the onset of fixed MD period (10 days). Our results show that the critical period begins around the end of the third postnatal week, peaks between the fourth and fifth week and starts to decline from the end of the fifth week.}, @@ -23415,7 +23404,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional postnatal development of the rat primary visual cortex and the role of visual experience: dark rearing and monocular deprivation}, Volume = {34}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fagiolini_VisionRes1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fagiolini_VisionRes1994.pdf}} @article{Olavarria:2006, Abstract = {In normal rats callosal projections in striate cortex connect retinotopically corresponding, nonmirror-symmetric cortical loci, whereas in rats bilaterally enucleated at birth, callosal fibers connect topographically mismatched, mirror-symmetric loci. Moreover, retina input specifies the topography of callosal projections by postnatal day (P)6. To investigate whether retinal input guides development of callosal maps by promoting either the corrective pruning of exuberant axon branches or the specific ingrowth and elaboration of axon branches at topographically correct places, we studied the topography of emerging callosal connections at and immediately after P6. After restricted intracortical injections of anterogradely and retrogradely transported tracers we observed that the normal, nonmirror-symmetric callosal map, as well as the anomalous, mirror-symmetric map observed in neonatally enucleated animals, are present by P6-7, just as collateral branches of simple architecture emerge from their parental axons and grow into superficial cortical layers. Our results therefore do not support the idea that retinal input guides callosal map formation by primarily promoting the large-scale elimination of long, nontopographic branches and arbors. Instead, they suggest that retinal input specifies the sites on the parental axons from which interstitial branches will grow to invade middle and upper cortical layers, thereby ensuring that the location of invading interstitial branches is accurately related to the topographical location of the soma that gives rise to the parental axon. Moreover, our results from enucleated rats suggest that the cues that determine the mirror-symmetric callosal map exert only a weak control on the topography of fiber ingrowth.}, @@ -23435,7 +23424,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of callosal topography in visual cortex of normal and enucleated rats}, Volume = {496}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olavarria_JCompNeurol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20938}} @article{Adams:2003, @@ -23454,7 +23443,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Capricious expression of cortical columns in the primate brain}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Adams_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Adams_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1004}} @article{Warland:2006, @@ -23474,7 +23463,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the fetal macaque retina during development of retinogeniculate pathways}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Warland_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Warland_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0328-06.2006}} @article{Phillips:2011, @@ -23493,7 +23482,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A synaptic strategy for consolidation of convergent visuotopic maps}, Volume = {71}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Phillips_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Phillips_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Phillips_Neuron2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.023}} @@ -23515,7 +23504,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visual experience-dependent maturation of correlated neuronal activity patterns in a developing visual system}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xu_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Xu_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5802-10.2011}} @article{Wagor:1980, @@ -23535,7 +23524,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinotopic organization of striate and extrastriate visual cortex in the mouse}, Volume = {193}, Year = {1980}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wagor_JCompNeurol1980.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wagor_JCompNeurol1980.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901930113}} @article{Hofbauer:1985, @@ -23555,7 +23544,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Depth segregation of retinal ganglion cells projecting to mouse superior colliculus}, Volume = {234}, Year = {1985}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hofbauer_JCompNeurol1985.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hofbauer_JCompNeurol1985.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902340405}} @article{Borghuis:2011, @@ -23575,7 +23564,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging light responses of targeted neuron populations in the rodent retina}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Borghuis_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Borghuis_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6064-10.2011}} @article{Yamada:2010, @@ -23596,7 +23585,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Role of pre- and postsynaptic activity in thalamocortical axon branching}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yamada_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yamada_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900613107}} @article{Koch:2011, @@ -23615,7 +23604,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Pathway-specific genetic attenuation of glutamate release alters select features of competition-based visual circuit refinement}, Volume = {71}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koch_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Koch_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Koch_Neuron2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.045}} @@ -23636,7 +23625,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetically encoded indicators of cellular calcium dynamics based on troponin C and green fluorescent protein}, Volume = {279}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Heim_JBiolChem2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Heim_JBiolChem2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M312751200}} @article{Muto:2011, @@ -23657,7 +23646,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetic visualization with an improved GCaMP calcium indicator reveals spatiotemporal activation of the spinal motor neurons in zebrafish}, Volume = {108}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Muto_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Muto_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000887108}} @article{Higashijima:2003, @@ -23677,7 +23666,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging neuronal activity during zebrafish behavior with a genetically encoded calcium indicator}, Volume = {90}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Higashijima_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Higashijima_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00576.2003}} @article{Kerr:2000, @@ -23697,7 +23686,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical imaging of calcium transients in neurons and pharyngeal muscle of C. elegans}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kerr_Neuron2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kerr_Neuron2000.pdf}} @article{Jayaraman:2007, Abstract = {Genetically encoded optical indicators hold the promise of enabling non-invasive monitoring of activity in identified neurons in behaving organisms. However, the interpretation of images of brain activity produced using such sensors is not straightforward. Several recent studies of sensory coding used G-CaMP 1.3-a calcium sensor-as an indicator of neural activity; some of these studies characterized the imaged neurons as having narrow tuning curves, a conclusion not always supported by parallel electrophysiological studies. To better understand the possible cause of these conflicting results, we performed simultaneous in vivo 2-photon imaging and electrophysiological recording of G-CaMP 1.3 expressing neurons in the antennal lobe (AL) of intact fruitflies. We find that G-CaMP has a relatively high threshold, that its signal often fails to capture spiking response kinetics, and that it can miss even high instantaneous rates of activity if those are not sustained. While G-CaMP can be misleading, it is clearly useful for the identification of promising neural targets: when electrical activity is well above the sensor's detection threshold, its signal is fairly well correlated with mean firing rate and G-CaMP does not appear to alter significantly the responses of neurons that express it. The methods we present should enable any genetically encoded sensor, activator, or silencer to be evaluated in an intact neural circuit in vivo in Drosophila.}, @@ -23714,7 +23703,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Evaluating a genetically encoded optical sensor of neural activity using electrophysiology in intact adult fruit flies}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jayaraman_FrontNeuralCircuits2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jayaraman_FrontNeuralCircuits2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.04.003.2007}} @article{Chalasani:2007, @@ -23734,7 +23723,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Dissecting a circuit for olfactory behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans}, Volume = {450}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chalasani_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chalasani_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06292}} @article{Yasuda:2011, @@ -23755,7 +23744,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Multiple forms of activity-dependent competition refine hippocampal circuits in vivo}, Volume = {70}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yasuda_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yasuda_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.027}} @article{Johnson:2011, @@ -23775,7 +23764,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Position-dependent patterning of spontaneous action potentials in immature cochlear inner hair cells}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Johnson_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Johnson_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2803}} @article{Rochefort:2011, @@ -23794,7 +23783,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of direction selectivity in mouse cortical neurons}, Volume = {71}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rochefort_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rochefort_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.06.013}} @article{Soteropoulos:2011, @@ -23813,7 +23802,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Lack of evidence for direct corticospinal contributions to control of the ipsilateral forelimb in monkey}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Soteropoulos_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Soteropoulos_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0257-11.2011}} @article{Butts:2011, @@ -23832,7 +23821,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Temporal Precision in the Visual Pathway through the Interplay of Excitation and Stimulus-Driven Suppression}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Butts_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Butts_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0434-11.2011}} @article{Paige:2011, @@ -23852,7 +23841,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein}, Volume = {333}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Paige_Science2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Paige_Science2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1207339}} @article{Kralj:2011, @@ -23872,7 +23861,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Electrical spiking in Escherichia coli probed with a fluorescent voltage-indicating protein}, Volume = {333}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kralj_Science2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kralj_Science2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1204763}} @article{Ray:2011, @@ -23892,7 +23881,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Impaired respiratory and body temperature control upon acute serotonergic neuron inhibition}, Volume = {333}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ray_Science2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ray_Science2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1205295}} @article{Pangratz-Fuehrer:2011, @@ -23911,7 +23900,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synaptogenesis of electrical and GABAergic synapses of fast-spiking inhibitory neurons in the neocortex}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pangratz-Fuehrer_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pangratz-Fuehrer_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6655-10.2011}} @article{Yizhar:2011, @@ -23927,7 +23916,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yizhar_Nature2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yizhar_Nature2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10360}} @article{Kremer:2011, @@ -23946,7 +23935,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Late emergence of the vibrissa direction selectivity map in the rat barrel cortex}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kremer_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kremer_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6541-10.2011}} @article{Crisp:2011, @@ -23965,7 +23954,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Endogenous patterns of activity are required for the maturation of a motor network}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crisp_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Crisp_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0346-11.2011}} @article{Chen:2011, @@ -23985,7 +23974,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex are mediated by distinct populations of ipRGCs}, Volume = {476}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Nature2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_Nature2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10206}} @article{Croen:2011, @@ -24001,7 +23990,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Croen_ArchGenPsychiatry2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Croen_ArchGenPsychiatry2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73}} @article{Hallmayer:2011, @@ -24017,7 +24006,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Genetic Heritability and Shared Environmental Factors Among Twin Pairs With Autism}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hallmayer_ArchGenPsychiatry2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hallmayer_ArchGenPsychiatry2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hallmayer_ArchGenPsychiatry2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76}} @@ -24039,7 +24028,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Melanopsin-dependent light avoidance in neonatal mice}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Johnson_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Johnson_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008533107}} @article{Paik:2011, @@ -24058,7 +24047,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal origin of orientation maps in visual cortex}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Paik_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Paik_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Paik_NatNeurosci2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2824}} @@ -24080,7 +24069,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A new subtype of progenitor cell in the mouse embryonic neocortex}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2807}} @article{Xu:2011, @@ -24100,7 +24089,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {An instructive role for patterned spontaneous retinal activity in mouse visual map development}, Volume = {70}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xu_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Xu_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Xu_Neuron2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Xu_Neuron2011.mpg}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Xu_Neuron2011a.mpg}, @@ -24123,7 +24112,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Bulk loading of calcium indicator dyes to study astrocyte physiology: key limitations and improvements using morphological maps}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reeves_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Reeves_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0127-11.2011}} @article{Bi:2011, @@ -24143,7 +24132,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cortical glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells generate neurons after perinatal hypoxic injury}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bi_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bi_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0518-11.2011}} @article{Feng:2011, @@ -24161,7 +24150,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The locus ceruleus responds to signaling molecules obtained from the CSF by transfer through tanycytes}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feng_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Feng_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5018-10.2011}} @article{Kohler:2011, @@ -24181,7 +24170,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Maturation time of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus of adult macaque monkeys exceeds six months}, Volume = {108}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kohler_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kohler_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017099108}} @article{Schyns:2011, @@ -24201,7 +24190,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cracking the code of oscillatory activity}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schyns_PLoSBiol2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schyns_PLoSBiol2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Schyns_PLoSBiol2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001064}} @@ -24222,7 +24211,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neuronal activity is required for the development of specific cortical interneuron subtypes}, Volume = {472}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DeMarcoGarcía_Nature2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/DeMarcoGarcía_Nature2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09865}} @article{Han:2011, @@ -24240,7 +24229,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A high-light sensitivity optical neural silencer: development and application to optogenetic control of non-human primate cortex}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Han_FrontSystNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Han_FrontSystNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2011.00018}} @article{Mazzuca:2011, @@ -24258,7 +24247,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Newborn Analgesia Mediated by Oxytocin during Delivery}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mazzuca_FrontCellNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mazzuca_FrontCellNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2011.00003}} @article{Etherton:2011, @@ -24274,7 +24263,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Autism-linked neuroligin-3 R451C mutation differentially alters hippocampal and cortical synaptic function}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Etherton_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Etherton_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111093108}} @article{Dreosti:2011, @@ -24290,7 +24279,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {In vivo evidence that retinal bipolar cells generate spikes modulated by light}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dreosti_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dreosti_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2841}} @article{Hofer:2011, @@ -24306,7 +24295,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Differential connectivity and response dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in visual cortex}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hofer_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hofer_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2876}} @article{Blasi:2011, @@ -24325,7 +24314,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Early specialization for voice and emotion processing in the infant brain}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blasi_CurrBiol2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Blasi_CurrBiol2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.009}} @article{Thut:2011, @@ -24344,7 +24333,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Rhythmic TMS causes local entrainment of natural oscillatory signatures}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thut_CurrBiol2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Thut_CurrBiol2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.049}} @article{Mittmann:2011, @@ -24360,7 +24349,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Two-photon calcium imaging of evoked activity from L5 somatosensory neurons in vivo}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mittmann_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mittmann_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2879}} @article{Tallini:2006, @@ -24400,7 +24389,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {GABAergic hub neurons orchestrate synchrony in developing hippocampal networks}, Volume = {326}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bonifazi_Science2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bonifazi_Science2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Bonifazi_Science2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175509}} @@ -24441,7 +24430,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Presynaptic modulation of the retinogeniculate synapse}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chen_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Grinberg:2011, Abstract = {Spreading depression (SD) is thought to cause migraine aura, and perhaps migraine, and includes a transient loss of synaptic activity preceded and followed by increased neuronal excitability. Activated microglia influence neuronal activity and play an important role in homeostatic synaptic scaling via release of cytokines. Furthermore, enhanced neuronal function activates microglia to not only secrete cytokines but also to increase the motility of their branches, with somata remaining stationary. While SD also increases the release of cytokines from microglia, the effects on microglial movement from its synaptic activity fluctuations are unknown. Accordingly, we used time-lapse imaging of rat hippocampal slice cultures to probe for microglial movement associated with SD. We observed that in uninjured brain whole microglial cells moved. The movements were well described by the type of L{\'e}vy flight known to be associated with an optimal search pattern. Hours after SD, when synaptic activity rose, microglial cell movement was significantly increased. To test how synaptic activity influenced microglial movement, we enhanced neuronal activity with chemical long-term potentiation or LPS and abolished it with TTX. We found that microglial movement was significantly decreased by enhanced neuronal activity and significantly increased by activity blockade. Finally, application of glutamate and ATP to mimic restoration of synaptic activity in the presence of TTX stopped microglial movement that was otherwise seen with TTX. Thus, synaptic activity retains microglial cells in place and an absence of synaptic activity sends them off to influence wider expanses of brain. Perhaps increased microglial movements after SD are a long-lasting, and thus maladaptive, response in which these cells increase neuronal activity via contact or paracrine signaling, which results in increased susceptibility of larger brain areas to SD. If true, then targeting mechanisms that retard activity-dependent microglial L{\'e}vy flights may be a novel means to reduce susceptibility to migraine.}, @@ -24458,7 +24447,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spreading depression sends microglia on l{\'e}vy flights}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grinberg_PLoSOne2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grinberg_PLoSOne2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019294}} @article{Muller:1988, @@ -24477,7 +24466,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A small population of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the retina of the other eye. An experimental study in the rat and the rabbit}, Volume = {71}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Müller_ExpBrainRes1988.pdf}} + File = {papers/Müller_ExpBrainRes1988.pdf}} @article{Arp:2008, Abstract = {As part of a series of workshops on different aspects of biomedical ontology sponsored by the National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO), a workshop titled "Ontologies of Cellular Networks" took place in Newark, New Jersey, on 27 to 28 March 2008. This workshop included more than 30 participants from various backgrounds in biomedicine and bioinformatics. The goal of the workshop was to provide an introduction to the basic tools and methods of ontology, as well as to enhance coordination between groups already working on ontologies of cellular networks. The meeting focused on three questions: What is an ontology? What is a pathway? What is a cellular network?}, @@ -24495,7 +24484,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Ontologies of cellular networks}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arp_SciSignal2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Arp_SciSignal2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.150mr2}} @article{Petilla-Interneuron-Nomenclature-Group:2008, @@ -24516,7 +24505,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008b.pdf}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008c.pdf}, @@ -24525,8 +24514,8 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Bdsk-File-7 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008f.pdf}, Bdsk-File-8 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008g.pdf}, Bdsk-File-9 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008h.pdf}, - Bdsk-File-10 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008i.pdf}, - Bdsk-File-11 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008j.pdf}, + File0 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008i.pdf}, + File1 = {papers/PetillaInterneuronNomenclatureGroup_NatRevNeurosci2008j.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2402}} @article{Douglas:1989, @@ -24540,7 +24529,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A canonical microcircuit for neocortex}, Volume = {1}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Douglas_NeuralComput1989.pdf}} + File = {papers/Douglas_NeuralComput1989.pdf}} @article{Hubel:1977a, Author = {Hubel, D H and Wiesel, T N}, @@ -24558,7 +24547,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Ferrier lecture. Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex}, Volume = {198}, Year = {1977}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hubel_ProcRSocLondBBiolSci1977.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hubel_ProcRSocLondBBiolSci1977.pdf}} @article{Bosking:1997, Abstract = {Horizontal connections, formed primarily by the axon collaterals of pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, extend for millimeters parallel to the cortical surface and form patchy terminations. Previous studies have provided evidence that the patches formed by horizontal connections exhibit modular specificity, preferentially linking columns of neurons with similar response characteristics, such as preferred orientation. The issue of how these connections are distributed with respect to the topographic map of visual space, however, has not been resolved. Here we combine optical imaging of intrinsic signals with small extracellular injections of biocytin to assess quantitatively the specificity of horizontal connections with respect to both the map of orientation preference and the map of visual space in tree shrew V1. Our results indicate that horizontal connections outside a radius of 500 microm from the injection site exhibit not only modular specificity, but also specificity for axis of projection. Labeled axons extend for longer distances, and give off more terminal boutons, along an axis in the map of visual space that corresponds to the preferred orientation of the injection site. Inside of 500 microm, the pattern of connections is much less specific, with boutons found along every axis, contacting sites with a wide range of preferred orientations. The system of long-range horizontal connections can be summarized as preferentially linking neurons with co-oriented, co-axially aligned receptive fields. These observations suggest specific ways that horizontal circuits contribute to the response properties of layer 2/3 neurons and to mechanisms of visual perception.}, @@ -24577,7 +24566,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Orientation selectivity and the arrangement of horizontal connections in tree shrew striate cortex}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bosking_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bosking_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} @article{Sompolinsky:1997, Abstract = {Since the discovery of orientation selectivity by Hubel and Wiesel, the mechanisms responsible for this remarkable operation in the visual cortex have been controversial. Experimental studies over the past year have highlighted the contribution of feedforward thalamo-cortical afferents, as proposed originally by Hubel and Wiesel, but they have also indicated that this contribution alone is insufficient to account for the sharp orientation tuning observed in the visual cortex. Recent advances in understanding the functional architecture of local cortical circuitry have led to new proposals for the involvement of intracortical recurrent excitation and inhibition in orientation selectivity. Establishing how these two mechanisms work together remains an important experimental and theoretical challenge.}, @@ -24596,7 +24585,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {New perspectives on the mechanisms for orientation selectivity}, Volume = {7}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sompolinsky_CurrOpinNeurobiol1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sompolinsky_CurrOpinNeurobiol1997.pdf}} @article{Miller:2003, Abstract = {This paper reviews theoretical and experimental results on the processing of layer 4, the input-recipient layer, of cat primary visual cortex (V1). A wide range of experimental data can be understood from a model in which response tuning of layer 4 cells is largely determined by a local interplay of feedforward excitation (from thalamus) and feedforward inhibition (from layer 4 inhibitory interneurons driven by thalamus). Feedforward inhibition dominates excitation, inherits its tuning from the thalamic input and sharpens the tuning of excitatory cells. At least a strong component of the feedforward inhibition received by a cell is spatially opponent to the excitation it receives, meaning that inhibition is driven by dark in regions of the visual field in which excitation is driven by light, and vice versa. The idea of opponent inhibition can be generalized to mean inhibition driven by input patterns that are strongly anti-correlated with the patterns that excite a cell. This paper argues that dominant feedforward opponent inhibition may be a general principle of cortical layer 4. This leads to the suggestion that the properties that show columnar organization--invariance across the vertical depth of cortex--may be properties that are shared by 'opposite' (anticorrelated) stimulus pairs. This contrasts with the more common idea that a column represents a set of cells that all share similar stimulus preferences.}, @@ -24615,7 +24604,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Understanding layer 4 of the cortical circuit: a model based on cat V1}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Miller_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Miller_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} @article{Ben-Shahar:2004, Abstract = {Neurons in primary visual cortex respond selectively to oriented stimuli such as edges and lines. The long-range horizontal connections between them are thought to facilitate contour integration. While many physiological and psychophysical findings suggest that collinear or association field models of good continuation dictate particular projection patterns of horizontal connections to guide this integration process, significant evidence of interactions inconsistent with these hypotheses is accumulating. We first show that natural random variations around the collinear and association field models cannot account for these inconsistencies, a fact that motivates the search for more principled explanations. We then develop a model of long-range projection fields that formalizes good continuation based on differential geometry. The analysis implicates curvature(s) in a fundamental way, and the resulting model explains both consistent data and apparent outliers. It quantitatively predicts the (typically ignored) spread in projection distribution, its nonmonotonic variance, and the differences found among individual neurons. Surprisingly, and for the first time, this model also indicates that texture (and shading) continuation can serve as alternative and complementary functional explanations to contour integration. Because current anatomical data support both (curve and texture) integration models equally and because both are important computationally, new testable predictions are derived to allow their differentiation and identification.}, @@ -24634,7 +24623,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Geometrical computations explain projection patterns of long-range horizontal connections in visual cortex}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ben-Shahar_NeuralComput2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ben-Shahar_NeuralComput2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976604772744866}} @article{Zacharias:2000, @@ -24654,7 +24643,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Recent advances in technology for measuring and manipulating cell signals}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zacharias_CurrOpinNeurobiol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zacharias_CurrOpinNeurobiol2000.pdf}} @article{Tsien:1980, Abstract = {A new family of high-affinity buffers and optical indicators for Ca2+ is rationally designed and synthesized. The parent compound is 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), a relative of the well-known chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid] in which methylene links between oxygen and nitrogen are replaced by benzene rings. BAPTA and its derivatives share the high (greater than 10(5)) selectivity for Ca2+ over Mg2+ of EGTA but are very much less affected by pH changes and are faster at taking up and releasing Ca2+. The affinity of the parent compound for Ca2+ (dissociation constant 1.1 x 10(-7) M in 0.1 M KCl) may be strengthened or weakened by electron-releasing or -withdrawing substituents on the aromatic rings. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ affinities may further be altered by replacing the ether oxygens by heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. The compounds described are fluorescent Ca2+ indicators absorbing in the ultraviolet region; the very large spectral shifts observed on binding Ca2+ fit the prediction that complexation should hinder the conjugation of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons with the aromatic rings. Derivatives with quinoline nuclei are notable for their high sensitivity of fluorescent quantum yield to the binding of Ca2+ but not of Mg2+. Preliminary biological tests have so far revealed little or no binding to membranes or toxic effects following intracellular microinjection.}, @@ -24673,7 +24662,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1980}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsien_Biochemistry1980.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tsien_Biochemistry1980.pdf}} @article{Tsien:1981, Abstract = {Present methods for measuring or buffering intracellular free calcium concentrations are almost entirely limited to robust and well anchored cells which can tolerate insertion of ion-selective microelectrodes or microinjection of calcium indicators or buffers into one cell at a time. A very few types of small cells can be loaded with buffers or indicators during controlled lysis, but such procedures grossly perturb membrane integrity and soluble cytoplasmic constituents. Liposome fusion releases only trace quantities of the trapped solute into the cytoplasm and incorporates foreign lipid into the target cell membranes. I now describe a simple technique which loads Ca2+-selective chelators into the cytoplasm of intact cells in suspension and avoids the disadvantages of previous methods. The chelators are made temporarily membrane permeable by masking their four carboxylates with special esterifying groups which then hydrolyse inside the cells, regenerating and trapping the original chelators. The method is demonstrated on red cells, mast cells and lymphocytes.}, @@ -24710,7 +24699,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties}, Volume = {260}, Year = {1985}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grynkiewicz_JBiolChem1985.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grynkiewicz_JBiolChem1985.pdf}} @article{Tsien:1989a, Author = {Tsien, R Y}, @@ -24741,7 +24730,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Fluorescent probes of cell signaling}, Volume = {12}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsien_AnnuRevNeurosci1989.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tsien_AnnuRevNeurosci1989.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.001303}} @article{Tsien:1990, @@ -24758,7 +24747,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Calcium channels, stores, and oscillations}, Volume = {6}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsien_AnnuRevCellBiol1990.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tsien_AnnuRevCellBiol1990.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.06.110190.003435}} @article{Miyawaki:1997, @@ -24778,7 +24767,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin}, Volume = {388}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Miyawaki_Nature1997.pdf}, + File = {papers/Miyawaki_Nature1997.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/42264}} @article{Shaner:2005, @@ -24816,7 +24805,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Measuring calcium signaling using genetically targetable fluorescent indicators}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Palmer_NatProtoc2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Palmer_NatProtoc2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.172}} @article{Tour:2007, @@ -24837,7 +24826,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Calcium Green FlAsH as a genetically targeted small-molecule calcium indicator}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tour_NatChemBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tour_NatChemBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2007.4}} @article{Tsien:1988, @@ -24855,7 +24844,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Fluorescence measurement and photochemical manipulation of cytosolic free calcium}, Volume = {11}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsien_TrendsNeurosci1988.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tsien_TrendsNeurosci1988.pdf}} @article{Grinvald:1986, Abstract = {Optical imaging of cortical activity offers several advantages over conventional electrophysiological and anatomical techniques. One can map a relatively large region, obtain successive maps to different stimuli in the same cortical area and follow variations in response over time. In the intact mammalian brain this imaging has been accomplished with the aid of voltage sensitive dyes. However, it has been known for many years that some intrinsic changes in the optical properties of the tissue are dependent on electrical or metabolic activity. Here we show that these changes can be used to study the functional architecture of cortex. Optical maps of whisker barrels in the rat and the orientation columns in the cat visual cortex, obtained by reflection measurements of the intrinsic signal, were confirmed with voltage sensitive dyes or by electrophysiological recordings. In addition, we describe an intrinsic signal originating from small arteries which can be used to investigate the communication between local neuronal activity and the microvasculature. One advantage of the method is that it is non-invasive and does not require dyes, a clear benefit for clinical applications.}, @@ -24874,7 +24863,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional architecture of cortex revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals}, Volume = {324}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grinvald_Nature1986.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grinvald_Nature1986.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324361a0}} @article{Xu:2007a, @@ -24895,7 +24884,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Compression and reflection of visually evoked cortical waves}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xu_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Xu_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.016}} @article{Benucci:2007, @@ -24916,7 +24905,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Standing waves and traveling waves distinguish two circuits in visual cortex}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Benucci_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Benucci_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Benucci_Neuron2007a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.017}} @@ -24937,7 +24926,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visualizing the cortical representation of whisker touch: voltage-sensitive dye imaging in freely moving mice}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ferezou_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ferezou_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ferezou_Neuron2006a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.043}} @@ -24959,7 +24948,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Interaction of sensory responses with spontaneous depolarization in layer 2/3 barrel cortex}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petersen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Petersen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2235811100}} @article{Burns:2007a, @@ -24979,7 +24968,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Nestin-CreER mice reveal DNA synthesis by nonapoptotic neurons following cerebral ischemia hypoxia}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Burns_CerebCortex2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Burns_CerebCortex2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl164}} @article{Luczak:2007a, @@ -25000,7 +24989,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Sequential structure of neocortical spontaneous activity in vivo}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Luczak_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Luczak_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605643104}} @article{Weliky:2000, @@ -25019,7 +25008,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Correlated neuronal activity and visual cortical development}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weliky_Neuron2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Weliky_Neuron2000.pdf}} @article{Djurisic:2004, Abstract = {To obtain a more complete description of individual neurons, it is necessary to complement the electrical patch pipette measurements with technologies that permit a massive parallel recording from many sites on neuronal processes. This can be achieved by using voltage imaging with intracellular dyes. With this approach, we investigated the functional structure of a mitral cell, the principal output neuron in the rat olfactory bulb. The most significant finding concerns the characteristics of EPSPs at the synaptic sites and surprisingly small attenuation along the trunk of the primary dendrite. Also, the experiments were performed to determine the number, location, and stability of spike trigger zones, the excitability of terminal dendritic branches, and the pattern and nature of spike initiation and propagation in the primary and secondary dendrites. The results show that optical data can be used to deduce the amplitude and shape of the EPSPs evoked by olfactory nerve stimulation at the site of origin (glomerular tuft) and to determine its attenuation along the entire length of the primary dendrite. This attenuation corresponds to an unusually large mean apparent "length constant" of the primary dendrite. Furthermore, the images of spike trigger zones showed that an action potential can be initiated in three different compartments of the mitral cell: the soma-axon region, the primary dendrite trunk, and the terminal dendritic tuft, which appears to be fully excitable. Finally, secondary dendrites clearly support the active propagation of action potentials.}, @@ -25037,7 +25026,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Voltage imaging from dendrites of mitral cells: EPSP attenuation and spike trigger zones}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Djurisic_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Djurisic_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0307-04.2004}} @article{Sutor:1994, @@ -25057,7 +25046,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spread of epileptiform activity in the immature rat neocortex studied with voltage-sensitive dyes and laser scanning microscopy}, Volume = {72}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sutor_JNeurophysiol1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sutor_JNeurophysiol1994.pdf}} @article{Shoham:1999, Abstract = {Conventional imaging techniques have provided high-resolution imaging either in the spatial domain or in the temporal domain. Optical imaging utilizing voltage-sensitive dyes has long had the unrealized potential to achieve high resolution in both domains simultaneously, providing subcolumnar spatial detail with millisecond precision. Here, we present a series of developments in voltage-sensitive dyes and instrumentation that make functional imaging of cortical dynamics practical, in both anesthetized and awake behaving preparations, greatly facilitating exploration of the cortex. We illustrate this advance by analyzing the millisecond-by-millisecond emergence of orientation maps in cat visual cortex.}, @@ -25076,7 +25065,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging cortical dynamics at high spatial and temporal resolution with novel blue voltage-sensitive dyes}, Volume = {24}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shoham_Neuron1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shoham_Neuron1999.pdf}} @article{Friedrich:2004, Abstract = {In the olfactory bulb (OB) of zebrafish and other species, odors evoke fast oscillatory population activity and specific firing rate patterns across mitral cells (MCs). This activity evolves over a few hundred milliseconds from the onset of the odor stimulus. Action potentials of odor-specific MC subsets phase-lock to the oscillation, defining small and distributed ensembles within the MC population output. We found that oscillatory field potentials in the zebrafish OB propagate across the OB in waves. Phase-locked MC action potentials, however, were synchronized without a time lag. Firing rate patterns across MCs analyzed with low temporal resolution were informative about odor identity. When the sensitivity for phase-locked spiking was increased, activity patterns became progressively more informative about odor category. Hence, information about complementary stimulus features is conveyed simultaneously by the same population of neurons and can be retrieved selectively by biologically plausible mechanisms, indicating that seemingly alternative coding strategies operating on different time scales may coexist.}, @@ -25095,7 +25084,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Multiplexing using synchrony in the zebrafish olfactory bulb}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Friedrich_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Friedrich_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1292}} @article{Friedrich:1998, @@ -25115,7 +25104,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Chemotopic, combinatorial, and noncombinatorial odorant representations in the olfactory bulb revealed using a voltage-sensitive axon tracer}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Friedrich_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Friedrich_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Niessing:2010, Abstract = {The categorial nature of sensory, cognitive and behavioural acts indicates that the brain classifies neuronal activity patterns into discrete representations. Pattern classification may be achieved by abrupt switching between discrete activity states of neuronal circuits, but few experimental studies have directly tested this. We gradually varied the concentration or molecular identity of odours and optically measured responses across output neurons of the olfactory bulb in zebrafish. Whereas population activity patterns were largely insensitive to changes in odour concentration, morphing of one odour into another resulted in abrupt transitions between odour representations. These transitions were mediated by coordinated response changes among small neuronal ensembles rather than by shifts in the global network state. The olfactory bulb therefore classifies odour-evoked input patterns into many discrete and defined output patterns, as proposed by attractor models. This computation is consistent with perceptual phenomena and may represent a general information processing strategy in the brain.}, @@ -25134,7 +25123,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Olfactory pattern classification by discrete neuronal network states}, Volume = {465}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Niessing_Nature2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Niessing_Nature2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08961}} @article{Niell:2004a, @@ -25152,7 +25141,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Live optical imaging of nervous system development}, Volume = {66}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Niell_AnnuRevPhysiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Niell_AnnuRevPhysiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.082602.095217}} @article{Friedrich:1997, @@ -25172,7 +25161,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Combinatorial and chemotopic odorant coding in the zebrafish olfactory bulb visualized by optical imaging}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Friedrich_Neuron1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Friedrich_Neuron1997.pdf}} @article{Kauer:1988, Abstract = {The encoding of olfactory information in the central nervous system (CNS) depends on spatially distributed patterns of activity generated simultaneously in many neuronal circuits. Optical neurophysiological recording permits analysis of neural activity non-invasively and with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, a video method for imaging voltage-sensitive dye fluorescence in vivo is used to map neuronal activity in local circuits of the salamander olfactory bulb. The method permits the imaging of simultaneous ensemble transmembrane activity in real time. After electrical stimulation of the olfactory nerve, activity spreads centripetally from the sites of synaptic input to generate nonhomogeneous response patterns that are presumably mediated by local circuits within the bulbar layers. The results also show the overlapping temporal sequences of activation of cell groups in each layer. The method thus provides high resolution, sequential video images of the spatial and temporal progression of transmembrane events in neuronal circuits after afferent stimulation and offers the opportunity for studying ensemble events in other brain regions.}, @@ -25191,7 +25180,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Real-time imaging of evoked activity in local circuits of the salamander olfactory bulb}, Volume = {331}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kauer_Nature1988.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kauer_Nature1988.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331166a0}} @article{Rubin:1999, @@ -25211,7 +25200,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical imaging of odorant representations in the mammalian olfactory bulb}, Volume = {23}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rubin_Neuron1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rubin_Neuron1999.pdf}} @article{Kandler:1995, Abstract = {Sensitive new tracers and imaging techniques have revealed that gap junction coupling during brain development is much more pronounced than previously believed. Recent results demonstrate that cell coupling can produce functional neuron assemblies characterized by synchronized fluctuations in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Coupling is especially pronounced before and during the period of synapse formation and initial establishment of neuronal circuits. Thus, communication via gap junctions may generate coordinated electrical or biochemical activity before the onset of synaptic transmission, and thereby provide the outlines of functional architecture in the developing brain.}, @@ -25230,7 +25219,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neuronal coupling and uncoupling in the developing nervous system}, Volume = {5}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kandler_CurrOpinNeurobiol1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kandler_CurrOpinNeurobiol1995.pdf}} @article{Orbach:1983, Abstract = {We have investigated the use of voltage-sensitive dyes to monitor neuronal activity in the intact salamander olfactory bulb. After a 10- to 20-min staining period, a magnified image of an in vitro or an in vivo preparation was formed on a 124-element photodiode array. The array was used to simultaneously record absorption or fluorescence changes from 124 adjacent areas of the bulb. At the magnifications used, each detector received light from 100 to 1000 neurons. Relatively large absorption and fluorescence signals were found in response to olfactory nerve stimulation; all of the results presented were from single trials. Because of the large signal size, measurements on in vivo preparations using epi-illumination also had good signal-to-noise ratios. There were significant differences in signal time course between adjacent detectors which suggested a spatial resolution on the order of 200 microns. Tentative assignments of the cellular origins of some signals could be made from the results of paired volley experiments. The results suggest that optical monitoring of membrane potential could provide a useful method for studying neuronal organization in the intact vertebrate central nervous system.}, @@ -25249,7 +25238,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical monitoring of activity from many areas of the in vitro and in vivo salamander olfactory bulb: a new method for studying functional organization in the vertebrate central nervous system}, Volume = {3}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Orbach_JNeurosci1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Orbach_JNeurosci1983.pdf}} @article{Meister:2001, Abstract = {The sense of smell originates in a diverse array of receptor neurons, comprising up to 1000 different types. To understand how these parallel channels encode chemical stimuli, we recorded the responses of glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs of the anesthetized rat, by optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Odor stimulation produced two kinds of optical responses at the surface of the bulb: a broad diffuse component superposed by discrete small spots. Histology showed that the spots correspond to individual glomeruli, and that approximately 400 of them can be monitored in this way. Based on its wavelength-dependence, this optical signal appears to derive from changes in light scattering during neural activity. Pure odorants generally activated several glomeruli in a bilaterally symmetric pattern, whose extent varied greatly with concentration. A simple formalism for ligand binding accounts quantitatively for this concentration dependence and yields the effective affinity with which a glomerulus responds to an odorant. When tested with aliphatic molecules of increasing carbon chain length, many glomeruli were sharply tuned for one or two adjacent chain lengths. Glomeruli with similar tuning properties were located near each other, producing a systematic map of molecular chain length on the surface of the olfactory bulb. Given local inhibitory circuits within the olfactory bulb, this can account for the observed functional inhibition between related odors. We explore several parallels to the function and architecture of the visual system that help interpret the neural representation of odors.}, @@ -25268,7 +25257,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Tuning and topography in an odor map on the rat olfactory bulb}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meister_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Meister_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Denk:1990, Abstract = {Molecular excitation by the simultaneous absorption of two photons provides intrinsic three-dimensional resolution in laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. The excitation of fluorophores having single-photon absorption in the ultraviolet with a stream of strongly focused subpicosecond pulses of red laser light has made possible fluorescence images of living cells and other microscopic objects. The fluorescence emission increased quadratically with the excitation intensity so that fluorescence and photo-bleaching were confined to the vicinity of the focal plane as expected for cooperative two-photon excitation. This technique also provides unprecedented capabilities for three-dimensional, spatially resolved photochemistry, particularly photolytic release of caged effector molecules.}, @@ -25306,7 +25295,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical imaging of cell membrane potential changes induced by applied electric fields}, Volume = {50}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gross_BiophysJ1986.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gross_BiophysJ1986.pdf}} @article{Hill:1950, Author = {Hill, D K}, @@ -25324,7 +25313,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The volume change resulting from stimulation of a giant nerve fibre}, Volume = {111}, Year = {1950}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/HILL_JPhysiol1950.pdf}} + File = {papers/HILL_JPhysiol1950.pdf}} @article{Kaas:1990, Abstract = {The organization of the visual cortex has been considered to be highly stable in adult mammals. However, 5 degrees to 10 degrees lesions of the retina in the contralateral eye markedly altered the systematic representations of the retina in primary and secondary visual cortex when matched inputs from the ipsilateral eye were also removed. Cortical neurons that normally have receptive fields in the lesioned region of the retina acquired new receptive fields in portions of the retina surrounding the lesions. The capacity for such changes may be important for normal adjustments of sensory systems to environmental contingencies and for recoveries from brain damage.}, @@ -25357,7 +25346,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Large-scale remapping of visual cortex is absent in adult humans with macular degeneration}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baseler_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Baseler_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2793}} @article{Salzberg:1983, @@ -25376,7 +25365,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical recording of action potentials from vertebrate nerve terminals using potentiometric probes provides evidence for sodium and calcium components}, Volume = {306}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Salzberg_Nature1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Salzberg_Nature1983.pdf}} @article{Tsodyks:1999, Abstract = {The relation between the activity of a single neocortical neuron and the dynamics of the network in which it is embedded was explored by single-unit recordings and real-time optical imaging. The firing rate of a spontaneously active single neuron strongly depends on the instantaneous spatial pattern of ongoing population activity in a large cortical area. Very similar spatial patterns of population activity were observed both when the neuron fired spontaneously and when it was driven by its optimal stimulus. The evoked patterns could be used to reconstruct the spontaneous activity of single neurons.}, @@ -25395,7 +25384,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Linking spontaneous activity of single cortical neurons and the underlying functional architecture}, Volume = {286}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsodyks_Science1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tsodyks_Science1999.pdf}} @article{Arieli:1995, Abstract = {1. We examined the spatiotemporal organization of ongoing activity in cat visual areas 17 and 18, in relation to the spontaneous activity of individual neurons. To search for coherent activity, voltage-sensitive dye signals were correlated with the activity of single neurons by the use of spike-triggered averaging. In each recording session an area of at least 2 x 2 mm of cortex was imaged, with 124 diodes. In addition, electrical recordings from two isolated units, the local field potential (LFP) from the same microelectrodes, and the surface electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded simultaneously. 2. The optical signals recorded from the dye were similar to the LFP recorded from the same site. Optical signals recorded from different cortical sites exhibited a different time course. Therefore real-time optical imaging provides information that is equivalent in many ways to multiple-site LFP recordings. 3. The spontaneous firing of single neurons was highly correlated with the optical signals and with the LFP. In 88\% of the neurons recorded during spontaneous activity, a significant correlation was found between the occurrence of a spike and the optical signal recorded in a large cortical region surrounding the recording site. This result indicates that spontaneous activity of single neurons is not an independent process but is time locked to the firing or to the synaptic inputs from numerous neurons, all activated in a coherent fashion even without a sensory input. 4. For the cases showing correlation with the optical signal, 27-36\% of the optical signal during spike occurrence was directly related to the occurrence of spontaneous spikes in a single neuron, over an area of 2 x 2 mm. In the same cortical area, 43-55\% of the activity was directly related to the visual stimulus. 5. Surprisingly, we found that the amplitude of this coherent ongoing activity, recorded optically, was often almost as large as the activity evoked by optimal visual stimulation. The amplitude of the ongoing activity that was directly and reproducibly related to the spontaneous spikes of a single neuron was, on average, as high as 54\% of the amplitude of the visually evoked response that was directly related to optimal sensory stimulation, recorded optically. 6. Coherent activity was detected even at distant cortical sites up to 6 mm apart.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, @@ -25414,7 +25403,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Coherent spatiotemporal patterns of ongoing activity revealed by real-time optical imaging coupled with single-unit recording in the cat visual cortex}, Volume = {73}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arieli_JNeurophysiol1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Arieli_JNeurophysiol1995.pdf}} @article{Hill:1949, Author = {Hill, D K and Keynes, R D}, @@ -25432,7 +25421,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Opacity changes in stimulated nerve}, Volume = {108}, Year = {1949}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hill_JPhysiol1949.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hill_JPhysiol1949.pdf}} @article{Lieke:1989, Author = {Lieke, E E and Frostig, R D and Arieli, A and Ts'o, D Y and Hildesheim, R and Grinvald, A}, @@ -25448,7 +25437,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical imaging of cortical activity: real-time imaging using extrinsic dye-signals and high resolution imaging based on slow intrinsic-signals}, Volume = {51}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lieke_AnnuRevPhysiol1989.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lieke_AnnuRevPhysiol1989.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.51.030189.002551}} @article{Bonhoeffer:1991, @@ -25468,7 +25457,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Iso-orientation domains in cat visual cortex are arranged in pinwheel-like patterns}, Volume = {353}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bonhoeffer_Nature1991.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bonhoeffer_Nature1991.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353429a0}} @article{Tso:1990, @@ -25488,7 +25477,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional organization of primate visual cortex revealed by high resolution optical imaging}, Volume = {249}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ts'o_Science1990.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ts'o_Science1990.pdf}} @article{Orbach:1985, Abstract = {We have investigated the use of optical methods for monitoring neuron activity in mammalian cortex. The cortex was stained with a voltage-sensitive dye and fluorescence was simultaneously measured from 124 areas using a photodiode array. Optical signals were detected in rat somatosensory cortex in response to small whisker movements and in visual cortex in response to light flashes to the eye. Relatively large signals were obtained during focal interictal epileptiform discharges induced by bicuculline. The measuring system had a time resolution of milliseconds and a spatial resolution of a few hundred micrometers. Simultaneous, multi-site optical recordings of activity may provide a new and potentially powerful method for studying function and dysfunction in mammalian cortex.}, @@ -25507,7 +25496,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical mapping of electrical activity in rat somatosensory and visual cortex}, Volume = {5}, Year = {1985}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Orbach_JNeurosci1985.pdf}} + File = {papers/Orbach_JNeurosci1985.pdf}} @article{Salzberg:1977, Abstract = {1. Using an optical method for measuring membrane potential, we have been able to monitor action-potential activity simultaneously in 14 neurons of the supraesophageal ganglion of the barnacle. 2. Under favorable conditions, 4-mV synaptic potentials could also be detected optically.}, @@ -25526,7 +25515,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical recording of neuronal activity in an invertebrate central nervous system: simultaneous monitoring of several neurons}, Volume = {40}, Year = {1977}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Salzberg_JNeurophysiol1977.pdf}} + File = {papers/Salzberg_JNeurophysiol1977.pdf}} @article{Grinvald:1984, Abstract = {A major obstacle to understanding the function and development of the vertebrate brain is the difficulty in monitoring dynamic patterns of electrical activity in the millesecond time domain; this has limited investigations of such phenomena as modular organization of functional units, seizure activities and spreading depression. The use of voltage-sensitive dyes and the recent development of the use of an array of photodiodes has provided a unique technique for monitoring the dynamic patterns of electrical activity in real time from a variety of invertebrate or vertebrate neuronal preparations including the rat cortex. In the present study, this technique has been used to investigate the intact optic tectum of the frog. We demonstrate that optical measurements can be used for real-time imaging of spatio-temporal patterns of neuronal responses and for identification of functional units evoked by natural visual stimuli. We report also the structure of the new voltage-sensitive probe that facilitates the in vivo applications of this technique.}, @@ -25545,7 +25534,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Real-time optical imaging of naturally evoked electrical activity in intact frog brain}, Volume = {308}, Year = {1984}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grinvald_Nature1984.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grinvald_Nature1984.pdf}} @article{Farber:1983, Abstract = {An optical method involving the use of a laser and a novel fluorescent dye as a photostimulation probe has been developed to identify presynaptic neurons in a large ensemble of cells. Illumination of an extracellularly stained neuron by the laser microbeam evokes action potentials. With this technique an interneuron connecting identified leech neurons was quickly located. The method speeds up the elucidation of neuronal networks, especially when small cells are involved.}, @@ -25564,7 +25553,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Identification of presynaptic neurons by laser photostimulation}, Volume = {222}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Farber_Science1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Farber_Science1983.pdf}} @article{Cohen:1968, Author = {Cohen, L B and Keynes, R D and Hille, B}, @@ -25582,7 +25571,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Light scattering and birefringence changes during nerve activity}, Volume = {218}, Year = {1968}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cohen_Nature1968.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cohen_Nature1968.pdf}} @article{Tasaki:1968, Author = {Tasaki, I and Watanabe, A and Sandlin, R and Carnay, L}, @@ -25601,7 +25590,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Changes in fluorescence, turbidity, and birefringence associated with nerve excitation}, Volume = {61}, Year = {1968}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tasaki_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1968.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tasaki_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1968.pdf}} @article{Davila:1973, Author = {Davila, H V and Salzberg, B M and Cohen, L B and Waggoner, A S}, @@ -25637,7 +25626,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The optical spike}, Volume = {270}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Muralt_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1975.pdf}} + File = {papers/Muralt_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1975.pdf}} @article{Grinvald:1977, Author = {Grinvald, A and Salzberg, B M and Cohen, L B}, @@ -25655,7 +25644,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Simultaneous recording from several neurones in an invertebrate central nervous system}, Volume = {268}, Year = {1977}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grinvald_Nature1977.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grinvald_Nature1977.pdf}} @article{Cohen:1978, Author = {Cohen, L B and Salzberg, B M and Grinvald, A}, @@ -25671,7 +25660,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical methods for monitoring neuron activity}, Volume = {1}, Year = {1978}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cohen_AnnuRevNeurosci1978.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cohen_AnnuRevNeurosci1978.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.01.030178.001131}} @article{Iwasa:1980, @@ -25745,7 +25734,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils}, Volume = {414}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fite_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fite_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}} @article{Reperant:2000, Abstract = {The present study demonstrated a direct serotonergic retinopetal projection in the mouse stemming from the lateral portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus bilaterally. A double-labeling technique was employed combining: (1) radioautography and retrograde axonal tracing following intraocular injection of [(3)H] 5-HT and (2) immunocytochemical identification of endogenous 5-HT. Radiolabeled neurons were only observed within the dorsal raphe nucleus and were always double-labeled with the 5-HT antibody. The radiolabeling appeared to be specific resulting from the retrograde transport of a radioactive 5-HT derivative product following uptake of the neurotransmitter by intraretinal terminals.}, @@ -25764,7 +25753,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Serotonergic retinopetal projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus in the mouse demonstrated by combined [(3)H] 5-HT retrograde tracing and immunolabeling of endogenous 5-HT}, Volume = {878}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Repérant_BrainRes2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Repérant_BrainRes2000.pdf}} @article{Upton:2002, Abstract = {We have shown previously that raised levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) during development prevent retinal ganglion cell axons from segregating into eye-specific regions in their principal targets: the superior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Possible mediators of 5-HT in this system include its plasma membrane transporter, which is transiently expressed by a sub-population of retinal ganglion cells, and the presynaptic 5-HT(1B) receptor carried on retinal ganglion cell axons. We analysed the retinal projections of 5-HT(1B) knockout (n=15), serotonin transporter knockout (n=14), serotonin transporter/5-HT(1B) double knockout (n=4) and monoamine oxidase A/5-HT(1B) double knockout (n=3) mice. In all four different knockout mice, the ipsilateral retinal projection to the superior colliculus was more diffuse and lost its characteristic patchy distribution. The alterations were most severe in the serotonin transporter knockout mice, where the ipsilateral retinal fibres covered the entire rostrocaudal and mediolateral extent of the superior colliculus, whereas in the 5-HT(1B) and double knockout mice, fibres retracted from the caudal and lateral superior colliculus. Abnormalities in the 5-HT(1B) knockout mice appeared only after postnatal day (P) 4. Treatment with parachlorophenylalanine (at P1-P12) to decrease serotonin levels caused an exuberance of the ipsilateral retinal fibres throughout the superior colliculus (n=9). In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in contrast, the distribution and size of the ipsilateral retinal projection was normal in all four knockout mice. In the serotonin transporter knockout mice however, the contralateral retinal fibres failed to retract from the mediodorsal dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, an abnormality that was reversed by early treatment with parachlorophenylalanine and in the serotonin transporter/5-HT(1B) double knockout. OUR OBSERVATIONS INDICATE: (1) that the lack of 5-HT transporter and the associated changes in 5-HT levels impair the segregation of retinal axons in both the superior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; (2) that 5-HT and 5-HT(1B) receptors are necessary for the normal refinement of the ipsilateral retinal fibres in the superior colliculus, but are not essential for the establishment of eye-specific segregation in the thalamus. Thus, both an excess and a lack of 5-HT affect the refinement of the superior colliculus retinal projection, while the establishment of eye-specific patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus appears not to be sensitive to the lack of 5-HT or 5-HT(1B) receptors.}, @@ -25782,7 +25771,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Lack of 5-HT(1B) receptor and of serotonin transporter have different effects on the segregation of retinal axons in the lateral geniculate nucleus compared to the superior colliculus}, Volume = {111}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Upton_Neuroscience2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Upton_Neuroscience2002.pdf}} @article{Upton:1999, Abstract = {Retinal ganglion cell (RGCs) project to the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the brain in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the superior colliculus (SC). Projections from both eyes are initially intermingled until postnatal day 3 (P3) but segregate into eye-specific layers by P8. We report that this segregation does not occur in monoamine oxidase A knock-out mice (MAOA-KO) that have elevated brain levels of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline. The abnormal development of retinal projections can be reversed by inhibiting 5-HT synthesis from P0 to P15. We found that in MAOA-KO mice, 5-HT accumulates in a subpopulation of RGCs and axons during embryonic and early postnatal development. The RGCs do not synthesize 5-HT but reuptake the amine from the extracellular space. In both MAOA-KO and normal mice, high-affinity uptake of 5-HT and serotonin transporter (SERT) immunoreactivity are observed in retinal axons from the optic cup to retinal terminal fields in the SC and dLGN. In the dLGN, transient SERT labeling corresponds predominantly to the ipsilateral retinal projection fields. We show that, in addition to SERT, developing RGCs also transiently express the vesicular monoamine transporter gene VMAT2: thus, retinal axons could store 5-HT in synaptic vesicles and possibly use it as a borrowed neurotransmitter. Finally we show that the 5-HT-1B receptor gene is expressed by RGCs throughout the retina from E15 until adult life. Activation of this receptor is known, from previous studies, to reduce retinotectal activity; thus 5-HT in excess could inhibit activity-dependent segregation mechanisms. A hypothesis is proposed whereby, during normal development, localized SERT expression could confer specific neurotransmission properties on a subset of RGCs and could be important in the fine-tuning of retinal projections.}, @@ -25801,7 +25790,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Excess of serotonin (5-HT) alters the segregation of ispilateral and contralateral retinal projections in monoamine oxidase A knock-out mice: possible role of 5-HT uptake in retinal ganglion cells during development}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Upton_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Upton_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Takaura:2011, Abstract = {In the primate brain, the primary visual cortex (V1) is a major source of visual information processing in the cerebral cortex, although some patients and monkeys with damage to the V1 show visually guided behaviors in the visual field affected by the damage. Until now, behaviors of the surviving brain regions after damage to V1 and their contribution to the residual visual functions remain unclear. Here, we report that the monkeys with a unilateral lesion of V1 can make not only visually guided saccades but also memory-guided saccades (MGS) into the affected visual field. Furthermore, while the monkeys were performing the MGS task, sustained activity was observed in a large fraction of the neurons in the superior colliculus ipsilateral to the lesion, which has been supposed as a key node for recovery after damage to V1. These neurons maintained the spatial information throughout the delay period regardless of whether they exhibited saccadic bursts or not, which was not the case on the intact side. Error analysis revealed that the sustained activity was correlated with monkeys' behavioral outcome. These results suggest that the ipsilesional SC might function as a neural substrate for spatial memory in the affected visual field. Our findings provide new insight into the understanding of the compensatory mechanisms after damage to V1.}, @@ -25819,7 +25808,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural substrate of spatial memory in the superior colliculus after damage to the primary visual cortex}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takaura_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Takaura_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5143-10.2011}} @article{Greferath:2009, @@ -25839,7 +25828,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Characterization of histamine projections and their potential cellular targets in the mouse retina}, Volume = {158}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Greferath_Neuroscience2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Greferath_Neuroscience2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.034}} @article{Gastinger:2006, @@ -25859,7 +25848,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinopetal axons in mammals: emphasis on histamine and serotonin}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gastinger_CurrEyeRes2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gastinger_CurrEyeRes2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713680600776119}} @article{Tzingounis:2006, @@ -25879,7 +25868,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Arc/Arg3.1: linking gene expression to synaptic plasticity and memory}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tzingounis_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tzingounis_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.10.016}} @article{Loebrich:2009, @@ -25900,7 +25889,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The function of activity-regulated genes in the nervous system}, Volume = {89}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Loebrich_PhysiolRev2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Loebrich_PhysiolRev2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00013.2009}} @article{Kawashima:2009, @@ -25921,7 +25910,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synaptic activity-responsive element in the Arc/Arg3.1 promoter essential for synapse-to-nucleus signaling in activated neurons}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kawashima_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kawashima_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806518106}} @article{Harvey:2009, @@ -25942,7 +25931,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Intracellular dynamics of hippocampal place cells during virtual navigation}, Volume = {461}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harvey_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Harvey_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08499}} @article{Inoue:2010, @@ -25962,7 +25951,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synaptic activity-responsive element (SARE): A unique genomic structure with an unusual sensitivity to neuronal activity}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Inoue_CommunIntegrBiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Inoue_CommunIntegrBiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.3.5.12287}} @article{Vazdarjanova:2002, @@ -25982,7 +25971,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Experience-dependent coincident expression of the effector immediate-early genes arc and Homer 1a in hippocampal and neocortical neuronal networks}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vazdarjanova_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vazdarjanova_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Alvarado:2009, Abstract = {Influences from the visual (AEV), auditory (FAES), and somatosensory (SIV) divisions of the cat anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) play a critical role in rendering superior colliculus (SC) neurons capable of multisensory integration. However, it is not known whether this is accomplished via their independent sensory-specific action or via some cross-modal cooperative action that emerges as a consequence of their convergence on SC neurons. Using visual-auditory SC neurons as a model, we examined how selective and combined deactivation of FAES and AEV affected SC multisensory (visual-auditory) and unisensory (visual-visual) integration capabilities. As noted earlier, multisensory integration yielded SC responses that were significantly greater than those evoked by the most effective individual component stimulus. This multisensory "response enhancement" was more evident when the component stimuli were weakly effective. Conversely, unisensory integration was dominated by the lack of response enhancement. During cryogenic deactivation of FAES and/or AEV, the unisensory responses of SC neurons were only modestly affected; however, their multisensory response enhancement showed a significant downward shift and was eliminated. The shift was similar in magnitude for deactivation of either AES subregion and, in general, only marginally greater when both were deactivated simultaneously. These data reveal that SC multisensory integration is dependent on the cooperative action of distinct subsets of unisensory corticofugal afferents, afferents whose sensory combination matches the multisensory profile of their midbrain target neurons, and whose functional synergy is specific to rendering SC neurons capable of synthesizing information from those particular senses.}, @@ -26002,7 +25991,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Multisensory integration in the superior colliculus requires synergy among corticocollicular inputs}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarado_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Alvarado_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0525-09.2009}} @article{Schachner:2009, @@ -26022,7 +26011,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous motor entrainment to music in multiple vocal mimicking species}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schachner_CurrBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schachner_CurrBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.061}} @article{Palagina:2009, @@ -26043,7 +26032,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Strengthening of lateral activation in adult rat visual cortex after retinal lesions captured with voltage-sensitive dye imaging in vivo}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Palagina_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Palagina_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900068106}} @article{Tritsch:2010, @@ -26064,7 +26053,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Developmental regulation of spontaneous activity in the Mammalian cochlea}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tritsch_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tritsch_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3875-09.2010}} @article{Kotak:1995, @@ -26084,7 +26073,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synaptically evoked prolonged depolarizations in the developing auditory system}, Volume = {74}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kotak_JNeurophysiol1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kotak_JNeurophysiol1995.pdf}} @article{Kandler:2009, Abstract = {A fundamental organizing principle of auditory brain circuits is tonotopy, the orderly representation of the sound frequency to which neurons are most sensitive. Tonotopy arises from the coding of frequency along the cochlea and the topographic organization of auditory pathways. The mechanisms that underlie the establishment of tonotopy are poorly understood. In auditory brainstem pathways, topographic precision is present at very early stages in development, which may suggest that synaptic reorganization contributes little to the construction of precise tonotopic maps. Accumulating evidence from several brainstem nuclei, however, is now changing this view by demonstrating that developing auditory brainstem circuits undergo a marked degree of refinement on both a subcellular and circuit level.}, @@ -26104,7 +26093,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Tonotopic reorganization of developing auditory brainstem circuits}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kandler_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kandler_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2332}} @article{Enquist:2003, @@ -26124,7 +26113,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Recent advances in the use of neurotropic viruses for circuit analysis}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Enquist_CurrOpinNeurobiol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Enquist_CurrOpinNeurobiol2003.pdf}} @article{Card:2011, Abstract = {Transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses is widely used to define the organization of neural circuitry in the mature and developing nervous system. However, interconnectivity within complex circuits limits the ability of viral tracing to define connections specifically linked to a subpopulation of neurons within a network. Here we demonstrate a unique viral tracing technology that highlights connections to defined populations of neurons within a larger labeled network. This technology was accomplished by constructing a replication-competent strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV-263) that changes the profile of fluorescent reporter expression in the presence of Cre recombinase (Cre). The viral genome carries a Brainbow cassette that expresses a default red reporter in infected cells. However, in the presence of Cre, the red reporter gene is excised from the genome and expression of yellow or cyan reporters is enabled. We used PRV-263 in combination with a unique lentivirus vector that produces Cre expression in catecholamine neurons. Projection-specific infection of central circuits containing these Cre-expressing catecholamine neurons with PRV-263 resulted in Cre-mediated recombination of the PRV-263 genome and conditional expression of cyan/yellow reporters. Replication and transneuronal transport of recombined virus produced conditional reporter expression in neurons synaptically linked to the Cre-expressing catecholamine neurons. This unique technology highlights connections specific to phenotypically defined neurons within larger networks infected by retrograde transneuronal transport of virus from a defined projection target. The availability of other technologies that restrict Cre expression to defined populations of neurons indicates that this approach can be widely applied across functionally defined systems.}, @@ -26143,7 +26132,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Microdissection of neural networks by conditional reporter expression from a Brainbow herpesvirus}, Volume = {108}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Card_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Card_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015033108}} @article{Bock:2011, @@ -26162,7 +26151,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Network anatomy and in vivo physiology of visual cortical neurons}, Volume = {471}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bock_Nature2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bock_Nature2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Bock_Nature2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09802}} @@ -26184,7 +26173,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {NMDA receptor-independent control of transcription factors and gene expression}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Adams_Neuroreport2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Adams_Neuroreport2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3283311db6}} @article{Yashiro:2009, @@ -26205,7 +26194,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Ube3a is required for experience-dependent maturation of the neocortex}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yashiro_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yashiro_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2327}} @article{Shepherd:2011, @@ -26224,7 +26213,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {New views of Arc, a master regulator of synaptic plasticity}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shepherd_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shepherd_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2708}} @article{Lodato:2011, @@ -26243,7 +26232,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Excitatory projection neuron subtypes control the distribution of local inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex}, Volume = {69}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lodato_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lodato_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.015}} @article{Otsuka:2011, @@ -26262,7 +26251,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cell Diversity and Connection Specificity between Callosal Projection Neurons in the Frontal Cortex}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Otsuka_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Otsuka_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5795-10.2011}} @article{Briggman:2011, @@ -26281,7 +26270,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Wiring specificity in the direction-selectivity circuit of the retina}, Volume = {471}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Briggman_Nature2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Briggman_Nature2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09818}} @article{Lebrun-Julien:2009, @@ -26301,7 +26290,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Excitotoxic death of retinal neurons in vivo occurs via a non-cell-autonomous mechanism}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lebrun-Julien_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lebrun-Julien_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0831-09.2009}} @article{Wilhelm:2009, @@ -26322,7 +26311,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Compensatory changes in cellular excitability, not synaptic scaling, contribute to homeostatic recovery of embryonic network activity}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wilhelm_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wilhelm_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813058106}} @article{Mitchell:2009, @@ -26342,7 +26331,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of global motion perception requires early postnatal exposure to patterned light}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mitchell_CurrBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mitchell_CurrBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Mitchell_CurrBiol2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.038}} @@ -26363,7 +26352,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Learning signals from the superior colliculus for adaptation of saccadic eye movements in the monkey}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kaku_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kaku_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0661-09.2009}} @article{Bollmann:2009, @@ -26384,7 +26373,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Subcellular topography of visually driven dendritic activity in the vertebrate visual system}, Volume = {61}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bollmann_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bollmann_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.018}} @article{Brown:2009, @@ -26404,7 +26393,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo voltage-sensitive dye imaging in adult mice reveals that somatosensory maps lost to stroke are replaced over weeks by new structural and functional circuits with prolonged modes of activation within both the peri-infarct zone and distant sites}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brown_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4249-08.2009}} @article{Marrone:2008, @@ -26424,7 +26413,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Immediate-early gene expression at rest recapitulates recent experience}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marrone_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Marrone_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4235-07.2008}} @article{Guzowski:1999, @@ -26444,7 +26433,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Environment-specific expression of the immediate-early gene Arc in hippocampal neuronal ensembles}, Volume = {2}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guzowski_NatNeurosci1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guzowski_NatNeurosci1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/16046}} @article{Guzowski:2005, @@ -26464,7 +26453,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Mapping behaviorally relevant neural circuits with immediate-early gene expression}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guzowski_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guzowski_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.08.018}} @article{Bramham:2008, @@ -26485,7 +26474,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The immediate early gene arc/arg3.1: regulation, mechanisms, and function}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bramham_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bramham_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3864-08.2008}} @article{Lichtman:2008, @@ -26506,7 +26495,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Seeing circuits assemble}, Volume = {60}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lichtman_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lichtman_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.040}} @article{Gandhi:2008, @@ -26527,7 +26516,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Delayed plasticity of inhibitory neurons in developing visual cortex}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gandhi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gandhi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806159105}} @article{Kaneda:2008, @@ -26547,7 +26536,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Nigral inhibition of GABAergic neurons in mouse superior colliculus}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kaneda_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kaneda_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3263-08.2008}} @article{Phongphanphanee:2008, @@ -26567,7 +26556,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spatiotemporal profiles of field potentials in mouse superior colliculus analyzed by multichannel recording}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Phongphanphanee_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Phongphanphanee_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1905-08.2008}} @article{Scanziani:2009, @@ -26587,7 +26576,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Electrophysiology in the age of light}, Volume = {461}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Scanziani_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Scanziani_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08540}} @article{Madisen:2010, @@ -26608,7 +26597,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Madisen_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Madisen_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2467}} @article{Yang:2010, @@ -26627,7 +26616,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Thinned-skull cranial window technique for long-term imaging of the cortex in live mice}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_NatProtoc2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yang_NatProtoc2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2009.222}} @article{Horikawa:2010, @@ -26647,7 +26636,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous network activity visualized by ultrasensitive Ca(2+) indicators, yellow Cameleon-Nano}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Horikawa_NatMethods2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Horikawa_NatMethods2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1488}} @article{Cheng:2011, @@ -26667,7 +26656,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Simultaneous two-photon calcium imaging at different depths with spatiotemporal multiplexing}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cheng_NatMethods2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cheng_NatMethods2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1552}} @article{Diester:2011, @@ -26686,7 +26675,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {An optogenetic toolbox designed for primates}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Diester_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Diester_NatNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2749}} @article{Kuczewski:2008, @@ -26706,7 +26695,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Backpropagating action potentials trigger dendritic release of BDNF during spontaneous network activity}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuczewski_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kuczewski_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1673-08.2008}} @article{Dhande:2011, @@ -26725,7 +26714,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of Single Retinofugal Axon Arbors in Normal and {beta}2 Knock-Out Mice}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dhande_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dhande_JNeurosci2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4899-10.2011}} @article{Xu:2010, @@ -26746,7 +26735,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The immune protein CD3zeta is required for normal development of neural circuits in the retina}, Volume = {65}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xu_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Xu_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.035}} @article{Wang:2003b, @@ -26766,7 +26755,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Two-photon calcium imaging reveals an odor-evoked map of activity in the fly brain}, Volume = {112}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_Cell2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wang_Cell2003.pdf}} @article{Cardin:2009, Abstract = {Cortical gamma oscillations (20-80 Hz) predict increases in focused attention, and failure in gamma regulation is a hallmark of neurological and psychiatric disease. Current theory predicts that gamma oscillations are generated by synchronous activity of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, with the resulting rhythmic inhibition producing neural ensemble synchrony by generating a narrow window for effective excitation. We causally tested these hypotheses in barrel cortex in vivo by targeting optogenetic manipulation selectively to fast-spiking interneurons. Here we show that light-driven activation of fast-spiking interneurons at varied frequencies (8-200 Hz) selectively amplifies gamma oscillations. In contrast, pyramidal neuron activation amplifies only lower frequency oscillations, a cell-type-specific double dissociation. We found that the timing of a sensory input relative to a gamma cycle determined the amplitude and precision of evoked responses. Our data directly support the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis and provide the first causal evidence that distinct network activity states can be induced in vivo by cell-type-specific activation.}, @@ -26785,7 +26774,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses}, Volume = {459}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cardin_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cardin_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08002}} @article{Cardin:2008, @@ -26806,7 +26795,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cellular mechanisms underlying stimulus-dependent gain modulation in primary visual cortex neurons in vivo}, Volume = {59}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cardin_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cardin_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.002}} @article{Cardin:2007, @@ -26827,7 +26816,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Stimulus feature selectivity in excitatory and inhibitory neurons in primary visual cortex}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cardin_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cardin_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1692-07.2007}} @article{Douglass:2008, @@ -26848,7 +26837,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Escape behavior elicited by single, channelrhodopsin-2-evoked spikes in zebrafish somatosensory neurons}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Douglass_CurrBiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Douglass_CurrBiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.077}} @article{Adamantidis:2007, @@ -26868,7 +26857,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons}, Volume = {450}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Adamantidis_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Adamantidis_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06310}} @article{Huber:2008, @@ -26888,7 +26877,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Sparse optical microstimulation in barrel cortex drives learned behaviour in freely moving mice}, Volume = {451}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huber_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huber_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06445}} @article{Grinvald:2004, @@ -26908,7 +26897,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {VSDI: a new era in functional imaging of cortical dynamics}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grinvald_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grinvald_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1536}} @article{Homma:2009, @@ -26926,7 +26915,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Wide-field and two-photon imaging of brain activity with voltage- and calcium-sensitive dyes}, Volume = {489}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Homma_MethodsMolBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Homma_MethodsMolBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-543-5_3}} @article{Petreanu:2009, @@ -26947,7 +26936,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The subcellular organization of neocortical excitatory connections}, Volume = {457}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petreanu_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Petreanu_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07709}} @article{Petreanu:2007, @@ -26967,7 +26956,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping of long-range callosal projections}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petreanu_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Petreanu_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1891}} @article{Haider:2009, @@ -26987,7 +26976,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Rapid neocortical dynamics: cellular and network mechanisms}, Volume = {62}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Haider_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Haider_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.008}} @article{Rospars:1994, @@ -27007,7 +26996,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous activity of first- and second-order neurons in the frog olfactory system}, Volume = {662}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rospars_BrainRes1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rospars_BrainRes1994.pdf}} @article{Chapman:2000, Abstract = {In the adult mammal, retinal ganglion cell axon arbors are restricted to eye-specific layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Blocking neuronal activity early in development prevents this segregation from occurring. To test whether activity is also required to maintain eye-specific segregation, ganglion cell activity was blocked after segregation was established. This caused desegregation, so that both eyes' axons became concentrated in lamina A, normally occupied only by contralateral afferents. These results show that an activity-dependent process is necessary for maintaining eye-specific segregation and suggest that activity-independent cues may favor lamina A as the target for arborization of afferents from both eyes.}, @@ -27027,7 +27016,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Necessity for afferent activity to maintain eye-specific segregation in ferret lateral geniculate nucleus}, Volume = {287}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chapman_Science2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chapman_Science2000.pdf}} @article{Grubb:2003, Abstract = {Spontaneous activity patterns in the developing retina appear important for the functional organization of the visual system. We show here that an absence of early retinal waves in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is associated with both gain and loss of functional organization in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Anatomical studies show normal gross retinotopy in the beta2(-/-) dLGN but suggest reduced topographic precision in the retinogeniculate projection. Physiological recordings reveal normal topography in the dorsoventral visual axis but a lack of fine-scale mapping in the nasotemporal visual plane. In contrast, unlike wild-type mice, on- and off-center cells in the beta2(-/-) dLGN are spatially segregated. The presence of the beta2 subunit of the nAChR in the CNS is therefore important for normal functional organization in the retinogeniculate projection.}, @@ -27046,7 +27035,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Abnormal functional organization in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mice lacking the beta 2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor}, Volume = {40}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grubb_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grubb_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Hanson:2003, Abstract = {In the developing nervous system, patterned spontaneous activity affects a variety of developmental processes. Thus, it is important to identify the earliest time that such activity occurs and to characterize the underlying circuitry. In isolated mouse spinal cord-limb preparations, highly rhythmic spontaneous activity occurred as early as embryonic day 11 (E11)-E12, when many lumbosacral motoneurons were still migrating and extending their peripheral projections. This activity required both electrical and chemical transmission, and acetylcholine, rather than glutamate, provided the main excitatory drive. Our data are consistent with motoneurons themselves playing a critical role in generating such activity by making excitatory connections on each other and on GABAergic interneurons via dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide (DHbetaE)-insensitive nicotinic receptors. This resulted in the generation of local bursts. Consistent with these observations, E12-E12.5 mouse motoneurons retrogradely labeled by HRP were observed to have extensive axon collaterals that projected locally within the lateral motor column and to interneuron-containing regions dorsal and medial of the lateral motor column. Cholinergic axons, presumably from motoneurons, were also observed in the ventral and lateral funiculi. However, for local bursts to propagate throughout the cord, a second DHbetaE-sensitive cholinergic pathway that also involved glycinergic interneurons was required. This circuit characterization should facilitate the use of genetic mutations that alter specific subpopulations of interneurons or cholinergic transmission to determine how modifying different aspects of this early activity affects subsequent development of the spinal motor circuit.}, @@ -27065,7 +27054,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Characterization of the circuits that generate spontaneous episodes of activity in the early embryonic mouse spinal cord}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hanson_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hanson_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Lippe:1994, Abstract = {Microelectrode recordings of spontaneous multiple unit activity were made from nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus laminaris (NL), second- and third-order nuclei in the chick auditory system, between 14 and 19 d of incubation (E14-E19). Spontaneous firing in E14-E18 embryos occurred in synchronous bursts at periodic intervals. A rhythmic pattern of spontaneous firing was also observed in the auditory nerve but not in nonauditory regions of the brain-stem. The mean interburst interval in NM and NL decreased from 4.9 sec at E14-E15 to 2.1 sec at E18. By E19, 2 d prior to hatching, synchronous bursting was replaced by an unpatterned, steady level of firing comparable to the background discharge that is present in NM and NL of hatchling birds. Bursting was not correlated with heart beat or respiration and was not affected by removal of the middle-ear ossicle. Rhythmic bursting could be reset, blocked, or induced by sound stimulation. Cochlea removal or pharmacological blockade of auditory nerve activity with TTX eliminated bursting. These results indicate that the synchrony and rhythmicity of impulse firing reflect normal physiological activity, most likely of cochlear origin. The present findings show that spontaneous activity in the embryonic avian auditory system, like that in the immature mammalian visual pathway (Maffei and Galli-Resta, 1990; Meister et al., 1991), occurs in a synchronously rhythmic pattern. This similarity raises the possibility that such activity may be a general feature of early sensory system development. Patterned spontaneous firing in the chick takes place during a period of embryogenesis when auditory thresholds are high and when it is unlikely that physiological function in ovo is influenced significantly by normally occurring levels of airborne sound. Brainstem auditory neurons undergo substantial changes in structure and innervation during this same period. It is speculated that the temporal pattern of spontaneous discharge may provide cues that contribute to these developmental events.}, @@ -27084,7 +27073,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Rhythmic spontaneous activity in the developing avian auditory system}, Volume = {14}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lippe_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lippe_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} @article{Jones:2007a, Abstract = {Spontaneous neural activity has been recorded in the auditory nerve of cats as early as 2 days postnatal (P2), yet individual auditory neurons do not respond to ambient sound levels <90-100 dB SPL until about P10. Significant refinement of the central projections from the spiral ganglion to the cochlear nucleus occurs during this neonatal period. This refinement may be dependent on peripheral spontaneous discharge activity. We recorded from single spiral ganglion cells in kittens aged P3-P9. The spiral ganglion was accessed through the round window through the spiral lamina. A total of 112 ganglion cells were isolated for study in nine animals. Spike rates in neonates were very low, ranging from 0.06 to 56 spikes/s, with a mean of 3.09 +/- 8.24 spikes/s. Ganglion cells in neonatal kittens exhibited remarkable repetitive spontaneous bursting discharge patterns. The unusual patterns were evident in the large mean interval CV (CV(i) = 2.9 +/- 1.6) and burst index of 5.2 +/- 3.5 across ganglion cells. Spontaneous bursting patterns in these neonatal mammals were similar to those reported for cochlear ganglion cells of the embryonic chicken, suggesting this may be a general phenomenon that is common across animal classes. Rhythmic spontaneous discharge of retinal ganglion cells has been shown to be important in the development of central retinotopic projections and normal binocular vision. Bursting rhythms in cochlear ganglion cells may play a similar role in the auditory system during prehearing periods.}, @@ -27104,7 +27093,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous discharge patterns in cochlear spiral ganglion cells before the onset of hearing in cats}, Volume = {98}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jones_JNeurophysiol2007a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jones_JNeurophysiol2007a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00472.2007}} @article{Jones:2001, @@ -27124,7 +27113,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Primordial rhythmic bursting in embryonic cochlear ganglion cells}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jones_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jones_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Gummer:1994, Abstract = {Is patterned neural activity in immature, prefunctioning sensory systems a general phenomenon? Such patterning has been found in the prenatal visual and somatosensory systems. We have now identified patterning in the immature auditory system of a prehearing mammal, the tammar wallaby. Neurones recorded in vivo from the eighth nerve and cochlear nucleus at pouch days 94-122 discharged in bursts with rhythmic inter-spike intervals. Our findings are applied to the argument that neural activity is vital to sensory development.}, @@ -27143,7 +27132,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Patterned neural activity in brain stem auditory areas of a prehearing mammal, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)}, Volume = {5}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gummer_Neuroreport1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gummer_Neuroreport1994.pdf}} @article{Tritsch:2007, Abstract = {Spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system is required for neuronal survival as well as the refinement and maintenance of tonotopic maps in the brain. However, the mechanisms responsible for initiating auditory nerve firing in the absence of sound have not been determined. Here we show that supporting cells in the developing rat cochlea spontaneously release ATP, which causes nearby inner hair cells to depolarize and release glutamate, triggering discrete bursts of action potentials in primary auditory neurons. This endogenous, ATP-mediated signalling synchronizes the output of neighbouring inner hair cells, which may help refine tonotopic maps in the brain. Spontaneous ATP-dependent signalling rapidly subsides after the onset of hearing, thereby preventing this experience-independent activity from interfering with accurate encoding of sound. These data indicate that supporting cells in the organ of Corti initiate electrical activity in auditory nerves before hearing, pointing to an essential role for peripheral, non-sensory cells in the development of central auditory pathways.}, @@ -27162,7 +27151,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The origin of spontaneous activity in the developing auditory system}, Volume = {450}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tritsch_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tritsch_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06233}} @article{Watt:2009, @@ -27183,7 +27172,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Traveling waves in developing cerebellar cortex mediated by asymmetrical Purkinje cell connectivity}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Watt_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Watt_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2285}} @article{Rockhill:2009, @@ -27203,7 +27192,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous activity in the developing mouse midbrain driven by an external pacemaker}, Volume = {69}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rockhill_DevNeurobiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rockhill_DevNeurobiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20725}} @article{Blankenship:2010, @@ -27224,7 +27213,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Mechanisms underlying spontaneous patterned activity in developing neural circuits}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blankenship_NatRevNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Blankenship_NatRevNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2759}} @article{Hooks:2008, @@ -27245,7 +27234,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Vision triggers an experience-dependent sensitive period at the retinogeniculate synapse}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hooks_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hooks_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4667-07.2008}} @article{Hooks:2006, @@ -27265,7 +27254,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Distinct roles for spontaneous and visual activity in remodeling of the retinogeniculate synapse}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hooks_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hooks_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hooks_Neuron2006a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.007}} @@ -27286,7 +27275,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Intrinsic patterning and experience-dependent mechanisms that generate eye-specific projections and binocular circuits in the visual pathway}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Leamey_CurrOpinNeurobiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Leamey_CurrOpinNeurobiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2009.05.006}} @article{LeVay:1980, @@ -27323,7 +27312,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Plasticity of ocular dominance columns in monkey striate cortex}, Volume = {278}, Year = {1977}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hubel_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1977.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hubel_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci1977.pdf}} @article{Redfern:1970, Abstract = {1. End-plate potentials (e.p.p.s) were recorded intracellularly from the isolated phrenic/diaphragm preparation of the rat during the first few weeks of life.2. Most e.p.p.s at birth were complex and resulted from the summation of two to four units, which could be separated by their different latencies and thresholds to stimulation of the phrenic nerve.3. The e.p.p.s became simpler during the second week of the rats' life, and by 16-18 days old the e.p.p.s consisted of single units, and resembled the e.p.p.s of adult rat muscle.4. It is proposed that the units of the e.p.p. resulted from the stimulation of separate nerve axons and that all but one of the synapses on each muscle fibre were lost during the second week of life.}, @@ -27343,7 +27332,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neuromuscular transmission in new-born rats}, Volume = {209}, Year = {1970}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Redfern_JPhysiol1970.pdf}} + File = {papers/Redfern_JPhysiol1970.pdf}} @article{Walsh:2003, Abstract = {During development, competition between axons causes permanent removal of synaptic connections, but the dynamics have not been directly observed. Using transgenic mice that express two spectral variants of fluorescent proteins in motor axons, we imaged competing axons at developing neuromuscular junctions in vivo. Typically, one axon withdrew progressively from postsynaptic sites and the competing axon extended axonal processes to occupy those sites. In rare instances when the remaining axon did not reoccupy a site, the postsynaptic receptors rapidly disappeared. Interestingly, the progress and outcome of competition was unpredictable. Moreover, the relative areas occupied by the competitors shifted in favor of one axon and then the other. These results show synaptic competition is not always monotonic and that one axon's contraction in synaptic area is associated with another axon's expansion.}, @@ -27362,7 +27351,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo time-lapse imaging of synaptic takeover associated with naturally occurring synapse elimination}, Volume = {37}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Walsh_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Walsh_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Sanes:1999, Abstract = {We describe the formation, maturation, elimination, maintenance, and regeneration of vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), the best studied of all synapses. The NMJ forms in a series of steps that involve the exchange of signals among its three cellular components--nerve terminal, muscle fiber, and Schwann cell. Although essentially any motor axon can form NMJs with any muscle fiber, an additional set of cues biases synapse formation in favor of appropriate partners. The NMJ is functional at birth but undergoes numerous alterations postnatally. One step in maturation is the elimination of excess inputs, a competitive process in which the muscle is an intermediary. Once elimination is complete, the NMJ is maintained stably in a dynamic equilibrium that can be perturbed to initiate remodeling. NMJs regenerate following damage to nerve or muscle, but this process differs in fundamental ways from embryonic synaptogenesis. Finally, we consider the extent to which the NMJ is a suitable model for development of neuron-neuron synapses.}, @@ -27379,7 +27368,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sanes_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sanes_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.389}} @article{Verhage:2000, @@ -27399,7 +27388,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synaptic assembly of the brain in the absence of neurotransmitter secretion}, Volume = {287}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Verhage_Science2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Verhage_Science2000.pdf}} @article{Varoqueaux:2002, Abstract = {Synaptic vesicles must be primed to fusion competence before they can fuse with the plasma membrane in response to increased intracellular Ca2+ levels. The presynaptic active zone protein Munc13-1 is essential for priming of glutamatergic synaptic vesicles in hippocampal neurons. However, a small subpopulation of synapses in any given glutamatergic nerve cell as well as all gamma-aminobutyratergic (GABAergic) synapses are largely independent of Munc13-1. We show here that Munc13-2, the only Munc13 isoform coexpressed with Munc13-1 in hippocampus, is responsible for vesicle priming in Munc13-1 independent hippocampal synapses. Neurons lacking both Munc13-1 and Munc13-2 show neither evoked nor spontaneous release events, yet form normal numbers of synapses with typical ultrastructural features. Thus, the two Munc13 isoforms are completely redundant in GABAergic cells whereas glutamatergic neurons form two types of synapses, one of which is solely Munc13-1 dependent and lacks Munc13-2 whereas the other type employs Munc13-2 as priming factor. We conclude that Munc13-mediated vesicle priming is not a transmitter specific phenomenon but rather a general and essential feature of multiple fast neurotransmitter systems, and that synaptogenesis during development is not dependent on synaptic secretory activity.}, @@ -27419,7 +27408,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Total arrest of spontaneous and evoked synaptic transmission but normal synaptogenesis in the absence of Munc13-mediated vesicle priming}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Varoqueaux_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Varoqueaux_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.122623799}} @article{Diez-Garcia:2007, @@ -27439,7 +27428,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo calcium imaging from genetically specified target cells in mouse cerebellum}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Díez-García_Neuroimage2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Díez-García_Neuroimage2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.021}} @article{Fletcher:2009, @@ -27460,7 +27449,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical imaging of postsynaptic odor representation in the glomerular layer of the mouse olfactory bulb}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fletcher_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fletcher_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00020.2009}} @article{OConnor:2010, @@ -27480,7 +27469,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural activity in barrel cortex underlying vibrissa-based object localization in mice}, Volume = {67}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/O'Connor_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/O'Connor_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.026}} @article{Nagai:2004, @@ -27501,7 +27490,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Expanded dynamic range of fluorescent indicators for Ca(2+) by circularly permuted yellow fluorescent proteins}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nagai_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nagai_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400417101}} @article{Kuchibhotla:2008, @@ -27522,7 +27511,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Abeta plaques lead to aberrant regulation of calcium homeostasis in vivo resulting in structural and functional disruption of neuronal networks}, Volume = {59}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuchibhotla_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kuchibhotla_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.06.008}} @article{Barth:2004, @@ -27542,7 +27531,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Alteration of neuronal firing properties after in vivo experience in a FosGFP transgenic mouse}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barth_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Barth_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4737-03.2004}} @article{Schroder-Lang:2007, @@ -27562,7 +27551,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Fast manipulation of cellular cAMP level by light in vivo}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schröder-Lang_NatMethods2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schröder-Lang_NatMethods2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth975}} @article{Boyden:2005, @@ -27582,7 +27571,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Boyden_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Boyden_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1525}} @article{Li:2005a, @@ -27603,7 +27592,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Li_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509030102}} @article{Kramer:2009, @@ -27624,7 +27613,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {New photochemical tools for controlling neuronal activity}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kramer_CurrOpinNeurobiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kramer_CurrOpinNeurobiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2009.09.004}} @article{Nagel:2003, @@ -27645,7 +27634,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nagel_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nagel_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1936192100}} @article{Mizuno:2010, @@ -27665,7 +27654,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuronal activity supports the axon development of callosal projection neurons during different post-natal periods in the mouse cerebral cortex}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mizuno_EurJNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mizuno_EurJNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07070.x}} @article{Wang:2007a, @@ -27685,7 +27674,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Activity-dependent development of callosal projections in the somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3380-07.2007}} @article{Cao:2007, @@ -27706,7 +27695,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetic modulation of BDNF signaling affects the outcome of axonal competition in vivo}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cao_CurrBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cao_CurrBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.040}} @article{Yu:2004, @@ -27726,7 +27715,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous neural activity is required for the establishment and maintenance of the olfactory sensory map}, Volume = {42}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yu_Neuron2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yu_Neuron2004.pdf}} @article{Nikolaou:2011, Abstract = {The study of nervous system assembly has been greatly facilitated by recent advances in molecular biology and imaging techniques. These approaches are perfectly suited to young transparent zebrafish where they have allowed direct observation of neural circuit assembly in vivo. In this review will highlight a number of key studies that have applied optical and genetic techniques in zebrafish to address questions relating to axonal and dendritic arbour development, synapse assembly and neural plasticity. These experiments have demonstrated novel cellular phenomena and modes of growth that may reflect general principles governing the assembly of neural circuits. {\copyright} 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2011.}, @@ -27741,7 +27730,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Imaging circuit formation in zebrafish}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nikolaou_DevNeurobiol2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nikolaou_DevNeurobiol2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20874}} @article{Ben-Fredj:2010, @@ -27761,7 +27750,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synaptic activity and activity-dependent competition regulates axon arbor maturation, growth arrest, and territory in the retinotectal projection}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/BenFredj_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/BenFredj_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1556-10.2010}} @article{Dulla:2008, @@ -27782,7 +27771,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging of glutamate in brain slices using FRET sensors}, Volume = {168}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dulla_JNeurosciMethods2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dulla_JNeurosciMethods2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.10.017}} @article{Peterka:2011, @@ -27802,7 +27791,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging voltage in neurons}, Volume = {69}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Peterka_Neuron2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Peterka_Neuron2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.010}} @article{Sullivan:2005, @@ -27822,7 +27811,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo calcium imaging of circuit activity in cerebellar cortex}, Volume = {94}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sullivan_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sullivan_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01013.2004}} @article{Kanold:2010, @@ -27840,7 +27829,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The subplate and early cortical circuits}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kanold_AnnuRevNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kanold_AnnuRevNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153244}} @article{Knopfel:2010, @@ -27861,7 +27850,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Toward the second generation of optogenetic tools}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Knöpfel_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Knöpfel_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4190-10.2010}} @article{Toettcher:2011, @@ -27881,7 +27870,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The promise of optogenetics in cell biology: interrogating molecular circuits in space and time}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Toettcher_NatMethods2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Toettcher_NatMethods2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.326}} @article{Ozden:2009, @@ -27902,7 +27891,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Reliable coding emerges from coactivation of climbing fibers in microbands of cerebellar Purkinje neurons}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ozden_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ozden_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0967-09.2009}} @article{Spitzer:2008, @@ -27923,7 +27912,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Implications of activity-dependent neurotransmitter-receptor matching}, Volume = {363}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spitzer_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Spitzer_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2257}} @article{Deisseroth:2011, @@ -27942,7 +27931,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optogenetics}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Deisseroth_NatMethods2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Deisseroth_NatMethods2011.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Deisseroth_NatMethods2011a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.324}} @@ -27964,7 +27953,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Molecular genetics and imaging technologies for circuit-based neuroanatomy}, Volume = {461}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arenkiel_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Arenkiel_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08536}} @article{Bozza:2004, @@ -27984,7 +27973,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo imaging of neuronal activity by targeted expression of a genetically encoded probe in the mouse}, Volume = {42}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bozza_Neuron2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bozza_Neuron2004.pdf}} @article{Havekes:2009, Abstract = {One of the major challenges in the field of neurobiology is to elucidate the molecular machinery that underlies the formation and storage of memories. For many decades, genetic studies in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) have provided insight into the role of specific genes underlying memory storage. Although these pioneering studies were groundbreaking, a transition to a mammalian system more closely resembling the human brain is critical for the translation of basic research findings into therapeutic strategies in humans. Because the mouse (Mus musculus) shares the complex genomic and neuroanatomical organization of mammals and there is a wealth of molecular tools that are available to manipulate gene function in mice, the mouse has become the primary model for research into the genetic basis of mammalian memory. Another major advantage of mouse research is the ability to examine in vivo electrophysiological processes, such as synaptic plasticity and neuronal firing patterns during behavior (e.g., the analysis of place cell activity). The focus on mouse models for memory research has led to the development of sophisticated behavioral protocols capable of exploring the role of particular genes in distinct phases of learning and memory formation, which is one of the major accomplishments of the past decade. In this chapter, we will give an overview of several state of the art genetic approaches to study gene function in the mouse brain in a spatially and temporally restricted fashion.}, @@ -28002,7 +27991,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetic dissection of neural circuits and behavior in Mus musculus}, Volume = {65}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Havekes_AdvGenet2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Havekes_AdvGenet2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2660(09)65001-X}} @article{Bleckert:2011, @@ -28021,7 +28010,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Identifying roles for neurotransmission in circuit assembly: insights gained from multiple model systems and experimental approaches}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bleckert_Bioessays2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bleckert_Bioessays2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201000095}} @article{Nevin:2010, @@ -28040,7 +28029,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Focusing on optic tectum circuitry through the lens of genetics}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nevin_BMCBiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nevin_BMCBiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-8-126}} @article{Spitzer:2006, @@ -28060,7 +28049,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Electrical activity in early neuronal development}, Volume = {444}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spitzer_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Spitzer_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05300}} @article{Nichols:2009, @@ -28078,7 +28067,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Engineered G-protein Coupled Receptors are Powerful Tools to Investigate Biological Processes and Behaviors}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nichols_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nichols_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.016.2009}} @article{Granstedt:2009, @@ -28098,7 +28087,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Fluorescence-based monitoring of in vivo neural activity using a circuit-tracing pseudorabies virus}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Granstedt_PLoSOne2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Granstedt_PLoSOne2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006923}} @article{Peron:2011, @@ -28117,7 +28106,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {From cudgel to scalpel: toward precise neural control with optogenetics}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Peron_NatMethods2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Peron_NatMethods2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.325}} @article{Adamantidis:2010, @@ -28135,7 +28124,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optogenetic deconstruction of sleep-wake circuitry in the brain}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Adamantidis_FrontMolNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Adamantidis_FrontMolNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.031.2009}} @article{Bregestovski:2009, @@ -28153,7 +28142,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetically encoded optical sensors for monitoring of intracellular chloride and chloride-selective channel activity}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bregestovski_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bregestovski_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.015.2009}} @article{Hodge:2009, @@ -28171,7 +28160,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Ion channels to inactivate neurons in Drosophila}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hodge_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hodge_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.013.2009}} @article{Holford:2009, @@ -28189,7 +28178,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Manipulating neuronal circuits with endogenous and recombinant cell-surface tethered modulators}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Holford_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Holford_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.021.2009}} @article{Perron:2009a, @@ -28207,7 +28196,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Second and third generation voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins for monitoring membrane potential}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Perron_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Perron_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.005.2009}} @article{Reijmers:2009, @@ -28225,7 +28214,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetic control of active neural circuits}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reijmers_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Reijmers_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.027.2009}} @article{Tessier:2009, @@ -28243,7 +28232,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Activity-dependent modulation of neural circuit synaptic connectivity}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tessier_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tessier_FrontMolNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.02.008.2009}} @article{Gaietta:2002, @@ -28263,7 +28252,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Multicolor and electron microscopic imaging of connexin trafficking}, Volume = {296}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gaietta_Science2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gaietta_Science2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1068793}} @article{Okaty:2011, @@ -28282,7 +28271,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A quantitative comparison of cell-type-specific microarray gene expression profiling methods in the mouse brain}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Okaty_PLoSOne2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Okaty_PLoSOne2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016493}} @article{Kleinfeld:1994, @@ -28302,7 +28291,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Dynamics of propagating waves in the olfactory network of a terrestrial mollusk: an electrical and optical study}, Volume = {72}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kleinfeld_JNeurophysiol1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kleinfeld_JNeurophysiol1994.pdf}} @article{Meister:1994, Abstract = {Throughout the central nervous system, information about the outside world is represented collectively by large groups of cells, often arranged in a series of 2-dimensional maps connected by tracts with many fibers. To understand how such a circuit encodes and processes information, one must simultaneously observe the signals carried by many of its cells. This article describes a new method for monitoring the simultaneous electrical activity of many neurons in a functioning piece of retina. Extracellular action potentials are recorded with a planar array of 61 microelectrodes, which provides a natural match to the flat mosaic of retinal ganglion cells. The voltage signals are processed in real time to extract the spike trains from up to 100 neurons. We also present a method of visual stimulation and data analysis that allows a rapid characterization of each neuron's visual response properties. A randomly flickering display is used to elicit spike trains from the ganglion cell population. Analysis of the correlations between each spike train and the flicker stimulus results in a simple description of each ganglion cell's functional properties. The combination of these tools will allow detailed study of how the population of optic nerve fibers encodes a visual scene.}, @@ -28321,7 +28310,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Multi-neuronal signals from the retina: acquisition and analysis}, Volume = {51}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meister_JNeurosciMethods1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Meister_JNeurosciMethods1994.pdf}} @article{Wachowiak:2004, Abstract = {Glomeruli in the olfactory bulb are anatomically discrete modules receiving input from idiotypic olfactory sensory neurons. To examine the functional organization of sensory inputs to individual glomeruli, we loaded olfactory sensory neurons with a Ca(2+) indicator and measured odorant-evoked presynaptic Ca(2+) signals within single glomeruli by using two-photon microscopy in anaesthetized mice. Odorants evoked patterns of discrete Ca(2+) signals throughout the neuropil of a glomerulus. Across glomeruli, Ca(2+) signals occurred with equal probability in all glomerular regions. Within single glomeruli, the pattern of intraglomerular Ca(2+) signals was indistinguishable for stimuli of different duration, identity, and concentration. Moreover, the response time course of the signals was similar throughout the glomerulus. Hence, sensory inputs to individual glomeruli are spatially heterogeneous but seem to be functionally indiscriminate. These results support the view of olfactory glomeruli as functional units in representing sensory information.}, @@ -28341,7 +28330,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional organization of sensory input to the olfactory bulb glomerulus analyzed by two-photon calcium imaging}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wachowiak_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wachowiak_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400438101}} @article{Yhip:1990, @@ -28361,7 +28350,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Topographic organization of the retinocollicular projection in the neonatal rat}, Volume = {4}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yhip_VisNeurosci1990.PDF}} + File = {papers/Yhip_VisNeurosci1990.PDF}} @article{Chen:2000c, Abstract = {Anatomical rearrangement of retinogeniculate connections contributes to the refinement of synaptic circuits in the developing visual system, but the underlying changes in synaptic function are unclear. Here, we study such changes in mouse brain slices. Each geniculate cell receives a surprisingly large number of retinal inputs (>20) well after eye-specific zones are formed. All but one to three of these inputs are eliminated over a 3-week period spanning eye opening. Remaining inputs are strengthened approximately 50-fold, in part through an increase in quantal size, but primarily through an increase in the number of release sites. Changes in release probability do not contribute significantly. Thus, a redistribution of release sites from many inputs to few inputs at this late developmental stage contributes to the precise receptive fields of thalamic relay neurons.}, @@ -28380,7 +28369,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Developmental remodeling of the retinogeniculate synapse}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Neuron2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chen_Neuron2000.pdf}} @article{Kreitzer:2000, Abstract = {Fluorometric calcium measurements have revealed presynaptic residual calcium (Ca(res)) to be an important regulator of synaptic strength. However, in the mammalian brain, it has not been possible to monitor Ca(res) in fibers that project from one brain region to another. Here, we label neuronal projections by injecting dextran-conjugated calcium indicators into brain nuclei in vivo. Currently available dextran conjugates distort Ca(res) due to their high affinity for calcium. Therefore, we synthesized a low-affinity indicator, fluo-4 dextran, that can more accurately measure the amplitude and time course of Ca(res). We then demonstrate the utility of fluo-4 dextran by measuring Ca(res) at climbing fiber presynaptic terminals. This method promises to facilitate the study of many synapses in the mammalian CNS, both in brain slices and in vivo.}, @@ -28399,7 +28388,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Monitoring presynaptic calcium dynamics in projection fibers by in vivo loading of a novel calcium indicator}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kreitzer_Neuron2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kreitzer_Neuron2000.pdf}} @article{Drew:2010, Abstract = {We present a method to form an optical window in the mouse skull that spans millimeters and is stable for months without causing brain inflammation. This enabled us to repeatedly image blood flow in cortical capillaries of awake mice and determine long-range correlations in speed. We also repeatedly imaged dendritic spines, microglia and angioarchitecture, as well as used illumination to drive motor output via optogenetics and induce microstrokes via photosensitizers.}, @@ -28418,7 +28407,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Chronic optical access through a polished and reinforced thinned skull}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Drew_NatMethods2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Drew_NatMethods2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1530}} @article{Dombeck:2010, @@ -28439,7 +28428,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional imaging of hippocampal place cells at cellular resolution during virtual navigation}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dombeck_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dombeck_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2648}} @article{Mukamel:2009, @@ -28459,7 +28448,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Automated analysis of cellular signals from large-scale calcium imaging data}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mukamel_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mukamel_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Mukamel_Neuron2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.009}} @@ -28480,7 +28469,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Morphological properties of mouse retinal ganglion cells during postnatal development}, Volume = {503}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Coombs_JCompNeurol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Coombs_JCompNeurol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21429}} @article{Tian:2009, @@ -28501,7 +28490,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging neural activity in worms, flies and mice with improved GCaMP calcium indicators}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tian_NatMethods2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tian_NatMethods2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Tian_NatMethods2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1398}} @@ -28521,7 +28510,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optogenetics 3.0}, Volume = {141}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Liu_Cell2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Liu_Cell2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.019}} @article{Rickgauer:2009, @@ -28542,7 +28531,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Two-photon excitation of channelrhodopsin-2 at saturation}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rickgauer_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rickgauer_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907084106}} @article{Komiyama:2010, @@ -28562,7 +28551,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Learning-related fine-scale specificity imaged in motor cortex circuits of behaving mice}, Volume = {464}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Komiyama_Nature2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Komiyama_Nature2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08897}} @article{Histed:2009, @@ -28583,7 +28572,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Direct activation of sparse, distributed populations of cortical neurons by electrical microstimulation}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Histed_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Histed_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.016}} @article{Baker:2008, @@ -28604,7 +28593,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors of membrane potential}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baker_BrainCellBiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Baker_BrainCellBiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11068-008-9026-7}} @article{Oheim:2001, @@ -28624,7 +28613,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Two-photon microscopy in brain tissue: parameters influencing the imaging depth}, Volume = {111}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Oheim_JNeurosciMethods2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Oheim_JNeurosciMethods2001.pdf}} @article{Barretto:2009, Abstract = {Micro-optics are increasingly used for minimally invasive in vivo imaging, in miniaturized microscopes and in lab-on-a-chip devices. Owing to optical aberrations and lower numerical apertures, a main class of microlens, gradient refractive index lenses, has not achieved resolution comparable to conventional microscopy. Here we describe high-resolution microlenses, and illustrate two-photon imaging of dendritic spines on hippocampal neurons and dual-color nonlinear optical imaging of neuromuscular junctions in live mice.}, @@ -28644,7 +28633,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo fluorescence imaging with high-resolution microlenses}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barretto_NatMethods2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Barretto_NatMethods2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1339}} @article{Lee:2010, @@ -28664,7 +28653,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Global and local fMRI signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically by type and wiring}, Volume = {465}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_Nature2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lee_Nature2010.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Lee_Nature2010a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09108}} @@ -28686,7 +28675,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Reporting neural activity with genetically encoded calcium indicators}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hires_BrainCellBiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hires_BrainCellBiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11068-008-9029-4}} @article{Sjulson:2007, @@ -28705,7 +28694,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical recording of action potentials and other discrete physiological events: a perspective from signal detection theory}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sjulson_Physiology(Bethesda)2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sjulson_Physiology(Bethesda)2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00036.2006}} @article{Rochefort:2009, @@ -28726,7 +28715,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Sparsification of neuronal activity in the visual cortex at eye-opening}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rochefort_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rochefort_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Rochefort_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907660106}} @@ -28748,7 +28737,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Red-shifted voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Perron_ChemBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Perron_ChemBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.11.014}} @article{Knopfel:2006, @@ -28768,7 +28757,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical probing of neuronal circuit dynamics: genetically encoded versus classical fluorescent sensors}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Knöpfel_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Knöpfel_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.01.004}} @article{Sawinski:2009, @@ -28789,7 +28778,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visually evoked activity in cortical cells imaged in freely moving animals}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sawinski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sawinski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Sawinski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903680106}} @@ -28811,7 +28800,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Automated identification of neurons and their locations}, Volume = {230}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Inglis_JMicrosc2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Inglis_JMicrosc2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.01992.x}} @article{Grewe:2010, @@ -28831,7 +28820,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {High-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network activity with near-millisecond precision}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grewe_NatMethods2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grewe_NatMethods2010.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Grewe_NatMethods2010a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1453}} @@ -28850,7 +28839,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical recording of neuronal activity with a genetically-encoded calcium indicator in anesthetized and freely moving mice}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lütcke_FrontNeuralCircuits2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lütcke_FrontNeuralCircuits2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2010.00009}} @article{Kuchibhotla:2009, @@ -28871,7 +28860,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synchronous hyperactivity and intercellular calcium waves in astrocytes in Alzheimer mice}, Volume = {323}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuchibhotla_Science2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kuchibhotla_Science2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1169096}} @article{Gradinaru:2010, @@ -28891,7 +28880,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Molecular and cellular approaches for diversifying and extending optogenetics}, Volume = {141}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gradinaru_Cell2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gradinaru_Cell2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.037}} @article{Dreosti:2009, @@ -28912,7 +28901,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A genetically encoded reporter of synaptic activity in vivo}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dreosti_NatMethods2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dreosti_NatMethods2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1399}} @article{Golshani:2009, @@ -28933,7 +28922,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Internally mediated developmental desynchronization of neocortical network activity}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Golshani_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Golshani_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Golshani_JNeurosci2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2012-09.2009}} @@ -28954,7 +28943,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Fluorescent proteins as sensors for cellular functions}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Griesbeck_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Griesbeck_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.08.002}} @article{Wallace:2008, @@ -28974,7 +28963,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Single-spike detection in vitro and in vivo with a genetic Ca2+ sensor}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wallace_NatMethods2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wallace_NatMethods2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1242}} @article{Rothermel:2009, @@ -28994,7 +28983,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Advanced tracing tools: functional neuronal expression of virally encoded fluorescent calcium indicator proteins}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rothermel_JNeurovirol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rothermel_JNeurovirol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13550280903473460}} @article{Kanold:2004, @@ -29014,7 +29003,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Transient microcircuits formed by subplate neurons and their role in functional development of thalamocortical connections}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kanold_Neuroreport2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kanold_Neuroreport2004.pdf}} @article{Cingolani:2008, Abstract = {At synapses, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) provide the molecular framework for coordinating signaling events across the synaptic cleft. Among synaptic CAMs, the integrins, receptors for extracellular matrix proteins and counterreceptors on adjacent cells, are implicated in synapse maturation and plasticity and memory formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of integrin action at central synapses. Here, we report that postsynaptic beta3 integrins control synaptic strength by regulating AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in a subunit-specific manner. Pharmacological perturbation targeting beta3 integrins promotes endocytosis of GluR2-containing AMPARs via Rap1 signaling, and expression of beta3 integrins produces robust changes in the abundance and composition of synaptic AMPARs without affecting dendritic spine structure. Importantly, homeostatic synaptic scaling induced by activity deprivation elevates surface expression of beta3 integrins, and in turn, beta3 integrins are required for synaptic scaling. Our findings demonstrate a key role for integrins in the feedback regulation of excitatory synaptic strength.}, @@ -29034,7 +29023,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Activity-dependent regulation of synaptic AMPA receptor composition and abundance by beta3 integrins}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cingolani_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cingolani_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.011}} @article{Maffei:2008, @@ -29055,7 +29044,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Multiple modes of network homeostasis in visual cortical layer 2/3}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maffei_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Maffei_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5298-07.2008}} @article{Turrigiano:2004a, @@ -29074,7 +29063,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Homeostatic plasticity in the developing nervous system}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Turrigiano_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Turrigiano_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1327}} @article{Renart:2003, @@ -29094,7 +29083,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Robust spatial working memory through homeostatic synaptic scaling in heterogeneous cortical networks}, Volume = {38}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Renart_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Renart_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Akemann:2009, Abstract = {The relatively simple and highly modular circuitry of the cerebellum raised expectations decades ago that a realistic computational model of cerebellar circuit operations would be feasible, and prove insightful for unraveling cerebellar information processing. To this end, the biophysical properties of most cerebellar cell types and their synaptic connections have been well characterized and integrated into realistic single cell models. Furthermore, large scale models of cerebellar circuits that extrapolate from single cell properties to circuit dynamics have been constructed. While the development of single cell models have been constrained by microelectrode recordings, guidance and validation as these models are scaled up to study network interactions requires an experimental methodology capable of monitoring cerebellar dynamics at the population level. Here we review the potential of optical imaging techniques to serve this purpose.}, @@ -29111,7 +29100,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical imaging as a link between cellular neurophysiology and circuit modeling}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Akemann_FrontCellNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Akemann_FrontCellNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.03.005.2009}} @article{Barabasi:1999, @@ -29130,7 +29119,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Emergence of scaling in random networks}, Volume = {286}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barabasi_Science1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Barabasi_Science1999.pdf}} @article{Yassin:2010, Abstract = {Unbiased methods to assess the firing activity of individual neurons in the neocortex have revealed that a large proportion of cells fire at extremely low rates (<0.1 Hz), both in their spontaneous and evoked activity. Thus, firing in neocortical networks appears to be dominated by a small population of highly active neurons. Here, we use a fosGFP transgenic mouse to examine the properties of cells with a recent history of elevated activity. FosGFP-expressing layer 2/3 pyramidal cells fired at higher rates compared to fosGFP(-) neurons, both in vivo and in vitro. Elevated activity could be attributed to increased excitatory and decreased inhibitory drive to fosGFP(+) neurons. Paired-cell recordings indicated that fosGFP(+) neurons had a greater likelihood of being connected to each other. These findings indicate that highly active, interconnected neuronal ensembles are present in the neocortex and suggest these cells may play a role in the encoding of sensory information. VIDEO ABSTRACT:}, @@ -29150,7 +29139,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {An embedded subnetwork of highly active neurons in the neocortex}, Volume = {68}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yassin_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yassin_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.029}} @article{Linden:2009, @@ -29171,7 +29160,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Thalamic activity that drives visual cortical plasticity}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Linden_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Linden_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2284}} @article{Weible:2010, @@ -29191,7 +29180,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Transgenic targeting of recombinant rabies virus reveals monosynaptic connectivity of specific neurons}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weible_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Weible_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2442-10.2010}} @article{Wang:2010a, @@ -29211,7 +29200,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visual receptive field properties of neurons in the superficial superior colliculus of the mouse}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3305-10.2010}} @article{Chaigneau:2007, @@ -29231,7 +29220,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The relationship between blood flow and neuronal activity in the rodent olfactory bulb}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chaigneau_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chaigneau_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3141-06.2007}} @article{Lecoq:2009, @@ -29251,7 +29240,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Peripheral adaptation codes for high odor concentration in glomeruli}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lecoq_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lecoq_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6187-08.2009}} @article{Cline:2008, @@ -29272,7 +29261,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The regulation of dendritic arbor development and plasticity by glutamatergic synaptic input: a review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis}, Volume = {586}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cline_JPhysiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cline_JPhysiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.150029}} @article{Dombeck:2009, @@ -29293,7 +29282,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional clustering of neurons in motor cortex determined by cellular resolution imaging in awake behaving mice}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dombeck_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dombeck_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2985-09.2009}} @article{Kim:2009, @@ -29314,7 +29303,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Linking genetically defined neurons to behavior through a broadly applicable silencing allele}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kim_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kim_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.010}} @article{Triplett:2009, @@ -29335,7 +29324,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal input instructs alignment of visual topographic maps}, Volume = {139}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Triplett_Cell2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Triplett_Cell2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Triplett_Cell2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.028}} @@ -29357,7 +29346,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Glia and muscle sculpt neuromuscular arbors by engulfing destabilized synaptic boutons and shed presynaptic debris}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fuentes-Medel_PLoSBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fuentes-Medel_PLoSBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000184}} @article{Fuerst:2009, @@ -29378,7 +29367,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {DSCAM and DSCAML1 function in self-avoidance in multiple cell types in the developing mouse retina}, Volume = {64}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fuerst_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fuerst_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.027}} @article{Dunfield:2009, @@ -29398,7 +29387,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Metaplasticity governs natural experience-driven plasticity of nascent embryonic brain circuits}, Volume = {64}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dunfield_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dunfield_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.034}} @article{Helmchen:2001, @@ -29418,7 +29407,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A miniature head-mounted two-photon microscope. high-resolution brain imaging in freely moving animals}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Helmchen_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Helmchen_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Lim:1997a, Abstract = {Optic nerve-evoked responses were measured in the superior colliculus (SC) of neonatal rats in vivo from postnatal day (P) 0 to P11. At P1, a biphasic response was recorded in superficial layers and the amplitude diminished as the electrode penetrated into the deeper layers of the SC. By P2, a similar response, with a fast positive-going potential followed by a more prolonged negative potential was observed at the surface. The polarity of the response reversed as the electrode was moved into the deeper laminae of the SC. Such a reversal in the polarity of optic nerve-evoked responses resembled those observed in more mature preparations. Using current source density analysis, a single pair of source-sink could be identified following optic nerve stimulation at P2, and this changed to a more complex pattern by P11. Our results suggest that synaptic transmission in the retinocollicular pathway of the rat is functional as early as P2.}, @@ -29437,7 +29426,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Early detection of optic nerve-evoked response in the superior colliculus of the neonatal rat}, Volume = {235}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lim_NeurosciLett1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lim_NeurosciLett1997.pdf}} @article{Takahashi:2009, Abstract = {As an experimental model to study the mechanism of large-scale network plasticity of the juvenile brain, functional compensation after neonatal brain damage was studied in rats that received unilateral decortication at postnatal day 5. These animals exhibited a marked ability in reaching and grasping movements in the contralesional side of the forelimb when tested at 10-14 weeks of age. Additional lesion of the sensorimotor cortex in the remaining contralesional hemisphere at this stage resulted in severe impairment of both forelimbs. It was suggested that the sensorimotor cortex on the contralesional side was controlling the movements of both forelimbs. Following the injection of an anterograde tracer into the remaining sensorimotor cortex, the corticofugal axons from the remaining sensorimotor cortex were found to issue aberrant projections to the contralateral red nucleus, contralateral superior colliculus, contralateral pontine nuclei, ipsilateral dorsal column nucleus and ipsilateral gray matter of the cervical spinal cord, all of which appeared to be necessary for the control of contralesional forelimb movements. These results suggest that the forelimb movements on the contralesional side were compensated by large-scale reorganization of the corticofugal axons from the remaining sensorimotor cortex.}, @@ -29456,7 +29445,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Large-scale reorganization of corticofugal fibers after neonatal hemidecortication for functional restoration of forelimb movements}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takahashi_EurJNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Takahashi_EurJNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06989.x}} @article{Isa:2009, @@ -29477,7 +29466,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Exploring the superior colliculus in vitro}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Isa_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Isa_JNeurophysiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00498.2009}} @article{Jacobs:1991, @@ -29497,7 +29486,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal receptors in rodents maximally sensitive to ultraviolet light}, Volume = {353}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jacobs_Nature1991.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jacobs_Nature1991.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353655a0}} @article{Chung:2009, @@ -29518,7 +29507,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Selective remodeling: refining neural connectivity at the neuromuscular junction}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chung_PLoSBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chung_PLoSBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000185}} @article{Tremblay:2010, @@ -29538,7 +29527,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tremblay_PLoSBiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tremblay_PLoSBiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000527}} @article{Godfrey:2009, @@ -29559,7 +29548,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A multi-component model of the developing retinocollicular pathway incorporating axonal and synaptic growth}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Godfrey_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Godfrey_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000600}} @article{Gjorgjieva:2009, @@ -29580,7 +29569,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Burst-time-dependent plasticity robustly guides ON/OFF segregation in the lateral geniculate nucleus}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gjorgjieva_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gjorgjieva_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000618}} @article{Betley:2009, @@ -29601,7 +29590,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Stringent specificity in the construction of a GABAergic presynaptic inhibitory circuit}, Volume = {139}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Betley_Cell2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Betley_Cell2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.027}} @article{Kerschensteiner:2009, @@ -29622,7 +29611,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neurotransmission selectively regulates synapse formation in parallel circuits in vivo}, Volume = {460}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kerschensteiner_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kerschensteiner_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kerschensteiner_Nature2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08236}} @@ -29644,7 +29633,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetically increased cell-intrinsic excitability enhances neuronal integration into adult brain circuits}, Volume = {65}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lin_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lin_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.001}} @article{Brown:2010, @@ -29663,7 +29652,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Melanopsin contributions to irradiance coding in the thalamo-cortical visual system}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_PLoSBiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brown_PLoSBiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000558}} @article{Yang:2009, @@ -29683,7 +29672,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Three patterns of oscillatory activity differentially synchronize developing neocortical networks in vivo}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5646-08.2009}} @article{Miyamichi:2010, @@ -29700,7 +29689,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Cortical representations of olfactory input by trans-synaptic tracing}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Miyamichi_Nature2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Miyamichi_Nature2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09714}} @article{Mahon:2009, @@ -29721,7 +29710,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Category-specific organization in the human brain does not require visual experience}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mahon_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mahon_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.012}} @article{McCarthy:2009, @@ -29742,7 +29731,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Pseudorabies virus infection alters neuronal activity and connectivity in vitro}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCarthy_PLoSPathog2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/McCarthy_PLoSPathog2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000640}} @article{Tsai:2009, @@ -29763,7 +29752,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Melanopsin as a sleep modulator: circadian gating of the direct effects of light on sleep and altered sleep homeostasis in Opn4(-/-) mice}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsai_PLoSBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tsai_PLoSBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000125}} @article{Brown:2003b, @@ -29783,7 +29772,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The legacy of Donald O. Hebb: more than the Hebb synapse}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_NatRevNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brown_NatRevNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1257}} @article{Bohland:2009, @@ -29804,7 +29793,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A proposal for a coordinated effort for the determination of brainwide neuroanatomical connectivity in model organisms at a mesoscopic scale}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bohland_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bohland_PLoSComputBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000334}} @article{Lopez-Bendito:2003, @@ -29823,7 +29812,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Thalamocortical development: how are we going to get there?}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/López-Bendito_NatRevNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/López-Bendito_NatRevNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1075}} @article{Desai:2010, @@ -29839,7 +29828,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Mapping Brain Networks in Awake Mice Using Combined Optical Neural Control and fMRI}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Desai_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Desai_JNeurophysiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00828.2010}} @article{Niell:2010, @@ -29859,7 +29848,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Modulation of visual responses by behavioral state in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {65}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Niell_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Niell_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.033}} @article{Nimmerjahn:2009, @@ -29880,7 +29869,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Motor behavior activates Bergmann glial networks}, Volume = {62}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Neuron2009.mov}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Neuron2009a.mov}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.019}} @@ -29902,7 +29891,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Nasal airflow rate affects the sensitivity and pattern of glomerular odorant responses in the mouse olfactory bulb}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Oka_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Oka_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1415-09.2009}} @article{OLeary:1994, @@ -29919,7 +29908,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Specification of neocortical areas and thalamocortical connections}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/O'Leary_AnnuRevNeurosci1994.pdf}, + File = {papers/O'Leary_AnnuRevNeurosci1994.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.17.030194.002223}} @article{Petros:2008, @@ -29937,7 +29926,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal axon growth at the optic chiasm: to cross or not to cross}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petros_AnnuRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Petros_AnnuRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125609}} @article{Phan:2010, @@ -29957,7 +29946,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Practical intravital two-photon microscopy for immunological research: faster, brighter, deeper}, Volume = {88}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Phan_ImmunolCellBiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Phan_ImmunolCellBiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/icb.2009.116}} @article{Cheung:2009, @@ -29978,7 +29967,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinotopically specific reorganization of visual cortex for tactile pattern recognition}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cheung_CurrBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cheung_CurrBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.063}} @article{Rebsam:2009, @@ -29999,7 +29988,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Switching retinogeniculate axon laterality leads to normal targeting but abnormal eye-specific segregation that is activity dependent}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rebsam_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rebsam_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3462-09.2009}} @article{Ros:2009, @@ -30019,7 +30008,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neocortical networks entrain neuronal circuits in cerebellar cortex}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ros_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ros_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2327-09.2009}} @article{Piyawattanametha:2009, @@ -30039,7 +30028,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo brain imaging using a portable 2.9 g two-photon microscope based on a microelectromechanical systems scanning mirror}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Piyawattanametha_OptLett2009.pdf}} + File = {papers/Piyawattanametha_OptLett2009.pdf}} @article{Miyawaki:2007, Author = {Miyawaki, Atsushi and Schnitzer, Mark J}, @@ -30057,7 +30046,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {New technologies for neuroscience}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Miyawaki_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Miyawaki_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.11.005}} @article{Flusberg:2008, @@ -30078,7 +30067,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {High-speed, miniaturized fluorescence microscopy in freely moving mice}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Flusberg_NatMethods2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Flusberg_NatMethods2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Flusberg_NatMethods2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1256}} @@ -30097,7 +30086,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Wndchrm - an open source utility for biological image analysis}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shamir_SourceCodeBiolMed2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shamir_SourceCodeBiolMed2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1751-0473-3-13}} @article{Sheroziya:2009, @@ -30117,7 +30106,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous bursting activity in the developing entorhinal cortex}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sheroziya_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sheroziya_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1333-09.2009}} @article{Shoham:2010, @@ -30136,7 +30125,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optogenetics meets optical wavefront shaping}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shoham_NatMethods2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shoham_NatMethods2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1010-798}} @article{Muckli:2009, @@ -30157,7 +30146,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Bilateral visual field maps in a patient with only one hemisphere}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Muckli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Muckli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Muckli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Muckli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009b.pdf}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Muckli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.avi}, @@ -30180,7 +30169,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures}, Volume = {270}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Singer_Science1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Singer_Science1995.pdf}} @article{Lansford:2001, Abstract = {The imaging of living cells and tissues using laser-scanning microscopy is offering dramatic insights into the spatial and temporal controls of biological processes. The availability of genetically encoded labels such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) offers unique opportunities by which to trace cell movements, cell signaling or gene expression dynamically in developing embryos. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) is ideally suited to imaging cells in vivo due to its deeper tissue penetration and reduced phototoxicity; however, in TPLSM the excitation and emission spectra of GFP and its color variants [e.g., CyanFP (CFP); yellowFP (YFP)] are insufficiently distinct to be uniquely imaged by conventional means. To surmount such difficulties, we have combined the technologies of TPLSM and imaging spectroscopy to unambiguously identify CFP, GFP, YFP, and redFP (RFP) as well as conventional dyes, and have tested the approach in cell lines. In our approach, a liquid crystal tunable filter was used to collect the emission spectrum of each pixel within the TPLSM image. Based on the fluorescent emission spectra, supervised classification and linear unmixing analysis algorithms were used to identify the nature and relative amounts of the fluorescent proteins expressed in the cells. In a most extreme case, we have used the approach to separate GFP and fluorescein, separated by only 7 nm, and appear somewhat indistinguishable by conventional techniques. This approach offers the needed ability to concurrently image multiple colored, spectrally overlapping marker proteins within living cells.}, @@ -30199,7 +30188,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Resolution of multiple green fluorescent protein color variants and dyes using two-photon microscopy and imaging spectroscopy}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lansford_JBiomedOpt2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lansford_JBiomedOpt2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1383780}} @article{Spiegel:2008, @@ -30219,7 +30208,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Stem cell regulation via dynamic interactions of the nervous and immune systems with the microenvironment}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spiegel_CellStemCell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Spiegel_CellStemCell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2008.10.006}} @article{Huang:2010, @@ -30239,7 +30228,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spiral wave dynamics in neocortex}, Volume = {68}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huang_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huang_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.007}} @article{Dani:2010, @@ -30259,7 +30248,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Superresolution imaging of chemical synapses in the brain}, Volume = {68}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dani_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dani_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.021}} @article{Yazaki-Sugiyama:2009, @@ -30279,7 +30268,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Bidirectional plasticity in fast-spiking GABA circuits by visual experience}, Volume = {462}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yazaki-Sugiyama_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yazaki-Sugiyama_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08485}} @article{Tian:2008, @@ -30300,7 +30289,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synaptic activity, visual experience and the maturation of retinal synaptic circuitry}, Volume = {586}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tian_JPhysiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tian_JPhysiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.159202}} @article{Tyzio:2009, @@ -30320,7 +30309,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Inhibitory actions of the gamma-aminobutyric acid in pediatric Sturge-Weber syndrome}, Volume = {66}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tyzio_AnnNeurol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tyzio_AnnNeurol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.21711}} @article{Uhlhaas:2009, @@ -30341,7 +30330,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The development of neural synchrony reflects late maturation and restructuring of functional networks in humans}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Uhlhaas_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Uhlhaas_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900390106}} @article{Koch:2010, @@ -30362,7 +30351,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neuronal pentraxins mediate silent synapse conversion in the developing visual system}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koch_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Koch_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4893-09.2010}} @article{Pol:2009, @@ -30383,7 +30372,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Viral strategies for studying the brain, including a replication-restricted self-amplifying delta-G vesicular stomatis virus that rapidly expresses transgenes in brain and can generate a multicolor golgi-like expression}, Volume = {516}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pol_JCompNeurol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pol_JCompNeurol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.22131}} @article{Felleman:1991, @@ -30403,7 +30392,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex}, Volume = {1}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Felleman_CerebCortex1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Felleman_CerebCortex1991.pdf}} @article{Carman:1995, Abstract = {We describe computational methods for constructing three-dimensional models and unfolded, two-dimensional maps of the cerebral cortex. These methods consist of four procedures, including (1) sampling of a surface within the cortex, (2) reconstruction of a three-dimensional model of that surface, (3) unfolding of the surface to generate a two-dimensional cortical map, and (4) visualization of data on the model and the map. These methods produce structurally accurate representations of the cortex and have practical advantages over previous manual and automated approaches for flattening the cortex. We illustrate the application of these methods to neuroanatomical data obtained from histological sections of cerebral cortex in the macaque monkey. The approach should be equally useful for structural and functional studies in other species, including humans.}, @@ -30422,7 +30411,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Computational methods for reconstructing and unfolding the cerebral cortex}, Volume = {5}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carman_CerebCortex1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Carman_CerebCortex1995.pdf}} @article{Knierim:1992, Abstract = {The mammalian visual cortex contains a complex mosaic of areas that are richly connected with one another. Recent progress has advanced our understanding of both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of cortical organization, and of information flow within and between functionally specialized processing streams.}, @@ -30441,7 +30430,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visual cortex: cartography, connectivity, and concurrent processing}, Volume = {2}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Knierim_CurrOpinNeurobiol1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Knierim_CurrOpinNeurobiol1992.pdf}} @article{Van-Essen:1992, Abstract = {The primate visual system contains dozens of distinct areas in the cerebral cortex and several major subcortical structures. These subdivisions are extensively interconnected in a distributed hierarchical network that contains several intertwined processing streams. A number of strategies are used for efficient information processing within this hierarchy. These include linear and nonlinear filtering, passage through information bottlenecks, and coordinated use of multiple types of information. In addition, dynamic regulation of information flow within and between visual areas may provide the computational flexibility needed for the visual system to perform a broad spectrum of tasks accurately and at high resolution.}, @@ -30460,7 +30449,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Information processing in the primate visual system: an integrated systems perspective}, Volume = {255}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/VanEssen_Science1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/VanEssen_Science1992.pdf}} @article{Vogels:2005, Abstract = {Neural network modeling is often concerned with stimulus-driven responses, but most of the activity in the brain is internally generated. Here, we review network models of internally generated activity, focusing on three types of network dynamics: (a) sustained responses to transient stimuli, which provide a model of working memory; (b) oscillatory network activity; and (c) chaotic activity, which models complex patterns of background spiking in cortical and other circuits. We also review propagation of stimulus-driven activity through spontaneously active networks. Exploring these aspects of neural network dynamics is critical for understanding how neural circuits produce cognitive function.}, @@ -30477,7 +30466,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural network dynamics}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vogels_AnnuRevNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vogels_AnnuRevNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135637}} @article{Kim:2010, @@ -30498,7 +30487,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The apical complex couples cell fate and cell survival to cerebral cortical development}, Volume = {66}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kim_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kim_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.019}} @article{Levin:2010, @@ -30519,7 +30508,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cortical maps and white matter tracts following long period of visual deprivation and retinal image restoration}, Volume = {65}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Levin_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Levin_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.006}} @article{Wei:2009, @@ -30539,7 +30528,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Calcium flickers steer cell migration}, Volume = {457}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wei_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wei_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07577}} @article{Ohshiro:2006a, @@ -30559,7 +30548,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Simple fall-off pattern of correlated neural activity in the developing lateral geniculate nucleus}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ohshiro_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ohshiro_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1799}} @article{Weliky:1997, @@ -30579,7 +30568,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Disruption of orientation tuning in visual cortex by artificially correlated neuronal activity}, Volume = {386}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weliky_Nature1997.pdf}, + File = {papers/Weliky_Nature1997.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/386680a0}} @article{Gonzalez-Islas:2006, @@ -30599,7 +30588,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous network activity in the embryonic spinal cord regulates AMPAergic and GABAergic synaptic strength}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gonzalez-Islas_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gonzalez-Islas_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.017}} @article{Wolszon:1994a, @@ -30619,7 +30608,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Growth cone "collapse" in vivo: are inhibitory interactions mediated by gap junctions?}, Volume = {14}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wolszon_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wolszon_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} @article{Wolszon:1994, Abstract = {Embryonic anterior pagoda (AP) neurons in the leech interact with their segmental homologs in adjacent ganglia through transient axons that overlap during a critical period of development and then retract. However, when an AP neuron is ablated mechanically or by irradiation during this period, an adjacent homolog responds by reinitiating growth of its overlapped axon and thereby taking over vacated territory (Gao and Macagno, 1987b; Gao, 1989). The death of an AP cell is therefore communicated to its homolog, but the mechanism underlying this signaling is presently unknown. Since it was recently found that AP homologs are electrically and dye coupled through their transient axons (Wolszon et al., 1994), we investigated the possibility that gap junctions may mediate the cell death signal that could occur between developing neurons. Among several candidate intercellular signals, we began by studying calcium dynamics in embryonic AP cells, in situ, since calcium is known to cross gap junctions and is implicated in cell death in many systems. We found that elements that usually increase [Ca2+]i in adult neurons, such as releasable internal stores or voltage-dependent calcium channels, were not present at the critical period. Instead, mechanisms that reduce free calcium, such as buffering and pumping, were the most robust. When a large, focal calcium rise was produced in an AP axon by making a lesion with a UV microbeam (leading to eventual death of these neurons), calcium did not rise quickly throughout the cell, but rather moved in a slow (0.05-0.25 micron/sec) wave front away from the lesion site, into other processes of the damaged cell. Furthermore, when a calcium wave front reached the growth cone of a transient axon, it crossed at the gap junctions into the coupled axon of the neighboring AP neuron, but went no further. Since it is known that an AP responds to a neighbor's death by reinitiating growth only in that axon that contacts the dying cell (Gao and Macagno, 1987b; Gao, 1989), these observations are consistent with calcium playing a role in the signaling of cell death to homologs that are coupled to a dying cell.}, @@ -30638,7 +30627,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Calcium wave fronts that cross gap junctions may signal neuronal death during development}, Volume = {14}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wolszon_JNeurosci1994a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wolszon_JNeurosci1994a.pdf}} @article{Thyagarajan:2010a, Abstract = {The functions of trans-synaptic adhesion molecules, such as neurexin and neuroligin, have been difficult to study due to the lack of methods to directly detect their binding in living neurons. Here, we use biotin labeling of intercellular contacts (BLINC), a method for imaging protein interactions based on interaction-dependent biotinylation of a peptide by E. coli biotin ligase, to visualize neurexin-neuroligin trans-interactions at synapses and study their role in synapse development. We found that both developmental maturation and acute synaptic activity stimulate the growth of neurexin-neuroligin adhesion complexes via a combination of neurexin and neuroligin surface insertion and internalization arrest. Both mechanisms require NMDA receptor activity. We also discovered that disruption of activity-induced neurexin-neuroligin complex growth prevents recruitment of the AMPA receptor, a hallmark of mature synapses. Our results provide support for neurexin-neuroligin function in synapse maturation and introduce a general method to study intercellular protein-protein interactions.}, @@ -30658,7 +30647,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging activity-dependent regulation of neurexin-neuroligin interactions using trans-synaptic enzymatic biotinylation}, Volume = {143}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thyagarajan_Cell2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Thyagarajan_Cell2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.025}} @article{Thyagarajan:2010, @@ -30678,7 +30667,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visual function in mice with photoreceptor degeneration and transgenic expression of channelrhodopsin 2 in ganglion cells}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thyagarajan_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Thyagarajan_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4417-09.2010}} @article{Sohal:2009, @@ -30698,7 +30687,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit performance}, Volume = {459}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sohal_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sohal_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07991}} @article{Hegemann:2011, @@ -30717,7 +30706,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Channelrhodopsin engineering and exploration of new optogenetic tools}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2011}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hegemann_NatMethods2011.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hegemann_NatMethods2011.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.327}} @article{Ruthazer:2010, @@ -30737,7 +30726,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Learning to see: patterned visual activity and the development of visual function}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ruthazer_TrendsNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ruthazer_TrendsNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2010.01.003}} @article{Olsen:2008, @@ -30758,7 +30747,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cracking neural circuits in a tiny brain: new approaches for understanding the neural circuitry of Drosophila}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olsen_TrendsNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olsen_TrendsNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.07.006}} @article{Del-Bene:2010, @@ -30778,7 +30767,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Filtering of visual information in the tectum by an identified neural circuit}, Volume = {330}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DelBene_Science2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/DelBene_Science2010.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/DelBene_Science2010a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1192949}} @@ -30799,7 +30788,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Event-related potentials in the retina and optic tectum of fish}, Volume = {64}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bullock_JNeurophysiol1990.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bullock_JNeurophysiol1990.pdf}} @article{Schwartz:2007, Abstract = {A fundamental task of the brain is detecting patterns in the environment that enable predictions about the future. Here, we show that the salamander and mouse retinas can recognize a wide class of periodic temporal patterns, such that a subset of ganglion cells fire strongly and specifically in response to a violation of the periodicity. This sophisticated retinal processing may provide a substrate for hierarchical pattern detection in subsequent circuits.}, @@ -30818,7 +30807,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Detection and prediction of periodic patterns by the retina}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schwartz_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schwartz_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1887}} @article{Colonnese:2010a, @@ -30839,7 +30828,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A conserved switch in sensory processing prepares developing neocortex for vision}, Volume = {67}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Colonnese_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Colonnese_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.07.015}} @article{Butts:2007, @@ -30860,7 +30849,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A burst-based "Hebbian" learning rule at retinogeniculate synapses links retinal waves to activity-dependent refinement}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Butts_PLoSBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Butts_PLoSBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050061}} @article{Butts:1999, @@ -30880,7 +30869,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal waves are governed by collective network properties}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Butts_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Butts_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Butts:2001, Abstract = {Spontaneous neural activity that is present in the mammalian retina before the onset of vision is required for the refinement of retinotopy in the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. This paper explores the information content of this retinal activity, with the goal of determining constraints on the nature of the developmental mechanisms that use it. Through information-theoretic analysis of multielectrode and calcium-imaging experiments, we show that the spontaneous retinal activity present early in development provides information about the relative positions of retinal ganglion cells and can, in principle, be used at retinogeniculate and retinocollicular synapses to refine retinotopy. Remarkably, we find that most retinotopic information provided by retinal waves exists on relatively coarse time scales, suggesting that developmental mechanisms must be sensitive to timing differences from 100 msec up to 2 sec to make optimal use of it. In fact, a simple Hebbian-type learning rule with a correlation window on the order of seconds is able to extract the bulk of the available information. These findings are consistent with bursts of action potentials (rather than single spikes) being the unit of information used during development and suggest new experimental approaches for studying developmental plasticity of the retinogeniculate and retinocollicular synapses. More generally, these results demonstrate how the properties of neuronal systems can be inferred from the statistics of their input.}, @@ -30899,7 +30888,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The information content of spontaneous retinal waves}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Butts_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Butts_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Butts:2002, Abstract = {Neural activity is often required for the final stages of synaptic refinement during brain development. It is thought that learning rules acting at the individual synapse level, which specify how pre- and postsynaptic activity lead to changes in synaptic efficacy, underlie such activity-dependent development. How such rules might function in vivo can be addressed in the retinogeniculate system because the input activity from the retina and its importance in development are both known. In fact, detailed studies of retinal waves have revealed their complex spatiotemporal properties, providing insights into the mechanisms that use such activity to guide development. First of all, the information useful for development is contained in the retinal waves and can be quantified, placing constraints on synaptic learning rules that use this information. Furthermore, knowing the distribution of activity over the entire set of inputs makes it possible to address a necessary component of developmental refinement: rules governing competition between synaptic inputs. In this way, the detailed knowledge of retinal input and lateral geniculate nucleus development provides a unique opportunity to relate the rules of synaptic plasticity directly to their role in development.}, @@ -30918,7 +30907,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal waves: implications for synaptic learning rules during development}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Butts_Neuroscientist2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Butts_Neuroscientist2002.pdf}} @article{Rogers:1995, Abstract = {We have examined, by light-microscopic immunocytochemistry, the distribution of GABA in the optic nerves of adult rabbits, rats, and cats. Within the optic nerves, immunoreactivity for GABA was restricted to a small subset of axons; some axons were strongly labelled, others weakly labelled, whilst most axons were unlabelled. Glia and other non-neuronal elements were always unlabelled. Our ability to detect GABA in optic nerve axons of adult mammals contrasts with previous reports that indicate a lack of GABA immunoreactivity in such axons. We suggest that this discrepancy may be due to the sensitivity of our immunocytochemical techniques which enable us to detect low concentrations of GABA.}, @@ -30955,7 +30944,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid responses in the rat optic nerve}, Volume = {401}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Empson_EurJPharmacol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Empson_EurJPharmacol2000.pdf}} @article{Costa:1997, Abstract = {GABA immunoreactivity was examined in the retina of the New World monkey Cebus apella. Labeled cell bodies were identified as horizontal, bipolar, interplexiform, amacrine and a population of putative ganglion cells. To determine whether ganglion cells were immunoreactive to GABA, double-labeling experiments were performed using Fast Blue as retrograde neuronal tracer injected into the superior colliculus. Retinas containing FB-labeled ganglion cells were subsequently incubated with antiserum against GABA. Although retinocollicular ganglion cells were found in three different layers (ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer), our experiments revealed GABA-positive ganglion cells only in the outer half of the ganglion cell layer.}, @@ -30974,7 +30963,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {GABAergic retinocollicular projection in the New World monkey Cebus apella}, Volume = {8}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Costa_Neuroreport1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Costa_Neuroreport1997.pdf}} @article{Wilson:1996, Abstract = {Using an antibody to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), we examined the optic nerves and optic tracts from macaque monkeys at the light and electron microscopic levels to determine if there is a possible inhibitory projection from the retina to the brain. All of the monkeys (n = 5) had GABA immunopositive axons that were evenly distributed in their optic nerves. These immunopositive axons were slightly larger than the axons around them and comprised an average of 2.6\% of the axons in the nerves. Thus, their estimated total was about 44,000 axons per nerve. In the optic tracts, the GABA immunopositive axons were not distributed evenly, but were concentrated mostly in the ventromedial part, indicating that this retinal pathway probably goes to a midbrain destination such as the superior colliculus. The present findings provide further evidence that there is a GABAergic retinal projection to the brain in primates with currently unknown physiological influences.}, @@ -30993,7 +30982,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {GABA immunopositive axons in the optic nerve and optic tract of macaque monkeys}, Volume = {36}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wilson_VisionRes1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wilson_VisionRes1996.pdf}} @article{Lugo-Garcia:1991, Abstract = {Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)- and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactivity was examined in the retina of the 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). Labeling was observed in the inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). The immunoreactive cell bodies in the inner third of the INL were 6-13 microns in diameter and, because of their size and location it was considered that these were amacrine cells. Labeling in the IPL was concentrated in 5 bands corresponding to laminae 1a, 1c, 2, 4 and 5. In the GCL a heterogeneous population of neurons exhibited GAD- and GABA-like immunoreactivity. The soma diameters of the GCL cells ranged from 5 to 17 microns. These may represent displaced amacrines and/or ganglion cells. To determine if any of the immunoreactive cells in the GCL were ganglion cells, double labeling experiments were performed using rhodamine latex microspheres ('beads') as retrograde neuronal tracers. Rhodamine beads were injected into the superior colliculus, and retinas with retrogradely labeled ganglion cells were subsequently incubated with the anti-GAD antiserum. These experiments revealed a small population of GAD-positive ganglion cells, setting a lower limit for the total number of GABAergic ganglion cells.}, @@ -31012,7 +31001,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Localization of GAD- and GABA-like immunoreactivity in ground squirrel retina: retrograde labeling demonstrates GAD-positive ganglion cells}, Volume = {564}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lugo-García_BrainRes1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lugo-García_BrainRes1991.pdf}} @article{Caruso:1989, Abstract = {Ganglion cells in the rat retina were labeled with the fluorescent dye, Diamidino-yellow, by retrograde transport from the superior colliculus and subsequently reacted for GABA-like immunoreactivity with a rhodamine-conjugated antiserum. Examination of sectioned retinas by fluorescence microscopy showed double labeling in approximately 6\% of the ganglion cells. The presence of GABA in these neurons suggests that they may be involved in providing direct inhibitory input to the rat tectum.}, @@ -31031,7 +31020,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {GABA-immunoreactivity in ganglion cells of the rat retina}, Volume = {476}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Caruso_BrainRes1989.pdf}} + File = {papers/Caruso_BrainRes1989.pdf}} @article{May:2006, Abstract = {The superior colliculus is a laminated midbrain structure that acts as one of the centers organizing gaze movements. This review will concentrate on sensory and motor inputs to the superior colliculus, on its internal circuitry, and on its connections with other brainstem gaze centers, as well as its extensive outputs to those structures with which it is reciprocally connected. This will be done in the context of its laminar arrangement. Specifically, the superficial layers receive direct retinal input, and are primarily visual sensory in nature. They project upon the visual thalamus and pretectum to influence visual perception. These visual layers also project upon the deeper layers, which are both multimodal, and premotor in nature. Thus, the deep layers receive input from both somatosensory and auditory sources, as well as from the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Sensory, association, and motor areas of cerebral cortex provide another major source of collicular input, particularly in more encephalized species. For example, visual sensory cortex terminates superficially, while the eye fields target the deeper layers. The deeper layers are themselves the source of a major projection by way of the predorsal bundle which contributes collicular target information to the brainstem structures containing gaze-related burst neurons, and the spinal cord and medullary reticular formation regions that produce head turning.}, @@ -31048,7 +31037,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The mammalian superior colliculus: laminar structure and connections}, Volume = {151}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/May_ProgBrainRes2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/May_ProgBrainRes2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(05)51011-2}} @article{Abrahams:1975, @@ -31068,7 +31057,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Projections of extraocular, neck muscle, and retinal afferents to superior colliculus in the cat: their connections to cells of origin of tectospinal tract}, Volume = {38}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Abrahams_JNeurophysiol1975.pdf}} + File = {papers/Abrahams_JNeurophysiol1975.pdf}} @article{Meredith:1985, Abstract = {By means of their efferent projections to motor and premotor structures, the cells in the deep superior colliculus are intimately involved in behaviors that control the orientation of the eyes, pinnae, and head. These same efferent cells receive multiple sensory inputs, thereby apparently enabling an animal to orient its receptor organs in response to a wide variety of cues. This sensory convergence also provides a system in which motor responses need not be immutably linked to individual stimuli but can vary in reaction to the multitude of stimuli present in the environment at any given moment.}, @@ -31087,7 +31076,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Descending efferents from the superior colliculus relay integrated multisensory information}, Volume = {227}, Year = {1985}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meredith_Science1985.pdf}} + File = {papers/Meredith_Science1985.pdf}} @article{Carson:2005a, Abstract = {Massive amounts of data are being generated in an effort to represent for the brain the expression of all genes at cellular resolution. Critical to exploiting this effort is the ability to place these data into a common frame of reference. Here we have developed a computational method for annotating gene expression patterns in the context of a digital atlas to facilitate custom user queries and comparisons of this type of data. This procedure has been applied to 200 genes in the postnatal mouse brain. As an illustration of utility, we identify candidate genes that may be related to Parkinson disease by using the expression of a dopamine transporter in the substantia nigra as a search query pattern. In addition, we discover that transcription factor Rorb is down-regulated in the barrelless mutant relative to control mice by quantitative comparison of expression patterns in layer IV somatosensory cortex. The semi-automated annotation method developed here is applicable to a broad spectrum of complex tissues and data modalities.}, @@ -31107,7 +31096,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A digital atlas to characterize the mouse brain transcriptome}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carson_PLoSComputBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carson_PLoSComputBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010041}} @article{Andermann:2010, @@ -31125,7 +31114,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Chronic cellular imaging of mouse visual cortex during operant behavior and passive viewing}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Andermann_FrontCellNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Andermann_FrontCellNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Andermann_FrontCellNeurosci2010a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Andermann_FrontCellNeurosci2010.mov}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2010.00003}} @@ -31148,7 +31137,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion-cell photoreceptors: cellular diversity and role in pattern vision}, Volume = {67}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ecker_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ecker_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.05.023}} @article{Grubb:2010, @@ -31168,7 +31157,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Activity-dependent relocation of the axon initial segment fine-tunes neuronal excitability}, Volume = {465}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grubb_Nature2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grubb_Nature2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09160}} @article{Strauss:2002, @@ -31188,7 +31177,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The central complex and the genetic dissection of locomotor behaviour}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Strauss_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Strauss_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}} @article{Klein:2009, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: A number of adhesion-mediated signaling pathways and cell-cycle events have been identified that regulate cell proliferation, yet studies to date have been unable to determine which of these pathways control mitogenesis in response to physiologically relevant changes in tissue elasticity. In this report, we use hydrogel-based substrata matched to biological tissue stiffness to investigate the effects of matrix elasticity on the cell cycle. RESULTS: We find that physiological tissue stiffness acts as a cell-cycle inhibitor in mammary epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells; subcellular analysis in these cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and osteoblasts shows that cell-cycle control by matrix stiffness is widely conserved. Remarkably, most mitogenic events previously documented as extracellular matrix (ECM)/integrin-dependent proceed normally when matrix stiffness is altered in the range that controls mitogenesis. These include ERK activity, immediate-early gene expression, and cdk inhibitor expression. In contrast, FAK-dependent Rac activation, Rac-dependent cyclin D1 gene induction, and cyclin D1-dependent Rb phosphorylation are strongly inhibited at physiological tissue stiffness and rescued when the matrix is stiffened in vitro. Importantly, the combined use of atomic force microscopy and fluorescence imaging in mice shows that comparable increases in tissue stiffness occur at sites of cell proliferation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Matrix remodeling associated with pathogenesis is in itself a positive regulator of the cell cycle through a highly selective effect on integrin-dependent signaling to FAK, Rac, and cyclin D1.}, @@ -31208,7 +31197,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cell-cycle control by physiological matrix elasticity and in vivo tissue stiffening}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Klein_CurrBiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Klein_CurrBiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.069}} @article{Asadollahi:2010, @@ -31229,7 +31218,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Stimulus-driven competition in a cholinergic midbrain nucleus}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Asadollahi_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Asadollahi_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Asadollahi_NatNeurosci2010a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2573}} @@ -31249,7 +31238,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The sound of change: visually-induced auditory synesthesia}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Saenz_CurrBiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Saenz_CurrBiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.014}} @article{Krauzlis:2008a, @@ -31269,7 +31258,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Walk this way}, Volume = {60}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Krauzlis_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Krauzlis_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.032}} @article{Kastanenka:2010, @@ -31290,7 +31279,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo activation of channelrhodopsin-2 reveals that normal patterns of spontaneous activity are required for motoneuron guidance and maintenance of guidance molecules}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kastanenka_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kastanenka_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2773-10.2010}} @article{Ecker:2010, @@ -31310,7 +31299,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Decorrelated neuronal firing in cortical microcircuits}, Volume = {327}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ecker_Science2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ecker_Science2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1179867}} @article{Moiseff:2010, @@ -31330,7 +31319,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Firefly synchrony: a behavioral strategy to minimize visual clutter}, Volume = {329}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Moiseff_Science2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Moiseff_Science2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1190421}} @article{Akemann:2010, @@ -31349,7 +31338,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging brain electric signals with genetically targeted voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Akemann_NatMethods2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Akemann_NatMethods2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1479}} @article{Wallace:2010, @@ -31365,7 +31354,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Pst = {aheadofprint}, Title = {Chasing the cell assembly}, Year = {2010;c}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wallace_CurrOpinNeurobiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wallace_CurrOpinNeurobiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2010.05.003}} @article{Wickersham:2007, @@ -31386,7 +31375,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Monosynaptic restriction of transsynaptic tracing from single, genetically targeted neurons}, Volume = {53}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wickersham_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wickersham_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.033}} @article{Schmid:2010, @@ -31407,7 +31396,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Blindsight depends on the lateral geniculate nucleus}, Volume = {466}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schmid_Nature2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schmid_Nature2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09179}} @article{Mysore:2010, @@ -31428,7 +31417,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Global inhibition and stimulus competition in the owl optic tectum}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mysore_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mysore_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3740-09.2010}} @article{Berman:2010, @@ -31449,7 +31438,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional identification of a pulvinar path from superior colliculus to cortical area MT}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Berman_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Berman_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6176-09.2010}} @article{Takahashi:2010, @@ -31470,7 +31459,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Circuit topology for synchronizing neurons in spontaneously active networks}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takahashi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Takahashi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914594107}} @article{Kanwisher:2010, @@ -31491,7 +31480,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional specificity in the human brain: a window into the functional architecture of the mind}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kanwisher_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kanwisher_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005062107}} @article{Cohen:2010, @@ -31512,7 +31501,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural correlates of active avoidance behavior in superior colliculus}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cohen_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cohen_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1497-10.2010}} @article{Wallace:1989, @@ -31532,7 +31521,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Recovery from cortical blindness mediated by destruction of nontectotectal fibers in the commissure of the superior colliculus in the cat}, Volume = {284}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wallace_JCompNeurol1989.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wallace_JCompNeurol1989.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902840309}} @article{Salome:2006, @@ -31552,7 +31541,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Ultrafast random-access scanning in two-photon microscopy using acousto-optic deflectors}, Volume = {154}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Salomé_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Salomé_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.12.010}} @article{Teramoto:2010, @@ -31570,7 +31559,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Sounds move a static visual object}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Teramoto_PLoSOne2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Teramoto_PLoSOne2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012255}} @article{Li:2010, @@ -31588,7 +31577,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A transposon in comt generates mRNA variants and causes widespread expression and behavioral differences among mice}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_PLoSOne2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Li_PLoSOne2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012181}} @article{Nakane:2010, @@ -31607,7 +31596,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nakane_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nakane_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006393107}} @article{Werth:2006, @@ -31627,7 +31616,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visual functions without the occipital lobe or after cerebral hemispherectomy in infancy}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Werth_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Werth_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05171.x}} @article{Weddell:2004, @@ -31647,7 +31636,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Subcortical modulation of spatial attention including evidence that the Sprague effect extends to man}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weddell_BrainCogn2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Weddell_BrainCogn2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.075}} @article{Ptito:2007, @@ -31667,7 +31656,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural substrates of blindsight after hemispherectomy}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ptito_Neuroscientist2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ptito_Neuroscientist2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858407300598}} @article{Chen:2010, @@ -31688,7 +31677,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Hematopoietic origin of pathological grooming in Hoxb8 mutant mice}, Volume = {141}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Cell2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_Cell2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.055}} @article{Kerlin:2010, @@ -31707,7 +31696,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Broadly tuned response properties of diverse inhibitory neuron subtypes in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {67}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kerlin_Neuron2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kerlin_Neuron2010.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kerlin_Neuron2010a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.002}} @@ -31728,7 +31717,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury}, Volume = {468}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_NeurosciLett2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_NeurosciLett2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.077}} @article{Szokol:2009, @@ -31748,7 +31737,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging synaptically mediated responses produced by brainstem inputs onto identified spinal neurons in the neonatal mouse}, Volume = {180}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Szokol_JNeurosciMethods2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Szokol_JNeurosciMethods2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.01.018}} @article{Lillis:2008, @@ -31769,7 +31758,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Two-photon imaging of spatially extended neuronal network dynamics with high temporal resolution}, Volume = {172}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lillis_JNeurosciMethods2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lillis_JNeurosciMethods2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.024}} @article{Shew:2010, @@ -31789,7 +31778,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Simultaneous multi-electrode array recording and two-photon calcium imaging of neural activity}, Volume = {192}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shew_JNeurosciMethods2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shew_JNeurosciMethods2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.07.023}} @article{Lee:2006b, @@ -31809,7 +31798,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural basis of quasi-rational decision making}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lee_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2006.02.001}} @article{Richards:2010, @@ -31828,7 +31817,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {GABAergic circuits control stimulus-instructed receptive field development in the optic tectum}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Richards_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Richards_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2612}} @article{Smith:2010, @@ -31847,7 +31836,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Parallel processing of visual space by neighboring neurons in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smith_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Smith_NatNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Smith_NatNeurosci2010a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2620}} @@ -31868,7 +31857,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Imaging human supraspinal locomotor centers in brainstem and cerebellum}, Volume = {39}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jahn_Neuroimage2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jahn_Neuroimage2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.047}} @article{Okasha:2010, @@ -31887,7 +31876,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Levels of selection}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Okasha_CurrBiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Okasha_CurrBiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.01.025}} @article{Foster:2010, @@ -31907,7 +31896,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cooperation: the secret society of sperm}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Foster_CurrBiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Foster_CurrBiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.015}} @article{Emerman:2010, @@ -31927,7 +31916,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Paleovirology--modern consequences of ancient viruses}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Emerman_PLoSBiol2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Emerman_PLoSBiol2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000301}} @article{Murchison:2010, @@ -31947,7 +31936,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The Tasmanian devil transcriptome reveals Schwann cell origins of a clonally transmissible cancer}, Volume = {327}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Murchison_Science2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Murchison_Science2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1180616}} @article{Engel:1991, @@ -31967,7 +31956,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Interhemispheric synchronization of oscillatory neuronal responses in cat visual cortex}, Volume = {252}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Engel_Science1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Engel_Science1991.pdf}} @article{Rosenbaum:2010, Abstract = {Correlations between spike trains can strongly modulate neuronal activity and affect the ability of neurons to encode information. Neurons integrate inputs from thousands of afferents. Similarly, a number of experimental techniques are designed to record pooled cell activity. We review and generalize a number of previous results that show how correlations between cells in a population can be amplified and distorted in signals that reflect their collective activity. The structure of the underlying neuronal response can significantly impact correlations between such pooled signals. Therefore care needs to be taken when interpreting pooled recordings, or modeling networks of cells that receive inputs from large presynaptic populations. We also show that the frequently observed runaway synchrony in feedforward chains is primarily due to the pooling of correlated inputs.}, @@ -31984,7 +31973,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Pooling and correlated neural activity}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rosenbaum_FrontComputNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rosenbaum_FrontComputNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2010.00009}} @article{Colonnese:2010, @@ -32004,7 +31993,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {"Slow activity transients" in infant rat visual cortex: a spreading synchronous oscillation patterned by retinal waves}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Colonnese_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Colonnese_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Colonnese_JNeurosci2010a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4995-09.2010}} @@ -32024,7 +32013,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neocortical Activation of the Hippocampus during Sleep in Infant Rats}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2010}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mohns_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mohns_JNeurosci2010.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4832-09.2010}} @article{Stein:1984, @@ -32040,7 +32029,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of the superior colliculus}, Volume = {7}, Year = {1984}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stein_AnnuRevNeurosci1984.pdf}, + File = {papers/Stein_AnnuRevNeurosci1984.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.000523}} @article{Gramsbergen:1970, @@ -32058,7 +32047,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The postnatal development of behavioral states in the rat}, Volume = {3}, Year = {1970}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gramsbergen_DevPsychobiol1970.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gramsbergen_DevPsychobiol1970.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.420030407}} @article{Petersson:2003, @@ -32078,7 +32067,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous muscle twitches during sleep guide spinal self-organization}, Volume = {424}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petersson_Nature2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Petersson_Nature2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01719}} @article{Stafford:2009, @@ -32097,7 +32086,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spatial-temporal patterns of retinal waves underlying activity-dependent refinement of retinofugal projections}, Volume = {64}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stafford_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Stafford_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Stafford_Neuron2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.021}} @@ -32117,7 +32106,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Direction-specific disruption of subcortical visual behavior and receptive fields in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2128-09.2009}} @article{Hashimoto:2003, @@ -32136,7 +32125,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional differentiation of multiple climbing fiber inputs during synapse elimination in the developing cerebellum}, Volume = {38}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Hashimoto:2009, Abstract = {Functional neural circuits are formed by eliminating early-formed redundant synapses and strengthening necessary connections during development. In newborn mouse cerebellum, each Purkinje cell (PC) is innervated by multiple climbing fibers (CFs) with similar strengths. Subsequently, a single CF is selectively strengthened by postnatal day 7 (P7). We find that this competition among multiple CFs occurs on the soma before CFs form synapses along dendrites. Notably, in most PCs, the single CF that has been functionally strengthened (the "winner" CF) undergoes translocation to dendrites while keeping its synapses on the soma. Synapses of the weaker CFs (the "loser" CFs) remain around the soma and form "pericellular nests" with synapses of the winner CFs. Then most perisomatic synapses are eliminated nonselectively by P15. Thus, our results suggest that the selective translocation of the winner CF to dendrites in each PC determines the single CF that survives subsequent synapse elimination and persistently innervates the PC.}, @@ -32154,7 +32143,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Translocation of a "winner" climbing fiber to the Purkinje cell dendrite and subsequent elimination of "losers" from the soma in developing cerebellum}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Hashimoto_Neuron2009b.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.06.008}} @@ -32192,7 +32181,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The development of the corticotectal pathway in the albino rat: transient projections from the visual and motor cortices}, Volume = {80}, Year = {1987}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thong_NeurosciLett1987.pdf}} + File = {papers/Thong_NeurosciLett1987.pdf}} @article{Wallace:2000, Abstract = {Many neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) are able to integrate combinations of visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli, thereby markedly affecting the vigor of their responses to external stimuli. However, this capacity for multisensory integration is not inborn. Rather, it appears comparatively late in postnatal development and is not expressed until the SC passes through several distinct developmental stages. As shown here, the final stage in this sequence is one in which a region of association cortex establishes functional control over the SC, thus enabling the multisensory integrative capabilities of its target SC neurons. The first example of this corticotectal input was seen at postnatal day 28. For any individual SC neuron, the onset of corticotectal influences appeared to be abrupt. Because this event occurred at very different times for different SC neurons, a period of 3-4 postnatal months was required before the adult-like condition was achieved. The protracted postnatal period required for the maturation of these corticotectal influences corresponded closely with estimates of the peak period of cortical plasticity, raising the possibility that the genesis of these corticotectal influences, and hence the onset of SC multisensory integration, occurs only after the cortex is capable of exerting experience-dependent control over SC neurons.}, @@ -32210,7 +32199,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Onset of cross-modal synthesis in the neonatal superior colliculus is gated by the development of cortical influences}, Volume = {83}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wallace_JNeurophysiol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wallace_JNeurophysiol2000.pdf}} @conference{Ackman:2000, Author = {Ackman, James B. and LoTurco, Joseph J.}, @@ -32233,7 +32222,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal waves are likely to instruct the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feller_NeuralDev2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Feller_NeuralDev2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-8104-4-24}} @article{Chalupa:2009, @@ -32249,7 +32238,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal waves are unlikely to instruct the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chalupa_NeuralDev2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chalupa_NeuralDev2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-8104-4-25}} @article{Vries:1982, @@ -32266,7 +32255,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The emergence of fetal behaviour. I. Qualitative aspects}, Volume = {7}, Year = {1982}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vries_EarlyHumDev1982.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vries_EarlyHumDev1982.pdf}} @article{Clancy:2001, Abstract = {Conservation of the order in which events occur in developing mammalian brains permits use of regression theory to model the timing of neural development. Following a small adjustment to account for a systematic variability in primate cortical and limbic systems, the model is used to generate a 95-event/nine-species matrix that predicts aspects of neurogenesis and axonal outgrowth in the brains of developing mice, hamsters, rats, spiny mice, rabbits, ferrets, cats, monkeys, and humans. Although data are compiled from species in which the timing of birth and the rate of maturation vary widely, the model proves statistically accurate, with practical implications for improving estimation of milestones of neural development, particularly for humans. Using the three-factor model (species, neural events, and primate adjustments), we produce predictions for the timing of 493 neural occurrences in developing mammalian brains that either have not yet been, or cannot be, empirically derived. We also relate the timing of neural events across the nine species in the form of a reference table calibrated to the development of laboratory rats. This 'translation' table will assist in attempts to equate the neurodevelopmental literature across species with either large or small differences in gestation and maturation, and also permit studies done in a variety of mammals to be applied to better understand human development. The comparative data indicate that humans, although conventionally considered an altricial species, are neurally advanced at birth relative to the other species studied.}, @@ -32283,7 +32272,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Translating developmental time across mammalian species}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Clancy_Neuroscience2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Clancy_Neuroscience2001.pdf}} @article{Juttner:2001, Abstract = {During postnatal development, the retinocollicular pathway undergoes activity-dependent refinement, resulting in the precise retinotopic map seen in adults. Previous studies established that retinal efferents reach the mouse superior colliculus (SC) by embryonic day 16. Morphologically, synapses were found in the rat SC before birth. As part of an extended project aimed at understanding the development of synaptic transmission in the visual layers of the SC, we report here the presence of functionally active synapses immediately after birth. Circuit activity in mouse SC neurons was detected in horizontal slices of the visual layers using cell-attached voltage clamp. The spontaneous discharge of action potentials was abolished by glutamatergic blockers and facilitated by bicuculline, showing that circuit activity is based on synaptic transmission and that the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid is inhibitory. Using whole-cell voltage clamp, spontaneous glutamatergic postsynaptic currents as well as miniature GABAergic postsynaptic currents were recorded on postnatal day 1. Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents could also be evoked by electrical stimulation. Glutamatergic postsynaptic currents comprised both (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated components. The early function of glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in the visual layers of SC suggests that SC neurons are able to process information originating from retinal axons immediately after birth.}, @@ -32335,7 +32324,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Correlational structure of spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing lateral geniculate nucleus in vivo}, Volume = {285}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weliky_Science1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Weliky_Science1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/285/5427/541}} @article{Wong:1995, @@ -32354,7 +32343,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Early functional neural networks in the developing retina}, Volume = {374}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wong_Nature1995.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wong_Nature1995.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374716a0}} @article{Wong:1993, @@ -32373,7 +32362,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Transient period of correlated bursting activity during development of the mammalian retina}, Volume = {11}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wong_Neuron1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wong_Neuron1993.pdf}} @article{Jiang:2003, Abstract = {The manner in which the nervous system allocates limited motor resources when confronted with conflicting behavioural demands is a crucial issue in understanding how sensory information is transformed into adaptive motor responses. Understanding this selection process is of particular concern in current models of functions of the basal ganglia. Here we report that the basal ganglia use simultaneous enhancing and suppressing processes synergistically to modulate sensory activity in the superior colliculi, which are bilaterally paired midbrain structures involved in the control of visual orientation behaviours. These complementary processes presumably ensure accurate gaze shifts mediated by the superior colliculi despite the presence of potential distractors.}, @@ -32411,7 +32400,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Opposing basal ganglia processes shape midbrain visuomotor activity bilaterally}, Volume = {423}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jiang_Nature2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jiang_Nature2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01698}} @article{Mongeau:2003, @@ -32449,7 +32438,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural correlates of competing fear behaviors evoked by an innately aversive stimulus}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mongeau_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mongeau_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Haider:2008, Abstract = {The neuropsychological concepts found in Donald Hebb's The Organization of Behavior have greatly influenced many aspects of neuroscience research over the last half century. Hebb's ideas arose from a rich tradition of research. An underappreciated contribution came from pioneering studies at Yale University. Here, we wish to reconsider these developments, placing particular emphasis on the roles of the neurophysiologists John Fulton, J.J. Dusser de Barenne, and Warren McCulloch and the psychologists Donald Marquis and Ernest Hilgard. These neuroscientists all contributed significantly to the intellectual climate that gave rise to Hebb's remarkable synthesis.}, @@ -32487,7 +32476,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Contributions of Yale neuroscience to Donald O. Hebb's organization of behavior}, Volume = {81}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Haider_YaleJBiolMed2008.pdf}} + File = {papers/Haider_YaleJBiolMed2008.pdf}} @article{Shu:2003, Abstract = {The vast majority of synaptic connections onto neurons in the cerebral cortex arise from other cortical neurons, both excitatory and inhibitory, forming local and distant 'recurrent' networks. Although this is a basic theme of cortical organization, its study has been limited largely to theoretical investigations, which predict that local recurrent networks show a proportionality or balance between recurrent excitation and inhibition, allowing the generation of stable periods of activity. This recurrent activity might underlie such diverse operations as short-term memory, the modulation of neuronal excitability with attention, and the generation of spontaneous activity during sleep. Here we show that local cortical circuits do indeed operate through a proportional balance of excitation and inhibition generated through local recurrent connections, and that the operation of such circuits can generate self-sustaining activity that can be turned on and off by synaptic inputs. These results confirm the long-hypothesized role of recurrent activity as a basic operation of the cerebral cortex.}, @@ -32525,7 +32514,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Turning on and off recurrent balanced cortical activity}, Volume = {423}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shu_Nature2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shu_Nature2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01616}} @article{Seung:2000, @@ -32562,7 +32551,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Half a century of Hebb}, Volume = {3 Suppl}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seung_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Seung_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/81430}} @article{Steriade:1993c, @@ -32599,7 +32588,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The slow (< 1 Hz) oscillation in reticular thalamic and thalamocortical neurons: scenario of sleep rhythm generation in interacting thalamic and neocortical networks}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Steriade_JNeurosci1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Steriade_JNeurosci1993.pdf}} @article{Steriade:1993b, Abstract = {The newly described slow cortical rhythm (approximately 0.3 Hz), whose depolarizing-hyperpolarizing components are analyzed in the preceding article, is now investigated from the standpoint of its relations with delta (1-4 Hz) and spindle (7-14 Hz) rhythmicity. Regular-spiking and intrinsically bursting cortical neurons were mostly recorded from association suprasylvian areas 5 and 7; fewer neurons were also recorded from pericruciate motor and posterolateral visual areas. Although most cells were investigated under various anesthetics, a similar slow cortical rhythm was found in animals with brainstem transection at the low- or high-collicular levels. These cerveau isole (isolated forebrain) preparations display the major sleep rhythms of the EEG in the absence of general anesthetics. In 38% of recorded cortical neurons (n = 105), the slow rhythm was combined with delta oscillation. Both cellular rhythms were phase locked to the slow and delta oscillations in the surface- and depth-recorded EEG. In a group of this cell sample (n = 47), delta activity occurred as stereotyped, clock-like action potentials during the interdepolarization lulls of the slow rhythm. In another neuronal subsample (n = 58), delta events were grouped in sequences superimposed upon the depolarizing envelope of the slow rhythm, with such sequences recurring rhythmically at approximately 0.3-0.4 Hz. The associations between the two cellular and EEG rhythms (1-4 Hz and 0.3-0.4 Hz) were quantified by means of autocorrelograms, cross-correlograms, and spike-triggered averages. In 26% of recorded neurons (n = 72), the slow rhythm was combined with spindle oscillations. Regular-spiking cortical neurons fully reflected the whole frequency range of thalamically generated spindles (7-14 Hz). However, during similar patterns of EEG spindling, intrinsically bursting cells fired grouped action potentials (with intraburst frequencies of 100-200 Hz) at only 2-4 Hz. The dependence of the slow cortical oscillation upon the thalamus was studied by lesions and stimulation. The slow rhythm survived extensive ipsilateral thalamic destruction by means of electrolytic lesions or kainate-induced loss of perikarya in thalamic nuclei that were input sources to the recorded cortical neurons. To further prevent the possibility of a thalamic role in the genesis of the slow rhythm, through the contralateral thalamocortical systems and callosal projections, we also transected the corpus callosum in thalamically lesioned animals, and still recorded the slow rhythm in cortical neurons. These data indicate that the thalamus is not essentially implicated in the genesis of the slow rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, @@ -32636,7 +32625,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Intracellular analysis of relations between the slow (< 1 Hz) neocortical oscillation and other sleep rhythms of the electroencephalogram}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Steriade_JNeurosci1993a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Steriade_JNeurosci1993a.pdf}} @article{Steriade:1993a, Abstract = {We describe a novel slow oscillation in intracellular recordings from cortical association areas 5 and 7, motor areas 4 and 6, and visual areas 17 and 18 of cats under various anesthetics. The recorded neurons (n = 254) were antidromically and orthodromically identified as corticothalamic or callosal elements receiving projections from appropriate thalamic nuclei as well as from homotopic foci in the contralateral cortex. Two major types of cells were recorded: regular-spiking (mainly slow-adapting, but also fast-adapting) neurons and intrinsically bursting cells. A group of slowly oscillating neurons (n = 21) were intracellularly stained and found to be pyramidal-shaped cells in layers III-VI, with luxuriant basal dendritic arbors. The slow rhythm appeared in 88% of recorded neurons. It consisted of slow depolarizing envelopes (lasting for 0.8-1.5 sec) with superimposed full action potentials or presumed dendritic spikes, followed by long-lasting hyperpolarizations. Such sequences recurred rhythmically at less than 1 Hz, with a prevailing oscillation between 0.3 and 0.4 Hz in 67% of urethane-anesthetized animals. While in most neurons (approximately 70%) the repetitive spikes superimposed on the slow depolarization were completely blocked by slight DC hyperpolarization, 30% of cells were found to display relatively small (3-12 mV), rapid, all-or-none potentials after obliteration of full action potentials. These fast spikes were suppressed in an all-or-none fashion at Vm more negative than -90 mV. The depolarizing envelope of the slow rhythm was reduced or suppressed at a Vm of -90 to -100 mV and its duration was greatly reduced by administration of the NMDA blocker ketamine. In keeping with this action, most (56%) neurons recorded in animals under ketamine and nitrous oxide or ketamine and xylazine anesthesia displayed the slow oscillation at higher frequencies (0.6-1 Hz) than under urethane anesthesia (0.3-0.4 Hz). In 18% of the oscillating cells, the slow rhythm mainly consisted of repetitive (15-30 Hz), relatively short-lasting (15-25 msec) IPSPs that could be revealed by bringing the Vm at more positive values than -70 mV. The long-lasting (approximately 1 sec) hyperpolarizing phase of the slow oscillation was best observed at the resting Vm and was reduced at about -100 mV. Simultaneous recording of another cell across the membrane demonstrated synchronous inhibitory periods in both neurons. Intracellular diffusion of Cl- or Cs+ reduced the amplitude and/or duration of cyclic long-lasting hyperpolaryzations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, @@ -32672,7 +32661,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A novel slow (< 1 Hz) oscillation of neocortical neurons in vivo: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing components}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Steriade_JNeurosci1993b.pdf}} + File = {papers/Steriade_JNeurosci1993b.pdf}} @article{Kasanetz:2006, Abstract = {In vivo, cortical neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) display robust subthreshold depolarizations (Up states) during which they are enabled to fire action potentials. In the cortex, Up states are believed to occur simultaneously in a neuronal ensemble and to be sustained by local network interactions. It is known that MSN are impelled into the Up state by extra-striatal (primarily cortical) inputs, but the mechanisms that sustain and determine the end of striatal Up states are still debated. Furthermore, it has not been established if brisk perturbations of ongoing cortical oscillations alter rhythmic transitions between Up and Down states in striatal neurons. Here we report that MSN Up states terminate abruptly when persistent activity in cortical ensembles providing afferents to a given striatal region is turned off by local electrical stimulation or ends spontaneously. In addition, we found that phase perturbations in MSN membrane potential slow oscillations induced by cortical stimulation replicate the stimulus-induced dynamics of spiking activity in cortical ensembles. Overall, these results suggest that striatal Up states are single-cell subthreshold representations of episodes of persistent spiking in cortical ensembles. A precise spatial and temporal alignment between episodes of cortical persistent activity and striatal Up states would allow MSN to detect specific cortical inputs embedded within a more general cortical signal.}, @@ -32713,7 +32702,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Turning off cortical ensembles stops striatal Up states and elicits phase perturbations in cortical and striatal slow oscillations in rat in vivo}, Volume = {577}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kasanetz_JPhysiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kasanetz_JPhysiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.113050}} @article{Valenti:2009, @@ -32754,7 +32743,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Entorhinal cortex inhibits medial prefrontal cortex and modulates the activity states of electrophysiologically characterized pyramidal neurons in vivo}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Valenti_CerebCortex2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Valenti_CerebCortex2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn114}} @article{Isomura:2006, @@ -32794,7 +32783,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Integration and segregation of activity in entorhinal-hippocampal subregions by neocortical slow oscillations}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Isomura_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Isomura_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.10.023}} @article{Nowak:2008, @@ -32834,7 +32823,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Lack of orientation and direction selectivity in a subgroup of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons: cellular and synaptic mechanisms and comparison with other electrophysiological cell types}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nowak_CerebCortex2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nowak_CerebCortex2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm137}} @article{Tononi:2006, @@ -32871,7 +32860,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Sleepy dialogues between cortex and hippocampus: who talks to whom?}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tononi_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tononi_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.014}} @article{Hasenstaub:2005a, @@ -32909,7 +32898,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials carry synchronized frequency information in active cortical networks}, Volume = {47}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hasenstaub_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hasenstaub_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.016}} @article{Shu:2006a, @@ -32949,7 +32938,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Modulation of intracortical synaptic potentials by presynaptic somatic membrane potential}, Volume = {441}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shu_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shu_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04720}} @article{Haider:2006a, @@ -32986,7 +32975,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neocortical network activity in vivo is generated through a dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Haider_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Haider_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5297-05.2006}} @article{Stein:2003, @@ -33025,7 +33014,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {GABA generates excitement}, Volume = {37}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stein_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stein_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Rossi:2001, Abstract = {In the mammalian visual system the formation of eye-specific layers at the thalamic level depends on retinal waves of spontaneous activity, which rely on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation. We found that in mutant mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic receptor, but not in mice lacking the alpha4 subunit, retinofugal projections do not segregate into eye-specific areas, both in the dorso-lateral geniculate nucleus and in the superior colliculus. Moreover, beta2-/- mice show an expansion of the binocular subfield of the primary visual cortex and a decrease in visual acuity at the cortical level but not in the retina. We conclude that the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is necessary for the anatomical and functional development of the visual system.}, @@ -33066,7 +33055,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Requirement of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta 2 subunit for the anatomical and functional development of the visual system}, Volume = {98}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rossi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rossi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101120998}} @article{Picciotto:1995, @@ -33102,7 +33091,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Abnormal avoidance learning in mice lacking functional high-affinity nicotine receptor in the brain}, Volume = {374}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Picciotto_Nature1995.pdf}, + File = {papers/Picciotto_Nature1995.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374065a0}} @article{Huang:2001a, @@ -33140,7 +33129,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {NMDA antagonists in the superior colliculus prevent developmental plasticity but not visual transmission or map compression}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huang_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Huang_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} @article{Mizuno:2007, Abstract = {Neuronal activity plays a pivotal role in shaping neuronal wiring. We investigated the role of neuronal activity in the formation of interhemispheric (callosal) axon projections in neonatal mouse visual cortex. Axonal labeling with enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to demonstrate spatially organized pattern of callosal projections: GFP-labeled callosal axons from one hemisphere projected densely to a narrowly restricted region at the border between areas 17 and 18 in the contralateral hemisphere, in which they terminated in layers 1-3 and 5. This region- and layer-specific innervation pattern developed by postnatal day 15 (P15). To explore the role of neuronal activity of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons in callosal connection development, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1, was expressed in callosal projection neurons and their target postsynaptic neurons. Kir2.1 overexpression reduced the firing rate of cortical neurons. Kir2.1 overexpression in callosal projection neurons disturbed the growth of axons and their arbors that normally occurs between P7 and P13, whereas that in postsynaptic neurons had limited effect on the pattern of presynaptic callosal axon innervation. In addition, exogenous expression of a gain-of-function Kir2.1 mutant channel found in patients with a familial heart disease caused severe deficits in callosal axon projections. These results suggest that projection neuron activity plays a crucial role in interhemispheric connection development and that enhanced Kir2.1 activity can affect cortical wiring.}, @@ -33178,7 +33167,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Evidence for activity-dependent cortical wiring: formation of interhemispheric connections in neonatal mouse visual cortex requires projection neuron activity}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mizuno_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mizuno_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1215-07.2007}} @article{Hua:2005, @@ -33219,7 +33208,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Regulation of axon growth in vivo by activity-based competition}, Volume = {434}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hua_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hua_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03409}} @article{Burrone:2002a, @@ -33258,7 +33247,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Multiple forms of synaptic plasticity triggered by selective suppression of activity in individual neurons}, Volume = {420}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Burrone_Nature2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Burrone_Nature2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01242}} @article{Patel:2006, @@ -33299,7 +33288,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Evidence that GAD65 mediates increased GABA synthesis during intense neuronal activity in vivo}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Patel_JNeurochem2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Patel_JNeurochem2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03741.x}} @article{Fukuda:1998, @@ -33340,7 +33329,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {GABAergic axon terminals at perisomatic and dendritic inhibitory sites show different immunoreactivities against two GAD isoforms, GAD67 and GAD65, in the mouse hippocampus: a digitized quantitative analysis}, Volume = {395}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fukuda_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fukuda_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} @article{Martin:1991, Abstract = {The apoenzyme of glutamate decarboxylase {$[$}enzyme without bound cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P)] serves as a reservoir of inactive glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) that can be activated when additional GABA synthesis is required. We have investigated which of two molecular forms of GAD is present as apoenzyme in synaptosomes and in cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and cerebellum of rat brain. Endogenous glutamate apodecarboxylase (apoGAD) was labeled by incubating extracts of synaptosomes or punches of each region with 32P-pyridoxal-P, followed by reduction with NaBH4, to link covalently the 32P-pyridoxal-P to GAD. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. Punches from all four brain regions and forebrain synaptosomes contained two forms of GAD with apparent Mrs of 63 and 65 kDa as identified by immunoblotting with four antiGAD sera. Punches and synaptosomes contained a major 32P-pyridoxal-P-labeled band with an apparent Mr of 63 kDa that was stained on immunoblots by the antiGAD serum 1440 and the monoclonal antibody GAD-6, and a minor labeled band at 65 kDa that was stained by the 1440, 6799, and K2 antisera. Synaptosomes contained remarkably few other strongly labeled proteins, but punches contained several other labeled bands. Three additional lines of evidence indicate that the labeled 63-kDa protein is apoGAD: (1) it was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography with the GAD-1 monoclonal antibody; (2) it yielded one major labeled peptide when digested with chymotrypsin, and that peptide appeared identical in peptide-mapping experiments to the labeled active-site peptide isolated from chromatographically prepared rat brain GAD; and (3) its labeling was selectively blocked by 4-deoxypyridoxine 5'-phosphate, a competitive inhibitor of the binding of pyridoxal-P to GAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, @@ -33377,7 +33366,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Regulatory properties of brain glutamate decarboxylase (GAD): the apoenzyme of GAD is present principally as the smaller of two molecular forms of GAD in brain}, Volume = {11}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Martin_JNeurosci1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Martin_JNeurosci1991.pdf}} @article{Kash:1997, Abstract = {gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, is synthesized by two glutamate decarboxylase isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67. The separate role of the two isoforms is unknown, but differences in saturation with cofactor and subcellular localization suggest that GAD65 may provide reserve pools of GABA for regulation of inhibitory neurotransmission. We have disrupted the gene encoding GAD65 and backcrossed the mutation into the C57BL/6 strain of mice. In contrast to GAD67-/- animals, which are born with developmental abnormalities and die shortly after birth, GAD65-/- mice appear normal at birth. Basal GABA levels and holo-GAD activity are normal, but the pyridoxal 5' phosphate-inducible apo-enzyme reservoir is significantly decreased. GAD65-/- mice develop spontaneous seizures that result in increased mortality. Seizures can be precipitated by fear or mild stress. Seizure susceptibility is dramatically increased in GAD65-/- mice backcrossed into a second genetic background, the nonobese diabetic (NOD/LtJ) strain of mice enabling electroencephalogram analysis of the seizures. The generally higher basal brain GABA levels in this backcross are significantly decreased by the GAD65-/- mutation, suggesting that the relative contribution of GABA synthesized by GAD65 to total brain GABA levels is genetically determined. Seizure-associated c-fos-like immunoreactivity reveals the involvement of limbic regions of the brain. These data suggest that GABA synthesized by GAD65 is important in the dynamic regulation of neural network excitability, implicate at least one modifier locus in the NOD/LtJ strain, and present GAD65-/- animals as a model of epilepsy involving GABA-ergic pathways.}, @@ -33416,7 +33405,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Epilepsy in mice deficient in the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase}, Volume = {94}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kash_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kash_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} @article{Tamamaki:2003, Abstract = {Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the central nervous system regulate the activity of other neurons and play a crucial role in information processing. To assist an advance in the research of GABAergic neurons, here we produced two lines of glutamic acid decarboxylase-green fluorescence protein (GAD67-GFP) knock-in mouse. The distribution pattern of GFP-positive somata was the same as that of the GAD67 in situ hybridization signal in the central nervous system. We encountered neither any apparent ectopic GFP expression in GAD67-negative cells nor any apparent lack of GFP expression in GAD67-positive neurons in the two GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse lines. The timing of GFP expression also paralleled that of GAD67 expression. Hence, we constructed a map of GFP distribution in the knock-in mouse brain. Moreover, we used the knock-in mice to investigate the colocalization of GFP with NeuN, calretinin (CR), parvalbumin (PV), and somatostatin (SS) in the frontal motor cortex. The proportion of GFP-positive cells among NeuN-positive cells (neocortical neurons) was approximately 19.5%. All the CR-, PV-, and SS-positive cells appeared positive for GFP. The CR-, PV, and SS-positive cells emitted GFP fluorescence at various intensities characteristics to them. The proportions of CR-, PV-, and SS-positive cells among GFP-positive cells were 13.9%, 40.1%, and 23.4%, respectively. Thus, the three subtypes of GABAergic neurons accounted for 77.4% of the GFP-positive cells. They accounted for 6.5% in layer I. In accord with unidentified GFP-positive cells, many medium-sized spherical somata emitting intense GFP fluorescence were observed in layer I.}, @@ -33454,7 +33443,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Green fluorescent protein expression and colocalization with calretinin, parvalbumin, and somatostatin in the GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse}, Volume = {467}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tamamaki_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tamamaki_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10905}} @article{Kuwana:2003, @@ -33566,7 +33555,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cleft palate and decreased brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in mice lacking the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase}, Volume = {94}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Asada_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Asada_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} @article{Lund:1972, Author = {Lund, J S and Lund, R D}, @@ -33601,7 +33590,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The effects of varying periods of visual deprivation on synaptogenesis in the superior colliculus of the rat}, Volume = {42}, Year = {1972}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lund_BrainRes1972.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lund_BrainRes1972.pdf}} @article{Lund:1972a, Author = {Lund, R D and Lund, J S}, @@ -33635,7 +33624,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of synaptic patterns in the superior colliculus of the rat}, Volume = {42}, Year = {1972}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lund_BrainRes1972a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lund_BrainRes1972a.pdf}} @article{Aamodt:2000, Abstract = {Maturation of excitatory synaptic connections depends on the amount and pattern of their activity, and activity can affect development of inhibitory synapses as well. In the superficial visual layers of the superior colliculus (sSC), developmental increases in the effectiveness of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated inhibition may be driven by the maturation of visual inputs. In the rat sSC, GABA(A) receptor currents significantly jump in amplitude between postnatal days 17 and 18 (P17 and P18), approximately when the effects of cortical inputs are first detected in collicular neurons. We manipulated the development of these currents in vivo by implanting a drug-infused slice of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Elvax over the superior colliculus of P8 rats to chronically release from this plastic low levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Sham-treated control animals received a similar implant containing only the solvent for NMDA. To examine the effects of this treatment on the development of GABA-mediated neurotransmission, we used whole cell voltage-clamp recording of spontaneous synaptic currents (sPSCs) from sSC neurons in untreated, NMDA-treated, and sham-treated superior colliculus slices ranging in age from 10 to 20 days postnatal. Both amplitude and frequency of sPSCs were studied at holding potentials of +50 mV in the presence and absence of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BMI). The normal developmental increase in GABA(A) receptor currents occurred on schedule (P18) in sham-treated sSC, but NMDA treatment caused premature up-regulation (P12). The average sPSCs in early NMDA-treated neurons were significantly larger than in age-matched sham controls or in age-matched, untreated neurons. No differences in average sPSC amplitudes across treatments or ages were present in BMI-insensitive, predominantly glutamatergic synaptic currents of the same neurons. NMDA treatment also significantly increased levels of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), measured by quantitative western blotting with staining at P13 and P19. Cell counting using the dissector method for MAP 2 and GAD(67) at P13 and P19 indicated that the differences in GABAergic transmission were not due to increases in the proportion of inhibitory to excitatory neurons after NMDA treatment. However, chronic treatments begun at P8 with Elvax containing both NMDA and BMI significantly decreased total neuron density at P19 ( approximately 15%), suggesting that the NMDA-induced increase in GABA(A) receptor currents may protect against excitotoxicity.}, @@ -33673,7 +33662,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Chronic NMDA exposure accelerates development of GABAergic inhibition in the superior colliculus}, Volume = {83}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Aamodt_JNeurophysiol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Aamodt_JNeurophysiol2000.pdf}} @article{Shi:1997, Abstract = {Activation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor is required for activity-dependent structural plasticity in many areas of the young brain. Previous work has shown that NMDA receptor currents decline approximately at the time that developmental synaptic plasticity ends, and in situ hybridization studies have suggested that receptor subunit changes may be occurring during the same developmental interval. To establish a system in which the relationship between these properties of developing synapses can be explored, we have combined patch-clamp recordings with mRNA- and protein-level biochemical analyses to study the developmental regulation of NMDA receptors in the superficial layers of the rat superior colliculus. These experiments document an abrupt decrease in the NMDA receptor contribution to synaptic currents that occurs before eye opening and is closely associated with changes in NR1 protein, rapidly rising levels of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2A, and decreasing levels of NR2B. The functional and molecular changes also are correlated with the developmental decline in structural plasticity in these layers. In addition, both physiological and biochemical methods show evidence of GABA-mediated inhibition in the superficial collicular layers beginning after eye opening. This may provide an additional heterosynaptic mechanism for controlling excitation and plasticity in this neuropil by pattern vision. Thus our findings lend support to the idea that high levels of NMDA receptor function are associated with the potential for structural rearrangement in CNS neuropil and that the functional downregulation of this molecule results, at least partially, from changes in its subunit composition.}, @@ -33710,7 +33699,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Temporal correlations between functional and molecular changes in NMDA receptors and GABA neurotransmission in the superior colliculus}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shi_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shi_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} @article{Chiu:2002, Abstract = {Utilizing a multielectrode array to record spontaneous and visually evoked activity of cortical neurons in area 17, we investigate the relationship between long-range correlated spontaneous activity and functional ocular dominance columns during early ferret postnatal development (P24-P29). In regions of visual cortex containing alternating ocular dominance patches, periodic fluctuations in correlated activity are observed in which spontaneous activity is most highly correlated between cortical patches exhibiting the same eye preference. However, these fluctuations are present even within large contralateral eye-dominated bands which lack any periodic alternations in ocular dominance. Thus, the organization of ocular dominance columns cannot fully account for the patterns of correlated activity we observe. Our results suggest that patterns of long-range correlated activity reflect an intrinsic periodicity of cortical connectivity that is constrained by segregated eye-specific LGN afferents.}, @@ -33746,7 +33735,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Relationship of correlated spontaneous activity to functional ocular dominance columns in the developing visual cortex}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chiu_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chiu_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Mooney:1996, Abstract = {Before vision, retinal ganglion cells produce spontaneous waves of action potentials. A crucial question is whether this spontaneous activity is transmitted to lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons. Using a novel in vitro preparation, we report that LGN neurons receive periodic barrages of postsynaptic currents from the retina that drive them to fire bursts of action potentials. Groups of LGN neurons are highly correlated in their firing. Experiments in wild-type and NMDAR1 knockout mice show that NMDA receptor activation is not necessary for firing. The transmission of the highly correlated retinal activity to the LGN supports the hypothesis that retinal waves drive retinogeniculate synaptic remodeling. Because LGN neurons are driven to fire action potentials, this spontaneous activity could also act more centrally to influence synaptic modification within the developing visual cortex.}, @@ -33784,7 +33773,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Thalamic relay of spontaneous retinal activity prior to vision}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mooney_Neuron1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mooney_Neuron1996.pdf}} @article{Hanganu:2007, Abstract = {Acetylcholine (ACh) is known to shape the adult neocortical activity related to behavioral states and processing of sensory information. However, the impact of cholinergic input on the neonatal neuronal activity remains widely unknown. Early during development, the principal activity pattern in the primary visual (V1) cortex is the intermittent self-organized spindle burst oscillation that can be driven by the retinal waves. Here, we assessed the relationship between this early activity pattern and the cholinergic drive by either blocking or augmenting the cholinergic input and investigating the resultant effects on the activity of the rat visual cortex during the first postnatal week in vivo. Blockade of the muscarinic receptors by intracerebroventricular, intracortical, or supracortical atropine application decreased the occurrence of V1 spindle bursts by 50%, both the retina-independent and the optic nerve-mediated spindle bursts being affected. In contrast, blockade of acetylcholine esterase with physostigmine augmented the occurrence, amplitude, and duration of V1 spindle bursts. Whereas direct stimulation of the cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei increased the occurrence probability of V1 spindle bursts, their chronic immunotoxic lesion using 192 IgG-saporin decreased the occurrence of neonatal V1 oscillatory activity by 87%. Thus, the cholinergic input facilitates the neonatal V1 spindle bursts and may prime the developing cortex to operate specifically on relevant early (retinal waves) and later (visual input) stimuli.}, @@ -33820,7 +33809,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cholinergic modulation of spindle bursts in the neonatal rat visual cortex in vivo}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hanganu_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hanganu_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5233-06.2007}} @article{Zhou:2000, @@ -33859,7 +33848,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Coordinated transitions in neurotransmitter systems for the initiation and propagation of spontaneous retinal waves}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhou_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhou_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Zhang:2006, Abstract = {GABA and glycine provide excitatory action during early development: they depolarize neurons and increase intracellular calcium concentration. As neurons mature, GABA and glycine become inhibitory. This switch from excitation to inhibition is thought to result from a shift of intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) from high to low, but in retina, measurements of [Cl-]i or chloride equilibrium potential (ECl) during development have not been made. Using the developing mouse retina, we systematically measured [Cl-]i in parallel with GABA's actions on calcium and chloride. In ganglion and amacrine cells, fura-2 imaging showed that before postnatal day (P) 6, exogenous GABA, acting via ionotropic GABA receptors, evoked calcium rise, which persisted in HCO3- -free buffer but was blocked with 0 extracellular calcium. After P6, GABA switched to inhibiting spontaneous calcium transients. Concomitant with this switch we observed the following: 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium iodide (MEQ) chloride imaging showed that GABA caused an efflux of chloride before P6 and an influx afterward; gramicidin-perforated-patch recordings showed that the reversal potential for GABA decreased from -45 mV, near threshold for voltage-activated calcium channel, to -60 mV, near resting potential; MEQ imaging showed that [Cl-]i shifted steeply around P6 from 29 to 14 mM, corresponding to a decline of ECl from -39 to -58 mV. We also show that GABAergic amacrine cells became stratified by P4, potentially allowing GABA's excitatory action to shape circuit connectivity. Our results support the hypothesis that a shift from high [Cl-]i to low causes GABA to switch from excitatory to inhibitory.}, @@ -33899,7 +33888,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Shift of intracellular chloride concentration in ganglion and amacrine cells of developing mouse retina}, Volume = {95}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_JNeurophysiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhang_JNeurophysiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00578.2005}} @article{Lien:2006a, @@ -33940,7 +33929,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visual stimuli-induced LTD of GABAergic synapses mediated by presynaptic NMDA receptors}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lien_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lien_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1649}} @article{Maffei:1990, @@ -33978,7 +33967,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Correlation in the discharges of neighboring rat retinal ganglion cells during prenatal life}, Volume = {87}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maffei_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1990.pdf}} + File = {papers/Maffei_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1990.pdf}} @article{Mu:2006, Abstract = {Sensory experience plays an instructive role in the development of the nervous system. Here we showed that visual experience can induce persistent modification of developing retinotectal circuits via spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). Pairing light stimuli with spiking of the tectal cell induced persistent enhancement or reduction of light-evoked responses, with a dependence on the relative timing between light stimulus and postsynaptic spiking similar to that for STDP. Using precisely timed sequential three-bar stimulation to mimic a moving bar, we showed that spike timing-dependent LTP/LTD can account for the asymmetric modification of the tectal cell receptive field induced by moving bar. Furthermore, selective inhibition of signaling mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nitric oxide, which are respectively required for light-induced LTP and LTD, interfered with moving bar-induced temporally specific changes in the tectal cell responses. Together, these findings suggest that STDP can mediate sensory experience-dependent circuit refinement in the developing nervous system.}, @@ -34019,7 +34008,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spike timing-dependent LTP/LTD mediates visual experience-dependent plasticity in a developing retinotectal system}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mu_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mu_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.009}} @article{Vislay-Meltzer:2006, @@ -34060,7 +34049,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spatiotemporal specificity of neuronal activity directs the modification of receptive fields in the developing retinotectal system}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vislay-Meltzer_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vislay-Meltzer_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.016}} @article{Engert:2002, @@ -34099,7 +34088,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Moving visual stimuli rapidly induce direction sensitivity of developing tectal neurons}, Volume = {419}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Engert_Nature2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Engert_Nature2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00988}} @article{Debski:2002, @@ -34138,7 +34127,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Activity-dependent mapping in the retinotectal projection}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Debski_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Debski_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}} @article{Gnuegge:2001, Abstract = {The formation of a retinotopic map is thought to involve an activity-independent molecular phase for early steps of both axon pathfinding and projection and a later phase in which cross talk between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and tectal neurons modifies and refines the neuronal connections. We report that the maturation of the retinotopic map in the zebrafish tectum involves activity-dependent processes. Zebrafish larvae mutant for the gene macho (mao) lack neuronal activity in RGCs and also display an enlarged retinotectal projection field but no significant increase in single axon length. This morphological defect can be phenocopied by raising larvae under TTX-induced neural impulse blockade. The effect of activity deprivation is dependent on the developmental stage. The projection phenotype in mao as well as in the TTX-treated larvae develops between 4 and 6 d post-fertilization (dpf), after complete tectal coverage is first achieved. Electrophysiological recordings of RGCs in wild-type and mao zebrafish larvae reveal a temporally regulated reduction of sodium current in the mutant between 5 and 6 dpf. This coincides with the time of the axonal projection shifting on the tectum to compensate for the disparate growth patterns of the retina and the tectum. Our genetic and physiological analyses suggest a model in which neuronal activity in RGCs is needed for the establishment of morphological plasticity.}, @@ -34176,7 +34165,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Analysis of the activity-deprived zebrafish mutant macho reveals an essential requirement of neuronal activity for the development of a fine-grained visuotopic map}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gnuegge_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gnuegge_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Constantine-Paton:1990, Address = {Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511.}, @@ -34210,7 +34199,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Patterned activity, synaptic convergence, and the NMDA receptor in developing visual pathways}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Constantine-Paton_AnnuRevNeurosci1990.pdf}, + File = {papers/Constantine-Paton_AnnuRevNeurosci1990.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.001021}} @article{Scherer:1989, @@ -34249,7 +34238,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists prevent interaction of binocular maps in Xenopus tectum}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Scherer_JNeurosci1989.pdf}} + File = {papers/Scherer_JNeurosci1989.pdf}} @article{Schmidt:1985, Abstract = {During regeneration of the optic nerve in goldfish, the ingrowing retinal fibers successfully seek out their correct places in the overall retinotopic projection on the tectum. Chemospecific cell-surface interactions appear to be sufficient to organize only a crude retinotopic map on the tectum during regeneration. Precise retinotopic ordering appears to be achieved via an activity-dependent stabilization of appropriate synapses and is based upon the correlated activity of neighboring ganglion cells of the same receptive-field type in the retina. Four treatments have been found to block the sharpening process: (a) blocking the activity of the ganglion cells with intraocular tetrodotoxin (TTX), (b) rearing in total darkness, (c) correlating the activation of all ganglion cells via stroboscopic illumination and (d) blocking retinotectal synaptic transmission with alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBTX). These experiments support a role for correlated visually driven activity in sharpening the diffuse projection and suggest that this correlated activity interacts within the postsynaptic cells, probably through the summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Other experiments support the concept that effective synapses are stabilized: a local postsynaptic block of transmission causes a local disruption in the retinotectal map. The changes that occur during this disruption suggest that each arbor can move to maximize its synaptic efficacy. In development, initial retinotectal projections are often diffuse and may undergo a similar activity-dependent sharpening. Indirect retinotectal maps, as well as auditory maps, appear to be brought into register with the direct retinotopic projections by promoting the convergence of contacts with correlated activity. A similar mechanism may drive both the formation of ocular dominance patches in fish tectum and kitten visual cortex and the segregation of different receptive-field types in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Activity-dependent synaptic stabilization may therefore be a general mechanism whereby the diffuse projections of early development are brought to the precise, mature level of organization.}, @@ -34286,7 +34275,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Formation of retinotopic connections: selective stabilization by an activity-dependent mechanism}, Volume = {5}, Year = {1985}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schmidt_CellMolNeurobiol1985.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schmidt_CellMolNeurobiol1985.pdf}} @article{Meyer:1983, Abstract = {One optic nerve of mature goldfish was crushed in the orbit and allowed to regenerate. During regeneration impulse activity was eliminated by periodic intraocular injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX). At 32-104 days, the retinotopography of the retinotectal projection was measured autoradiographically by intraocular [3H]proline injections simultaneous with either small (10-20 degrees sector) or half retinal mapping lesions. TTX had no effect on the time-course and quality of the regeneration of gross topography seen with half retina mapping, but indefinitely inhibited higher order (refined) retinotopography normally seen by 2 months with retina sector mapping.}, @@ -34358,7 +34347,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Abnormal visual input leads to development of abnormal axon trajectories in frogs}, Volume = {301}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Udin_Nature1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Udin_Nature1983.pdf}} @article{Constantine-Paton:1978, Abstract = {An extra eye primordium was implanted into the forebrain region of embryonic Rana pipiens. During development both normal and supernumerary optic tracts terminated within a single, previously uninnervated tectal lobe. Autoradiographic tracing of either the normal or supernumerary eye's projection revealed distinct, eye-specific bands of radioactivity running rostrocaudally through the dually innervated tectum. Interactions among axons of retinal ganglion cells, possibly mediated through tectal neurons, must be invoked to explain this stereotyped disruption of the normally continuous retinal termination pattern.}, @@ -34392,7 +34381,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Eye-specific termination bands in tecta of three-eyed frogs}, Volume = {202}, Year = {1978}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Constantine-Paton_Science1978.pdf}} + File = {papers/Constantine-Paton_Science1978.pdf}} @article{Hebb1953, Author = {D.O. Hebb}, @@ -34405,7 +34394,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Heredity and environment in mammalian behaviour}, Volume = {1}, Year = {1953}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hebb_TheBritishJournalofAnimalBehaviour1953.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hebb_TheBritishJournalofAnimalBehaviour1953.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XNC-4JT84T7-2/2/e12e8878a063f329c65dba1acbe907d6}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0950-5601(53)80053-5}} @@ -34443,7 +34432,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Nursing behavior: remembrance of things past}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shah_CurrBiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shah_CurrBiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.001}} @article{Demir:2005, @@ -34482,7 +34471,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {fruitless splicing specifies male courtship behavior in Drosophila}, Volume = {121}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Demir_Cell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Demir_Cell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.027}} @book{Hebb:1949, @@ -34554,7 +34543,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cortical rewiring and information storage}, Volume = {431}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chklovskii_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chklovskii_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03012}} @article{Ramachandran:1995, @@ -34588,7 +34577,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Touching the phantom limb}, Volume = {377}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ramachandran_Nature1995.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ramachandran_Nature1995.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377489a0}} @article{Ramachandran:1998, @@ -34625,7 +34614,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The perception of phantom limbs. The D. O. Hebb lecture}, Volume = {121 ( Pt 9)}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ramachandran_Brain1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ramachandran_Brain1998.pdf}} @article{Wiesel:1963, Author = {Wiesel, T N and Hubel, D H}, @@ -34658,7 +34647,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye}, Volume = {26}, Year = {1963}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wiesel_JNeurophysiol1963.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wiesel_JNeurophysiol1963.pdf}} @article{Wiesel:1974, Author = {Wiesel, T N and Hubel, D H}, @@ -34691,7 +34680,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Ordered arrangement of orientation columns in monkeys lacking visual experience}, Volume = {158}, Year = {1974}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wiesel_JCompNeurol1974.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wiesel_JCompNeurol1974.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901580306}} @article{Hubel:1965, @@ -34725,7 +34714,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint}, Volume = {28}, Year = {1965}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hubel_JNeurophysiol1965.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hubel_JNeurophysiol1965.pdf}} @article{Doupe:1999, Abstract = {Human speech and birdsong have numerous parallels. Both humans and songbirds learn their complex vocalizations early in life, exhibiting a strong dependence on hearing the adults they will imitate, as well as themselves as they practice, and a waning of this dependence as they mature. Innate predispositions for perceiving and learning the correct sounds exist in both groups, although more evidence of innate descriptions of species-specific signals exists in songbirds, where numerous species of vocal learners have been compared. Humans also share with songbirds an early phase of learning that is primarily perceptual, which then serves to guide later vocal production. Both humans and songbirds have evolved a complex hierarchy of specialized forebrain areas in which motor and auditory centers interact closely, and which control the lower vocal motor areas also found in nonlearners. In both these vocal learners, however, how auditory feedback of self is processed in these brain areas is surprisingly unclear. Finally, humans and songbirds have similar critical periods for vocal learning, with a much greater ability to learn early in life. In both groups, the capacity for late vocal learning may be decreased by the act of learning itself, as well as by biological factors such as the hormones of puberty. Although some features of birdsong and speech are clearly not analogous, such as the capacity of language for meaning, abstraction, and flexible associations, there are striking similarities in how sensory experience is internalized and used to shape vocal outputs, and how learning is enhanced during a critical period of development. Similar neural mechanisms may therefore be involved.}, @@ -34760,7 +34749,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Birdsong and human speech: common themes and mechanisms}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Doupe_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Doupe_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.567}} @article{Flavell:2008, @@ -34798,7 +34787,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Signaling mechanisms linking neuronal activity to gene expression and plasticity of the nervous system}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Flavell_AnnuRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Flavell_AnnuRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125631}} @article{Leckman:2006, @@ -34835,7 +34824,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Tourette syndrome: the self under siege}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Leckman_JChildNeurol2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Leckman_JChildNeurol2006.pdf}} @article{Robinson:2008, Abstract = {What genes and regulatory sequences contribute to the organization and functioning of neural circuits and molecular pathways in the brain that support social behavior? How does social experience interact with information in the genome to modulate brain activity? Here, we address these questions by highlighting progress that has been made in identifying and understanding two key "vectors of influence" that link genes, the brain, and social behavior: (i) Social information alters gene expression in the brain to influence behavior, and (ii) genetic variation influences brain function and social behavior. We also discuss how evolutionary changes in genomic elements influence social behavior and outline prospects for a systems biology of social behavior.}, @@ -34871,7 +34860,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genes and social behavior}, Volume = {322}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Robinson_Science2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Robinson_Science2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1159277}} @article{Pol:2006, @@ -34910,7 +34899,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Viral infections in the developing and mature brain}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pol_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pol_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.002}} @article{Berkovic:2006, @@ -34950,7 +34939,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Human epilepsies: interaction of genetic and acquired factors}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Berkovic_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Berkovic_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.009}} @article{Persico:2006, @@ -34991,7 +34980,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Searching for ways out of the autism maze: genetic, epigenetic and environmental clues}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Persico_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Persico_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.010}} @article{Huberman:2003, @@ -35035,7 +35024,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Eye-specific retinogeniculate segregation independent of normal neuronal activity}, Volume = {300}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huberman_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huberman_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1080694}} @article{Sun:2008, @@ -35076,7 +35065,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Epibatidine application in vitro blocks retinal waves without silencing all retinal ganglion cell action potentials in developing retina of the mouse and ferret}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sun_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sun_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90303.2008}} @article{Sun:2008a, @@ -35120,7 +35109,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinal waves in mice lacking the beta2 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sun_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sun_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Sun_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807178105}} @@ -35162,7 +35151,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A reassessment of the role of activity in the formation of eye-specific retinogeniculate projections}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chalupa_BrainResRev2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chalupa_BrainResRev2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.003}} @article{Stellwagen:2002, @@ -35202,7 +35191,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {An instructive role for retinal waves in the development of retinogeniculate connectivity}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stellwagen_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stellwagen_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Cook:1999, Abstract = {During early mammalian development, inputs from the two retinas intermix within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), then segregate during the first postnatal week into layers that receive input from a single retina. Functionally, the LGN also changes markedly during the first postnatal month; early geniculate responses to retinal input are mainly excitatory, then inhibitory circuits mature within the LGN. These remarkable changes in form and function of the retinogeniculate pathway occur at a time when patterned visual activity is not present, but retinal ganglion cells already manifest spontaneous action potential activity. To examine the role of early retinal activity in these critical developmental processes, we placed the slow release polymer Elvax embedded with tetrodotoxin (TTX) into the vitreous chamber of one or both eyes of neonatal ferrets. Animals receiving monocular injection of TTX had the other eye treated with Elvax containing control citrate buffer. Intraocular injection of horseradish peroxidase was made at the end of the period of TTX treatment to reveal the retinal terminals in the LGN. Chronic monocular or binocular blockade of retinal activity during the first postnatal week did not prevent eye-specific segregation, although it made the boundaries between layers less distinct. Retinal terminals ended preferentially in the appropriate layer, but a large number of terminals were also present in the inappropriate layer. Further segregation was achieved during the second postnatal week of activity blockade, when most retinal terminals ended preferentially in the appropriate geniculate layer and sharper layer boundaries were present. However, a small but significant number of terminals still extended into the inappropriate layer. Together, these findings indicate that monocular as well as binocular blockade of retinal activity resulted in some anomalous retinogeniculate projections and delayed eye-specific patterning, but segregation was largely intact at the end of the second postnatal week. We also report here that intraocular tetrodotoxin had a marked effect on the maturation of intrinsic geniculate circuits prior to eye opening. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the LGN slice preparation revealed that activity blockade prevented the maturation of the slow, but not the fast, hyperpolarizing potential of LGN neurons during the first postnatal month and up to P38, the oldest age studied. In conclusion, these results indicate that spontaneous retinal activity modulates the time course of binocular segregation but does not alone account for the segregation of retinogeniculate terminals. However, early retinal activity plays an important role in developing the intrinsic circuitry of the LGN.}, @@ -35240,7 +35229,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The role of spontaneous retinal activity before eye opening in the maturation of form and function in the retinogeniculate pathway of the ferret}, Volume = {16}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cook_VisNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cook_VisNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Penn:1998, Abstract = {When contacts are first forming in the developing nervous system, many neurons generate spontaneous activity that has been hypothesized to shape appropriately patterned connections. In Mustela putorius furo, monocular intraocular blockade of spontaneous retinal waves of action potentials by cholinergic agents altered the subsequent eye-specific lamination pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The projection from the active retina was greatly expanded into territory normally belonging to the other eye, and the projection from the inactive retina was substantially reduced. Thus, interocular competition driven by endogenous retinal activity determines the pattern of eye-specific connections from retina to LGN, demonstrating that spontaneous activity can produce highly stereotyped patterns of connections before the onset of visual experience.}, @@ -35278,7 +35267,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Competition in retinogeniculate patterning driven by spontaneous activity}, Volume = {279}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Penn_Science1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Penn_Science1998.pdf}} @article{Rhoades:1981, Author = {Rhoades, R W and DellaCroce, D D and Meadows, I}, @@ -35313,7 +35302,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Reorganization of somatosensory input to superior colliculus in neonatally enucleated hamsters: anatomical and electrophysiological experiments}, Volume = {46}, Year = {1981}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rhoades_JNeurophysiol1981.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rhoades_JNeurophysiol1981.pdf}} @article{Rhoades:1980, Abstract = {1. The responses of visual, auditory and somatosensory superior collicular neurones were investigated using extracellular single unit recording techniques in hamsters which were subjected to the removal of one eye on the day of birth. 2. Neonatal enucleation resulted in a marked increase in the region of the colliculus from which visual neurones activated by stimulation of the ipsilateral eye could be recorded. In most cases the visuotopic representation in the colliculus ipsilateral to the remaining eye mirrored that observed in the contralateral tectum along both the rostrocaudal and mediolateral axes: in both colliculi temporal retina projected rostrally and inferior retina medially. In some animals, however, there appeared to be a dual mapping of the remaining eye onto the ipsilateral tectum. In these hamsters the central portion of the visual field was represented twice along the rostrocaudal axis of colliculus. 3. No changes in the topography of the somatosensory and auditory representations in the tectum were observed following neonatal enucleation. 4. The laminar distribution of visual neurones in the ipsilateral colliculus was markedly altered in the neonatally enucleated hamsters. Very few exclusively visual units were encountered in the layers ventral to the stratum opticum and almost all of the visual cells recorded in the ipsilateral colliculus were isolated within 150 microM of the tectal surface. 5. In the posterior half of the ipsilateral tectum a large number of extravisually responsive cells were encountered in the stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum. This was not the case in the colliculus contralateral to the remaining eye, nor has it ever been observed in normal hamsters. 6. Recordings from animals subjected to both neonatal enucleation and acute bilateral removal of somatosensory and auditory cortex indicated that the projections from these areas to the colliculus were not essential to the observed changes in laminar organization. 7. Recordings from normally reared hamsters which were subjected to removal of one eye at the time of the recording experiment suggested further that the isolation of extravisual cells in the superficial tectal aminae of the neonatal enucleates was probably not the result of the 'unmasking' of extravisual influences in the superficial layers which are present, but ineffective, in the normal case.}, @@ -35350,7 +35339,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Effects of neonatal enucleation on the functional organization of the superior colliculus in the golden hamster}, Volume = {301}, Year = {1980}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rhoades_JPhysiol1980.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rhoades_JPhysiol1980.pdf}} @article{Hoffmann:1974, Author = {Hoffmann, K P and Sherman, S M}, @@ -35383,7 +35372,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Effects of early monocular deprivation on visual input to cat superior colliculus}, Volume = {37}, Year = {1974}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hoffmann_JNeurophysiol1974.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hoffmann_JNeurophysiol1974.pdf}} @article{Sakata:2006, Abstract = {Although the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is known to play a crucial role in activity-dependent remodeling of synaptic connections in the fetal superior colliculus (SC), its contribution to the electrical activity of fetal SC neurons has not been determined. Furthermore, whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition occurs either as early as prenatal periods or only after eye opening has been controversial. We therefore performed optical recordings using voltage-, Ca2+- and Cl--sensitive fluorescent dyes to analyse synaptic transmission and changes in intracellular Ca2+ and Cl- in the SC of fetal rats that were still connected with the dams by the umbilical cord. Excitatory and inhibitory responses were evoked by focal SC stimulation. The excitatory synaptic responses are composed of early and late components. The early component was mediated by both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors, whereas the late component occurred mainly via NMDA receptors. Train pulse stimulation at higher currents was required for induction of the inhibition, which was antagonized by bicuculline, and blocking of the GABA-mediated inhibition by bicuculline uncovered masked excitatory synaptic responses. Focal SC stimulation induced increases in [Cl-]i and [Ca2+]i that were mediated by GABA-A receptors and mainly by NMDA receptors, respectively. GABA antagonists augmented SC-induced increases in [Ca2+]i. These results indicate that, in the fetal SC, excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmissions occur before birth, that the NMDA receptor is a major contributor to excitatory synaptic transmission and increased [Ca2+]i, and that the GABA-A receptor is already functioning to inhibit excitatory neurotransmission.}, @@ -35420,7 +35409,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo optical recordings of synaptic transmission and intracellular Ca2+ and Cl- in the superior colliculus of fetal rats}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sakata_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sakata_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04683.x}} @article{ODonovan:1999, @@ -35459,7 +35448,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The origin of spontaneous activity in developing networks of the vertebrate nervous system}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/O'Donovan_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/O'Donovan_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} @article{Reece:1998, Abstract = {This article describes the onset of electrical excitability and synaptic transmission in the retinocollicular pathway of the fetal and early postnatal rat, utilizing a novel in vitro preparation. Although the optic nerve is visible in embryonic day (E) 14 brain, its stimulation produced no response in the superior colliculus (SC) until E16 when a low voltage simple negative wave was evoked. At E17 these potentials were blocked rapidly, completely, and reversibly when choline was substituted for sodium or with the addition of cobalt ions. In the course of establishing the block with either of the above agents the latency of response increased, indicating an action on axonal transmission. By E20 the collicular evoked potential showed a short followed by a longer latency wave. The latter was blocked by the glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid, with latency unaffected. Further examination of potentials with the addition of glutamatergic receptor subtype blockers aminophosphonopentanoic acid (APV) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/6,7-dinitroquinoxaline- 2,3-dione (CNQX/DNQX) showed a clear abolition of the elicited potentials by E20 and older. Thus, fetal rat optic nerve fibers are capable of conduction in response to electrical stimulation as soon as they reach the SC at E16. Both sodium and calcium are involved. GABA-mediated modulation of axonal conduction is evident by E18. Glutaminergic synaptic transmission is established by E20. The timetable of fetal onset of capability to conduct and support synaptic transmission in the retinocollicular pathway is earlier than had previously been reported in vivo in the rat in which the superior colliculus neurones are said not to be driven by the optic nerve until 6 days post natal. This has relevance to the possible role of impulse activity in development of the pathway.}, @@ -35495,7 +35484,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Onset of optic nerve conduction and synaptic potentials in superior colliculus of fetal rats studied in vitro}, Volume = {106}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reece_BrainResDevBrainRes1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Reece_BrainResDevBrainRes1998.pdf}} @article{Itaya:1995, Abstract = {During the first 10 days after birth in the rat there are a succession of major developmental stages in the retinotectal pathway. During most of this time, the only recordable event in the superior colliculus is spontaneous activity. We studied and characterized this spontaneous activity, hypothesizing that it could play an important role in pathway development. The spontaneous discharges are detectable on postnatal day 5 (P5). After P5, the number of spontaneously active cells per penetration increases up to P10, after which they decrease to adult-like levels by P14-P15. Between P5 and P10, the spontaneous discharges exhibit several patterns of activity, from constant firing to intermittent bursts with periods of quiescence, without any bearing to age. We isolated the retina and superior colliculus by injecting xylocaine onto the optic nerve and found no change in collicular activity. While this suggests that the spontaneous activity in the colliculus is independent of the retina at the ages studied, the opposite experiment, i.e., electrically stimulating the optic nerve, resulted in increased firing by collicular neurons, perhaps via nonclassical synaptic transmission. Finally, we compared interval histograms for spontaneously active cells between P5 and P15. The histograms suggest that at certain ages, spontaneous firing is more regular; moreover, these ages precede major functional advances, e.g., onset of numerous spontaneously firing cells at P6, the first response to optic nerve stimulation at P10, and the first light-evoked response at P12-P13. Our results support the hypothesis that spontaneous activity in the neonatal superior colliculus has a role in development of the retinotectal pathway, but the data also indicate that classical synaptic transmission is not involved.}, @@ -35565,7 +35554,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional development of the neonatal rat retinotectal pathway}, Volume = {72}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Molotchnikoff_BrainResDevBrainRes1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Molotchnikoff_BrainResDevBrainRes1993.pdf}} @article{Fischer:1998, Abstract = {Competition for postsynaptic targets during development is thought to be driven by differences in temporal patterns of neuronal activity. In the ferret visual system, retinal ganglion cells that are responsive either to the onset (On) or to the offset (Off) of light exhibit similar patterns of spontaneous bursting activity early in development but later develop different bursting rhythms during the period when their axonal arbors segregate to occupy spatially distinct regions in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that GABAergic transmission plays an important, although not exclusive, role in regulating the bursting patterns of morphologically identified On and Off ganglion cells. During the first and second postnatal weeks, blocking GABAA receptors leads to a decrease in the bursting activity of all ganglion cells, suggesting that GABA potentiates activity at the early ages. Subsequently, during the period of On-Off segregation in the geniculate nucleus, GABA suppresses ganglion cell bursting activity. In particular, On ganglion cells show significantly higher bursting rates when GABAergic transmission is blocked, but the bursting rates of Off ganglion cells are not affected systematically. Thus, developmental differences in the bursting rates of On and Off ganglion cells emerge as GABA becomes inhibitory and as it consistently and more strongly inhibits On compared with Off ganglion cells. Because in many parts of the CNS GABAergic circuits appear early in development, our results also implicate a potentially important and possibly general role for local inhibitory interneurons in creating distinct temporal patterns of presynaptic activity that are specific to each developmental period.}, @@ -35602,7 +35591,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Age-dependent and cell class-specific modulation of retinal ganglion cell bursting activity by GABA}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fischer_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fischer_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Wong:2000, Abstract = {Synchronized spontaneous rhythmic activity is a feature common to many parts of the developing nervous system. In the early visual system, before vision, developing circuits in the retina generate synchronized patterns of bursting activity that contain information useful for patterning connections between retinal ganglion cells and their central targets. However, how developing retinal circuits generate and regulate these spontaneous activity patterns is still incompletely understood. Here we show that in developing retinal circuits, the nature of excitatory neurotransmission driving correlated bursting activity in ganglion cells is not fixed but undergoes a developmental shift from cholinergic to glutamatergic transmission. In addition, we show that this shift occurs as presynaptic glutamatergic bipolar cells form functional connections onto the ganglion cells, implicating the role of bipolar cells in providing endogenous drive to bursting activity later in development. This transition coincides with the period when subsets of ganglion cells (On and Off cells) develop distinct activity patterns that are thought to underlie the refinement of their connectivity with their central targets. Here, our results suggest that the differences in activity patterns of On and Off ganglion cells may be conferred by differential synaptic drive from On and Off bipolar cells, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that the regulation of patterned spontaneous activity by neurotransmitters undergoes systematic change as new cellular elements are added to developing circuits and also that these new elements can help specify distinct activity patterns appropriate for shaping connectivity patterns at later ages.}, @@ -35638,7 +35627,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Developmental changes in the neurotransmitter regulation of correlated spontaneous retinal activity}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wong_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wong_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Tao:2005, Abstract = {The receptive field (RF) of single visual neurons undergoes progressive refinement during development. It remains largely unknown how the excitatory and inhibitory inputs on single developing neurons are refined in a coordinated manner to allow the formation of functionally correct circuits. Using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording from Xenopus tectal neurons, we found that RFs determined by excitatory and inhibitory inputs in more mature tectal neurons are spatially matched, with each spot stimulus evoking balanced synaptic excitation and inhibition. This emerges during development through a gradual reduction in the RF size and a transition from disparate to matched topography of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the tectal neurons. Altering normal spiking activity of tectal neurons by either blocking or elevating GABA(A) receptor activity significantly impeded the developmental reduction and topographic matching of RFs. Thus, appropriate inhibitory activity is essential for the coordinated refinement of excitatory and inhibitory connections.}, @@ -35678,7 +35667,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Activity-dependent matching of excitatory and inhibitory inputs during refinement of visual receptive fields}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tao_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tao_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.046}} @article{Milner:1999, @@ -35716,7 +35705,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cholinergic and GABAergic inputs drive patterned spontaneous motoneuron activity before target contact}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Milner_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Milner_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Kanold:2006, Abstract = {Synaptic plasticity during critical periods of development requires intact inhibitory circuitry. We report that subplate neurons are needed both for maturation of inhibition and for the proper sign of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. Removal of subplate neurons prevents the developmental upregulation of genes involved in mature, fast GABAergic transmission in cortical layer 4, including GABA receptor subunits and KCC2, and thus prevents the switch to a hyperpolarizing effect of GABA. To understand the implications of these changes, a realistic circuit model was formulated. Simulations predicted that without subplate neurons, monocular deprivation (MD) paradoxically favors LGN axons representing the deprived (less active) eye, exactly what was then observed experimentally. Simulations also account for published results showing that OD plasticity requires mature inhibition. Thus, subplate neurons regulate molecular machinery required to establish an adult balance of excitation and inhibition in layer 4, and thereby influence the outcome of OD plasticity.}, @@ -35756,7 +35745,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Subplate neurons regulate maturation of cortical inhibition and outcome of ocular dominance plasticity}, Volume = {51}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kanold_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kanold_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.008}} @article{Ohshiro:2006, @@ -35794,7 +35783,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Subplate neurons foster inhibition}, Volume = {51}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ohshiro_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ohshiro_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.022}} @article{Farley:2007, @@ -35832,7 +35821,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Alteration of visual input results in a coordinated reorganization of multiple visual cortex maps}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Farley_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Farley_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2257-07.2007}} @article{Yu:2005, @@ -35871,7 +35860,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The coordinated mapping of visual space and response features in visual cortex}, Volume = {47}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yu_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yu_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.011}} @article{Rakic:1976, @@ -35906,7 +35895,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Prenatal genesis of connections subserving ocular dominance in the rhesus monkey}, Volume = {261}, Year = {1976}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_Nature1976.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_Nature1976.pdf}} @article{Chiu:2001, Abstract = {Multi-electrode extracellular recordings in area 17 of awake behaving ferrets were conducted to characterize the pattern of spontaneous activity in the developing visual cortex before eye opening. A linear array of 16 microwire electrodes was used to record extracellular neuronal activity across a 3.2 mm strip of visual cortex between postnatal days 22 and 28. Whereas synchronous bursts of activity were observed at all recording sites, cross-correlation analysis revealed that the timing of spike activity at all electrodes was not precisely correlated. Correlated activity between cortical sites exhibited a patchy organization having long-range components. Long-range correlated activity was observed between cortical patches that were separated by a mean distance of 1 mm. The spatial pattern of correlated activity persisted during transient lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) activity block, indicating that long-range correlated activity is generated by intrinsic circuits within the cortex, independent of LGN input activity. These results demonstrate an innate patchy organization of correlated spontaneous activity within the cortex during the early development of cortical functional and anatomical organization.}, @@ -35944,7 +35933,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous activity in developing ferret visual cortex in vivo}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chiu_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chiu_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{White:2001a, Abstract = {Sensory experience begins when neural circuits in the cerebral cortex are still immature; however, the contribution of experience to cortical maturation remains unclear. In the visual cortex, the selectivity of neurons for oriented stimuli at the time of eye opening is poor and increases dramatically after the onset of visual experience. Here we investigate whether visual experience has a significant role in the maturation of orientation selectivity and underlying cortical circuits using two forms of deprivation: dark rearing, which completely eliminates experience, and binocular lid suture, which alters the pattern of sensory driven activity. Orientation maps were present in dark-reared ferrets, but fully mature levels of tuning were never attained. In contrast, only rudimentary levels of orientation selectivity were observed in lid-sutured ferrets. Despite these differences, horizontal connections in both groups were less extensive and less clustered than normal, suggesting that long-range cortical processing is not essential for the expression of orientation selectivity, but may be needed for the full maturation of tuning. Thus, experience is beneficial or highly detrimental to cortical maturation, depending on the pattern of sensory driven activity.}, @@ -35981,7 +35970,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The contribution of sensory experience to the maturation of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex}, Volume = {411}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/White_Nature2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/White_Nature2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35082568}} @article{Ruthazer:1999, @@ -36024,7 +36013,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development and organization of ocular dominance bands in primary visual cortex of the sable ferret}, Volume = {407}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ruthazer_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ruthazer_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}} @article{Chapman:1996, Abstract = {The development of orientation preference maps was studied in ferret primary visual cortex using chronic optical imaging of intrinsic signals. The emergence and maturation of the maps were examined over time in single animals. The earliest age at which cortical domains selectively responsive to particular stimulus orientations were observed varied considerably between individuals, from postnatal day 31 to 36. In all cases, the earliest maps seen were low-contrast, with regions of orientation-specific activity that were difficult to distinguish from noise. These early maps matured over a period of several days into the high-contrast, patchy maps typical of adult animals. The structure of the orientation maps was remarkably constant over time. The indistinct features in the earliest maps were always patches of the same sizes and shapes and at the same locations as in the maps obtained in subsequent recording sessions. Details of the more mature maps, including the relative intensities of individual iso-orientation domains, were also constant from one recording session to another over periods of several weeks. The patterning of iso-orientation domains in ferret primary visual cortex thus is established early in development and remains stable over time, unaffected by either normal visual experience or the anatomical rearrangements of geniculocortical afferents into eye-specific domains.}, @@ -36060,7 +36049,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of orientation preference maps in ferret primary visual cortex}, Volume = {16}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chapman_JNeurosci1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chapman_JNeurosci1996.pdf}} @article{Huberman:2006, Abstract = {The mechanisms that give rise to ocular dominance columns (ODCs) during development are controversial. Early experiments indicated a key role for retinal activity in ODC formation. However, later studies showed that in those early experiments, the retinal activity perturbation was initiated after ODCs had already formed. Moreover, recent studies concluded that early eye removals do not impact ODC segregation. Here we blocked spontaneous retinal activity during the very early stages of ODC development. This permanently disrupted the anatomical organization of ODCs and led to a dramatic increase in receptive field size for binocular cells in primary visual cortex. Our data suggest that early spontaneous retinal activity conveys crucial information about whether thalamocortical axons represent one or the other eye and that this activity mediates binocular competition important for shaping receptive fields in primary visual cortex.}, @@ -36103,7 +36092,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous retinal activity mediates development of ocular dominance columns and binocular receptive fields in v1}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2006a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.028}} @@ -36144,7 +36133,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The development of direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex requires early visual experience}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Li_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1684}} @article{Feller:2005, @@ -36183,7 +36172,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A precritical period for plasticity in visual cortex}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feller_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Feller_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.012}} @article{Katz:2002a, @@ -36221,7 +36210,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of cortical circuits: lessons from ocular dominance columns}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Katz_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Katz_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn703}} @article{Daw:1978, @@ -36256,7 +36245,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Interaction of critical periods in the visual cortex of kittens}, Volume = {199}, Year = {1978}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Daw_Science1978.pdf}} + File = {papers/Daw_Science1978.pdf}} @article{Huang:1999, Abstract = {Maturation of the visual cortex is influenced by visual experience during an early postnatal period. The factors that regulate such a critical period remain unclear. We examined the maturation and plasticity of the visual cortex in transgenic mice in which the postnatal rise of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was accelerated. In these mice, the maturation of GABAergic innervation and inhibition was accelerated. Furthermore, the age-dependent decline of cortical long-term potentiation induced by white matter stimulation, a form of synaptic plasticity sensitive to cortical inhibition, occurred earlier. Finally, transgenic mice showed a precocious development of visual acuity and an earlier termination of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity. We propose that BDNF promotes the maturation of cortical inhibition during early postnatal life, thereby regulating the critical period for visual cortical plasticity.}, @@ -36295,7 +36284,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {BDNF regulates the maturation of inhibition and the critical period of plasticity in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {98}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huang_Cell1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Huang_Cell1999.pdf}} @article{Iwai:2003, Abstract = {Mice lacking a synaptic isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) do not exhibit ocular dominance plasticity unless an appropriate level of GABAergic transmission is restored by direct infusion of benzodiazepines into the brain. To better understand how intracortical inhibition triggers experience-dependent changes, we dissected the precise timing requirement for GABA function in the monocular deprivation (MD) paradigm. Diazepam (DZ) or vehicle solution was infused daily before and/or during 4 d of MD in GAD65 knock-out mice. Extracellular single-unit recordings from the binocular zone of visual cortex were performed at the end of deprivation. We found that a minimum treatment of 2 d near the beginning of MD was sufficient to fully activate plasticity but did not need to overlap the deprivation per se. Extended delay after DZ infusion eventually led to loss of plasticity accompanied by improved intrinsic inhibitory circuit function. Two day DZ treatment just after eye opening similarly closed the critical period prematurely in wild-type mice. Raising wild-type mice in complete darkness from birth delayed the peak sensitivity to MD as in other mammals. Interestingly, 2 d DZ infusion in the dark also closed the critical period, whereas equally brief light exposure during dark-rearing had no such effect. Thus, enhanced tonic signaling through GABA(A) receptors rapidly creates a milieu for plasticity within neocortex capable of triggering a critical period for ocular dominance independent of visual experience itself.}, @@ -36332,7 +36321,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Rapid critical period induction by tonic inhibition in visual cortex}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Iwai_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Iwai_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Fagiolini:2000, Abstract = {Neuronal circuits across several systems display remarkable plasticity to sensory input during postnatal development. Experience-dependent refinements are often restricted to well-defined critical periods in early life, but how these are established remains mostly unknown. A representative example is the loss of responsiveness in neocortex to an eye deprived of vision. Here we show that the potential for plasticity is retained throughout life until an inhibitory threshold is attained. In mice of all ages lacking an isoform of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) synthetic enzyme (GAD65), as well as in immature wild-type animals before the onset of their natural critical period, benzodiazepines selectively reduced a prolonged discharge phenotype to unmask plasticity. Enhancing GABA-mediated transmission early in life rendered mutant animals insensitive to monocular deprivation as adults, similar to normal wild-type mice. Short-term presynaptic dynamics reflected a synaptic reorganization in GAD65 knockout mice after chronic diazepam treatment. A threshold level of inhibition within the visual cortex may thus trigger, once in life, an experience-dependent critical period for circuit consolidation, which may otherwise lie dormant.}, @@ -36368,7 +36357,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Inhibitory threshold for critical-period activation in primary visual cortex}, Volume = {404}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fagiolini_Nature2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fagiolini_Nature2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35004582}} @article{Hensch:2004a, @@ -36403,7 +36392,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Critical period regulation}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hensch_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hensch_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144327}} @article{Linkenhoker:2002, @@ -36442,7 +36431,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Incremental training increases the plasticity of the auditory space map in adult barn owls}, Volume = {419}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Linkenhoker_Nature2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Linkenhoker_Nature2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01002}} @article{Knudsen:2002, @@ -36482,7 +36471,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Instructed learning in the auditory localization pathway of the barn owl}, Volume = {417}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Knudsen_Nature2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Knudsen_Nature2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/417322a}} @article{Hyde:2002, @@ -36520,7 +36509,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The optic tectum controls visually guided adaptive plasticity in the owl's auditory space map}, Volume = {415}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hyde_Nature2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hyde_Nature2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/415073a}} @article{Galli:1988, @@ -36556,7 +36545,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous impulse activity of rat retinal ganglion cells in prenatal life}, Volume = {242}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Galli_Science1988.pdf}} + File = {papers/Galli_Science1988.pdf}} @article{Meister:1991, Abstract = {The development of orderly connections in the mammalian visual system depends on action potentials in the optic nerve fibers, even before the retina receives visual input. In particular, it has been suggested that correlated firing of retinal ganglion cells in the same eye directs the segregation of their synaptic terminals into eye-specific layers within the lateral geniculate nucleus. Such correlations in electrical activity were found by simultaneous recording of the extracellular action potentials of up to 100 ganglion cells in the isolated retina of the newborn ferret and the fetal cat. These neurons fired spikes in nearly synchronous bursts lasting a few seconds and separated by 1 to 2 minutes of silence. Individual bursts consisted of a wave of excitation, several hundred micrometers wide, sweeping across the retina at about 100 micrometers per second. These concerted firing patterns have the appropriate spatial and temporal properties to guide the refinement of connections between the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus.}, @@ -36593,7 +36582,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina}, Volume = {252}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meister_Science1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Meister_Science1991.pdf}} @article{Brown:2000, Abstract = {Topographic maps are a fundamental feature of sensory representations in nervous systems. The formation of one such map, defined by the connection of ganglion cells in the retina to their targets in the superior colliculus of the midbrain, is thought to depend upon an interaction between complementary gradients of retinal EphA receptors and collicular ephrin-A ligands. We have tested this hypothesis by using gene targeting to elevate EphA receptor expression in a subset of mouse ganglion cells, thereby producing two intermingled ganglion cell populations that express distinct EphA receptor gradients. We find that these two populations form separate maps in the colliculus, which can be predicted as a function of the net EphA receptor level that a given ganglion cell expresses relative to its neighbors.}, @@ -36629,7 +36618,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Topographic mapping from the retina to the midbrain is controlled by relative but not absolute levels of EphA receptor signaling}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_Cell2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brown_Cell2000.pdf}} @article{Akerman:2006, Abstract = {Neurotransmission during development regulates synaptic maturation in neural circuits, but the contribution of different neurotransmitter systems is unclear. We investigated the role of GABAA receptor-mediated Cl- conductances in the development of synaptic responses in the Xenopus visual system. Intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) was found to be high in immature tectal neurons and then falls over a period of several weeks. GABAergic synapses are present at early stages of tectal development and, when activated by optic nerve stimulation or visual stimuli, induce sustained depolarizing Cl- conductances that facilitate retinotectal transmission by NMDA receptors. To test whether depolarizing GABAergic inputs cooperate with NMDA receptors during activity-dependent maturation of glutamatergic synapses, we prematurely reduced [Cl-]i in tectal neurons in vivo by expressing the Cl- transporter KCC2. This blocked the normal developmental increase in AMPA receptor-mediated retinotectal transmission and increased GABAergic synaptic input to tectal neurons. Therefore, depolarizing GABAergic transmission plays a pivotal role in the maturation of excitatory transmission and controls the balance of excitation and inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit.}, @@ -36667,7 +36656,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Depolarizing GABAergic conductances regulate the balance of excitation to inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit in vivo}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Akerman_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Akerman_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0319-06.2006}} @article{Firth:2006, @@ -36706,7 +36695,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Dissociated GABAergic retinal interneurons exhibit spontaneous increases in intracellular calcium}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Firth_VisNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Firth_VisNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095252380623013X}} @article{Sperry:1963, @@ -36742,7 +36731,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections}, Volume = {50}, Year = {1963}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sperry_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1963.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sperry_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1963.pdf}} @article{Holt:1983, Abstract = {Retinal nerve fibres form an orderly map of visual space in several centres in the vertebrate brain. Such topographic maps are a common feature of central nervous system organization, yet the way in which they develop is poorly understood. Early nerve projections in the fetal and neonatal mammalian brain have been found in several cases to be less restricted than those in the adult, suggesting that nerve fibres may initially form a diffuse set of connections in their target structure from which the adult map is sculpted by the elimination of terminals. Indeed, previous electrophysiological data indicate that the retinotectal map in Xenopus laevis might be initially disorganized. We report here, however, that the retinotectal projection is ordered from the beginning of tectal innervation (stage 39/40). We demonstrate this first autoradiographically by tracing groups of growing ganglion cell axons which we labelled by incubating sectors of eye rudiments, before axonal outgrowth, in 3H-proline and replacing them orthotopically. Separate labelling of dorsal and ventral parts of the initial projection showed that retinal fibres are organized topographically, as in the adult, in the tectal rudiment and throughout much of the pathway. Second, we show that visual responses are ordered in the tectum from the first stage that they can be mapped (stage 40). We conclude that the topographic ordering of retinotectal connections develops as a result of directed axonal outgrowth.}, @@ -36777,7 +36766,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Order in the initial retinotectal map in Xenopus: a new technique for labelling growing nerve fibres}, Volume = {301}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Holt_Nature1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Holt_Nature1983.pdf}} @article{Stryker:1986, Abstract = {Ocular dominance columns in the cat's visual cortex appear to develop out of an initially overlapping projection by a progressive segregation of the geniculocortical afferents serving the 2 eyes (reviewed in LeVay and Stryker, 1979). To determine whether electrical activity in the visual afferent pathway is involved in this normal, developmental rearrangement of synaptic connections, we blocked the discharge of retinal ganglion cells in both eyes by making repeated intravitreal injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) during the period in which geniculocortical afferent segregation would normally be taking place. Control experiments for the side effects of the injection procedure, the systemic effects of TTX, and the effects of visual deprivation were carried out, and a series of normal animals of appropriate ages was also studied. We then examined the effects of retinal blockade and the various control procedures on the formation of ocular dominance columns using an anatomical assay, the autoradiographic labeling of geniculocortical afferent terminals in layer IV of the visual cortex by the transneuronal transport of tritiated proline injected into 1 eye, and a physiological assay, the ocular dominance of single cortical cells recorded extracellularly. After retinal TTX blockade, layer IV was labeled uniformly without periodic fluctuation in grain density, and nearly all cortical cells were driven well through both eyes. These assays thus indicated that retinal blockade completely blocked the formation of ocular dominance columns, unlike any of the control procedures, suggesting that the spontaneous maintained discharge of retinal ganglion cells may have an important role in the normal development of binocular connections in the visual cortex.}, @@ -36813,7 +36802,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Binocular impulse blockade prevents the formation of ocular dominance columns in cat visual cortex}, Volume = {6}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stryker_JNeurosci1986.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stryker_JNeurosci1986.pdf}} @article{Bestman:2008, Abstract = {Visual system development requires experience-dependent mechanisms that regulate neuronal structure and function, including dendritic arbor growth, synapse formation, and stabilization. Although RNA binding proteins have been shown to affect some forms of synaptic plasticity in adult animals, their role in the development of neuronal structure and functional circuitry is not clear. Using two-photon time-lapse in vivo imaging and electrophysiology combined with morpholino-mediated knockdown and expression of functional deletion mutants, we demonstrate that the mRNA binding protein, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein1 (CPEB1), affects experience-dependent neuronal development and circuit formation in the visual system of Xenopus laevis. These data indicate that sensory experience controls circuit development by regulating translational activity of mRNAs.}, @@ -36856,7 +36845,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The RNA binding protein CPEB regulates dendrite morphogenesis and neuronal circuit assembly in vivo}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bestman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bestman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806296105}} @article{Lee:2008a, @@ -36901,7 +36890,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A dynamic zone defines interneuron remodeling in the adult neocortex}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lee_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810149105}} @article{Tomura:2008, @@ -36944,7 +36933,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Monitoring cellular movement in vivo with photoconvertible fluorescence protein "Kaede" transgenic mice}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tomura_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tomura_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802278105}} @article{Huberman:2008a, @@ -36985,7 +36974,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Mechanisms underlying development of visual maps and receptive fields}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huberman_AnnuRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huberman_AnnuRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125533}} @article{Hudetz:2007, @@ -37024,7 +37013,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Burst activation of the cerebral cortex by flash stimuli during isoflurane anesthesia in rats}, Volume = {107}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hudetz_Anesthesiology2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hudetz_Anesthesiology2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000291471.80659.55}} @article{Cline:2003, @@ -37063,7 +37052,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Sperry and Hebb: oil and vinegar?}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cline_TrendsNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cline_TrendsNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Chisum:2003, Abstract = {The superficial layers of primary visual cortex, unlike layer 4, have an extensive network of long-range horizontal connections linking sites of similar orientation preference. To identify possible functional consequences of this distinct anatomy, we compared the receptive field properties of layers 2/3 and 4 neurons in tree shrew primary visual cortex with electrophysiological recordings. We found that elongated receptive fields, strong orientation tuning, and length summation (properties predicted by the anatomy of the horizontal connections) are present in layer 2/3 neurons, but not in layer 4 neurons. We further characterized the summation fields of layer 2/3 neurons and found axis and orientation-specific facilitation that matched the distribution of horizontal connections. The functional signature of horizontal connections was also evident in the population response of layer 2/3 neurons; the intrinsic signal activation pattern elicited by an array of collinear Gabor elements was significantly stronger than that elicited by a noncollinear array. Furthermore, our results showed that this enhancement of population response was achieved without compromising spatial resolution along the collinear axis, providing stimulus-specific facilitation without filling in between stimuli. Taken together, these results suggest that horizontal connections play a significant role in shaping the visual responses of layer 2/3 neurons.}, @@ -37101,7 +37090,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Emergent properties of layer 2/3 neurons reflect the collinear arrangement of horizontal connections in tree shrew visual cortex}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chisum_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chisum_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Maskos:2002, Abstract = {The function of the nervous system is a consequence of the intricate synaptic connectivity of its neurons. Our understanding of these highly complex networks has profited enormously from methods used over the past two decades that are based on the mechanical injection of tracer molecules into brain regions. We have developed a genetic system for the mapping of synaptic connections during development of the mammalian central nervous system and in the mature brain. It is based on the transsynaptic transfer of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brains of mice using a fusion protein with a nontoxic fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) expressed in defined neurons. These transgenic mice allowed us to visualize neurons, at single-cell resolution, that are in synaptic contact by the detection of GFP in interconnected circuits. Targeted genetic expression with a specific promoter permitted us to transfer GFP to defined subsets of neurons and brain regions. GFP-TTC is coexpressed with a lacZ reporter gene to discriminate neurons that produce the tracer from cells that have acquired it transneuronally. The marker shows selective transfer in the retrograde direction. We have used electron microscopic detection of GFP to define the ultrastructural features of the system. Our work opens up a range of possibilities for brain slice and in vivo studies taking advantage of the fluorescence of GFP. We point the way toward the use of powerful multiphoton technology and set the stage for the transsynaptic transfer of other proteins in the brains of mice.}, @@ -37143,7 +37132,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retrograde trans-synaptic transfer of green fluorescent protein allows the genetic mapping of neuronal circuits in transgenic mice}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maskos_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Maskos_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.152266799}} @article{Tan:2002, @@ -37181,7 +37170,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cellular dispersion patterns and phenotypes in the developing mouse superior colliculus}, Volume = {241}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tan_DevBiol2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tan_DevBiol2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.2001.0505}} @article{Klier:2001, @@ -37219,7 +37208,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The superior colliculus encodes gaze commands in retinal coordinates}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Klier_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Klier_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/88450}} @article{Branner:2001, @@ -37257,7 +37246,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Selective stimulation of cat sciatic nerve using an array of varying-length microelectrodes}, Volume = {85}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Branner_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Branner_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} @article{Wickelgren:2000, Abstract = {For decades, neurobiologists have believed that so-called ocular dominance columns--neat columns of brain cells that respond to visual activity from one eye or the other--form as a result of visual activity. Now, in work described on page 1321, neuroscientists report that ocular dominance columns in ferrets appear long before the columns can be modified by visual experience. They propose instead that innate molecules that guide growing axons to their locations in the developing brain may be primarily responsible for building these columns. But others contest the conclusion that neural activity is not required for constructing the columns, arguing that there are other explanations for the researchers' findings.}, @@ -37331,7 +37320,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Early development of ocular dominance columns}, Volume = {290}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crowley_Science2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crowley_Science2000.pdf}} @article{Jones:2000, Abstract = {After manipulations of the periphery that reduce or enhance input to the somatosensory cortex, affected parts of the body representation will contract or expand, often over many millimeters. Various mechanisms, including divergence of preexisting connections, expression of latent synapses, and sprouting of new synapses, have been proposed to explain such phenomena, which probably underlie altered sensory experiences associated with limb amputation and peripheral nerve injury in humans. Putative cortical mechanisms have received the greatest emphasis but there is increasing evidence for substantial reorganization in subcortical structures, including the brainstem and thalamus, that may be of sufficient extent to account for or play a large part in representational plasticity in somatosensory cortex. Recent studies show that divergence of ascending connections is considerable and sufficient to ensure that small alterations in map topography at brainstem and thalamic levels will be amplified in the projection to the cortex. In the long term, slow, deafferentation-dependent transneuronal atrophy at brainstem, thalamic, and even cortical levels are operational in promoting reorganizational changes, and the extent to which surviving connections can maintain a map is a key to understanding differences between central and peripheral deafferentation.}, @@ -37368,7 +37357,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cortical and subcortical contributions to activity-dependent plasticity in primate somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jones_AnnuRevNeurosci2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jones_AnnuRevNeurosci2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.1}} @article{Crowley:1999, @@ -37408,7 +37397,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of ocular dominance columns in the absence of retinal input}, Volume = {2}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crowley_NatNeurosci1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Crowley_NatNeurosci1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/16051}} @article{Hubener:1999, @@ -37445,7 +37434,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Eyes wide shut}, Volume = {2}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hubener_NatNeurosci1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hubener_NatNeurosci1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/15964}} @article{Edelman:1999, @@ -37481,7 +37470,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Building a picture of the brain}, Volume = {882}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Edelman_AnnNYAcadSci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Edelman_AnnNYAcadSci1999.pdf}} @article{Wallace:1997a, Abstract = {The development of multisensory neurons and multisensory integration was examined in the deep layers of the superior colliculus of kittens ranging in age from 3 to 135 d postnatal (dpn). Despite the high proportion of multisensory neurons in adult animals, no such neurons were found during the first 10 d of postnatal life. Rather, all sensory-responsive neurons were unimodal. The first multisensory neurons (somatosensory-auditory) were found at 12 dpn, and visually responsive multisensory neurons were not found until 20 dpn. Early multisensory neurons responded weakly to sensory stimuli, had long latencies, large receptive fields, and poorly developed response selectivities. Most surprising, however, was their inability to integrate combinations of sensory cues to produce significant response enhancement (or depression), a characteristic feature of the adult. Responses to combinations of sensory cues differed little from responses to their modality-specific components. At 28 dpn an abrupt physiological change was noted. Some multisensory neurons now integrated combinations of cross-modality cues and exhibited significant response enhancements when these cues were spatially coincident and response depressions when the cues were spatially disparate. During the next 2 months the incidence of multisensory neurons, and the proportion of these neurons capable of adult-like multisensory integration, gradually increased. Once multisensory integration appeared in a given neuron, its properties changed little with development. Even the youngest integrating neurons showed superadditive enhancements and spatial characteristics of multisensory integration that were indistinguishable from the adult. Nevertheless, neonatal and adult multisensory neurons differed in the manner in which they integrated temporally asynchronous stimuli, a distribution that may reflect the very different behavioral requirements at different ages. The possible maturational role of corticotectal projections in the abrupt gating of multisensory integration is discussed.}, @@ -37518,7 +37507,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of multisensory neurons and multisensory integration in cat superior colliculus}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wallace_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wallace_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} @article{Gulrajani:1984, Author = {Gulrajani, R M and Roberge, F A and Savard, P}, @@ -37553,7 +37542,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Moving dipole inverse ECG and EEG solutions}, Volume = {31}, Year = {1984}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gulrajani_IEEETransBiomedEng1984.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gulrajani_IEEETransBiomedEng1984.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.1984.325257}} @article{Crowne:1983, @@ -37590,7 +37579,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Brief deprivation of vision after unilateral lesions of the frontal eye field prevents contralateral inattention}, Volume = {220}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crowne_Science1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crowne_Science1983.pdf}} @article{Drager:1976, Abstract = {In adult mice of the C57BL/6J strain the projection of the visual field was systematically mapped under direct vision. As in other vertebrate species the nasal (anterior) field projected anterolaterally, and the inferior field posterolaterally. Values of magnification-1 (m-1, or degrees of visual field per millimeter tectal surface) were calculated over most of the tectum, for measurements in the coronal and sagittal planes. Whereas m-1 was fairly constant for measurement pairs in sagittal planes, for coronal planes there was a rather large, elongated, horizontally oriented area in the upper field of vision within which m-1 was smaller than elsewhere. In this area m-1 was anisotropic, with a ratio of almost 2:1 between sagittal and coronal planes. In a previously study we had observed that many cells recorded in deeper tectal layers responded to somatosensory stimulation, with whiskers especially conspicuous. In a given penetration perpendicular to the tectal surface, somatosensory receptive fields recorded in the deeper tectum were always concerned with that group of whiskers or with those parts of the body that crossed the regions of visual field represented in the superficial layers directly above. Given this information on the visual coordinates associated with certain somatosensory fields, the detailed mapping of the visual field onto the tectum made it possible to prepare a map of the somatosensory projection on the tectum. The resulting representation differed markedly from maps described for the classic somatosensory pathway. In the tectum the somatosensory map was dictated by the visual-field projection rather than by the peripheral tactile innervation density. Whiskers were thus featured much more prominently in the tectum, and structures close to the eye, such as the pinna and cheek, receive more representation than the tail or hindpaws.}, @@ -37625,7 +37614,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Topography of visual and somatosensory projections to mouse superior colliculus}, Volume = {39}, Year = {1976}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Drager_JNeurophysiol1976.pdf}} + File = {papers/Drager_JNeurophysiol1976.pdf}} @article{Drager:1975, Abstract = {The superior colliculus was studied in anesthetized mice by recording from single cells and from unit clusters. The topographic representation of the visual filed was similar to what has been found in other mammals, with the temporal part of the contralateral visual field projecting posteriorly and the inferior visual field projecting laterally. At the anterior margin of the tectum receptive fields recorded through the contralateral eye and invaded the ipsilateral visual hemifield for up to 35 degrees, suggesting that the entire visual field through one eye is represented on the contralateral superior colliculus. Cells located closest to the tectal surface had relatively small receptive fields, averaging 9 degrees in center diameter; field sizes increased steadily with depth. The prevailing cell type in the stratum zonal and superficial gray responded best to a small dark or light object of any shape moved slowly through the receptive-field center or to turning a small stationary spot on or off. Large objects or diffuse light were usually much less effective. Less than one-quarter of superficial layer cells showed directional selectivity to a moving object, the majority of these favoring up and nasal movement. The chief visual cell type in the stratum opticum and upper part of the intermediate gray resembled in the newness neurons described for many other vertebrates: they had large receptive fields and responded best to up and nasal movement of a small dark or light object, whose optimal size was similar to the optimum for upper-layer cells. If the same part of the receptive field was repeatedly stimulated there was a marked tendency to habituate. Only very few cels responded to the ipsilateral eye. Intermixed with visual cells in the upper part of the intermediate gray were cells that responded to somatosensory or auditory stimuli. Here bimodal and trimodal cells were also seen. In deeper layers somatosensory and auditory modalities tended to take over. These two modalities were not segregated into sublayers but rather seemed to be arranged in clusters. Responses to somatosensory and auditory stimuli were brisk, showing little habituation to repeated stimulation.}, @@ -37661,7 +37650,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Responses to visual stimulation and relationship between visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs in mouse superior colliculus}, Volume = {38}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Drager_JNeurophysiol1975.pdf}} + File = {papers/Drager_JNeurophysiol1975.pdf}} @article{Drager:1975a, Author = {Drager, U C and Hubel, D H}, @@ -37694,7 +37683,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Physiology of visual cells in mouse superior colliculus and correlation with somatosensory and auditory input}, Volume = {253}, Year = {1975}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Drager_Nature1975.pdf}} + File = {papers/Drager_Nature1975.pdf}} @article{Wilson:2007a, Abstract = {Fluorescent protein (XFP) expression in postnatal neurons allows the anatomical and physiological investigation of identified subpopulations of interneurons with established techniques. However, the spatiotemporal pattern of activity of these XFP neurons within a network and their role in the functional output of the network are more challenging issues to investigate. Here we apply two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy to mouse spinal cord locomotor networks and present the methodology by which calcium activity can be recorded in XFP-expressing neurons. Such activity can be studied both in relation to neighboring non-XFP neurons in a spinal cord slice preparation and in relation to functional locomotor output monitored by ventral root activity in the intact in vitro spinal cord. Thus the network properties and functional correlates with locomotion of identified populations of interneurons can be studied simultaneously.}, @@ -37734,7 +37723,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Two-photon calcium imaging of network activity in XFP-expressing neurons in the mouse}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wilson_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wilson_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01207.2006}} @article{Ozden:2008, @@ -37776,7 +37765,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Identification and clustering of event patterns from in vivo multiphoton optical recordings of neuronal ensembles}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ozden_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ozden_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01310.2007}} @article{Niell:2008, @@ -37813,7 +37802,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Highly selective receptive fields in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Niell_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Niell_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0623-08.2008}} @article{Sparks:1999, @@ -37850,7 +37839,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Conceptual issues related to the role of the superior colliculus in the control of gaze}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sparks_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sparks_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} @article{Rojas:2006, Abstract = {The rodent whisker sensory system is a commonly used model of cortical processing; however, anesthetics cause profound differences in the shape and timing of evoked responses. Evoked response studies, especially those that use spatial mapping techniques, such as fMRI or optical imaging, will thus show significantly different results depending on the anesthesia used. To describe the effect of behavioral states and commonly used anesthetics, we characterized the early surface-evoked response potentials (ERPs) components (first ERP peak: gamma band 25-45 Hz; fast oscillation: 200-400 Hz; and very fast oscillation: 400-600 Hz) using a 25-channel electrode array on the somatosensory cortex during whisker stimulation. We found significant differences in the ERP shape when ketamine/xylazine, urethane, propofol, isoflurane, and pentobarbital sodium were administered and during sleep and wake states. The highest ERP amplitudes were observed under propofol anesthesia and during quiet sleep. Under isoflurane, the ERP was nearly absent, except for a very late component, which was concombinant with burst synchronization. The slowest responses were seen under urethane and propofol anesthesia. Spatial mapping experiments that use electrical, NMR, or optical techniques must consider the anesthetic dependency of these signals, especially when stimulation protocols or electrical and metabolic responses are compared.}, @@ -37890,7 +37879,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Evoked response potential markers for anesthetic and behavioral states}, Volume = {291}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rojas_AmJPhysiolRegulIntegrCompPhysiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rojas_AmJPhysiolRegulIntegrCompPhysiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00409.2005}} @article{Zong:2005, @@ -37930,7 +37919,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Mosaic analysis with double markers in mice}, Volume = {121}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zong_Cell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zong_Cell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.012}} @article{Nishiyama:2007, @@ -37973,7 +37962,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Axonal motility and its modulation by activity are branch-type specific in the intact adult cerebellum}, Volume = {56}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nishiyama_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nishiyama_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.010}} @article{Seo:2008, @@ -38014,7 +38003,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cortical mechanisms for reinforcement learning in competitive games}, Volume = {363}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seo_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Seo_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0158}} @article{Lee:2008, @@ -38058,7 +38047,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Game theory and neural basis of social decision making}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lee_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lee_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2065}} @article{Chakravarthy:2008, @@ -38096,7 +38085,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cre-dependent expression of multiple transgenes in isolated neurons of the adult forebrain}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chakravarthy_PLoSONE2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chakravarthy_PLoSONE2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003059}} @article{Nauhaus:2008, @@ -38139,7 +38128,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neuronal selectivity and local map structure in visual cortex}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nauhaus_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nauhaus_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.020}} @article{Mante:2008, @@ -38177,7 +38166,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional mechanisms shaping lateral geniculate responses to artificial and natural stimuli}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mante_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mante_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.011}} @article{Holekamp:2008, @@ -38214,7 +38203,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Fast three-dimensional fluorescence imaging of activity in neural populations by objective-coupled planar illumination microscopy}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Holekamp_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Holekamp_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.011}} @article{Cang:2008b, @@ -38257,7 +38246,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Roles of ephrin-As and structured activity in the development of functional maps in the superior colliculus}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cang_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cang_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2478-08.2008}} @article{Mooser:2004, @@ -38298,7 +38287,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A morphological basis for orientation tuning in primary visual cortex}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mooser_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mooser_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1287}} @article{Elstrott:2008, @@ -38342,7 +38331,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Direction selectivity in the retina is established independent of visual experience and cholinergic retinal waves}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Elstrott_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Elstrott_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.013}} @article{Bosking:2008, @@ -38380,7 +38369,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {V1 neurons: in tune with the neighbors}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bosking_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bosking_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.02.026}} @article{Sudhof:2008, @@ -38418,7 +38407,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neuroligins and neurexins link synaptic function to cognitive disease}, Volume = {455}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sudhof_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sudhof_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07456}} @article{Ryge:2008, @@ -38455,7 +38444,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Gene expression profiling of two distinct neuronal populations in the rodent spinal cord}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ryge_PLoSONE2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ryge_PLoSONE2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ryge_PLoSONE2008.tiff}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003415}} @@ -38493,7 +38482,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional topography and integration of the contralateral and ipsilateral retinocollicular projections of ephrin-A-/- mice}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Haustead_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Haustead_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1135-08.2008}} @article{Kayser:2008, @@ -38535,7 +38524,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {EphB receptors couple dendritic filopodia motility to synapse formation}, Volume = {59}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kayser_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kayser_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.007}} @article{Pasquale:2008, @@ -38572,7 +38561,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Eph-ephrin bidirectional signaling in physiology and disease}, Volume = {133}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pasquale_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pasquale_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.011}} @article{Nern:2008, @@ -38611,7 +38600,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Local N-cadherin interactions mediate distinct steps in the targeting of lamina neurons}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nern_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nern_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.022}} @article{Matthews:2008, @@ -38650,7 +38639,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Of cartridges and columns: new roles for cadherins in visual system development}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Matthews_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Matthews_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.024}} @article{Chen:2008, @@ -38694,7 +38683,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The cadherin Flamingo mediates level-dependent interactions that guide photoreceptor target choice in Drosophila}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.007}} @article{Felsen:2008, @@ -38738,7 +38727,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural substrates of sensory-guided locomotor decisions in the rat superior colliculus}, Volume = {60}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Felsen_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Felsen_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.019}} @article{Krauzlis:2008, @@ -38813,7 +38802,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinotectal mapping: new insights from molecular genetics}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lemke_AnnuRevCellDevBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lemke_AnnuRevCellDevBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.022403.093702}} @article{Mrsic-Flogel:2005, @@ -38852,7 +38841,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Altered map of visual space in the superior colliculus of mice lacking early retinal waves}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mrsic-Flogel_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mrsic-Flogel_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1555-05.2005}} @article{OLeary:2005, @@ -38890,7 +38879,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Mechanisms of retinotopic map development: Ephs, ephrins, and spontaneous correlated retinal activity}, Volume = {147}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/O'Leary_ProgBrainRes2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/O'Leary_ProgBrainRes2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(04)47005-8}} @article{Reber:2004, @@ -39072,7 +39061,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spatiotemporal patterns of ontogenetic expression of parvalbumin in the superior colliculi of rats and rabbits}, Volume = {393}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barker_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Barker_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} @article{Barinaga:1998, Author = {Barinaga, M}, @@ -39322,7 +39311,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The development of the somatosensory representation in the superior colliculus of visually deprived mice}, Volume = {65}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Benedetti_BrainResDevBrainRes1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Benedetti_BrainResDevBrainRes1992.pdf}} @article{Mize:1992, Abstract = {GABA is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian superior colliculus. As in the lateral geniculate nucleus, GABA immunoreactive neurons in SC are almost all small and are distributed throughout the structure in all mammalian species studied to date. Unlike the LGN, GABA-labeled neurons in SC have a variety of morphologies. These cells have been best characterized in cat, where horizontal and two granule cell morphologies have been identified. Horizontal cells give rise to one class of presynaptic dendrite while granule C cells give rise to another class of spine-like presynaptic dendrite. Granule A cells may be the origin of some GABAergic axon terminals. GABA containing synaptic profiles form serial synapses, providing a possible substrate for disinhibition. The distribution of GABAA and GABAB receptor subtypes appears similar to that of GABA neurons, with the densest distribution found within the superficial gray layer. However, antibody immunocytochemistry of the beta 2 and beta 3 subunits of the GABAA receptor reveals that it is located at both synaptic and non-synaptic sites, and may be associated with membrane adjacent to terminals with either flattened or round vesicles. A few GABA containing neurons in SC colocalize the pentapeptide leucine enkephalin or the calcium binding protein calbindin. However, none appear to co-localize parvalbumin, a situation different from GABA containing interneurons in the LGN and visual cortex. The diversity of GABA neurons in SC rivals that found in visual cortex, although unlike visual cortex, the pattern of co-occurrence does not distinguish GABA cell types in SC. The superior colliculus also differs from both LGN and visual cortex in that GABA and calbindin immunoreactivity is not altered by either long-term occlusion and/or short-term enucleation in adult Rhesus monkeys. No consistent differences have been found in the optical density of GABA labeling in either cells or neuropil. To conclude, GABA neurons in the superior colliculus share some properties like those in LGN and others like those in visual cortex. In other properties, they differ from GABA neurons in both the LGN and visual cortex. The GABA systems in the superior colliculus are similar in all mammalian species studied, suggesting that they are phylogenetically conserved systems which are not amenable to plastic alterations, a situation different to that in the geniculostriate system.}, @@ -39844,7 +39833,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex}, Volume = {148}, Year = {1959}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/HUBEL_JPhysiol1959.pdf}} + File = {papers/HUBEL_JPhysiol1959.pdf}} @article{Ramocki:2008, Abstract = {Failure of normal brain development leads to mental retardation or autism in about 3% of children. Many genes integral to pathways by which synaptic modification and the remodelling of neuronal networks mediate cognitive and social development have been identified, usually through loss of function. Evidence is accumulating, however, that either loss or gain of molecular functions can be deleterious to the nervous system. Copy-number variation, regulation of gene expression by non-coding RNAs and epigenetic changes are all mechanisms by which altered gene dosage can cause the failure of neuronal homeostasis.}, @@ -39881,7 +39870,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Failure of neuronal homeostasis results in common neuropsychiatric phenotypes}, Volume = {455}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ramocki_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ramocki_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07457}} @article{Sato:2008, @@ -39918,7 +39907,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Distinctive features of adult ocular dominance plasticity}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sato_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sato_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2451-08.2008}} @article{Dean:1989, @@ -39955,7 +39944,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Event or emergency? Two response systems in the mammalian superior colliculus}, Volume = {12}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dean_TrendsNeurosci1989.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dean_TrendsNeurosci1989.pdf}} @article{Sato:2007b, Abstract = {Cortical maps, consisting of orderly arrangements of functional columns, are a hallmark of the organization of the cerebral cortex. However, the microorganization of cortical maps at the level of single neurons is not known, mainly because of the limitations of available mapping techniques. Here, we used bulk loading of Ca(2+) indicators combined with two-photon microscopy to image the activity of multiple single neurons in layer (L) 2/3 of the mouse barrel cortex in vivo. We developed methods that reliably detect single action potentials in approximately half of the imaged neurons in L2/3. This allowed us to measure the spiking probability following whisker deflection and thus map the whisker selectivity for multiple neurons with known spatial relationships. At the level of neuronal populations, the whisker map varied smoothly across the surface of the cortex, within and between the barrels. However, the whisker selectivity of individual neurons recorded simultaneously differed greatly, even for nearest neighbors. Trial-to-trial correlations between pairs of neurons were high over distances spanning multiple cortical columns. Our data suggest that the response properties of individual neurons are shaped by highly specific subcolumnar circuits and the momentary intrinsic state of the neocortex.}, @@ -39988,7 +39977,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The Functional Microarchitecture of the Mouse Barrel Cortex}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sato_PLoSBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sato_PLoSBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050189}} @article{McLaughlin:2003, @@ -40028,7 +40017,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Retinotopic map refinement requires spontaneous retinal waves during a brief critical period of development}, Volume = {40}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McLaughlin_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/McLaughlin_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Yu:2009, Abstract = {Neurons in the mammalian neocortex are organized into functional columns. Within a column, highly specific synaptic connections are formed to ensure that similar physiological properties are shared by neuron ensembles spanning from the pia to the white matter. Recent studies indicate that synaptic connectivity in the neocortex is sparse and highly specific to allow even adjacent neurons to convey information independently. How this fine-scale microcircuit is constructed to create a functional columnar architecture at the level of individual neurons largely remains a mystery. Here we investigate whether radial clones of excitatory neurons arising from the same mother cell in the developing neocortex serve as a substrate for the formation of this highly specific microcircuit. We labelled ontogenetic radial clones of excitatory neurons in the mouse neocortex by in utero intraventricular injection of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing retroviruses around the onset of the peak phase of neocortical neurogenesis. Multiple-electrode whole-cell recordings were performed to probe synapse formation among these EGFP-labelled sister excitatory neurons in radial clones and the adjacent non-siblings during postnatal stages. We found that radially aligned sister excitatory neurons have a propensity for developing unidirectional chemical synapses with each other rather than with neighbouring non-siblings. Moreover, these synaptic connections display the same interlaminar directional preference as those observed in the mature neocortex. These results indicate that specific microcircuits develop preferentially within ontogenetic radial clones of excitatory neurons in the developing neocortex and contribute to the emergence of functional columnar microarchitectures in the mature neocortex.}, @@ -40058,7 +40047,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Status = {Publisher}, Title = {Specific synapses develop preferentially among sister excitatory neurons in the neocortex}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yu_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yu_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Yu_Nature2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07722}} @@ -40098,7 +40087,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Small RNAs as guardians of the genome}, Volume = {136}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Malone_Cell2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Malone_Cell2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.045}} @article{Huang:2008, @@ -40138,7 +40127,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {GABA and neuroligin signaling: linking synaptic activity and adhesion in inhibitory synapse development}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huang_CurrOpinNeurobiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huang_CurrOpinNeurobiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.05.008}} @article{Mank:2008, @@ -40172,7 +40161,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A genetically encoded calcium indicator for chronic in vivo two-photon imaging}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mank_NatMethods2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mank_NatMethods2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Mank_NatMethods2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1243}} @@ -40211,7 +40200,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetically encoded calcium indicators}, Volume = {108}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mank_ChemRev2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mank_ChemRev2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr078213v}} @article{Winship:2007, @@ -40247,7 +40236,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Rapid astrocyte calcium signals correlate with neuronal activity and onset of the hemodynamic response in vivo}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Winship_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Winship_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4801-06.2007}} @article{Van-Hooser:2007, @@ -40287,7 +40276,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Similarity and diversity in visual cortex: is there a unifying theory of cortical computation?}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/VanHooser_Neuroscientist2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/VanHooser_Neuroscientist2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858407306597}} @article{Compte:2008, @@ -40323,7 +40312,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Spontaneous high-frequency (10-80 Hz) oscillations during up states in the cerebral cortex in vitro}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Compte_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Compte_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2684-08.2008}} @article{Lampl:2001, @@ -40361,7 +40350,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Prediction of orientation selectivity from receptive field architecture in simple cells of cat visual cortex}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lampl_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lampl_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Tanaka:2009, Abstract = {Migrating neurons are thought to travel from their origin near the ventricle to distant territories along stereotypical pathways by detecting environmental cues in the extracellular milieu. Here, we report a novel mode of neuronal migration that challenges this view. We performed long-term, time-lapse imaging of medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived cortical interneurons tangentially migrating in the marginal zone (MZ) in flat-mount cortices. We find that they exhibit a diverse range of behaviors in terms of the rate and direction of migration. Curiously, a predominant population of these neurons repeatedly changes its direction of migration in an unpredictable manner. Trajectories of migration vary from one neuron to another. The migration of individual cells lasts for long periods, sometimes up to 2 d. Theoretical analyses reveal that these behaviors can be modeled by a random walk. Furthermore, MZ cells migrate from the cortical subventricular zone to the cortical plate, transiently accumulating in the MZ. These results suggest that MGE-derived cortical interneurons, once arriving at the MZ, are released from regulation by guidance cues and initiate random walk movement, which potentially contributes to their dispersion throughout the cortex.}, @@ -40397,7 +40386,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Random walk behavior of migrating cortical interneurons in the marginal zone: time-lapse analysis in flat-mount cortex}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tanaka_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tanaka_JNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5446-08.2009}} @article{Jacobs:2007a, @@ -40437,7 +40426,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Emergence of novel color vision in mice engineered to express a human cone photopigment}, Volume = {315}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jacobs_Science2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jacobs_Science2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1138838}} @article{Soucy:2009, @@ -40477,7 +40466,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Precision and diversity in an odor map on the olfactory bulb}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Soucy_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Soucy_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2262}} @article{Goldin:2007, @@ -40514,7 +40503,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Synaptic kainate receptors tune oriens-lacunosum moleculare interneurons to operate at theta frequency}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goldin_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Goldin_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1237-07.2007}} @article{McKinney:2009, @@ -40555,7 +40544,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A bright and photostable photoconvertible fluorescent protein}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McKinney_NatMethods2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/McKinney_NatMethods2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1296}} @article{Manent:2009, @@ -40596,7 +40585,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Dcx reexpression reduces subcortical band heterotopia and seizure threshold in an animal model of neuronal migration disorder}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Manent_NatMed2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Manent_NatMed2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.1897}} @article{Katzner:2009, @@ -40635,7 +40624,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Local origin of field potentials in visual cortex}, Volume = {61}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Katzner_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Katzner_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.016}} @article{White:2007, @@ -40674,7 +40663,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Vision and cortical map development}, Volume = {56}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/White_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/White_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.011}} @article{Lagace:2007, @@ -40712,7 +40701,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Dynamic contribution of nestin-expressing stem cells to adult neurogenesis}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lagace_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lagace_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3812-07.2007}} @article{Lefort:2009, @@ -40750,7 +40739,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The excitatory neuronal network of the C2 barrel column in mouse primary somatosensory cortex}, Volume = {61}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lefort_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lefort_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.020}} @article{Champoux:2008, @@ -40787,7 +40776,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Effects of early binocular enucleation on auditory and somatosensory coding in the superior colliculus of the rat}, Volume = {1191}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Champoux_BrainRes2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Champoux_BrainRes2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.003}} @article{Sirota:2008, @@ -40830,7 +40819,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Entrainment of neocortical neurons and gamma oscillations by the hippocampal theta rhythm}, Volume = {60}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sirota_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sirota_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.014}} @article{Han:2008, @@ -40869,7 +40858,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Reverberation of recent visual experience in spontaneous cortical waves}, Volume = {60}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Han_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Han_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.026}} @article{Boldogkoi:2009, @@ -40908,7 +40897,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Genetically timed, activity-sensor and rainbow transsynaptic viral tools}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Boldogkoi_NatMethods2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Boldogkoi_NatMethods2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1292}} @article{Brustein:2003, @@ -40947,7 +40936,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {"In vivo" monitoring of neuronal network activity in zebrafish by two-photon Ca(2+) imaging}, Volume = {446}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brustein_PflugersArch2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brustein_PflugersArch2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-003-1138-4}} @article{Roxin:2008, @@ -40985,7 +40974,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {The statistics of repeating patterns of cortical activity can be reproduced by a model network of stochastic binary neurons}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roxin_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Roxin_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1016-08.2008}} @article{Ruthazer:2003, @@ -41022,7 +41011,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Control of axon branch dynamics by correlated activity in vivo}, Volume = {301}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ruthazer_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ruthazer_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1082545}} @article{Hada:1999, @@ -41060,7 +41049,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Effects of monocular enucleation on parvalbumin in rat visual system during postnatal development}, Volume = {40}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hada_InvestOphthalmolVisSci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hada_InvestOphthalmolVisSci1999.pdf}} @article{Morishita:2008, Abstract = {Neural circuits are shaped by experience in early postnatal life. The permanent loss of visual acuity (amblyopia) and anatomical remodeling within primary visual cortex following monocular deprivation is a classic example of critical period development from mouse to man. Recent work in rodents reveals a residual subthreshold potentiation of open eye response throughout life. Resetting excitatory-inhibitory balance or removing molecular 'brakes' on structural plasticity may unmask the potential for recovery of function in adulthood. Novel pharmacological or environmental interventions now hold great therapeutic promise based on a deeper understanding of critical period mechanisms.}, @@ -41098,7 +41087,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Critical period revisited: impact on vision}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Morishita_CurrOpinNeurobiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Morishita_CurrOpinNeurobiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.05.009}} @article{Huckfeldt:2009, @@ -41138,7 +41127,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Transient neurites of retinal horizontal cells exhibit columnar tiling via homotypic interactions}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huckfeldt_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huckfeldt_NatNeurosci2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2236}} @article{Niell:2005, @@ -41179,7 +41168,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional imaging reveals rapid development of visual response properties in the zebrafish tectum}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Niell_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Niell_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.047}} @article{Li:2008, @@ -41222,7 +41211,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Experience with moving visual stimuli drives the early development of cortical direction selectivity}, Volume = {456}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Li_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Li_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Li_Nature2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07417}} @@ -41262,7 +41251,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Optical monitoring of brain function in vivo: from neurons to networks}, Volume = {453}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Garaschuk_PflugersArch2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Garaschuk_PflugersArch2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-006-0150-x}} @article{Nikolaev:2009, @@ -41302,7 +41291,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases}, Volume = {457}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nikolaev_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nikolaev_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07767}} @article{Peng:2009, @@ -41341,7 +41330,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Coordinated changes in dendritic arborization and synaptic strength during neural circuit development}, Volume = {61}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Peng_Neuron2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Peng_Neuron2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.015}} @article{Keck:2008, @@ -41379,7 +41368,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Massive restructuring of neuronal circuits during functional reorganization of adult visual cortex}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Keck_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Keck_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2181}} @article{Kara:2009, @@ -41410,7 +41399,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Status = {Publisher}, Title = {A micro-architecture for binocular disparity and ocular dominance in visual cortex}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kara_Nature2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kara_Nature2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kara_Nature2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07721}} @@ -41454,7 +41443,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {In vivo imaging of synapse formation on a growing dendritic arbor}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Niell_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Niell_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1191}} @article{Sumbre:2008, @@ -41493,7 +41482,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Entrained rhythmic activities of neuronal ensembles as perceptual memory of time interval}, Volume = {456}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sumbre_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sumbre_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Sumbre_Nature2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Sumbre_Nature2008.avi}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07351}} @@ -41534,7 +41523,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Functional selection of adaptive auditory space map by GABAA-mediated inhibition}, Volume = {284}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zheng_Science1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zheng_Science1999.pdf}} @article{Linkenhoker:2005, Abstract = {Early experience plays a powerful role in shaping adult neural circuitry and behavior. In barn owls, early experience markedly influences sound localization. Juvenile owls that learn new, abnormal associations between auditory cues and locations in visual space as a result of abnormal visual experience can readapt to the same abnormal experience in adulthood, when plasticity is otherwise limited. Here we show that abnormal anatomical projections acquired during early abnormal sensory experience persist long after normal experience has been restored. These persistent projections are perfectly situated to provide a physical framework for subsequent readaptation in adulthood to the abnormal sensory conditions experienced in early life. Our results show that anatomical changes that support strong learned neural connections early in life can persist even after they are no longer functionally expressed. This maintenance of silenced neural circuitry that was once adaptive may represent an important mechanism by which the brain preserves a record of early experience.}, @@ -41572,7 +41561,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Anatomical traces of juvenile learning in the auditory system of adult barn owls}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Linkenhoker_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Linkenhoker_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1367}} @article{Sur:1990, @@ -41610,7 +41599,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Cross-modal plasticity in cortical development: differentiation and specification of sensory neocortex}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sur_TrendsNeurosci1990.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sur_TrendsNeurosci1990.pdf}} @article{Greenberg:2009, Abstract = {Two-photon imaging of bulk-loaded calcium dyes can record action potentials (APs) simultaneously from dozens of spatially resolved neurons in vivo. Extending this technique to awake animals, however, has remained technically challenging due to artifacts caused by brain motion. Since in two-photon excitation microscopes image pixels are captured sequentially by scanning a focused pulsed laser across small areas of interest within the brain, fast displacements of the imaged area can distort the image nonuniformly. If left uncorrected, brain motion in awake animals will cause artifactual fluorescence changes, masking the small functional fluorescence increases associated with AP discharge. We therefore present a procedure for detection and correction of both fast and slow displacements in two-photon imaging of awake animals. Our algorithm, based on the Lucas-Kanade framework, operates directly on the motion-distorted imaging data, requiring neither external signals such as heartbeat nor a distortion-free template image. Motion correction accuracy was tested in silico over a wide range of simplified and realistic displacement trajectories and for multiple levels of fluorescence noise. Accuracy was confirmed in vivo by comparing solutions obtained from red and green fluorophores imaged simultaneously. Finally, the accuracy of AP detection from motion-displaced bulk-loaded calcium imaging is evaluated with and without motion correction, and we conclude that accurate motion correction as achieved by this procedure is both necessary and sufficient for single AP detection in awake animals.}, @@ -41645,7 +41634,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Automated correction of fast motion artifacts for two-photon imaging of awake animals}, Volume = {176}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009.eps}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009a.eps}, @@ -41654,8 +41643,8 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Bdsk-File-7 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009.mov}, Bdsk-File-8 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009a.mov}, Bdsk-File-9 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009b.mov}, - Bdsk-File-10 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009c.mov}, - Bdsk-File-11 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009d.mov}, + File0 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009c.mov}, + File1 = {papers/Greenberg_JNeurosciMethods2009d.mov}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.08.020}} @article{Udin:1988, @@ -41690,7 +41679,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Formation of topographic maps}, Volume = {11}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Udin_AnnuRevNeurosci1988.pdf}, + File = {papers/Udin_AnnuRevNeurosci1988.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001445}} @article{Vidyasagar:1978, @@ -41723,7 +41712,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Possible plasticity in the rat superior colliculus}, Volume = {275}, Year = {1978}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vidyasagar_Nature1978.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vidyasagar_Nature1978.pdf}} @article{Zhang:1998, Abstract = {In the developing frog visual system, topographic refinement of the retinotectal projection depends on electrical activity. In vivo whole-cell recording from developing Xenopus tectal neurons shows that convergent retinotectal synapses undergo activity-dependent cooperation and competition following correlated pre- and postsynaptic spiking within a narrow time window. Synaptic inputs activated repetitively within 20 ms before spiking of the tectal neuron become potentiated, whereas subthreshold inputs activated within 20 ms after spiking become depressed. Thus both the initial synaptic strength and the temporal order of activation are critical for heterosynaptic interactions among convergent synaptic inputs during activity-dependent refinement of developing neural networks.}, @@ -41758,7 +41747,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {A critical window for cooperation and competition among developing retinotectal synapses}, Volume = {395}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_Nature1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhang_Nature1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/25665}} @article{Nakatani:2007, @@ -41796,7 +41785,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Helt determines GABAergic over glutamatergic neuronal fate by repressing Ngn genes in the developing mesencephalon}, Volume = {134}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nakatani_Development2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nakatani_Development2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.02870}} @article{Tsunekawa:2005, @@ -41835,7 +41824,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Development of GABAergic neurons from the ventricular zone in the superior colliculus of the mouse}, Volume = {51}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsunekawa_NeurosciRes2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tsunekawa_NeurosciRes2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2004.11.011}} @article{Chandrasekaran:2009, @@ -41872,7 +41861,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Consequences of axon guidance defects on the development of retinotopic receptive fields in the mouse colliculus}, Volume = {587}, Year = {2009}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chandrasekaran_JPhysiol2009.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chandrasekaran_JPhysiol2009.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2008.160952}} @article{Norgren:1998, @@ -41909,7 +41898,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Herpes simplex virus as a transneuronal tracer}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Norgren_NeurosciBiobehavRev1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Norgren_NeurosciBiobehavRev1998.pdf}} @article{Razak:2003, Abstract = {Neonatal brain injury triggers compensatory processes that can be adaptive or detrimental, but little is known about the mechanisms of compensation or how they might affect the response properties of neurons within the injured region. We have studied this issue in a rodent model. Partial ablation of the hamster superior colliculus (SC) at birth results in a compressed but complete visual field map in the remaining SC and a compensatory conservation of receptive field (RF) size and stimulus velocity and size tuning. The circuit underlying stimulus tuning in this system or its preservation after brain lesions is not known. Our previous work has shown that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are necessary for the development and conservation of RF size after partial SC ablation. In this study, we examined whether NMDA receptor function is also necessary for the development and conservation of stimulus velocity and size tuning. We found that velocity and size tuning were unaffected by chronic postnatal blockade of NMDA receptors and the resulting increases in RF size. Thus NMDA receptors in the SC are not necessary for the development of stimulus velocity and size tuning or in the compensatory maintenance of these properties following brain damage. These results suggest that stimulus velocity and size tuning may arise in the retina or from NMDA receptor-independent circuitry intrinsic to SC. The lack of conflict between NMDA receptor activity-dependent and -independent processes may allow conservation of some RF properties while others change during injury-induced or evolutionary changes in afferent/target convergence.}, @@ -41947,7 +41936,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {NMDA receptor blockade in the superior colliculus increases receptive field size without altering velocity and size tuning}, Volume = {90}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Razak_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Razak_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01029.2002}} @article{Razak:2006, @@ -41986,7 +41975,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Dark rearing reveals the mechanism underlying stimulus size tuning of superior colliculus neurons}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Razak_VisNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Razak_VisNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952523806230062}} @article{Guimera:2006a, @@ -42023,7 +42012,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Megane/Heslike is required for normal GABAergic differentiation in the mouse superior colliculus}, Volume = {133}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guimera_Development2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guimera_Development2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.02557}} @article{Carrasco:2005, @@ -42062,7 +42051,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Visual experience is necessary for maintenance but not development of receptive fields in superior colliculus}, Volume = {94}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carrasco_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carrasco_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00166.2005}} @article{Razak:2005, @@ -42104,7 +42093,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neural mechanisms of stimulus velocity tuning in the superior colliculus}, Volume = {94}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Razak_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Razak_JNeurophysiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00816.2004}} @article{Pallas:2006, @@ -42141,7 +42130,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Developmental plasticity of inhibitory circuitry}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pallas_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pallas_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3516-06.2006}} @article{Wayman:2006, @@ -42181,7 +42170,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Activity-dependent dendritic arborization mediated by CaM-kinase I activation and enhanced CREB-dependent transcription of Wnt-2}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wayman_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wayman_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.008}} @article{Chattopadhyaya:2004, @@ -42219,7 +42208,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Experience and activity-dependent maturation of perisomatic GABAergic innervation in primary visual cortex during a postnatal critical period}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chattopadhyaya_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chattopadhyaya_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1851-04.2004}} @article{Tumbar:2004, @@ -42262,7 +42251,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Defining the epithelial stem cell niche in skin}, Volume = {303}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tumbar_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tumbar_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1092436}} @article{Alonso:2003, @@ -42303,7 +42292,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Stem cells of the skin epithelium}, Volume = {100 Suppl 1}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alonso_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Alonso_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1734203100}} @article{Tagawa:2005, @@ -42343,7 +42332,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Multiple periods of functional ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tagawa_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tagawa_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1410}} @article{Aaronson:1971, @@ -42381,7 +42370,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7236B95F-747D-43F4-B5E1-8479D47AE6FE}, Volume = {429}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Abbott_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Abbott_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/429338a}} @article{Abdel-Aziz:2000, @@ -42398,7 +42387,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5ABDDBB5-1C18-4F45-AF57-A7FF63707641}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Abdel-Aziz_CancerChemotherPharmacol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Abdel-Aziz_CancerChemotherPharmacol2000.pdf}} @article{Abe:2003, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: BM cells have been shown to give rise to progeny of various cell lineages, including cells in lung and liver. This investigation evaluated whether purified BM mononuclear cells and side population (SP) cells that have hematopoietic stem-cell activity also had this property; whether a TBI preparative regimen was necessary for engraftment; and where BM-derived cells were engrafted. METHODS: Either 1-3 million BM mononuclear cells or 2000 BM SP cells from transgenic enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing (EGFP) mice were transplanted i.v. to unirradiated or 7-9.5 Gy irradiated recipients. RESULTS: Flow cytometric analysis showed that lung cells (mean 45\%, range 4-70\%) and liver cells (mean 4\%, range 0.4-8.3\%) from irradiated, but not unirradiated recipients, were EGFP donor-derived. Similar results were obtained transplanting BM mononuclear cells or SP cells. Morphologically, donor-derived cells in the lung were primarily monocytes and macrophages. Additionally, lung fibroblasts and Type I, but not Type II, alveolar cells and rare cells in the bronchial epithelium were donor BM derived. In the liver, Kupffer cells, inflammatory cells and small clusters of hepatocytes, but not bile duct cells, were donor-derived. DISCUSSION: BM mononuclear and SP cells generated progeny in some compartments of the lung and liver, but only in TBI recipients. Stem cells in BM can contribute to repair of tissue injury in some compartments, but not to the same extent in the lung and liver.}, @@ -42439,7 +42428,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6BA86AC4-4324-11DB-A5D2-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {72}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Abe_JVirol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Abe_JVirol1998.pdf}} @article{Abedi:2004, Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Murine marrow cells are capable of repopulating skeletal muscle fibers. A point of concern has been the "robustness" of such conversions. We have investigated the impact of type of cell delivery, muscle injury, nature of delivered cell, and stem cell mobilizations on marrow-to-muscle conversion. METHODS: We transplanted green fluorescence protein (GFP)-transgenic marrow into irradiated C57BL/6 mice and then injured anterior tibialis muscle by cardiotoxin. One month after injury, sections were analyzed by standard and deconvolutional microscopy for expression of muscle and hematopoietic markers. RESULTS: Irradiation was essential to conversion, although whether by injury or induction of chimerism is not clear. Cardiotoxin- and, to a lesser extent, PBS-injected muscles showed significant number of GFP(+) muscle fibers, while uninjected muscles showed only rare GFP(+) cells. Marrow conversion to muscle was increased by two cycles of G-CSF mobilization and to a lesser extent by G-CSF and steel or GM-CSF. Transplantation of female GFP to male C57BL/6 and GFP to ROSA26 mice showed fusion of donor cells to recipient muscle. High numbers of donor-derived muscle colonies and up to 12\%GFP(+) muscle cells were seen after mobilization or direct injection. These levels of donor muscle chimerism approach levels that could be clinically significant in developing strategies for the treatment of muscular dystrophies. CONCLUSION: In summary, the conversion of marrow to skeletal muscle cells is based on cell fusion and is critically dependent on injury. This conversion is also numerically significant and increases with mobilization.}, @@ -42547,7 +42536,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7199FDC7-D93B-41F3-AEDB-1C78450B2D89}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005b.pdf}, Bdsk-File-4 = {papers/Adelsberger_NatNeurosci2005c.pdf}, @@ -42706,7 +42695,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D5671FE6-0F20-4DFF-A5FD-06E064219FF9}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Aguado_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Aguado_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Aguirre:2002, Abstract = {Acquired resistance to the CNS pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is mediated by CD4(+) T lymphocytes primed by exposure to antigen in the context of major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) molecules. In mouse brain, parenchymal and perivascular microglial cells may express interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible MHC class II marker and thus interact with CD4(+) T cells. Primed effector T cells are retained in the infected CNS if antigen is encountered in proper MHC context and may deliver signals that potentiate microglia to enhanced fungistasis. Vaccinated C57BL6/J mice resist an ordinarily lethal C. neoformans rechallenge, but identically treated congenic Abeta(o/o) mice (MHC class II-deficient; CD4(+) T-cell-deficient) do not. Nor can Abeta(o/o) mice be adoptively immunized by infusion of lymphocytes from vaccinated C57BL6/J donors, as are severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice (MHC class II-intact, lymphocyte-deficient). Chimeric (C57BL/6J:Abeta(o/o)) mice with class II expression likely on perivascular microglia only were, like SCID mice, capable of adoptive immunization against C. neoformans brain infection. To the contrary, chimeric mice with class II expression likely only on parenchymal microglia were not capable of effective adoptive immunization against C. neoformans brain infection. Therefore, in order to mediate resistance to infection, primed CD4(+) T cells must interact with the replenishable perivascular microglial subset that lies in close proximity to cerebral vasculature. Although T cells may supply help in the form of inflammatory cytokines to parenchymal microglia, expression of class II on these cells appears unnecessary for antifungal activity.}, @@ -42748,7 +42737,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {243E49F9-1744-4893-8C3A-2BA0A320F178}, Volume = {165}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Aguirre_JCellBiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Aguirre_JCellBiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200311141}} @article{Aguirre:2004, @@ -42770,7 +42759,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {605802AA-0DA0-42A7-9BCD-A25F5E8B514A}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Aguirre_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Aguirre_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3572-04.2004}} @article{Agulhon:2007, @@ -42814,7 +42803,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FAEE579A-15C4-422B-BC56-9F1D346349F6}, Volume = {302}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Aguzzi_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Aguzzi_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1087348}} @article{Aharoni:2005, @@ -42836,7 +42825,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C07570D7-9994-49AE-8549-0CF3B9E9CB96}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Aharoni_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Aharoni_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1859-05.2005}} @article{Ahmari:2002, @@ -42912,7 +42901,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B3337-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {437}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ahn_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ahn_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03994}} @article{Ailles:2002, @@ -42954,7 +42943,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9EDDBBAF-1CD7-4624-B0E4-4A8BBB83094F}, Volume = {94}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Airaksinen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Airaksinen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1997.pdf}} @article{Akaaboune:2002, Abstract = {We show that fluorescently tagged ligands with high affinity for their targets can be reversibly unbound by focused laser excitation. By sequential unbinding and relabeling with different colors of alpha-bungarotoxin, we selectively labeled adjacent pools of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at neuromuscular junctions of adult mice. Timelapse imaging in vivo revealed that synaptic AChRs completely intermingle over approximately 4 days and many extrasynaptic AChRs are incorporated into the synapse each day. In mice that lacked alpha-dystrobrevin, a component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, rates of AChR turnover, and intermingling were increased approximately 4- to 5-fold. These results demonstrate remarkable molecular dynamism underlying macroscopic stability of the postsynaptic membrane, and establish alpha-dystrobrevin as a key control point for regulation of mobility and turnover.}, @@ -42975,7 +42964,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {511762F9-B9E1-48D9-B2B4-D02CD36A4745}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Akaaboune_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Akaaboune_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Akerman:2007, Abstract = {Our understanding of the role of GABA signaling in circuit development is rapidly expanding. Here, we review three recent refinements in our understanding of the diverse roles that GABA plays at different stages of neural circuit formation. First, we discuss recent evidence that depolarizing GABA plays at least a permissive role in promoting both excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis in developing neurons (including newly generated neurons in the adult). Next, we discuss recent evidence that GABAergic circuits sculpt the temporal and spatial aspects of synaptic integration. Consequently, early developmental events affecting the establishment of GABAergic circuits will control subsequent activity-dependent refinements of information processing and circuit function. In the third section, we review recent evidence of molecular mechanisms by which GABAergic signaling plays a role in the regulation of the balance between GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission in developing circuits. Throughout the review, we concentrate on the effects of the signaling by GABA(A) receptors, as told from the point of view of the GABA-responsive cells, and do not discuss mechanisms that govern GABA release or activity of GABAergic neurons per se.}, @@ -42996,7 +42985,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {772C3C68-B7E4-43CE-92E0-47A4D7A7FD43}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Akerman_TrendsNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Akerman_TrendsNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.002}} @article{Akiyama:2000, @@ -43038,7 +43027,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {72B449F3-2A89-4356-A600-974D0A93E048}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Albeanu_PLoSONE2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Albeanu_PLoSONE2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002146}} @article{Albertson:2003, @@ -43376,7 +43365,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {92774D6C-F7E5-4CB5-A572-7948BE041489}, Volume = {414}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alonso_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alonso_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}} @article{Alonso:1999a, Abstract = {In the brain of adult rodents, young neurons arising from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle migrate tangentially along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) toward the olfactory bulb. The aim of this study was to determine whether surgical lesions placed through the RMS could affect the rostral migration of these newly formed neurons. Confocal and electron microscopy were used to characterize their anatomical organization within the intact and lesioned forebrains. As soon as 7 days and up to 45 days after placing a surgical lesion through the proximal portions of the RMS, numerous cells immunostained for polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) were detected both (1) throughout the lesional cavity extending from the cortex to the anterior commissura, and (2) within the tissue located caudal to the lesion. In both regions, these PSA- NCAM-immunostained cells were labeled for neuronal markers but were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). After administration of the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), nuclear labeling was associated with cells immunostained for PSA-NCAM but GFAP-negative, that accumulated within the lesional cavity and in the tissue caudal to the lesion. For the longest postlesional delays, a number of the PSA-NCAM-immunostained neurons located in various portions of the lesional cavity exhibited intense immunostaining for gamma-aminobutyric acid, whereas only a few of them exhibited faint immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase. These data indicate that surgical lesions placed through the RMS of adult rats impede the migration toward the olfactory bulb of the neuroblasts arising from the SVZ, inducing their accumulation and their partial differentiation in forebrain regions caudal to the lesion.}, @@ -43419,7 +43408,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FB7AEF4E-52D6-4D3D-9BD5-62D29FBA260D}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alonso_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alonso_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Alonso:2006, Abstract = {In the olfactory bulb (OB), new neurons are added throughout life, forming an integral part of the functioning circuit. Yet only some of them survive more than a month. To determine whether this turnover depends on olfactory learning, we examined the survival of adult newborn cells labeled with the cell division marker BrdU, administered before learning in an olfactory discrimination task. We report that discrimination learning increases the number of newborn neurons in the adult OB by prolonging their survival. Simple exposure to the pair of olfactory cues did not alter neurogenesis, indicating that the mere activation of sensory inputs during the learning task was insufficient to alter neurogenesis. The increase in cell survival after learning was not uniformly distributed throughout angular sectors of coronal sections of the OB. Monitoring odor activation maps using patterns of Zif268 immediate early gene expression revealed that survival was greater in regions more activated by the non-reinforced odorant. We conclude that sensory activation in a learning context not only controls the total number of newborn neurons in the adult OB, but also refines their precise location. Shaping the distribution of newborn neurons by influencing their survival could optimize the olfactory information processing required for odor discrimination.}, @@ -43585,7 +43574,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Anatomical and Physiological Plasticity of Dendritic Spines}, Uuid = {D6A0C8E2-17BA-48A9-8935-F9AC03B13D6F}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarez_AnnuRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Alvarez_AnnuRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094222}} @article{Alvarez:2006, @@ -43607,7 +43596,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FEC9AC84-48A4-11DB-A317-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarez_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Alvarez_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1957-06.2006}} @article{Alvarez-Buylla:1992, @@ -43721,7 +43710,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4D7512D1-D06A-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {36}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_JNeurobiol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_JNeurobiol1998.pdf}} @article{Alvarez-Buylla:1988, Abstract = {Frontal and coronal sections of adult male and female canary brain were stained with a monoclonal antibody to vimentin using an immunoperoxidase technique; some sections were counterstained with cresyl violet. The position of radial glia cells was mapped using a computer-linked microscope. The telencephalon was found to have a rich set of radial glia. The long processes of these radial glia showed a mediolateral orientation, and were much more abundant in some parts of the telencephalon (e.g., hyperstriatum, caudal neostriatum, and lobus parolfactorius) than in others (e.g., anterior neostriatum, archistriatum, and septum), which had few or no radial glia fibers. A small, elongated cell type not previously described in adult avian brain was frequently seen to be associated with the long processes of the radial glia, oriented in the same direction and often in close apposition. The position of these cells was also systematically mapped, and they were found to be virtually absent outside of the telencephalon. The relation between radial glia fibers and the small, elongated cells was most commonly seen close to the lateral ventricle of the forebrain, where the radial glia cells have their cell bodies. The above observations suggest that there may be a functional relation between radial glia and the small, elongated cells. We hypothesize that the latter cells are young migrating neurons. This hypothesis is tested in a separate publication (A. Alvarez-Buylla and F. Nottebohm, unpublished observations).}, @@ -43753,7 +43742,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D08CA836-2B73-4C9B-B317-3D347D82CEE6}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Alvarez-Buylla:2002, Author = {Alvarez-Buylla, A. and Garcia-Verdugo, J. M.}, @@ -43768,7 +43757,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {33573890-BF2C-45BC-A8AB-4969A6B33E00}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Alvarez-Buylla:2001, Abstract = {For many years, it was assumed that neurons and glia in the central nervous system were produced from two distinct precursor pools that diverged early during embryonic development. This theory was partially based on the idea that neurogenesis and gliogenesis occurred during different periods of development, and that neurogenesis ceased perinatally. However, there is now abundant evidence that neural stem cells persist in the adult brain and support ongoing neurogenesis in restricted regions of the central nervous system. Surprisingly, these stem cells have the characteristics of fully differentiated glia. Neuroepithelial stem cells in the embryonic neural tube do not show glial characteristics, raising questions about the putative lineage from embryonic to adult stem cells. In the developing brain, radial glia have long been known to produce cortical astrocytes, but recent data indicate that radial glia might also divide asymmetrically to produce cortical neurons. Here we review these new developments and propose that the stem cells in the central nervous system are contained within the neuroepithelial -->radial glia -->astrocyte lineage.}, @@ -43783,7 +43772,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8AE0A4-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Alvarez-Buylla:2001a, Abstract = {For many years, it was assumed that neurons and glia in the central nervous system were produced from two distinct precursor pools that diverged early during embryonic development. This theory was partially based on the idea that neurogenesis and gliogenesis occurred during different periods of development, and that neurogenesis ceased perinatally. However, there is now abundant evidence that neural stem cells persist in the adult brain and support ongoing neurogenesis in restricted regions of the central nervous system. Surprisingly, these stem cells have the characteristics of fully differentiated glia. Neuroepithelial stem cells in the embryonic neural tube do not show glial characteristics, raising questions about the putative lineage from embryonic to adult stem cells. In the developing brain, radial glia have long been known to produce cortical astrocytes, but recent data indicate that radial glia might also divide asymmetrically to produce cortical neurons. Here we review these new developments and propose that the stem cells in the central nervous system are contained within the neuroepithelial -->radial glia -->astrocyte lineage.}, @@ -43799,7 +43788,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FE329AE0-0E35-4AE6-BE6B-CEA9E0E09AFF}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_NatRevNeurosci2001a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_NatRevNeurosci2001a.pdf}} @article{Alvarez-Buylla:1988a, Abstract = {Neurons are born in the ventricular walls of the vertebrate central nervous system. From there, the young neurons migrate to their final destinations, where differentiation occurs. Neuronal migration has been described during the ontogeny of the avian and mammalian brain. Whereas in mammals most neurogenesis occurs during early development, in the adult avian forebrain wide-spread neurogenesis continues to occur. How do neurons born in adulthood reach their final destination? We report here that small elongated cells, born in the ventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricle, differentiate into mature neurons 20-40 days later, after migrating over distances of up to 5 mm. Migration rates are highest (28 micron h-1) when young neurons migrate through regions which are rich in radial glia. The adult vertebrate brain offers unique opportunities for studying factors that regulate neuronal migration, pathfinding and differentiation.}, @@ -43847,7 +43836,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F34EB901-698C-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {41}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_Neuron2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alvarez-Buylla_Neuron2004.pdf}} @article{Alvarez-Buylla:1988b, Abstract = {The higher vocal center (HVc) of the canary brain projects to two forebrain nuclei: robustus archistriatalis (RA) and area X of lobus parolfactorius. The time of birth of HVc neurons projecting to these two regions was determined by combining [3H]thymidine autoradiography and retrograde fluorogold uptake. Birds were sacrificed at 13 months of age, 4 days after fluorogold injections into area X or RA. A single injection of [3H]thymidine in ovo (embryonic day 9) labeled 76\%of area X-projecting cells and 0.8\%of cells projecting to RA. The great majority of RA-projecting cells were produced during posthatching development (posthatching day 10-240; P10-P240), with a peak at P60 and a hiatus at P120. HVc reaches full adult size by P240, yet at that age the production of new RA-projecting cells continued at a rate comparable to that recorded during posthatching development. Late production of neurons interconnecting two distant regions of the brain may regulate source to target cell population size. Male canaries start to sing at P40. During subsequent months, they imitate external models and their song becomes more structured and stereotyped. At sexual maturity (P240), song is stable. Three interpretations are offered: (i) neurogenesis of RA-projecting cells is related to learning, and learning continues even after achievement of pattern stability; (ii) neurogenesis of RA-projecting cells is not related to learning; (iii) the production of RA-projecting cells serves different purposes during development and after sexual maturity.}, @@ -43926,7 +43915,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0236AF83-CEDC-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {425}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alvarez-Dolado_Nature2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Alvarez-Dolado_Nature2003.pdf}} @article{Alves:2002, Abstract = {In the early postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ), two seemingly unrelated events occur simultaneously: a massive tangential migration of neuroblasts towards the olfactory bulb, known as the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and the outward movement of radial glia (RG) undergoing astrocytic transformation. Because of the orthogonal arrangement between these two sets of cells, little, if any, relevance has been ascribed for their possible interactions. By depositing DiI at the pial surface we have studied RG transformation within the SVZ/RMS, from birth up to the end of the first postnatal week. While still within the SVZ/RMS, RG morphology changed from simple bipolar to highly complex branched profiles, attaining their highest degree of complexity at the interface of the SVZ with the overlying white matter. At this interface cell bodies of radial glia accumulate and their processes run tangentially, surrounding the SVZ/RMS. Processes of RG surrounding the SVZ/RMS could also be observed by immunostaining for vimentin, GFAP, and nestin. In contrast, in the white matter all DiI-labeled RG presented a simple bipolar profile. These results indicate that the outward radial migration of the transforming RG does not occur uniformly. Instead, the different morphologies and cell densities that RG assume when they cross the SVZ/RMS and overlying white matter imply different migratory behaviors. Finally, our data suggest that RG provide a cellular scaffold to the early postnatal SVZ/RMS, much in the same way as astrocytes in the adult RMS.}, @@ -43947,7 +43936,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FF999F5D-CAFD-4CAD-A1C9-054C2DD4B39F}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Alves_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Alves_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/neu.10087}} @article{Amadio:2006, @@ -44032,7 +44021,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ADF1D4B7-043E-4818-9FE9-EA1A6EA3259C}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/An_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/An_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.08.008}} @article{Andermann:2006, @@ -44054,7 +44043,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {02A0F3CF-4E63-49BA-BB4F-AC3CEFA3697E}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Andermann_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Andermann_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1671}} @article{Andermann:2004, @@ -44076,7 +44065,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D1267E16-90BE-4F37-9169-9C817EA7EA82}, Volume = {42}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Andermann_Neuron2004.pdf}} @article{Andersen:1981, Abstract = {BALB/c mouse sarcoma virus (BALB-MSV) is a spontaneously occurring transforming retrovirus of mouse origin. The integrated form of the viral genome was cloned from the DNA of a BALB-MSV-transformed nonproducer NRK cell line in the Charon 9 strain of bacteriophage lambda. In transfection assays, the 19-kilobase-pair (kbp) recombinant DNA clone transformed NIH/3T3 mouse cells with an efficiency of 3 X 10(4) focus-forming units per pmol. Such transformants possessed typical BALB-MSV morphology and released BALB-MSV after helper virus superinfection. A 6.8-kbp DNA segment within the 19-kbp DNA possessed restriction enzyme sites identical to those of the linear BALB-MSV genome. Long terminal repeats of approximately 0.6 kbp were localized at either end of the viral genome by the presence of a repeated constellation of restriction sites and by hybridization of segments containing these sites with nick-translated Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat DNA. A continuous segment of at least 0.6 and no more than 0.9 kbp of helper virus-unrelated sequences was localized toward the 3' end of the viral genome in relation to viral RNA. A probe composed of these sequences detected six EcoRI-generated DNA bands in normal mouse cell DNA as well as a smaller number of bands in rat and human DNAs. These studies demonstrate that BALB-MSV, like previously characterized avian and mammalian transforming retroviruses, arose by recombination of a type C helper virus with a well-conserved cellular gene.}, @@ -44132,7 +44121,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAD54022-E9E4-11DA-920C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Anderson_CurrOpinHematol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Anderson_CurrOpinHematol2000.pdf}} @article{Anderson:1995, Abstract = {In C58 and AKR mice, endogenous N-tropic, ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) proviruses become activated in rare cells during embryogenesis. Resultant replication-competent progeny viruses then actively infect a large number of cells throughout the fetus, including cells in the developing central nervous system. By in situ hybridization analyses, we have assessed the presence of ecotropic MuLV RNA in the brains of C58 mice as a function of age. Only a few ecotropic MuLV-positive cells were observed in weanling mice, but the number of positive cells in the brain increased progressively with increasing age of the mice. Throughout the lives of the mice, the ecotropic MuLV RNA-positive cells were primarily located in well-defined white-matter tracts of the brain (commissura anterior, corpus callosum, fimbria hippocampi, optical tract, and striatum) and of the spinal cord. Cells of the subventricular zone also expressed ecotropic MuLV RNA, and in older mice a small number of positive cells were present in the grey matter. Infection of endogenous ecotropic MuLV provirus-less CE/J mice in utero with ecotropic MuLV clone AKR-623 resulted in the extensive infection of brain cells. The regional distribution of ecotropic MuLV RNA-containing cells was the same as observed in the brains of C58 mice, in which cells became infected by endogenously activated virus, but the number of positive cells was higher.}, @@ -44153,7 +44142,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {833A10BF-4326-11DB-A5D2-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {69}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Anderson_JVirol1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Anderson_JVirol1995.pdf}} @article{Anderson:2001, Abstract = {0896-6273 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, @@ -44229,7 +44218,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2A31EBB9-5F7C-4795-9254-EB2B7779A40F}, Volume = {71}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Andreadis_JVirol1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Andreadis_JVirol1997.pdf}} @article{Andreassen:2001, Abstract = {A "spindle assembly"checkpoint has been described that arrests cells in G1 following inappropriate exit from mitosis in the presence of microtubule inhibitors. We have here addressed the question of whether the resulting tetraploid state itself, rather than failure of spindle function or induction of spindle damage, acts as a checkpoint to arrest cells in G1. Dihydrocytochalasin B induces cleavage failure in cells where spindle function and chromatid segregation are both normal. Notably, we show here that nontransformed REF-52 cells arrest indefinitely in tetraploid G1 following cleavage failure. The spindle assembly checkpoint and the tetraploidization checkpoint that we describe here are likely to be equivalent. Both involve arrest in G1 with inactive cdk2 kinase, hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein, and elevated levels of p21(WAF1) and cyclin E. Furthermore, both require p53. We show that failure to arrest in G1 following tetraploidization rapidly results in aneuploidy. Similar tetraploid G1 arrest results have been obtained with mouse NIH3T3 and human IMR-90 cells. Thus, we propose that a general checkpoint control acts in G1 to recognize tetraploid cells and induce their arrest and thereby prevents the propagation of errors of late mitosis and the generation of aneuploidy. As such, the tetraploidy checkpoint may be a critical activity of p53 in its role of ensuring genomic integrity. 1059-1524 Journal Article}, @@ -44245,7 +44234,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {88B57EDF-E9D9-41BE-AB71-A65993031201}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Andreassen_MolBiolCell2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Andreassen_MolBiolCell2001.pdf}} @article{Ang:2003, Abstract = {We have used time-lapse multiphoton microscopy to map the migration and settling pattern of GABAergic interneurons that originate in the ganglionic eminence of the ventral forebrain and incorporate into the neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres. Imaging of the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in both explant cultures and brains of living mouse embryos revealed that GABAergic interneurons migrating within the marginal zone originate from three different sources and migrate via distinct and independent streams. After reaching their areal destination, interneurons descend into the underlying cortex to assume positions with isochronically generated, radially derived neurons. The dynamics and pattern of cell migration in the marginal zone (see movies, available at www.jneurosci.org) suggest that the three populations of interneurons respond selectively to distinct local cues for directing their migration to the appropriate areas and layers of the neocortex. This approach opens a new avenue for study of normal and abnormal neuronal migration in their native environment and indicate that interneurons have specific programs for their areal and laminar deployment. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -44304,7 +44293,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {47E0A42B-2EF0-42A5-AFB1-8A2323EABF8A}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ang_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ang_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605294103}} @article{Angata:2007, @@ -44372,7 +44361,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BCAB79E0-71C2-11DA-A383-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {41}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Anthony_Neuron2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Anthony_Neuron2004.pdf}} @article{Antimoni:1980, Abstract = {Effect of the modulated electromagnetic field (MEMF) on the experimentally evoked epileptiform activity of the brain structures was studied. The effect of MEMF of 2-30 hz was shown to induce suppression of the brain epileptiform activity in 41\%of the experiments. The epileptiform activity was markedly decreased in 23\%and potentiated in 10\%of the experiments, while in 25\%of the experiments the MEMF effect did not essentially change the pattern of the evoked epileptiform brain activity.}, @@ -44408,7 +44397,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4 modulates neuroblast migration and placement in the adult forebrain}, Uuid = {8D2509BA-DC5E-4AA8-A5B4-7AB29E45E01E}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Anton_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Anton_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1345}} @article{Anton:1999, @@ -44431,7 +44420,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AC9B3ADF-E3D7-4E4D-BFCA-3EAAD7518A98}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Anton_Neuron1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Anton_Neuron1999.pdf}} @article{Antonini:1998, Abstract = {To investigate the possible anatomical basis for the functional recovery of visual cortical responses after reverse monocular deprivation, we have studied the morphology of single geniculocortical afferents to area 17. In kittens reverse-sutured for 10 d after an initial week of monocular deprivation, single-unit and intrinsic signal optical recordings confirmed that the effects of the initial deprivation were largely reversed. Responses through the originally nondeprived (OND) eye were drastically diminished, but remained much more selective for orientation than after an initial monocular deprivation (Crair et al., 1997). Responses through the originally deprived (OD) eye recovered completely. Geniculocortical afferent arbors in layer IV of area 17 were filled by iontophoresis of Phaseolus lectin into lamina A of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and were serially reconstructed. Arbors serving both the OD and the OND eye were analyzed. The plastic changes of both OD and OND arbors were evaluated by comparison with arbors reconstructed in normal animals and in animals studied after an equivalent initial period of deprivation (Antonini and Stryker, 1996). These analyses demonstrate that closure of the OND eye caused a substantial shrinkage of the arbors serving that eye. Moreover, reopening the OD eye induced regrowth only in some arbors, whereas others appeared to be largely unaffected and continued to have the characteristics of deprived arbors. Quantitatively, the initial and the second deprivation caused similar proportional changes in total arbor length and numbers of branches, whereas several other features were more severely affected by the initial deprivation.}, @@ -44471,7 +44460,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3A64ADE8-EE5A-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Antony_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Antony_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1319}} @article{Aoki:2007, @@ -44528,7 +44517,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7310DD25-8DC8-4037-8F53-4A15D6CF23E2}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Araneda_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Araneda_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Araujo:1992, Abstract = {The present study characterizes whether basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is present and released from astroglia, microglia, and hippocampal neurons in vitro. For cell content, bFGF-like immunoreactivity (IR) of cell extracts was measured, whereas release was determined by assessing the levels of bFGF-like IR in media. In addition, the effects of lymphokines and trophic factors that are known to be released from these cells on bFGF release were examined. For all three cell types, bFGF-like IR in extracts of cell lysates was detectable. In addition, media content was highest in astroglial cultures and lowest in neuronal cultures. Although bFGF-like IR of neuronal and microglial media appeared to increase with time in culture, this was likely due to significant astroglial proliferation. Thus, notable levels of bFGF are released by astroglia in vitro. In astroglia, bFGF release was enhanced by interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and epidermal growth factor (EGF), but not by other lymphokines or NGF. In contrast, bFGF in microglial media was reduced by IL-3, EGF, and NGF, but slightly augmented by gamma-interferon (IFN); other lymphokines were ineffective. In addition, no effects were seen in the neuronal cultures. It is likely that the bFGF found in glial media interacts with bFGF receptors since in both glial and neuronal cell types, a single class of low-capacity (Bmax), high-affinity (Kd) bFGF binding sites was evident. The possibility that endogenous bFGF acts as an autocrine factor for astroglia was further supported by experiments that tested the mitogenic effects of exogenous bFGF on glial cells. bFGF significantly enhanced 3H-thymidine uptake into astroglial, but not microglial, cells in vitro. Thus, the present study demonstrates that a complex regulation of glial bFGF release by astroglia and microglia occurs in vitro. Moreover, the results are consistent with an autocrine role for bFGF in astroglial cultures.}, @@ -44611,7 +44600,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0C9D8491-68F8-4B2C-88D0-FEC28F6E7A2A}, Volume = {54}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arenkiel_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Arenkiel_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Arenkiel_Neuron2007a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.005}} @@ -44628,7 +44617,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8BA4EEF6-7BF5-41F2-8470-0F20DFB1EF6D}, Volume = {991}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arlotta_AnnNYAcadSci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Arlotta_AnnNYAcadSci2003.pdf}} @article{Arlotta:2003a, Abstract = {Over the past three decades, research exploring potential neuronal replacement therapies have focused on replacing lost neurons by transplanting cells or grafting tissue into diseased regions of the brain. Over most of the past century of modern neuroscience, it was thought that the adult brain was completely incapable of generating new neurons. However, in the last decade, the development of new techniques has resulted in an explosion of new research showing that neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, normally occurs in two limited and specific regions of the adult mammalian brain, and that there are significant numbers of multipotent neural precursors in many parts of the adult mammalian brain. Recent findings from our lab demonstrate that it is possible to induce neurogenesis de novo in the adult mammalian brain, particularly in the neocortex where it does not normally occur, and that it may become possible to manipulate endogenous multipotent precursors in situ to replace lost or damaged neurons. Recruitment of new neurons can be induced in a region-specific, layer-specific, and neuronal type-specific manner, and newly recruited neurons can form long-distance connections to appropriate targets. Elucidation of the relevant molecular controls may both allow control over transplanted precursor cells and potentially allow the development of neuronal replacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease and other CNS injuries that do not require transplantation of exogenous cells. 0531-5565 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, @@ -44644,7 +44633,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {178943B5-72A5-4B5F-86E6-84AF071A0E26}, Volume = {38}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arlotta_ExpGerontol2003}} + File = {papers/Arlotta_ExpGerontol2003}} @article{Arlotta:2005, Abstract = {Within the vertebrate nervous system, the presence of many different lineages of neurons and glia complicates the molecular characterization of single neuronal populations. In order to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the specification and development of corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN), we purified CSMN at distinct stages of development in vivo and compared their gene expression to two other pure populations of cortical projection neurons: callosal projection neurons and corticotectal projection neurons. We found genes that are potentially instructive for CSMN development, as well as genes that are excluded from CSMN and are restricted to other populations of neurons, even within the same cortical layer. Loss-of-function experiments in null mutant mice for Ctip2 (also known as Bcl11b), one of the newly characterized genes, demonstrate that it plays a critical role in the development of CSMN axonal projections to the spinal cord in vivo, confirming that we identified central genetic determinants of the CSMN population.}, @@ -44665,7 +44654,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C85FDC18-DF78-46F9-A3AC-B7D8285ECE75}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arlotta_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Arlotta_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.036}} @article{Armentano:2006, @@ -44768,7 +44757,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3FC6C3B1-EBBD-46BC-9DB7-5F5BCA9DA718}, Volume = {124}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Aronov_JNeurosciMethods2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Aronov_JNeurosciMethods2003.pdf}} @article{Arsenijevic:1998, Abstract = {Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been reported previously to promote the proliferation, survival, and maturation of sympathetic neuroblasts, the genesis of retinal neurons, and the survival of CNS projection and motor neurons. Here we asked whether IGF-I could promote the in vitro differentiation of postmitotic mammalian CNS neuronal precursors derived from multipotent epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive stem cells. In the absence of IGF-I, virtually no neurons were present in cultured stem cell progeny, whereas IGF-I increased neuron number by eight- to 40-fold. Brief exposures (2 hr) to IGF-I were sufficient to allow for neuronal differentiation without affecting proliferation or survival. IGF-I actions could be mimicked by insulin and IGF-II at concentrations that correspond to the pharmacology of the IGF-I receptor, the latter for which the mRNA was detected in undifferentiated stem cell progeny. Although ineffectual alone at low concentrations (10 nM) that would activate its own receptor, insulin was able to potentiate the actions of IGF-I by acting on mitotically active neural precursors. When neuronal precursor differentiation by IGF-I was examined in relation to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), two important observations were made: (1) BDNF could potentiate the differentiating actions of IGF-I plus insulin, and (2) BDNF could act on a separate population of precursors that did not require IGF-I plus insulin for differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that IGF-I and BDNF may act together or sequentially to promote neuronal precursor differentiation. 0270-6474 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -44822,7 +44811,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9730EB66-EC81-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Arvidsson_EurJNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Arvidsson_EurJNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Arvidsson:2002, Abstract = {In the adult brain, new neurons are continuously generated in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus, but it is unknown whether these neurons can replace those lost following damage or disease. Here we show that stroke, caused by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult rats, leads to a marked increase of cell proliferation in the subventricular zone. Stroke-generated new neurons, as well as neuroblasts probably already formed before the insult, migrate into the severely damaged area of the striatum, where they express markers of developing and mature, striatal medium-sized spiny neurons. Thus, stroke induces differentiation of new neurons into the phenotype of most of the neurons destroyed by the ischemic lesion. Here we show that the adult brain has the capacity for self-repair after insults causing extensive neuronal death. If the new neurons are functional and their formation can be stimulated, a novel therapeutic strategy might be developed for stroke in humans. 1078-8956 Journal Article}, @@ -44838,7 +44827,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA16CF7-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {../Data/Papers/text/dissertation/dissertation.pdf}} + File = {../Data/Papers/text/dissertation/dissertation.pdf}} @article{Arvidsson:2001a, Abstract = {Gene expression for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands and receptors was analyzed with in situ hybridization after two focal ischemic insults of different severities. Focal ischemia was induced in rats by either 30 min or 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), causing damage to the striatum only, or involving also the parietal cortex, respectively. We found modest, transient elevation of GDNF mRNA in the dentate granule cell layer. In addition, the number of GDNF mRNA-expressing cells increased in the cortex and striatum after 2 h or 30 min of MCAO, respectively. No changes of neurturin or persephin mRNA expression were detected. Both c- Ret and GFRalpha1 mRNA levels were markedly increased in the ipsilateral cortex outside the ischemic lesion at 6-24 h after the 2-h insult, whereas GFRalpha2 expression was decreased in cortical areas both within and outside the lesion. Similar increases of c-Ret and GFRalpha1 mRNA levels were detected in the striatum, and to a lesser extent, in the cortex following 30 min of MCAO. The 2-h insult also gave rise to transient increases of c-Ret and GFRalpha1 mRNA in hippocampal subregions. Thirty minutes and 2 h of MCAO lead to elevated c-Ret, and GFRalpha1 or GFRalpha2 mRNA expression, respectively, in the ipsilateral ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus. Both insults induced increased levels of GFRalpha1 mRNA in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle.Our data indicate major changes of GDNF family signaling in the forebrain, regulated mainly through altered receptor levels, in the post-ischemic phase. These changes could enhance neuroprotective and neuroregenerative responses both to endogenous and exogenous GDNF ligands. Using Smart Source Parsing}, @@ -44942,7 +44931,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0F3ED2E5-544E-4AEB-97B1-16B50A443B3E}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Asheuer_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Asheuer_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306431101}} @article{Ashwell:1990, @@ -45039,7 +45028,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D3976495-DAC1-4C98-84D8-3F35CEEE9655}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Askovic_JVirol2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Askovic_JVirol2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.6.2665-2674.2001}} @article{Assal:1993, @@ -45079,7 +45068,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8C0E2A74-601B-4527-8FE3-F6450218BA52}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Atasoy_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Atasoy_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1954-08.2008}} @article{Athanassakis:2002, @@ -45254,7 +45243,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F0D360F1-DAA9-4631-97E7-82FE383861DF}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Awasaki_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Awasaki_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.027}} @article{Axelrod:2006, @@ -45276,7 +45265,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7D593FF4-0149-4CD5-822A-B54591F4A19A}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Axelrod_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Axelrod_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606053103}} @article{Ayala:2007, @@ -45298,7 +45287,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {751C197D-0524-46E5-898B-CEF60525B832}, Volume = {128}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ayala_Cell2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ayala_Cell2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.021}} @article{Ayoub:2003, @@ -45321,7 +45310,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {48B73CDB-CF44-4776-8417-86AC5EF30EBC}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ayoub_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ayoub_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Azzam:2004, Abstract = {Budding yeast protein phosphatase Cdc14 is sequestered in the nucleolus in an inactive state during interphase by the anchor protein Net1. Upon entry into anaphase, the Cdc14 early anaphase release (FEAR) network initiates dispersal of active Cdc14 throughout the cell. We report that the FEARnetwork promotes phosphorylation of Net1 by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexed with cyclin B1 or cyclin B2. These phosphorylations appear to be required for FEAR and sustain the proper timing of late mitotic events. Thus, a regulatory circuit exists to ensure that the arbiter of the mitotic state, Cdk, sets in motion events that culminate in exit from mitosis.}, @@ -45342,7 +45331,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9BA0C2A1-58AF-4A7F-88CE-5838C67360F5}, Volume = {305}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Azzam_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Azzam_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1099402}} @article{Baba:1997, @@ -45400,7 +45389,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E2FDD3AD-F596-4A5D-9B7B-F711CB7FEB6A}, Volume = {32}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Babb_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Babb_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} @article{Badea:2001, Abstract = {Epileptic discharges propagate through apparently normal circuits, although it is still unclear how this recruitment takes place. To understand the role of different classes of neurons in neocortical epilepsy, we have developed a novel imaging assay that detects which neurons participate in epileptiform discharges. Using calcium imaging of neuronal populations during bicuculline-induced spontaneous epileptiform events in slices from juvenile mouse somatosensory cortex, we find that fast calcium transients correlate with epileptiform field potentials and intracellular depolarizing shifts and can be used as an optical signature that a given neuron has participated in an epileptiform event. Our results demonstrate a novel method to characterize epileptiform events with single-cell resolution. In addition, our data are consistent with an important role for layer 5 in generating neocortical seizures and indicate that subgroups of neurons are particularly prone to epileptiform recruitment.}, @@ -45422,7 +45411,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {673CEEBA-0145-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Badea_JNeurobiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Badea_JNeurobiol2001.pdf}} @article{Bae:2005, Abstract = {After transplantation, adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) may undergo transdifferentiation and/or cell fusion in response to new environments. However, the mechanism(s) that govern these cell fate switches remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that the pathology associated with murine Niemann- Pick disease type C (NP-C) cerebellum augments the ability of BM-MSCs to fuse with Purkinje neurons. The results suggest that the degenerative microenvironment of Purkinje neurons in the NP-C cerebellum modulates the cell fate switch of BM-MSCs via cell fusion.}, @@ -45461,7 +45450,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2415FE0C-7114-11DA-9A4D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {129}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bagri_Development2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bagri_Development2002.pdf}} @article{Bahrey:2003, Abstract = {We measured dye coupling, electrical coupling, and voltage-gated currents using whole-cell voltage clamp in slices of mouse sensorimotor cortex at embryonic day 14 (E14). As in rat ventricular zone (VZ), cells of the VZ were extensively dye coupled, often in clusters of >100 cells. In mouse VZ, however, cells were much less electrically coupled, making measurement of voltage-gated currents more accurate. All VZ cells expressed delayed K(+) currents (I(K)), and 30\%, including morphologically identified radial glia, also expressed inward Na(+) currents (I(Na)). This fraction is consistent with I(Na) expression being an early event following cell cycle exit. Intermediate zone (IZ) cells also expressed I(K) and I(Na). Na(+) current amplitude distributions indicated three populations of IZ cells: those without I(Na), those with I(Na) similar in amplitude to VZ cells, and those with I(Na) being almost 10 times larger than in VZ cells. Cells of the cortical plate (CP) expressed both I(K) and I(Na), with I(Na) being almost 10-fold larger than in VZ cells. No cell in any zone expressed detectable hyperpolarization-activated currents. Our data suggest that the distribution and density of I(Na) may be related to early events of cell cycle exit and migration.}, @@ -45534,7 +45523,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {84F51BD1-5383-42B8-950A-A49BBB4E62BB}, Volume = {316}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bakal_Science2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bakal_Science2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1140324}} @article{Baker:1988, @@ -45576,7 +45565,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {128FCCB8-33DA-4709-949A-0B985039DF87}, Volume = {498}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baker_JCompNeurol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Baker_JCompNeurol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.21090}} @article{Baker:2001, @@ -45593,7 +45582,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5F27B1F2-E14D-4C82-9606-52832F65528C}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baker_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Baker_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Bal:2000, Abstract = {Thalamic circuits have an intrinsic capacity to generate state-dependent oscillations of different frequency and degrees of synchrony, but little is known of how synchronized oscillation is controlled in the intact brain or what function it may serve. The influence of cortical feedback was examined using slice preparations of the visual thalamus and computational models. Cortical feedback was mimicked by stimulating corticothalamic axons, triggered by the activity of relay neurons. This artificially coupled network had the capacity to self-organize and to generate qualitatively different rhythmical activities according to the strength of corticothalamic feedback stimuli. Weak feedback (one to three shocks at 100-150 Hz) phase-locked the spontaneous spindle oscillations (6-10 Hz) in geniculate and perigeniculate nuclei. However, strong feedback (four to eight shocks at 100-150 Hz) led to a more synchronized oscillation, slower in frequency (2-4 Hz) and dependent on GABA(B) receptors. This increase in synchrony was essentially attributable to a redistribution of the timing of action potential generation in lateral geniculate nucleus cells, resulting in an increased output of relay cells toward the cortex. Corticothalamic feedback is thus capable of inducing highly synchronous slow oscillations in physiologically intact thalamic circuits. This modulation may have implications for a better understanding of the descending control of thalamic nuclei by the cortex, and the genesis of pathological rhythmical activity, such as absence seizures.}, @@ -45707,7 +45696,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {04A30716-3DBD-41E6-B020-A9C693F8303D}, Volume = {77}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Banfield_JVirol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Banfield_JVirol2003.pdf}} @article{Bannert:2004, Abstract = {Retroelements constitute a large portion of our genomes. One class of these elements, the human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), is comprised of remnants of ancient exogenous retroviruses that have gained access to the germ line. After integration, most proviruses have been the subject of numerous amplifications and have suffered extensive deletions and mutations. Nevertheless, HERV-derived transcripts and proteins have been detected in healthy and diseased human tissues, and HERV-K, the youngest, most conserved family, is able to form virus-like particles. Although it is generally accepted that the integration of retroelements can cause significant harm by disrupting or disregulating essential genes, the role of HERV expression in the etiology of malignancies and autoimmune and neurologic diseases remains controversial. In recent years, striking evidence has accumulated indicating that some proviral sequences and HERV proteins might even serve the needs of the host and are therefore under positive selection. The remarkable progress in the analysis of host genomes has brought to light the significant impact of HERVs and other retroelements on genetic variation, genome evolution, and gene regulation.}, @@ -45727,7 +45716,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C65C30C1-EE4E-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {101 Suppl 2}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bannert_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bannert_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404838101}} @article{Bansal:2000, @@ -45749,7 +45738,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A9B23576-4C32-4166-A52E-23A59C724AE0}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bansal_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bansal_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Baraban:1995, Abstract = {Prenatal methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMac) injection disrupts cell migration in developing rats. We investigated the electrophysiological characteristics of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from young MAMac-treated animals (postnatal days 25-35). In vitro intracellular recordings from CA1 cells in MAMac-treated tissue revealed resting membrane potential (mean, -61.5 +/- 1.5 mV), action potential amplitude (mean, 69 +/- 3.1 mV), action potential duration (mean, 2.1 +/- 0.2 ms), input resistance (mean, 51.5 +/- 3.6 M omega) and time constant (mean, 33.2 +/- 1.2 ms) similar to those of CA1 cells from control tissue. However, MAMac-treated tissue could be distinguished as having a higher percentage of cells (62\%vs. 10\%) which fire a burst of action potentials in response to suprathreshold current injection. The synaptic responses of CA1 cells in MAMac-treated and control tissue were comparable. The CA1 field response to stimulation was also comparable at all stimulus intensities tested (50-1500 microA). Elevation of extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]o) from 3 mM to 6 mM resulted in epileptiform discharge activity in response to stratum radiatum stimulation in all MAMac-treated slices (10/10) but in only one-third of controls (3/9). Spontaneous epileptiform discharges were also observed in the majority (8/13) of MAMac-treated slices bathed in 6 mM KCl but in no controls. These data suggest that MAMac treatment during fetal development not only disrupts normal anatomical organization but also leads to alterations in electrophysiological features of the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell region. As such, the MAMac model may provide insights into early onset seizure syndromes associated with developmental abnormalities.}, @@ -45771,7 +45760,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CD72D2E1-0156-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baraban_EpilepsyRes1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Baraban_EpilepsyRes1995.pdf}} @article{Baraban:1996, Abstract = {Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMac) is a potent teratogenic agent which can produce ectopic cell placement in developing rat brains. In the present study, we evaluated (i) whether prenatal exposure to MAMac results in a lowered seizure threshold to flurothyl and (ii) if there is a correlation between the number of ectopic cells in MAMac-exposed hippocampus and flurothyl-induced seizure latency. In 60 day old (P60) rats exposed to MAMac in utero, the latencies to myoclonic jerk (173 +/- 2.3 s) and forelimb clonus (215 +/- 4.6 s) were significantly shorter than those of controls (200 +/- 6.9 s and 238 +/- 8.8 s, respectively). MAMac also increased the proportion of flurothyl-treated rats that progressed from bilateral forelimb clonus to generalized tonic-clonic seizures (control: 33\%; MAMac: 91\%). Shorter seizure latencies were associated with an increased number of ectopic pyramidal cells in region CA1/CA2. These results suggest seizure susceptibility is enhanced in an animal model (MAMac) characterized by abnormal neuronal migration.}, @@ -45792,7 +45781,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3FEB1774-8A61-42D0-9384-AE2B40D97887}, Volume = {23}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baraban_EpilepsyRes1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Baraban_EpilepsyRes1996.pdf}} @article{Baraban:2000, Abstract = {Cortical disorganization represents one of the major clinical findings in many children with medically intractable epilepsy. To study the relationship between seizure propensity and abnormal cortical structure, we have begun to characterize an animal model exhibiting aberrant neuronal clusters (heterotopia) and disruption of cortical lamination. In this model, exposing rats in utero to the DNA methylating agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM; embryonic day 15) disrupts the sequence of normal brain development. In MAM-exposed rats, cells in hippocampal heterotopia exhibit neuronal morphology and do not stain with immunohistochemical markers for glia. In hippocampal slices from MAM-exposed animals, extracellular field recordings within heterotopia suggest that these dysplastic cell clusters make synaptic connections locally (i.e. within the CA1 hippocampal subregion) and also make aberrant synaptic contact with neocortical cells. Slice perfusion with bicuculline or 4-aminopyridine leads to epileptiform activity in dysplastic cell clusters that can occur independent of input from CA3. Taken together, our findings suggest that neurons within regions of abnormal hippocampal organization are capable of independent epileptiform activity generation, and can project abnormal discharge to a broad area of neocortex, as well as hippocampus.}, @@ -45834,7 +45823,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {61DA9708-B85C-4D26-AB6C-35150D37143D}, Volume = {77}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baraban_JNeurophysiol1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Baraban_JNeurophysiol1997.pdf}} @article{Barinaga:2003, Abstract = {1095-9203 Comment News}, @@ -46029,7 +46018,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2897EA0B-7456-4997-A3D9-BC5236579D49}, Volume = {304}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barnea_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Barnea_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1096146}} @article{Barral-Moran:2003, @@ -46101,7 +46090,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AA1EE43C-211B-43D9-93AE-FED4E4A881E7}, Volume = {96}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Barrette_Blood2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Barrette_Blood2000.pdf}} @article{Barron:1979, Abstract = {Adult cats survived left lateral funiculotomy 1 to 153 days. The pericruciate cortex was studied electron microscopically in these as well as sham-operated and unoperated animals. Ten days after surgery Betz cells of the right pericruciate cortex displayed disaggregation of cytoplasmic ribosomes; random dispersal and degranulation of the normally compact arrays of cisterns of rough ER; in some cells perinuclear and peripheral disposition of remaining Nissl bodies; retispersion of the Golgi apparatus; and, uncommonly, neurofilamentous hyperplasia. Fourteen days postoperatively cytoplasmic ribosomes were largely regrouped in rosette arrangements and Golgi membranes were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Further reversion of the ER toward a normal appearance occurred 28 days postoperatively but substantial perikaryal atrophy had supervened in many neurons by 49-153 days after surgery. Evidence of nerve cell death was not found. Concentric membranous arrays derived from ER and associated with autophagic bodies and mitochondria were identified in dendrites of normals and cats that had been operated upon, perhaps more frequently contralateral to the spinal operation. Electron-dense and electron-lucent degenerative changes in dendrites also occurred, especially early after operation. Degenerating myelin sheaths were detected in the pericruciate cortex of animals that had been operated upon and sometimes were captured in the process of phagocytosis by oligodendrocytes as well as astrocytes and microglia. The long-term persistence of axotomized Betz cells, albeit in an atrophic state, and the reversibility of some of the cytologic responses to axon injury suggest that these neurons may retain a capacity for axon regeneration that could be mobilized, as by pharmacologic means.}, @@ -46354,7 +46343,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {15539F3B-CFCA-4FA7-96DD-D899120B7C3E}, Volume = {38}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Battaglia_Epilepsia1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Battaglia_Epilepsia1997.pdf}} @article{Battaglia:1996, Abstract = {Despite the increasing number of patients affected by neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) recently diagnosed in vivo by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), few detailed data on the correlation between the neuroradiological and the anatomical features in the single NMD case are available. The present paper reports a combined cytoarchitectural and immunocytochemical analysis, by means of antisera recognizing specific neuronal and glial markers, of three MRI diagnosed NMD patients surgically treated for the relief of intractable seizures. The first case was a giant subcortical nodular heterotopia of morphologically normal neurons lacking any type of cortical lamination. The second case was a layered polymicrogyria with an abnormal amount of ectopic neurons in the underlying white matter. The third case was a focal cortical dysplasia characterized by a dramatic disruption of the normal cortical layering associated with marked cytological abnormalities. The present data demonstrate that the macroscopical and microscopical brain abnormalities can be markedly different in different NMD subtypes, and suggest that different anatomical substrates can underlie the intrinsic hyperexcitability of these brain malformations. The relevance of further prospective clinico-morphological studies for a better understanding of the mechanisms determining the development of these brain malformations is underlined.}, @@ -46417,7 +46406,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FCEB5579-C5CB-41CB-BD65-87C732FE48AC}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baude_CerebCortex2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Baude_CerebCortex2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl117}} @article{Bauer:1995, @@ -46459,7 +46448,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B65BD976-AD3C-11DA-B832-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {171}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bauer_JCellBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bauer_JCellBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200505072}} @article{Bauer:2006, @@ -46497,7 +46486,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EBE2D712-3E34-47DE-BC25-2D0007DA36D7}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Baus_EmboJ2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Baus_EmboJ2003.pdf}} @article{Bavister:1988, Abstract = {Construction details are described for a minichamber device that maintains a localized atmosphere of carbon dioxide in air over the stage of an inverted microscope. This device is easily constructed from Plexiglas and its specifications can be adjusted to fit virtually any inverted microscope. A flow of warm, humidified carbon dioxide in air gas mixture can be directed over a petri dish or unsealed culture flask to maintain the pH of bicarbonate-CO2 buffered media. By this means, prolonged culture of cells directly on the microscope stage is made possible without occurrence of detrimental pH changes. If the microscope is fitted with an environmental control chamber to maintain temperature, cells can be maintained on the microscope stage for days, permitting frequent observation of cell growth and activity. Alternatively, continuous cine or video recordings can be made. For example, using this device, hamster and rhesus monkey embryos have been cultured for 2 to 5 d on an inverted microscope while continuous time- lapse recordings were made of cell division and differentiation and activity of cellular organelles.}, @@ -46616,7 +46605,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BCB4B0B6-B62E-486B-8048-F318F2BD32EC}, Volume = {911}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bechmann_AnnNYAcadSci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bechmann_AnnNYAcadSci2000.pdf}} @article{Bechmann:2001, Abstract = {Virchow-Robin's perivascular spaces lie between the basement membrane around pericytes and the basement membrane at the surface of the glia limitans of the brain vessels. They are directly connected to the subpial space and harbour a population of cells distinct from pericytes, perivascular microglia and other cells within perivascular spaces (e.g. T cells and mast cells) in their ability to quickly phagocytose particles from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Morphology, function, and cell surface proteins of these perivascular cells suggest an origin from the monocyte/macrophage lineage. It is currently unclear to what extent these brain perivascular cells represent a resident population of histiocytes or undergo continuous supplementation from blood monocytes. Using transplants of green-fluorescent-protein (GFP)-transfected bone marrow cells, we therefore investigated the replacement of perivascular cells by blood-borne macrophages in adult mice. GFP-positive cells in the perivascular spaces were found as early as 2 weeks post transplantation. The substitution of host perivascular cells by donor-derived macrophages was then evaluated using immunocytochemistry and intraventricular injection of hydrophilic rhodamine-fluorescent tracers. Such tracers diffuse along perivascular spaces and are subsequently phagocytosed by perivascular cells leading to stable phagocytosis-dependent labelling. Thus, the population of newly immigrated macrophages could be related to the total number of perivascular macrophages. This approach revealed a continuous increase of donor-derived perivascular cells. At 14 weeks post transplantation, all perivascular cells were donor-derived. These data show that brain perivascular cells are a population of migratory macrophages and not resident histiocytes.}, @@ -46638,7 +46627,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B96B461E-B550-4DF8-819C-10F012B25DF9}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bechmann_EurJNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bechmann_EurJNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Bechmann:2001a, Abstract = {Brain perivascular spaces harbor a population of cells which exhibit high phagocytic capacity. Therefore, these cells can be labeled by intraventricular injection of tracers. Such perivascular cells at the interface between blood and brain are believed to belong to the monocyte/macrophage lineage and to be involved in antigen presentation. Currently, it is unclear whether these cells undergo a continuous turnover by entering and leaving the bloodstream. Using bone-marrow-chimeric animals, migration of donor macrophages into brain perivascular spaces has been reported. On the other hand, following intracerebral injection of india ink into nontransplanted animals, ink-labeled perivascular cells were still found 2 years after injection, suggesting a high stability of this cell pool. Thus, the turnover of perivascular cells observed in chimeras might be a result of bone marrow transplantation rather than a physiological occurrence. To address this issue, we monitored de novo invasion of macrophages into perivascular spaces of apparently healthy adult rats by applying techniques other than bone marrow transplantation, (i) consecutive injections of different tracers and (ii) ex vivo isolation of macrophages from the blood, cell labeling, and reinjection into the same animal to avoid MHC mismatch. Both approaches revealed vivid de novo invasion of macrophages into perivascular spaces, but not into brain parenchyma, rendering untenable the concept of perivascular cells forming a stable population of macrophages in the brain. Thus, brain perivascular spaces are under permanent immune surveillance of blood borne macrophages in normal adult rats.}, @@ -46660,7 +46649,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8481D47F-D3B7-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {168}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bechmann_ExpNeurol2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bechmann_ExpNeurol2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2000.7618}} @article{Bechmann:2005, @@ -46838,7 +46827,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {35520F15-A307-4859-A8BA-960EBF838577}, Volume = {151}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bedard_BrainResDevBrainRes2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bedard_BrainResDevBrainRes2004.pdf}} @article{Beech:2004, Abstract = {The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a major neurogenic region in the adult brain. Cells from the SVZ give rise to two populations of olfactory bulb interneurons: the granule cells and periglomerular (PG) cells. Currently, little is known about the signaling pathways that direct these newly generated neurons to become either granule or PG neurons. In the present study, we used the nestin promoter and enhancer to direct expression of the tetracycline transactivator (tTA). We generated two independent strains of nestin-tTA transgenic animals and crossed founder mice from both lines to mice containing a tetracycline-regulated transgene (mCREB) whose expression served as a marker for the activity of the nestin-tTA transgene. mCREB expression occurred in a subset of proliferating cells in the SVZ and rostral migratory stream in both lines. Surprisingly, in both lines of nestin-tTA mice transgene expression in the olfactory bulb was limited to PG neurons and was absent from granule cells, suggesting that this nestin promoter construct differentiates between the two interneuronal populations. Transgene expression occurred in several subtypes of PG neurons, including those expressing calretinin, calbindin, GAD67, and tyrosine hydroxylase. These results suggest that a unique subset of SVZ precursor cells gives rise to PG, and not granule cells. The ability to express different transgenes within this subpopulation of neuronal precursors provides a powerful system to define the signals regulating the differentiation and survival of adult-generated neurons in the olfactory bulb.}, @@ -46858,7 +46847,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {631DD709-3120-4135-B2C0-5ACA90D3F00E}, Volume = {475}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Beech_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Beech_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20179}} @article{Beg:2006, @@ -46940,7 +46929,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {624DFFAF-11EF-4932-8F7E-AB87490FF6F0}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Beierlein_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Beierlein_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Beierlein:2006, Abstract = {Neurons release endocannabinoids from their dendrites to trigger changes in the probability of transmitter release. Although such retrograde signaling has been described for principal neurons, such as hippocampal pyramidal cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), it has not been demonstrated for local interneurons. Here we tested whether inhibitory interneurons in the cerebellum, stellate cells (SCs) and basket cells, regulate the strength of parallel fiber (PF) synapses by releasing endocannabinoids. We found that depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) is present in both SCs and basket cells. The properties of retrograde inhibition were examined more thoroughly for SCs. Both DSE and synaptically evoked suppression of excitation (SSE) triggered with brief PF bursts require elevations of postsynaptic calcium, are blocked by a type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) antagonist, and are absent in mice lacking the CB1R. SSE for SCs is similar to that described previously for PCs in that it is prevented by BAPTA and DAG lipase inhibitors in the recording pipette; however, unlike in PCs, NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in SSE for SCs. Although SCs express CB1Rs postsynaptically, neither high-frequency firing of SCs nor PF bursts lead to autocrine suppression of subsequent SC activity. Instead, PF bursts decrease the amplitude of disynaptic inhibition in PCs by evoking endocannabinoid release that transiently reduces the ability of PF synapses to trigger spikes in SCs. Thus, local interneurons within the cerebellum can release endocannabinoids through metabotropic glutamate receptor- and NMDAR-dependent mechanisms and contribute to use-dependent modulation of circuit properties.}, @@ -46961,7 +46950,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {26900215-F5BC-4C85-89BC-7B61343F92F6}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Beierlein_JNeurosci2006a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Beierlein_JNeurosci2006a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0958-06.2006}} @article{Beierlein:2006a, @@ -46983,7 +46972,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DDAC3052-7FAD-4806-BD99-7AF36C7A53B1}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Beierlein_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Beierlein_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0613-06.2006}} @article{Belachew:2003, @@ -47006,7 +46995,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E0CA380F-2C49-4328-BB6D-97EA1D852DCC}, Volume = {161}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Belachew_JCellBiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Belachew_JCellBiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200210110}} @article{Belenkov:1969, @@ -47045,7 +47034,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1336ED50-0F9E-4333-B78E-3A7BFA8CF66A}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bellander_JNeurotrauma2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bellander_JNeurotrauma2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/089771504774129937}} @article{Belluscio:2002, @@ -47062,7 +47051,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1585344D-C2C8-4798-B681-A1FFCCD650F2}, Volume = {419}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Belluscio_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Belluscio_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Belmonte:2004, Author = {Belmonte, Matthew K. and Allen, Greg and Beckel-Mitchener, Andrea and Boulanger, Lisa M. and Carper, Ruth A. and Webb, Sara J.}, @@ -47082,7 +47071,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {57D644E1-78AC-415A-BD5F-61931A5389DF}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Belmonte_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Belmonte_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3340-04.2004}} @article{Belvindrah:2002, @@ -47204,7 +47193,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FBEC0E7C-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {416}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ben-Ari_JPhysiol1989.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ben-Ari_JPhysiol1989.pdf}} @article{Ben-Ari:2006a, Abstract = {Infants and children are at a high risk for seizures compared with adults. Although most seizures in children are benign and result in no long-term consequences, increasing experimental animal data strongly suggest that frequent or prolonged seizures in the developing brain result in long-lasting sequelae. Such seizures may intervene with developmental programmes and lead to inadequate construction of cortical networks rather than induction of neuronal cell loss. As a consequence, the deleterious actions of seizures are strongly age dependent: seizures have different effects on immature or migrating neurons endowed with few synapses and more developed neurons that express hundreds of functional synapses. This differential effect is even more important in human beings and subhuman primates who have an extended brain development period. Seizures also beget seizures during maturation and result in a replay of development programmes, which suggests that epileptogenesis recapitulates ontogenesis. Therefore, to understand seizures and their consequences in the developing brain, it is essential to determine how neuronal activity modulates the main steps of cortical formation. In this Review, we present basic developmental principles obtained from animal studies and examine the long-lasting consequences of epilepsy.}, @@ -47225,7 +47214,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ACD97E03-CC9B-48D7-9E7D-9736AD916B6A}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ben-Ari_LancetNeurol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ben-Ari_LancetNeurol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70626-3}} @article{Ben-Ari:2002, @@ -47248,7 +47237,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FBEBE2E4-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ben-Ari_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ben-Ari_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn920}} @article{Ben-Ari:2000, @@ -47287,7 +47276,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {883B30E6-9B1C-46FF-A65E-7183F8B55331}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Ben-Ari:2004, Author = {Ben-Ari, Yehezkel and Spitzer, Nicholas C.}, @@ -47306,7 +47295,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AF5B4AF7-D7E1-4F90-9379-7FEA482E8C76}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2004a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.05.007}} @@ -47349,7 +47338,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B0E445E1-9B9E-4D41-92BA-AB83DF728BC6}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ben-Ari_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.005}} @article{Ben-Hur:1998, @@ -47371,7 +47360,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0759F17A-CC26-4A91-B288-41DBEE00EE38}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ben-Hur_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ben-Hur_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Benardete:2002, Abstract = {PURPOSE: Cortical dysplasia (CD) is associated with epilepsy in both the pediatric and adult populations. The mechanism underlying seizures with cortical malformations is still poorly understood. To study the physiology of dysplastic cortex, we developed an experimental model of CD. METHODS: Pregnant rats were given intraperitoneal injections of carmustine (1-3-bis-chloroethyl-nitrosourea; BCNU) on embryonic day 15 (E15). Cortical histology was examined in the resulting pups at P0, P28, and P60. In addition, evoked and spontaneous field potential recordings were obtained in cortical slices from adult control and BCNU-exposed rats. Finally, we used whole-cell recordings to compare physiologic properties of pyramidal neurons and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) responses in control and BCNU-treated animals. RESULTS: Features characteristic of CD were found in the offspring, including laminar disorganization, cytomegalic neurons, and neuronal heterotopias. Dysplastic cortex also contained abnormal clusters of Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells and disruption of radial glial fibers, as demonstrated with immunohistochemistry. Under conditions of partial GABAA-receptor blockade with 10 microM bicuculline methiodide (BMI), slices of dysplastic cortex demonstrated a significant increase in the number of spontaneous and evoked epileptiform discharges. Individual pyramidal neurons in dysplastic cortex were less sensitive to application of GABA compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: BCNU exposure in utero produces histologic alterations suggestive of CD in rat offspring. Dysplastic cortex from this model demonstrates features of hyperexcitability and decreased neuronal sensitivity to GABA. Such physiologic alterations may underlie the increased epileptogenicity of dysplastic cortex.}, @@ -47435,7 +47424,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {35AB084E-9D3F-42C8-B54F-4A00F9EAF1B9}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bender_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bender_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Bengzon:1997, Abstract = {Neuronal apoptosis was observed in the rat dentate gyrus in two experimental models of human limbic epilepsy. Five hours after one hippocampal kindling stimulation, a marked increase of in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) of fragmented DNA was observed in nuclei located within and on the hilar border of the granule cell layer and in the polymorphic region. Forty kindling stimulations with 5-min interval produced higher numbers of labeled nuclei compared with one stimulation. The increase of TUNEL-positive nuclei was prevented by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide but not affected by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. Kainic acid-induced seizures lead to a pattern of labeling in the hippocampal formation identical to that evoked by kindling. A large proportion of cells displaying TUNEL-positive nuclei was double-labeled by the neuron-specific antigen NeuN, demonstrating the neuronal identity of apoptotic cells. Either 1 or 40 kindling stimulations also gave rise to a marked increase of the number of cells double-labeled with the mitotic marker bromodeoxyuridine and NeuN in the subgranular zone and on the hilar border of the dentate granule cell layer. The present data show that single and intermittent, brief seizures induce both apoptotic death and proliferation of dentate gyrus neurons. We hypothesize that these processes, occurring early during epileptogenesis, are primary events in the development of hippocampal pathology in animals and possibly also in patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy. 0027-8424 Journal Article}, @@ -47485,7 +47474,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ED3188D6-8364-49A6-B474-5BE1935AF1A1}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Benraiss_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Benraiss_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Berbel:1993, Abstract = {Callosal connections were studied with tracers (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP)) in normal rats and rats deprived of thyroid hormones with methimazole (Sigma) since embryonic day 14 and thyroidectomized at postnatal day 6. In hypothyroid rats, the auditory areas, in particular the primary auditory area, showed cytoarchitectonic changes including blurred lamination and decrease in the size of layer V pyramidal neurons. In control rats, callosally-projecting neurons were found between layers II and VI with a peak in layer III and upper layer IV. In hypothyroid rats, labelled neurons were found between layers IV and VI with two peaks corresponding to layer IV and upper layer V, and in upper layer VI. Quantitative analysis of radial distribution of callosally-projecting neurons confirmed their shift to infragranular layers in hypothyroid rats. Three-dimensional reconstructions showed a more continuous tangential distribution of callosally-projecting neurons in hypothyroid rats which may be due to the maintenance of a juvenile 'exuberant' pattern of projections. These changes in cortical connectivity may be relevant for understanding epilepsy and mental retardation associated with early hypothyroidism in humans and to clarify basic mechanisms of cortical development.}, @@ -47593,7 +47582,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F334D8FC-CDEF-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bernier_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bernier_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}} @article{Berns:2004, Abstract = {RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful new tool with which to perform loss-of-function genetic screens in lower organisms and can greatly facilitate the identification of components of cellular signalling pathways. In mammalian cells, such screens have been hampered by a lack of suitable tools that can be used on a large scale. We and others have recently developed expression vectors to direct the synthesis of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) that act as short interfering RNA (siRNA)-like molecules to stably suppress gene expression. Here we report the construction of a set of retroviral vectors encoding 23,742 distinct shRNAs, which target 7,914 different human genes for suppression. We use this RNAi library in human cells to identify one known and five new modulators of p53-dependent proliferation arrest. Suppression of these genes confers resistance to both p53-dependent and p19ARF-dependent proliferation arrest, and abolishes a DNA-damage-induced G1 cell-cycle arrest. Furthermore, we describe siRNA bar-code screens to rapidly identify individual siRNA vectors associated with a specific phenotype. These new tools will greatly facilitate large-scale loss-of-function genetic screens in mammalian cells.}, @@ -47614,7 +47603,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B4BD274A-63B0-4649-B973-4BD3490A264D}, Volume = {428}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Berns_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Berns_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02371}} @article{Berry:1965, @@ -47669,7 +47658,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BF823A1A-292A-4512-A7DE-1ECD161530DF}, Volume = {41}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bertolotto_JHistochemCytochem1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bertolotto_JHistochemCytochem1993.pdf}} @article{Besancon:1981, Abstract = {0006-291x Journal Article}, @@ -47800,7 +47789,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {16EC1042-E17A-4285-8B41-6C3A41A74A90}, Volume = {14}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Betarbet_IntJDevNeurosci1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Betarbet_IntJDevNeurosci1996.pdf}} @article{Betschinger:2003, Abstract = {To generate different cell types, some cells can segregate protein determinants into one of their two daughter cells during mitosis. In Drosophila neuroblasts, the Par protein complex localizes apically and directs localization of the cell fate determinants Prospero and Numb and the adaptor proteins Miranda and Pon to the basal cell cortex, to ensure their segregation into the basal daughter cell. The Par protein complex has a conserved function in establishing cell polarity but how it directs proteins to the opposite side is unknown. We show here that a principal function of this complex is to phosphorylate the cytoskeletal protein Lethal (2) giant larvae (Lgl; also known as L(2)gl). Phosphorylation by Drosophila atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), a member of the Par protein complex, releases Lgl from its association with membranes and the actin cytoskeleton. Genetic and biochemical experiments show that Lgl phosphorylation prevents the localization of cell fate determinants to the apical cell cortex. Lgl promotes cortical localization of Miranda, and we propose that phosphorylation of Lgl by aPKC at the apical neuroblast cortex restricts Lgl activity and Miranda localization to the opposite, basal side of the cell. 0028-0836 Journal Article}, @@ -47901,7 +47890,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B51E2E31-1D41-4E60-8507-3B68643AB616}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bhardwaj_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bhardwaj_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605177103}} @article{Bi:1995, @@ -47976,7 +47965,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E5ECF94A-43EE-4C7F-B2AA-042156B9CBF9}, Volume = {129}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bielas_Cell2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bielas_Cell2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.023}} @article{Bielle:2005, @@ -47998,7 +47987,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {64967ECB-EFDA-4749-95F6-E0C57769C71A}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bielle_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bielle_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1511}} @article{Bierhuizen:1997, @@ -48096,7 +48085,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {850C41FA-F384-4AE7-9484-DCAC3003EAED}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Binzegger_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Binzegger_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1400-04.2004}} @article{Birmingham:2006, @@ -48172,7 +48161,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8CD735F3-2C00-4449-BC3D-F40F4B43C949}, Volume = {443}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bittman_JCompNeurol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bittman_JCompNeurol2002.pdf}} @article{Bittman:1997, Abstract = {Cells within the ventricular zone (VZ) of developing neocortex are coupled together into clusters by gap junction channels. The specific role of clustering in cortical neurogenesis is unknown; however, clustering provides a means for spatially restricted local interactions between subsets of precursors and other cells within the VZ. In the present study, we have used a combination of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrDU) pulse labeling, intracellular biocytin labeling, and immunocytochemistry to determine when in the cell cycle VZ cells couple and uncouple from clusters and to determine what cell types within the VZ are coupled to clusters. Our results indicate that clusters contain radial glia and neural precursors but do not contain differentiating or migrating neurons. In early neurogenesis, all precursors in S and G2 phases of the cell cycle are coupled, and approximately half of the cells in G1 are coupled. In late neurogenesis, however, over half of the cells in both G1 and S phases are not coupled to VZ clusters, whereas all cells in G2 are coupled to clusters. Increased uncoupling in S phase during late neurogenesis may contribute to the greater percentage of VZ cells exiting the cell cycle at this time. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that pharmacologically uncoupling VZ cells with octanol decreases the percentage of VZ cells that enter S phase. These results demonstrate that cell clustering in the VZ is restricted to neural precursors and radial glia, is dynamic through the cell cycle, and may play a role in regulating neurogenesis.}, @@ -48242,7 +48231,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4E694C67-EC7F-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bjorklund_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bjorklund_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Black:2001, Author = {Black, I. B. and Woodbury, D.}, @@ -48262,7 +48251,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B3076514-E828-4E6F-949F-99B37396980A}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Black_BloodCellsMolDis2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Black_BloodCellsMolDis2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcmd.2001.0423}} @article{Blackshaw:2002, @@ -48278,7 +48267,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BEE1CD4E-8B22-4E77-A2F2-9468F5F4236E}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blackshaw_NatNeurosci2002}} + File = {papers/Blackshaw_NatNeurosci2002}} @article{Blanton:1989, Abstract = {We describe methods for obtaining stable, whole-cell recordings from neurons in brain hemispheres from turtles and in brain slices from rats and turtles. Synaptic currents and membrane properties of central neurons can be studied in voltage and current clamp in cells maintained within their endogenous synaptic circuits. The methods described here are compatible with unmodified dissecting microscopes and recording chambers, and with brain slices of standard thickness (400-500 microns).}, @@ -48294,7 +48283,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8FDA386E-7B7B-41E7-B2B8-20720BC5041E}, Volume = {30}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blanton_JNeurosciMethods1989.pdf}, + File = {papers/Blanton_JNeurosciMethods1989.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=2607782&p%24a=&p%24l=DefaultSite&p%24st=m}} @article{Blesch:2001, @@ -48337,7 +48326,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {00047A07-83D4-4D83-868C-5C75CEF9433C}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Blitz_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Blitz_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.033}} @article{Bloodgood:2007, @@ -48356,7 +48345,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Ca(2+) signaling in dendritic spines}, Uuid = {F548687F-C1EC-4B78-B3BE-19CC8AF01A1A}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bloodgood_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bloodgood_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.04.003}} @article{Bloodgood:2007a, @@ -48378,7 +48367,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {27D2740D-9B86-43C1-89EB-D43E591FA61E}, Volume = {53}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bloodgood_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bloodgood_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.017}} @article{Bloodgood:2005, @@ -48400,7 +48389,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B54E291F-C612-4F25-9D32-6C350F0A2561}, Volume = {310}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bloodgood_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bloodgood_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1114816}} @article{Blumcke:2001, @@ -48495,7 +48484,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {53DA529F-9CC9-4695-996E-301370A9D6A1}, Volume = {15}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Boehm_AnnuRevImmunol1997.pdf}, + File = {papers/Boehm_AnnuRevImmunol1997.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.749}} @article{Bohatschek:2001, @@ -48636,7 +48625,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {674AADE6-FC75-4A51-B28C-E639F8F691FC}, Volume = {131}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bonneau_Cell2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bonneau_Cell2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.053}} @article{Bordey:2006, @@ -48671,7 +48660,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EEEEDFE7-44E2-41E2-B8AF-082CB5047BB5}, Volume = {149}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Borlongan_ExpNeurol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Borlongan_ExpNeurol1998.pdf}} @article{Borlongan:1998a, Abstract = {Stroke mortality has declined over recent decades, prompting a demand for the development of effective rehabilitative therapies for stroke survivors. This effort has been facilitated by significant progress in replicating the behavioral and neuropathological changes of authentic human cerebral ischemia using relevant animal models. Since the rodent model of middle cerebral artery occlusion mimics several motor abnormalities seen in clinical cerebral ischemia, we have utilized this model to investigate treatment strategies for stroke. The present study explored the potential benefits of neural transplantation of fetal rat striatal cells or human neurons derived from a clonal embryonal carcinoma cell line to correct the abnormalities associated with cerebral ischemia. We report here that ischemia-induced behavioral dysfunctions were ameliorated by the neural grafts as early as 1 month post-transplantation. Of note, transplantation of human neurons induced a significantly more robust recovery than fetal rat striatal grafts. Thus, the logistical and ethical concerns about the use of fetal striatal cells for transplantation therapy can be eliminated by exploiting cell line-derived human neurons as alternative graft sources. Transplantation of human neurons has a therapeutic potential for treatment of behavioral deficits associated with cerebral ischemia. 0959-4965 Journal Article}, @@ -48769,7 +48758,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {09A522B5-B622-44D0-A425-E25D4C38969D}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Boulanger_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Boulanger_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1428}} @article{Bourgeois:1994, @@ -48843,7 +48832,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E9EF4A1B-54A6-41F3-8E05-EDE25F13189B}, Volume = {40}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bragin_Epilepsia1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bragin_Epilepsia1999.pdf}} @article{Bragin:2002, Abstract = {Aperiodic high-frequency oscillations (>100 Hz) reflect a short-term synchronization of neuronal electrical activity. It has been shown in the epileptic brain that spontaneous oscillations in the frequency range of 250-600 Hz reflect action potential population bursts of synchronously discharging neuronal clusters. These oscillations occur in the early stages of epileptogenesis in areas adjacent to the brain lesion and may trigger the formation of seizure-generating neuronal networks. We studied the extent of the area generating oscillations in the frequency range of 250-600 Hz [fast ripples (FRs)] in intrahippocampal kainic acid-treated rats with spontaneous seizures, by analyzing voltage versus depth profiles of FRs in hippocampal and parahippocampal areas in freely moving animals and by spatial mapping in hippocampal slice preparations in vitro. The strength of inhibition was compared in areas with and without FRs using a paired-pulse paradigm. The extent of the areas generating FRs did not exceed 1 mm(3). The areas generating FRs became broader after the application of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline. Paired-pulse fast inhibition at 15-30 msec intervals was similar in areas generating FRs and areas not generating FRs. Our data illustrate that hypothesized clusters of highly interconnected neurons are capable of overcoming interneuron feedback inhibition, resulting in generation of epileptiform bursts, eventually leading to seizure activity.}, @@ -48864,7 +48853,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1826D7CE-B5A1-40D8-AAD5-ED4F5D3926FD}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bragin_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bragin_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Bragin:2004, Abstract = {The normal processes of learning and memory as well as the pathological progress of various neurological diseases may result in changes in gene expression in small, local populations of neurons in any given brain area, leading to the occurrence of specific patterns of electrical activity without easily detectable changes in the morphology of this brain area. One way of identifying these changes might be the comparison of gene expression of areas which generate and areas which do not generate specific patterns of electrical activity. A method for microbiopsy of limited (0.5-1.0 mm3) tissue samples from electrophysiologically identified areas of neurons generating epileptiform activity in the rat brain is described. Here we demonstrate that total RNA isolated from individual microbiopsy samples might be successfully used for microarray based gene expression analysis of any discretely localized neuronal group which can be identified electrophysiologically, including neurons in cortical columns, cell assemblies or other functional units.}, @@ -48885,7 +48874,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2FDB5A3F-8231-488F-B08D-EB5F2E544AFF}, Volume = {133}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bragin_JNeurosciMethods2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Bragin_JNeurosciMethods2004.pdf}} @article{Brainard:2002, Abstract = {Bird fanciers have known for centuries that songbirds learn their songs. This learning has striking parallels to speech acquisition: like humans, birds must hear the sounds of adults during a sensitive period, and must hear their own voice while learning to vocalize. With the discovery and investigation of discrete brain structures required for singing, songbirds are now providing insights into neural mechanisms of learning. Aided by a wealth of behavioural observations and species diversity, studies in songbirds are addressing such basic issues in neuroscience as perceptual and sensorimotor learning, developmental regulation of plasticity, and the control and function of adult neurogenesis. 0028-0836 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -48901,7 +48890,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9399E62F-21B2-40AA-AD00-F71704628300}, Volume = {417}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brainard_Nature2002}} + File = {papers/Brainard_Nature2002}} @article{Brauer:1982, Abstract = {Perineuronal nets could be visualized with some Golgi methods in the rat's brain. Nets were seen in telencephalic, diencephalic and mesencephalic structures covering somata and proximal dendrites of different neuronal types. Some nets could be found originating from microglia cells. In most cases their origin is not recognizable. These perineuronal nets seem to be identical with "Golgi nets" of late anatomists, which played an important role in the discussion between recticularists and neuronists. Some aspects of their possible functional significance are discussed.}, @@ -48920,7 +48909,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6C3CFCD5-8E12-4EEE-8600-084388DB2328}, Volume = {23}, Year = {1982}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brauer_JHirnforsch1982.PDF}} + File = {papers/Brauer_JHirnforsch1982.PDF}} @article{Bray:1998, Abstract = {Chemotactic bacteria such as Escherichia coli can detect and respond to extremely low concentrations of attractants, concentrations of less than 5 nM in the case of aspartate. They also sense gradients of attractants extending over five orders of magnitude in concentration (up to 1 mM aspartate). Here we consider the possibility that this combination of sensitivity and range of response depends on the clustering of chemotactic receptors on the surface of the bacterium. We examine what will happen if ligand binding changes the activity of a receptor, propagating this change in activity to neighbouring receptors in a cluster. Calculations based on these assumptions show that sensitivity to extracellular ligands increases with the extent of spread of activity through an array of receptors, but that the range of concentrations over which the array works is severely diminished. However, a combination of low threshold of response and wide dynamic range can be attained if the cell has both clusters and single receptors on its surface, particularly if the extent of activity spread can adapt to external conditions. A mechanism of this kind can account quantitatively for the sensitivity and response range of E. coli to aspartate.}, @@ -48940,7 +48929,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FD4BB318-4BA3-4F47-B7BF-30748611FA95}, Volume = {393}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bray_Nature1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bray_Nature1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/30018}} @article{Braz:2002, @@ -48957,7 +48946,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5B619A33-A209-4996-A942-F9D6B5355F1E}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Braz_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Braz_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}} @article{Brazelton:2000, Abstract = {After intravascular delivery of genetically marked adult mouse bone marrow into lethally irradiated normal adult hosts, donor-derived cells expressing neuronal proteins (neuronal phenotypes) developed in the central nervous system. Flow cytometry revealed a population of donor-derived cells in the brain with characteristics distinct from bone marrow. Confocal microscopy of individual cells showed that hundreds of marrow-derived cells in brain sections expressed gene products typical of neurons (NeuN, 200-kilodalton neurofilament, and class III beta-tubulin) and were able to activate the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The generation of neuronal phenotypes in the adult brain 1 to 6 months after an adult bone marrow transplant demonstrates a remarkable plasticity of adult tissues with potential clinical applications.}, @@ -48979,7 +48968,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {20DD63EE-E9D5-11DA-920C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {290}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brazelton_Science2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brazelton_Science2000.pdf}} @article{Brecht:2007, Abstract = {Neural networks of the rodent barrel cortex are particularly tractable for developing a quantitative understanding of response transformations in a cortical column. A column in barrel cortex consists of approximately 10 compartments. Two thalamic input pathways, a sensory lemniscal one and sensorimotor paralemniscal one, are transformed to approximately 7 population outputs, each with distinct spatiotemporal response characteristics. Granular and supragranular layers are sites of segregated processing in lemniscal and paralemniscal pathways, whereas infragranular layers are sites of intracolumnar, lemniscal/paralemniscal integration. Individual thalamocortical connections are relatively weak, and a considerable fraction of thalamocortical afferents contributes to each sensory response. Intracortically, relatively few but strong synaptic connections contribute to sensory responses, and responses are rapidly terminated by inhibition. Overall cortical population activity is very low. Whiskers mediate a wide range of behaviors and many natural tactile behaviors occur very rapidly. Vibrissal object recognition can be size invariant and motion invariant and is based on the tactile 'Gestaltwahrnehmung' of shape.}, @@ -49000,7 +48989,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4B33F412-7F3A-4F7F-8DC9-86D6B38F82BA}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brecht_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brecht_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.008}} @article{Bregman:2002, @@ -49040,7 +49029,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B7A412DC-315E-403F-980B-8E368F034562}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brenowitz_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brenowitz_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Brenowitz:2006, Abstract = {Endocannabinoids can act as retrograde messengers that allow postsynaptic cells to regulate the strength of their synaptic inputs. In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells (PCs) release endocannabinoids through two mechanisms. Synaptic activation evokes local endocannabinoid release that relies on a pathway that involves the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 and phospholipase-C (PLC). In contrast, depolarization evokes endocannabinoid release from the entire dendritic arbor. This leads to depolarization-induced suppression of inhibitory (DSI) and excitatory (DSE) synapses by a mechanism that does not involve mGluR1 or PLC. This latter mechanism of endocannabinoid release has only been observed under artificial conditions that transiently elevate postsynaptic calcium to >5 microm. Here, we tested the possibility that this mechanism could lead to retrograde inhibition in response to more realistic calcium signals. At both climbing fiber and inhibitory synapses onto PCs, we found that prolonging the elevation of calcium significantly lowered the peak calcium required to evoke PLC-independent endocannabinoid release. This suggests that the mechanism of endocannabinoid release involved in DSI and DSE is likely to evoke endocannabinoid release in response to physiologically relevant levels of calcium. When dendritic calcium was elevated to 0.4-1 microm for 15 s or more, endocannabinoid release from PCs selectively suppressed inhibitory synapses. This suggests that inhibitory synapses are more sensitive to prolonged calcium increases. Thus, in contrast to localized retrograde inhibition evoked by synaptic activation, modest but sustained calcium elevation could globally suppress inhibitory synapses onto PCs.}, @@ -49061,7 +49050,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D826445C-925C-4E5A-BD73-839C5A7B749F}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brenowitz_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brenowitz_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1280-06.2006}} @article{Bressoud:1999, @@ -49102,7 +49091,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4A76BE6B-12E3-43AD-859D-42A23A62C45B}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Breunig_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Breunig_JNeurosci2007.pdf}} @article{Brewer:1999, Abstract = {Adult mammalian CNS neurons appear to be terminally differentiated and postmitotic. However, this conclusion may be due to nonpermissive conditions in the brain or in culture media. If embryonic rat hippocampal neurons are cultured in Neurobasal/B27 with FGF2, nearly all neurons proliferated until a maximum density was reached. Similarly, adult neurons can be cultured that fire action potentials and display immunoreactivity for neurofilament, MAP2, tau, and glutamate. Seventy percent of the 3000 isolated adult cells per milligram of brain tissue began to proliferate after 3 days in culture and incorporated BrdU. By 4 days of regeneration in culture, virtually all neuron-like cells with asymmetric processes were glutamate positive and immunoreactive for neurofilament. Immunoreactivity of the intermediate filament stem cell marker nestin increased in adult cells to levels present in freshly isolated embryonic neurons. These are the first studies to demonstrate that over 50\%of adult CNS cells with neuron-like characteristics retain regenerative and proliferative potential.}, @@ -49229,7 +49218,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C8856377-ADBB-4681-B5D9-04E7CB582507}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brill_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brill_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0700-08.2008}} @article{Brinon:1999, @@ -49305,7 +49294,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FD82BD13-9494-469D-85CE-CC4BD6577418}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Britanova_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Britanova_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.028}} @article{Britz:2006, @@ -49385,7 +49374,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EECB50A3-E1FC-471D-B50F-42AFE0BF0AE5}, Volume = {80}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brody_JNeurophysiol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Brody_JNeurophysiol1998.pdf}} @article{Brooks:2002, Abstract = {As one part of a distinguished scientific career, Dr. Bryn Bridges focused his attention on the issue of DNA damage and repair in stationary phase bacteria. His work in this area led to his interest in DNA repair and mutagenesis in another non-dividing cell population, the neurons in the mammalian nervous system. He has specifically taken an interest in the magnocellular neurons of the central nervous system, and the possibility that somatic mutations may be occurring in these neurons. As part of this special issue dedicated to Bryn Bridges upon his retirement, I will discuss the various DNA repair pathways known to be active in the nervous system. The importance of DNA repair to the nervous system is most graphically illustrated by the neurological abnormalities observed in patients with hereditary diseases associated with defects in DNA repair. I will consider the mechanisms underlying the neurological abnormalities observed in patients with four of these diseases: xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne's syndrome (CS), ataxia telangectasia (AT) and AT-like disorder (ATLD). I will also propose a mechanism for one of the observations indicating that somatic mutation can occur in the magnocellular neurons of the aging rat brain. Finally, as a parallel to Bridges inquiry into how much DNA synthesis is going on in stationary phase bacteria, I will address the question of how much DNA synthesis in going on in neurons, and the implications of the answer to this question for recent studies of neurogenesis in adult mammals. 0027-5107 Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, @@ -49401,7 +49390,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6D9D62F3-DC9B-4854-B692-886058B75248}, Volume = {509}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brooks_MutatRes2002}} + File = {papers/Brooks_MutatRes2002}} @article{Brooks-Kayal:2001, Abstract = {Profound alterations in the function of GABA occur over the course of postnatal development. Changes in GABA(A) receptor expression are thought to contribute to these differences in GABAergic function, but how subunit changes correlate with receptor function in individual developing neurons has not been defined precisely. In the current study, we correlate expression of 14 different GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNAs with changes in the pharmacological properties of the receptor in individual hippocampal dentate granule cells over the course of postnatal development in rat. We demonstrate significant developmental differences in GABA(A) receptor subunit mRNA expression, including greater than two-fold lower expression of alpha1-, alpha4- and gamma2- subunit mRNAs and 10-fold higher expression of alpha5-mRNA in immature compared with adult neurons. These differences correlate both with regional changes in subunit protein level and with alterations in GABA(A) receptor function in immature dentate granule cells, including two-fold higher blockade by zinc and three-fold lower augmentation by type-I benzodiazepine site modulators. Further, we find an inverse correlation between changes in GABA(A) receptor zinc sensitivity and abundance of vesicular zinc in dentate gyrus during postnatal development. These findings suggest that developmental differences in subunit expression contribute to alterations in GABA(A) receptor function during postnatal development.}, @@ -49478,7 +49467,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2D30F285-6D12-11DA-A4FE-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {467}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_JCompNeurol2003}, + File = {papers/Brown_JCompNeurol2003}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10874}} @article{Brown:2003, @@ -49500,7 +49489,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7489BB90-A365-45FB-95D0-BE3517FE1BF9}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brown_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1126}} @article{Brown:2004, @@ -49522,7 +49511,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {39CB4BA5-0B02-48A7-98C8-4FEDD753ABE8}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brown_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brown_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1228}} @article{Bruccoleri:2000, @@ -49622,7 +49611,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5E1B6B83-E759-4A6D-BA92-8F66734C1861}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Brunet_TrendsNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Brunet_TrendsNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.03.010}} @article{Brussel:2004, @@ -49772,7 +49761,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4D5BBE08-C462-46D7-AD20-4B3425BF6B33}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Buehlmann_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Buehlmann_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5640-07.2008}} @article{Buffelli:2003, @@ -49794,7 +49783,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2899ED06-52BC-4828-9F4F-DB0726D95264}, Volume = {424}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Buffelli_Nature2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Buffelli_Nature2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01844}} @article{Bulfone:2005, @@ -49837,7 +49826,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {617F37D0-6584-4BFA-9964-E8D87CF24805}, Volume = {42}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bureau_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bureau_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.05.002}} @article{Bureau:2006, @@ -49859,7 +49848,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B86CF62E-3250-4F05-978A-20C5604EA168}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Bureau_PLoSBiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Bureau_PLoSBiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040382}} @article{Burns:1992, @@ -49894,7 +49883,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E6FD4BE5-DFA9-4A2C-86A6-6F8570800528}, Volume = {90}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Burns_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Burns_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1993.pdf}} @article{Burns:2006, Abstract = {Thymidine analogs, including bromodeoxyuridine, chlorodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, and tritiated thymidine, label dividing cells by incorporating into DNA during S phase of cell division and are widely employed to identify cells transplanted into the central nervous system. However, the potential for transfer of thymidine analogs from grafted cells to dividing host cells has not been thoroughly tested. We here demonstrate that graft-derived thymidine analogs can become incorporated into host neural precursors and glia. Large numbers of labeled neurons and glia were found 3-12 weeks after transplantation of thymidine analog-labeled live stem cells, suggesting differentiation of grafted cells. Remarkably, however, similar results were obtained after transplantation of dead cells or labeled fibroblasts. Our findings reveal for the first time that thymidine analog labeling may not be a reliable means of identifying transplanted cells, particularly in highly proliferative environments such as the developing, neurogenic, or injured brain.}, @@ -50119,7 +50108,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6EBB1436-6EF1-4BDC-8407-1D7C80E03A7B}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Butt_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Butt_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.034}} @article{Buttery:2006, @@ -50141,7 +50130,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AB641F84-3317-45C5-A46E-8364491CC8C8}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Buttery_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Buttery_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510655103}} @article{Buttner:2002, @@ -50158,7 +50147,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DD96ACA2-2490-4576-AD4E-0467ADCCDFFC}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Buttner_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Buttner_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Butz:2006, Abstract = {We describe a strongly biologically motivated artificial neural network approach to model neurogenesis and synaptic turnover as it naturally occurs for example in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of the developing and adult mammalian and human brain. The results suggest that cell proliferation (CP) has not only a functional meaning for computational tasks and learning but is also relevant for maintaining homeostatic stability of the neural activity. Moderate rates of CP buffer disturbances in input activity more effectively than networks without or very high CP. Up to a critical mark an increase of CP enhances synaptogenesis which might be beneficial for learning. However, higher rates of CP are rather ineffective as they destabilize the network: high CP rates and a disturbing input activity effect a reduced cell survival. By these results the simulation model sheds light on the recurrent interdependence of structure and function in biological neural networks especially in hippocampal circuits and the interacting morphogenetic effects of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis.}, @@ -50234,7 +50223,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D7D4CB8C-1DAA-4F69-BAD8-78896C6B7506}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Buzsáki_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Buzsáki_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1233}} @article{Buzsaki:2004a, @@ -50256,7 +50245,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6DAF4739-E74A-4363-B423-AE894567956F}, Volume = {304}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Buzsáki_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Buzsáki_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1099745}} @article{Bystron:2006, @@ -50353,7 +50342,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A9FEC1D3-6230-4FB6-AA51-22810514DDC5}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Calcagnotto_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Calcagnotto_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Calcagnotto:2005, Abstract = {Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a common and important cause of medically intractable epilepsy. In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in several animal models, compromised neuronal inhibition, mediated by GABA, contributes to seizure genesis. Although reduction in GABAergic interneuron density has been reported in FCD tissue samples, there is little available information on the resulting physiological changes in synaptic inhibition and the potential contribution of these changes to epileptogenesis in the dysplastic human brain. Using visualized whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from identified neurons in tissue slices obtained from patients with FCD, we demonstrate that GABAA-receptor-mediated inhibition is substantially altered in regions of dysplasia. These alterations include a significant reduction in IPSC frequency and a potentially compensatory decrease in transporter-mediated GABA reuptake function; the latter is marked by a significant increase in the decay-time constant for evoked and spontaneous IPSCs and a lack of effect of the GABA transport-inhibitor 1-[2([(diphenylmethylene)imino]oxy)ethyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride on IPSC kinetics. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a scattering of GABAergic interneurons across dysplastic cortex and striking reductions in GABA transporter expression. Together, these results suggest that profound alterations in GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition play an essential role in the process of epileptogenesis in patients with FCD.}, @@ -50374,7 +50363,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C0C494E7-3162-408C-A346-16B0A19255F9}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Calcagnotto_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Calcagnotto_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2687-05.2005}} @article{Calegari:2005, @@ -50418,7 +50407,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4A2D5368-AB38-4818-A318-E9AA3EA45E31}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Callaway_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Callaway_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}} @article{Callaway:1998, Abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated that axonal arbors specific for the four main cortical layers - 2/3, 4, 5, and 6 - develop precisely from the outset using activity-independent cues. In macaque primary visual cortex (V1), layer 2/3 is subdivided into layers named 2/3A, 3B, 4A, and 4B, and layer 4 is subdivided into 4Calpha and 4Cbeta. Individual neurons in V1 of mature macaques have axonal arbors that are highly specific for these sublayers. We have studied the prenatal development of laminar and sublaminar specificity of local circuits in macaque V1. Two-hundred thirty-eight neurons were labeled intracellularly in living brain slices prepared from V1 of five prenatal macaque monkeys aged 100 to 145 d postconception (E100-E145). Axonal and dendritic arbors of labeled neurons were reconstructed to assess their relationships to the cortical layers. We find that developing spiny neurons in layers 2-4B and layer 5 specifically target superficial and deep layers without forming "incorrect" branches in layer 4C. Similarly, layer 6 pyramidal neurons that target layer 4C do not form "incorrect" branches in layer 5. These results indicate that specific projections to the main cortical layers develop with a high degree of selectivity, as in other species. However, the development of sublayer-specific projections was not always precise from the outset. Unlike postnatal animals, axons of some prenatal layer 4Cbeta spiny neurons branch in layer 4B. At similar ages, many pyramidal neurons in the upper half of layer 6 have axonal branches in layer 4Calpha as well as 4Cbeta; these projections are specific for 4Cbeta in more mature animals. Also, there is similar "exuberance" in axonal arbors of other layer 6 cell types. Transient projections were also observed in the subplate and to the white matter for cells from all layers, except 4Cbeta. These observations indicate that at least some sublayer-specific projections emerge by elimination of exuberant axonal branches and suggest that they may use activity-dependent mechanisms to identify "correct" target layers. Such cues could be provided by laminar differences in the patterns of spontaneous prenatal activity in the retino-geniculo-cortical network.}, @@ -50439,7 +50428,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A1B1C3C4-446E-47F2-A39C-72DA60CEC8A9}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Callaway_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Callaway_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Calmels:2005, Abstract = {Recent reports linking insertional activation of LMO2 following gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) have led to a re-evaluation of risks following gene therapy with retroviral vectors. In our analysis of 702 integration sites in rhesus macaques that underwent transplantation up to 7 years earlier with autologous CD34+ cells transduced with amphotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-derived retroviral vectors containing marker genes, we detected insertion into one locus, the Mds1/Evi1 region, a total of 14 times in 9 animals. Mds1/Evi1 integrations were observed stably long term, primarily in myeloid cells. We hypothesize that this over-representation likely results from an impact on the self-renewal and engraftment potential of CD34+ progenitor cells via insertional mutagenesis at this specific locus. There is no evidence of ongoing in vivo clonal expansion of the Mds1/Evi1 populations, and all animals are hematologically normal without evidence for leukemia. Characterization of integration sites in this relevant preclinical model provides critical information for gene therapy risk assessment as well as identification of genes controlling hematopoiesis.}, @@ -50597,7 +50586,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E67201A2-2FA3-4A82-B5D9-F28E4425C54B}, Volume = {61}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cameron_Neuroscience1994}} + File = {papers/Cameron_Neuroscience1994}} @article{Cameron:1998a, Abstract = {Adrenal steroids and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation have both been shown to regulate the rate of proliferation of granule neuron progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of adult rats [Cameron H. A. and Gould E. (1994) Neuroscience 61, 203-209; Cameron H. A. et al. (1995) J. Neurosci. 15, 46874692]. Parallels between the actions of these two factors suggest that they may regulate cell division through a common pathway. This hypothesis was tested by altering both of the factors simultaneously and determining whether the effects were additive. The results of this study demonstrate that alterations in N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor activation block the effects of corticosterone level on cell proliferation; N-methyl-D-aspartate blocks the adrenalectomy- induced increase in [3H]thymidine-labelled cell density in the dentate gyrus, whereas the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) prevents the corticosterone-induced decrease in proliferating cells. This finding suggests that adrenal steroids and N- methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation regulate granule cell production in the adult rat dentate gyrus through a common pathway and that N- methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation operates downstream of corticosterone in this pathway.}, @@ -50732,7 +50721,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8C13F59D-C13A-42E1-A833-0BD37DC04DB4}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Campbell_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Campbell_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.014}} @article{Campbell:2006, @@ -50811,7 +50800,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {069C2760-2679-43F1-9D75-0FA39D79D01D}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cancedda_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cancedda_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5169-06.2007}} @article{Canepari:2000, @@ -50833,7 +50822,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0C21BC94-9A0E-4C4A-BCD6-F321062EF5B9}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Canepari_CellCalcium2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Canepari_CellCalcium2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/ceca.1999.0086}} @article{Cang:2005, @@ -50855,7 +50844,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {20E8EE91-0A98-44F3-93AB-3693A003874F}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cang_Neuron2005a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cang_Neuron2005a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.015}} @article{Cang:2005a, @@ -50877,7 +50866,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FDC52C06-57DD-4770-B06B-DA02F1DD89F5}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cang_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cang_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.026}} @article{Cang:2008, @@ -50899,7 +50888,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {99B7B73B-118F-485E-A0EB-4F16ADF49DC6}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cang_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cang_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.025}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {Users/ackman/James/Endnote%20libraries/OMEGA%20Data/cang_neuron2008.pdf}} @@ -50922,7 +50911,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {49EDF80E-68CB-4EB5-B2EE-219AF6D10C70}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Canki_AIDSResHumRetroviruses2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Canki_AIDSResHumRetroviruses2000.pdf}} @article{Cao:2003, Abstract = {As seizures in infants and children often originate from the neocortex, neocortical epilepsy models may be appropriate for studying epileptiform activity and seizure-induced injury in the developing nervous system. However, the characterization of epileptiform activity or seizure-induced injury in cultured developing cortical neurons has seldom been reported. Therefore, We attempted to establish a cultured developing cortical neuronal epilepsy model, and to study the subsequent effect on neurons. Cultures were exposed to Mg(2+)-free media for 3 h, and then returned to regular media. Using whole-cell patch-clamp intracellular recording techniques, we found that spontaneously recurrent epileptiform discharges for at least 72 h could be induced after transient Mg(2+)-free treatment. Neuron morphology following Mg(2+)-free treatment demonstrated no prominent alterations. At different time points (6, 24 and 72 h) after Mg(2+)-free treatment, neuronal viability, identified by trypan blue staining and LDH activity, and apoptosis, measured by flow cytometry, showed modest but non-significant (P>0.05) changes compared with the age-matched control group after various culture periods (6 and 17 days) in vitro. Mitochondrial metabolic activity, measured by MTT assay, significantly decreased by 15\%at 6 h after Mg(2+)-free treatment (P<0.05) in neurons cultured for 6 days, and at 24 h showed a 29\%decrease in neurons cultured for 17 days (P<0.05). In conclusion, brief Mg(2+)-free treatment constitutes a cultured developing cortical neuron 'seizure' model, and can induce transient mitochondrial dysfunction without cell loss.}, @@ -50977,7 +50966,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1E680164-BC67-44B2-99B8-49383C94419B}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Capela_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Capela_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Cara:1997, Abstract = {During infection with different retroviruses, high levels of unintegrated extrachromosomal DNA accumulate in infected cells. While extrachromosomal linear DNA is the immediate precursor of the integrated provirus, the function, if any, of extrachromosomal circular DNA has been unclear. Several groups have attempted to address the possible function, activity, and importance of this unintegrated DNA during the life cycle of retroviruses and the course of retroviral-associated diseases. This review summarizes recent work in this field and tries to analyze some aspects of extrachromosomal forms of retroviral DNA and their possible application as a molecular biological tool.}, @@ -51018,7 +51007,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {66AD9FD0-5414-4591-8028-BD02718578CE}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carbonell_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carbonell_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5171-04.2005}} @article{Cardona:2006, @@ -51040,7 +51029,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {46AFD8D0-8775-4F51-B487-D873A909F8EE}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cardona_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cardona_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1715}} @article{Caric:1997, @@ -51090,7 +51079,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {258B37FE-8387-4DD0-AF08-FD776A092463}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carlen_CurrBiol2002}} + File = {papers/Carlen_CurrBiol2002}} @article{Carleton:2002, Abstract = {Olfaction was long considered to belong more to the realm of art than to that of science. As a result, how the brain perceives, discriminates, and recognizes odorant molecules is still a mystery. Recent progress has nonetheless been made at early stages of the olfactory pathway when olfactory studies entered into the molecular era to elucidate the first contact of an odor molecule with a receptor. Our group focuses on the analysis of odor information in the olfactory bulb, the first processing relay in the mammalian brain. Using this model, we are attempting to decipher the code for odorant information. Furthermore, the olfactory bulb also provides an attractive model to investigate neuronal proliferation, differentiation, migration, and neuronal death, processes involving an interplay between genetic and epigenetic influences. Finally, our goal is to explore the possible consequences of the olfactory bulb plasticity, in olfactory performance. For these purposes, we aim to combine morphological, electrophysiological and behavioral approaches to investigate: (1) how the olfactory bulb processes odor molecule information, (2) how neural precursors differentiate into olfactory bulb interneurons, (3) how these newly-generated neurons integrate into an operational neural network, (4) what role they play in the adult olfactory bulb, and (5) how are basic olfactory functions maintained in such a sensory system subjected to continuous renewal of a large percentage of its neuronal population. These questions should provide new fuel for the molecular and cellular bases of sensory perception and shed light onto cellular bases of learning and memory.}, @@ -51106,7 +51095,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F0986BA5-FF8E-4E45-8F60-22033BB48238}, Volume = {96}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carleton_JPhysiolParis2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Carleton_JPhysiolParis2002.pdf}} @article{Carleton:2003, Abstract = {New neurons are continually recruited throughout adulthood in certain regions of the adult mammalian brain. How these cells mature and integrate into preexisting functional circuits remains unknown. Here we describe the physiological properties of newborn olfactory bulb interneurons at five different stages of their maturation in adult mice. Patch-clamp recordings were obtained from tangentially and radially migrating young neurons and from neurons in three subsequent maturation stages. Tangentially migrating neurons expressed extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors and then AMPA receptors, before NMDA receptors appeared in radially migrating neurons. Spontaneous synaptic activity emerged soon after migration was complete, and spiking activity was the last characteristic to be acquired. This delayed excitability is unique to cells born in the adult and may protect circuits from uncontrolled neurotransmitter release and neural network disruption. Our results show that newly born cells recruited into the olfactory bulb become neurons, and a unique sequence of events leads to their functional integration. 1097-6256 Journal Article}, @@ -51128,7 +51117,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3C8CAB4B-CDEF-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carleton_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carleton_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1048}} @article{Carmeliet:2005, @@ -51150,7 +51139,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {94D2D284-F69B-43E0-B269-EE327AF32ED3}, Volume = {438}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carmeliet_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carmeliet_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04478}} @article{Carmichael:2002, @@ -51194,7 +51183,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CD196995-D831-420D-A249-2065EDC07B70}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carmona_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carmona_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhi083}} @article{Carneiro:2006, @@ -51293,7 +51282,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {15AA6C3C-CCF7-443F-88B2-8D1FF0DC4A23}, Volume = {134}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carroll_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carroll_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.030}} @article{Carson:2006, @@ -51355,7 +51344,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AF284BE5-7F4D-400C-B50A-DFEFDBCCB75A}, Volume = {17 Suppl 1}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carter_CerebCortex2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carter_CerebCortex2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm103}} @article{Carter:2002, @@ -51377,7 +51366,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A8542972-A04C-429B-9930-EA137BDC3BE8}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carter_NatNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carter_NatNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn970}} @article{Carter:2004, @@ -51399,7 +51388,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {06E91BE0-F5A4-4F7F-ACF4-E8A1C41F4A92}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Carter_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Carter_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.013}} @article{Castejon:2005, @@ -51462,7 +51451,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E236F22F-D38E-4895-887A-89A27A49E4AC}, Volume = {114}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Castro_Neuroscience2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Castro_Neuroscience2002.pdf}} @article{Catapano:2004, Abstract = {Cellular repair of neuronal circuitry affected by neurodegenerative disease or injury may be approached in the adult neocortex via transplantation of neural precursors ("neural stem cells") or via molecular manipulation and recruitment of new neurons from endogenous precursors in situ. A major challenge for potential future approaches to neuronal replacement will be to specifically direct and control progressive differentiation, axonal projection and connectivity of neural precursors along a specific neuronal lineage. This goal will require a progressively more detailed understanding of the molecular controls over morphologic differentiation of specific neuronal lineages, including neurite outgrowth and elongation, in order to accurately permit and direct proper neuronal integration and connectivity. Here, we investigate controls over the morphologic differentiation of a specific prototypical lineage of cortical neurons: callosal projection neurons (CPN). We highly enriched CPN to an essentially pure population, and cultured them at three distinct stages of development from embryonic and postnatal mouse cortex by retrograde fluorescence labelling, followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We find that specific peptide growth factors exert direct stage-specific positive and negative effects over the morphologic differentiation and process outgrowth of CPN. These effects are distinct from the effects of these growth factors on CPN survival [Catapano et al. (2001)J. Neurosci., 21, 8863-8872]. These data may be critical for the future goal of directing lineage-specific neuronal differentiation of transplanted or endogenous precursors/"stem cells" toward cellular repair of complex cortical circuitry.}, @@ -51499,7 +51488,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6DD121C9-AC6C-4A8C-8FED-2AFD352DFA2D}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Catapano_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Catapano_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Catapano:1999, Abstract = {In the current experiments, we address the emerging hypothesis that transplanted neural precursor cells can respond to local microenvironmental signals in the post-developmental brain and exhibit patterns of differentiation that depend critically on specific location within the brain. HiB5 precursor cells were transplanted into adult mouse cortex, corpus callosum, and multiple positions in striatum, and assessed for differentiation by morphology and immunocytochemistry. Our results indicate that the likelihood of both neuronal and glial differentiation of transplanted precursors depends on proximity to the medial striatum or subventricular zone of the adult host, supporting the concept that microenvironmental signals can critically affect the differentiation fate of neural precursors, and suggesting the potential to manipulate such signals in the adult brain.}, @@ -51693,7 +51682,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {94AA8BE7-E491-44C5-8FD1-C7E78FDE069F}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cayre_JNeurobiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cayre_JNeurobiol2001.pdf}} @article{Cayre:2006, Abstract = {Adult neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) produce neuronal progenitors that migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and generate olfactory interneurons. Here, we evaluate the migratory potential of SVZ cells outside the RMS and their capacity to generate oligodendrocytes in the adult brain. We show that SVZ cells migrate long distances when grafted into white matter tracts such as the cingulum (Ci) and corpus callosum (CC). Furthermore, 22 days postinjection, most present morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of cells committed to the oligodendrocyte lineage. Cells grafted in shiverer CC and Ci become MBP-positive oligodendrocytes, abundantly myelinating these white matter tracts. Type A progenitors are involved in this myelinating process. Altogether, this study reveals the migrating and myelinating potential of SVZ cells in a new environmental context. Therefore, SVZ cells stand as interesting candidates for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for demyelinating diseases.}, @@ -51714,7 +51703,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A699B43E-148A-4F14-BE99-7DC3468E5468}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cayre_MolCellNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cayre_MolCellNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2006.01.004}} @article{Cecchi:2001, @@ -51752,7 +51741,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F2A9DB1A-26FB-44D1-9458-A79A05E830BD}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cepko_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cepko_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} @article{Cepko:2001, Author = {Cepko, C. L.}, @@ -51772,7 +51761,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {44DF9009-2AD8-44B0-A718-71048E6706BA}, Volume = {4 Suppl}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cepko_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cepko_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1101-1159}} @article{Cernak:2002, @@ -51901,7 +51890,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {105BFB51-D724-4C76-A051-CB959A9BACF2}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chandrasekaran_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chandrasekaran_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1470-05.2005}} @article{Chandrasekaran:2007, @@ -51923,7 +51912,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {61BC485C-E54A-4A8B-A820-B9798DC318B8}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chandrasekaran_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chandrasekaran_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4383-06.2007}} @article{Chang:2000, @@ -51966,7 +51955,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E040697E-CEC9-4B02-AE9E-81BE0BC1FDD6}, Volume = {76}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chang_JNeurochem2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chang_JNeurochem2001.pdf}} @article{Chang:2000a, Abstract = {Injection of biocytin provides an effective method for labeling axonal projections. Several difficulties arise when this technique is employed in fetal or early postnatal animals in vivo, including limited access to injection sites and extended post-injection survival periods. To circumvent these problems, we adapted the technique of extracellular biocytin injection for use in explanted brain hemispheres of developing mice. Briefly, entire brain hemispheres from perinatal mice (E16-P9) were removed and placed in oxygenated aCSF in a brain slice recording chamber. Following visually guided injection of biocytin (2\%) into the prelimbic cortex, the brains were then incubated in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) for varying periods of time and then immersion-fixed in 4\%paraformaldehyde and 0.5\%glutaraldehyde. The next day, the brains were sectioned and processed for biocytin histochemistry using the avidin-biotin-complex method. We examined the method of injection, electrode type, time of injection, and post- injection incubation period. We found that in E16-P9 animals iontophoresis of biocytin using 8- to 12-megaohm patch clamp electrodes for a duration of 10 min provides optimal axonal labeling. Post- injection incubation times of four or more hours are sufficient for labeling fine caliber collaterals as well as axon bundles that reach distances over 3 mm. In vitro injection of biocytin into explanted brain hemispheres provides a quick and easy method for tract tracing in developing brains.}, @@ -52003,7 +51992,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0E2B7A0C-09AC-498D-ABF3-CF4A2E10D507}, Volume = {453}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chang_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chang_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06965}} @article{Chang:2005, @@ -52046,7 +52035,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6853FBC3-7D8A-46E7-9960-4036757111F7}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chang_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chang_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.12.027}} @article{Chao:2007, @@ -52068,7 +52057,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CE053998-14BC-4E10-A1FB-D81D0E212059}, Volume = {56}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chao_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chao_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.018}} @article{Chapman:1989, @@ -52171,7 +52160,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {16A706C8-471D-4B25-8044-D423714A45ED}, Volume = {54}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chattopadhyaya_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chattopadhyaya_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.015}} @article{Chavez:2002, @@ -52188,7 +52177,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D94490D2-8822-4D78-9657-C40647686904}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chavez_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chavez_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Chazal:2000, Abstract = {In vertebrates, interneurons of the olfactory bulb (OB) are generated postnatally and throughout life at the subventricular zone of the forebrain. The neuronal precursors migrate tangentially through the forebrain using a well defined pathway, the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and a particular mode of migration in a chain-like organization. A severe size reduction of the OB represents the most striking morphological phenotype in neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)- deficient mice. This defect has been traced back to a migration deficit of the precursors in the RMS and linked to the lack of the polysialylated form of NCAM. In this study we investigate the morphological alterations and functional properties of the RMS in mice totally devoid of all isoforms of NCAM and polysialic acid (PSA). We show that a morphologically altered, but defined and continuous pathway exists in mutants, and we present in vivo and in vitro evidence that PSA-NCAM in the RMS is not essential for the formation and migration of chains. Instead, we find a massive gliosis associated with the formation of membrane specializations in a heterotypic manner, linking precursors to astrocytes. This finding and the over-representation and defasciculation of axons in the pathway suggest that important interactions between migrating cells and their stationary environment are perturbed in the mutants. Finally, we used transplantation experiments to demonstrate that lack of PSA-NCAM leads to a decrease but not a total blockade of migration and demonstrate that the mutant RMS is functional in transporting normal neuronal precursors to the OB.}, @@ -52204,7 +52193,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {32A22AA6-9886-45E0-A8D8-82C41C0B6E64}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chazal_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chazal_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Chen:2006a, Abstract = {Alternative splicing of Dscam generates an enormous molecular diversity with maximally 38,016 different receptors. Whether this large diversity is required in vivo is currently unclear. We examined the role of Dscam in neuron-target recognition of single mechanosensory neurons, which connect with different target cells through multiple axonal branches. Analysis of Dscam null neurons demonstrated an essential role of Dscam for growth and directed extension of axon branches. Expression of randomly chosen single isoforms could not rescue connectivity but did restore basic axonal extension and rudimentary branching. Moreover, two Dscam alleles were generated that each reduced the maximally possible Dscam diversity to 22,176 isoforms. Reduction of Dscam diversity resulted in specific connectivity defects of mechanosensory neurons. Furthermore, the observed allele-specific phenotypes suggest functional differences among isoforms. Our findings provide evidence that a very large number of structurally unique receptor isoforms is required to ensure fidelity and precision of neuronal connectivity.}, @@ -52225,7 +52214,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {59E3D3A6-39B7-4CF7-B08E-CCE7CC93BD2B}, Volume = {125}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Cell2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_Cell2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.034}} @article{Chen:2000, @@ -52248,7 +52237,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B46F43C4-D4ED-4291-89DF-09E8AF188F37}, Volume = {41}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Epilepsia2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chen_Epilepsia2000.pdf}} @article{Chen:2006, Abstract = {An important issue in stem cell biology relates to mechanisms of cellular plasticity. Specifically, could any observed multipotency of, e.g., adult stem cells arise from true transdifferentiation or as a result of cell-cell fusion? We studied this issue using a culture paradigm of astrocyte monolayers and multipotent neurospheres generated from neonatal cerebellar cortex and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), cells from these cultures were found to contain an abnormal number of sex chromosomes, suggesting that cellular fusion is a common in vitro occurrence. A Cre/lox recombination method was also exploited to further confirm the evidence of fusion. Next, we assessed the potential of fusogenic microglial involvement by combining CD11b immunolabeling with FISH sex chromosome analysis. Differentiating neurospheres were also studied from the PU.1 knockout mouse that lacks cells of myeloid origin, presumed to be a source of central nervous system microglia. Very few cells immunopositive for the microglial marker CD11b were found to be aneuploid, and there was no difference in fusion frequency between PU.1+/+ and PU.1-/- neurospheres. These results, together, suggest that stem and/or progenitor cells that generate neurons and glia in culture possess the ability to generate fused polyploidal cells, but microglial participation is not a requirement for fusion to occur. In addition to caution that should be exerted during the interpretation of in vitro neural cell plasticity, the data also suggest that novel therapeutic treatments could be designed that exploit cellular fusion in rescue paradigms for degenerating neuronal populations.}, @@ -52266,7 +52255,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Fusion of neural stem cells in culture}, Uuid = {B751DF09-7CD8-4F49-B996-3AC5A6132D5E}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_ExpNeurol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_ExpNeurol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.11.016}} @article{Chen:2000a, @@ -52283,7 +52272,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8B65E5FC-0B7D-421D-A472-DDA53AF94D85}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_JNeurochem2000}} + File = {papers/Chen_JNeurochem2000}} @article{Chen:1999, Abstract = {Qualitative and quantitative changes were found in the cerebellar circuitry of old as compared to young rats. The old group had a reduced number of synapses (at least 30\%), however, there was an increase in the size of remaining synaptic components (13.5\%for spine head volume, 66\%for bouton volume, and 17\%for the area of synaptic contact zones). Furthermore, there were pronounced morphological changes in the older group appearing as: 1) prominent lipofuscin bodies in Purkinje cell somata, 2) numerous myelinated fibers in the lower part of the molecular layer, 3) tortuous Purkinje cell dendrites in a thinned molecular layer, and 4) abundant vacuolar profiles and membrane swirls in small and intermediate-sized dendrites. Our findings suggest that Purkinje cell dendrites are dying-back reducing the target field for granule cells and that remaining synaptic sites compensate by increasing synaptic contact area as well as the size of pre- and postsynaptic structures.}, @@ -52304,7 +52293,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4E0D75B6-63B9-4441-9C49-0056C2F7F20B}, Volume = {28}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_JNeurocytol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chen_JNeurocytol1999.pdf}} @article{Chen:2002, Abstract = {Following peripheral nerve transection, CX3CR1 and TGF-beta1 are increased in a time-dependent manner within the injured facial motor nucleus. To explore the relationship between TGF-beta1 and CX3CR1 in the CNS, the effects of TGF-beta1 on CX3CR1 mRNA, protein and fractalkine-dependent stimulation of signal transduction cascades in primary cultures of rat microglia were examined. TGF-beta1 increased steady state levels of CX3CR1 mRNA, 125I-fractalkine binding sites and blunted fractalkine-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The half-life of CX3CR1 mRNA was unaltered by TGF-beta1 and two potential Smad binding elements (SBEs) were identified in the rat CX3CR1 promoter. TGF-beta1 may shift fractalkine-dependent signaling away from activation of ERK1/2 towards other pathways and/or may provide a mechanism for microglia to more strongly adhere to neurons.}, @@ -52345,7 +52334,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {778E5A90-1ADA-421B-8E3C-12276A53930B}, Volume = {89}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00325.2002}} @article{Chen:2001a, @@ -52362,7 +52351,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {35E6014A-0541-441F-B978-7AFD4166BB4C}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_JNeurosci2001}} + File = {papers/Chen_JNeurosci2001}} @article{Chen:2007, Abstract = {Previous studies using dominant-mutant constructs have implicated Rac1 GTPase in neuritogenesis and neuronal migration. However, overexpression of dominant mutants generally blocks Rho-GTPase activity; thus, it may not reveal the specific or physiological functions of Rac1. To address this issue, we have applied a conditional gene-targeting strategy, using Foxg1-Cre mice to delete Rac1 in the ventricular zone (VZ) of telencephalon and Dlx5/6-Cre-IRES (internal ribosomal entry site)-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) (Dlx5/6-CIE) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of ventral telencephalon, respectively. Surprisingly, the deletion of Rac1 in VZ progenitors did not prevent axonal outgrowth of telencephalic neurons. However, the anterior commissure was absent, and the corpus callosal as well as hippocampal commissural axons failed to cross the midline in Rac1/Foxg1-Cre knock-out embryos. The thalamocortical and corticothalamic axons also showed defasciculation or projection defects. These results suggest that Rac1 controls axon guidance rather than neuritogenesis. In addition, although Rac1/Foxg1-Cre knock-out embryos showed delayed radial migration of cortical projection neurons and severe impairment of tangential migration by the ventral telencephalon-derived interneurons, deletion of Rac1 in the SVZ by Dlx5/6-CIE mice produced no discernible defects in tangential migration. These contrasting effects of Rac1 deletion on tangential migration suggest that Rac1 is dispensable for cellular motility per se during neuronal migration. Together, these results underscore the challenge of deciphering the biological functions of Rac1, and Rho-GTPases in general, during mammalian brain development. Moreover, they indicate that Rac1 has a critical role in axon guidance and in acquisition of migratory competency during differentiation of the progenitors for the ventral telencephalon-derived interneurons.}, @@ -52383,7 +52372,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B7885DB6-4930-401A-82E8-E3A267F96573}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3509-06.2007}} @article{Chen:2001, @@ -52425,7 +52414,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8711D255-748A-4F13-A902-25B2876A8B2E}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_JNeurotrauma2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_JNeurotrauma2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/089771503767869999}} @article{Chen:2005c, @@ -52468,7 +52457,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5196DFAF-E740-41F8-A7C2-2E9C4D92C43A}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406795101}} @article{Chen:2005, @@ -52487,7 +52476,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Zfp312 is required for subcortical axonal projections and dendritic morphology of deep-layer pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex}, Uuid = {9347FA49-9ED5-4438-B495-8DE8D24EE662}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509032102}} @article{Chen:2005a, @@ -52509,7 +52498,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {47027172-2F0E-4655-9C93-9F865549D39A}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508732102}} @article{Chen:2003, @@ -52531,7 +52520,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F957E10E-5CA4-4705-AF9A-3C144BFFC6C4}, Volume = {302}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1086446}} @article{Chen:2005b, @@ -52553,7 +52542,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {13A0E6EF-EE5E-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {308}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chen_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1104799}} @article{Chen:2000b, @@ -52593,7 +52582,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3F3C87F1-217B-4784-BAB4-0A543614B6A4}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chen_StemCells2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chen_StemCells2003.pdf}} @article{Cheng:2005, Abstract = {The complexity and cellular diversity of the adult brain arises from the proliferation and differentiation of a small number of stem cells. The intrinsic state of stem cells depends on their spatial and temporal history and affects their responsiveness to extrinsic signals from the microenvironment. Stem cell self-renewal and differentiation along neuronal and glial lineages are defined by the dynamic interplay between transcription, epigenetic control, and posttranscriptional regulators, including microRNAs, whose key role in stem cell biology is just emerging.}, @@ -52652,7 +52641,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0BDA0140-672B-4098-ADC5-BE62EFE32763}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chenn_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chenn_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.001}} @article{Chenn:2002, @@ -52686,7 +52675,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4A5D455E-59DB-4472-9185-E50FD648CE80}, Volume = {40}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chernoff_IntJDevBiol1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chernoff_IntJDevBiol1996.pdf}} @article{Chesler:1992, Abstract = {Although the requirement for a strict regulation of pH in the brain is frequently emphasized, recent studies indicate that neuronal activity gives rise to significant changes in intracellular and extracellular pH. Given the sensitivity of many ion channels to hydrogen ions, this modulation of local pH might influence brain function, particularly where pH shifts are sufficiently large and rapid. Studies using pH-sensitive microelectrodes have demonstrated marked cellular and regional variability of activity-dependent pH shifts, and have begun to uncover several of their underlying mechanisms. Accumulating evidence suggests that regional and subcellular pH dynamics are governed by the respective localization of glial cells, ligand-gated ion channels, and extracellular and intracellular carbonic anhydrase.}, @@ -52784,7 +52773,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5E9DC354-015B-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {95}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chevassus-Au-Louis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chevassus-Au-Louis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1998.pdf}} @article{Chevassus-au-Louis:1999c, Abstract = {During the development of the neocortex, neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation occur in two separate locations. Thus neurons have to migrate through the future white matter. Arrested or excessive migration leads neurons to differentiate in a heterotopic position. Such neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) occur sporadically in normal development but are markedly increased as a consequence of genetic defects or after exposure to toxic drugs during the period of migration. Anatomofunctional studies in rodents with NMDs have revealed that heterotopic neurons form essentially normal afferent and efferent connections, which has been interpreted as evidence that the connection pattern of cortical neurons is specified prior to migration. In addition, recent data show that heterotopic neurons can be contacted by environmental, that is local, fibres that normally never innervate the neocortex. This dual connectivity leads heterotopias to form bridges between their environmental and original network. Such an abnormal pattern of connectivity could contribute to the pathophysiology of disorders associated with NMDs such as epilepsy.}, @@ -52824,7 +52813,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8F7B0C48-015B-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {40}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chevassus-au-Louis_Epilepsia1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chevassus-au-Louis_Epilepsia1999.pdf}} @article{Chevassus-au-Louis:1999a, Abstract = {Cortical heterotopia is defined as the misplacement of a group of neurons displaced to a precise localization in the neocortex and results from perturbed migration along the glial guide, either because of glial destruction or molecular anomalies. Heterotopic neurons are rarely dispersed but are rather grouped in nodules or bands. Heterotopic masses may lie in an ependymal or subcortical localization depending on whether they result from lack of migration or an arrested migration. Heterotopias can also occur in intra-cortical or extra-cortical localizations. The cause of heterotopia remains to be elucidated. Two genes situated on chromosome X have been implicated but non-genetic forms attributable to antenatal ischemia or toxic aggression during fetal development have also been observed. The presence of heterotopia is usually associated with epilepsy and sometimes with mental retardation. Seizures may be initiated within the heterotopic region then propagate via long projections to the neocortex which may also be malformed.}, @@ -52880,7 +52869,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C00389AC-EC80-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chiasson_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chiasson_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Chih:2006, Abstract = {Formation of synapses requires specific cellular interactions that organize pre- and postsynaptic compartments. The neuroligin-neurexin complex mediates heterophilic adhesion and can trigger assembly of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses in cultured hippocampal neurons. Both neuroligins and neurexins are encoded by multiple genes. Alternative splicing generates large numbers of isoforms, which may engage in selective axo-dendritic interactions. We explored whether alternative splicing of the postsynaptic neuroligins modifies their activity toward glutamatergic and GABAergic axons. We find that small extracellular splice insertions restrict the function of neuroligin-1 and -2 to glutamatergic and GABAergic contacts and alter interaction with presynaptic neurexins. The neuroligin isoforms associated with GABAergic contacts bind to neurexin-1alpha and a subset of neurexin-1betas. In turn, these neurexin isoforms induce GABAergic but not glutamatergic postsynaptic differentiation. Our findings suggest that alternative splicing plays a central role in regulating selective extracellular interactions through the neuroligin-neurexin complex at glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses.}, @@ -52967,7 +52956,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {602A11ED-D3D4-4BA0-82A3-EDF31E266AA6}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chmielnicki_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chmielnicki_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Cho:2003, Abstract = {Transection of the medial forebrain bundle caused apoptosis of dopamine neurons in the rat substantia nigra. Immunohistochemical localization of activated microglia and tyrosine hydroxylase in the axotomized substantia nigra showed that activation of microglia was rapid and OX-6 (MHC-II marker)-positive and ED1 (lysosomal phagocytic marker)-positive microglia were apposed to structurally intact tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopamine neurons, indicating microglial phagocytosis of degenerating dopamine neurons. The occurrence of microglial phagocytosis at early stages of apoptosis may indicate the evolution of apoptosis into an irreversible state. Alternatively, interventions that suppress early activation of microglia might lead to novel mechanisms for neuron protection.}, @@ -53030,7 +53019,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CD6E53EB-9EE0-4988-AEBC-A1E9A802B3E6}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Choi_JNeurosci2003}} + File = {papers/Choi_JNeurosci2003}} @article{Choi:2005, Abstract = {To better understand the pathophysiological role of Src protein, a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase of 60kDa, in the ischemic brain, we investigated the time course and regional distribution of active Src expression by using a specific antibody against Tyr416 phosphorylated Src (phospho-Src) in the rat hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. In the hippocampus of the control animals, active Src expression was too low to be detected by immunolabeling. Beginning 4h after reperfusion, active Src expression became evident and, after 1 day, had increased preferentially in the CA field of the hippocampus proper and the dentate gyrus. By day 3, active Src expression markedly increased in the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 and the dentate hilar region in temporal correlation with neuronal cell death occurring in these areas, where cells typical of phagocytic microglia showed phospho-Src immunoreactivity. Double-labeling experiments revealed that cells expressing active Src were microglia that stained for biotinylated lectin derived from Griffonia simplicifolia (GSI-B4). Active Src expression began to decline at day 7 and returned to the basal level by day 14 after reperfusion. These results demonstrate increased phosphorylation of Src in activated microglia of the post-ischemic hippocampus, indicating that Src signaling may be involved in the microglial reaction to an ischemic insult.}, @@ -53070,7 +53059,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DEAE86BA-5E13-4662-8E41-499E5BFCA5AE}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chow_NeuralComput2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Chow_NeuralComput2000.pdf}} @article{Chrobak:1998, Abstract = {How do ensembles of neurons distributed across the hippocampal and entorhinal cortices effectively interact? In the awake-behaving rat, specific subpopulations of hippocampal and entorhinal neurons become entrained into two prominent fast-frequency rhythms (gamma [40-100 Hz], and 200 Hz). These fast rhythms are coupled to slower synchronizing potentials (theta and sharp wave, respectively), are correlated to macroscopic behavioral states, and to some extent are anatomically distinct. These population dynamics allow distributed populations of neurons across the hippocampal and entorhinal cortices to discharge together in time on the order of tens of milliseconds, and thus allow interconnected domains of a distributed neural network to become transiently entraining into synchronized, fast-frequency, population ensembles. We believe that these transient population dynamics allow interconnected domains to "effectively communicate"and modify their synaptic connectivity. 0149-7634 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -53108,7 +53097,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {61DBB00B-304D-42C7-9712-9B9038F8D11D}, Volume = {129}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Chuang_Cell2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Chuang_Cell2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.052}} @article{Chudotvorova:2005, @@ -53171,7 +53160,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {15E6B9EF-0927-4FAE-AD91-444456C0CD6C}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Churchill_BMCNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Churchill_BMCNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-5-43}} @article{Ciaroni:1999, @@ -53204,7 +53193,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DA923AC9-6C2B-4C62-BB2B-7A10E8B1A3B1}, Volume = {123}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ciaroni_MechAgeingDev2002}} + File = {papers/Ciaroni_MechAgeingDev2002}} @article{Cina:2007, Abstract = {During embryonic development, young neurons migrate from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate of the cerebral cortex. Disturbances in this neuronal migration have been associated with numerous diseases such as mental retardation, double cortex, Down syndrome, and epilepsy. One possible cause of these neuropathologies is an aberration in normal gap junctional communication. At least 20 connexin (Cx) genes encode gap junction proteins in mice and humans. A proper understanding of the role of specific connexins in the developing brain requires the characterization of their spatial and temporal pattern of expression. In the current study we performed all the experiments on mouse developing cortex at embryonic days (E) 14, 16, and 18, timepoints that are highly active with regard to cortical development. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry, we found that among the family of gap junction proteins, Cx26, Cx36, Cx37, Cx43, and Cx45 were expressed in the developing cortex of mice, Cx30 and Cx32 were absent, while Cx40 was expressed at a very low level. Our results demonstrate that Cx26 and Cx37 were evenly distributed in the cortical layers of developing brain, while Cx36 and Cx43 were more abundant in the ventricular zone and cortical plate. Cx45 distribution appeared to be more abundant at E18 compared to the other timepoints (E14 and E16). Thus, the present study provides identification and the distribution pattern for Cxs associated with cortical development during normal neuronal migration.}, @@ -53387,7 +53376,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6E3FF1F2-09D0-45C9-9AE4-2612A1526690}, Volume = {453}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Clauset_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Clauset_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06830}} @article{Clay:1999, @@ -53428,7 +53417,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {890F4BC0-8C79-47AD-BCC2-76565AB7090D}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cobos_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cobos_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1499}} @article{Cogle:2004, @@ -53445,7 +53434,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {794DD876-D3AF-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {363}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cogle_Lancet2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cogle_Lancet2004.pdf}} @article{Cogswell:1998, Abstract = {A recently discovered, spontaneous, autosomal recessive mutation in rats, flathead (fh), results in greatly reduced brain growth beginning in late fetal development. In this study we have mapped the fh mutation by determining the pattern of segregation of polymorphic microsatellite markers with respect to fh in 51 affected F2 offspring from a single interstrain intercross. Two markers on chromosome 12, D12Rat80 and D12Mgh6, cosegregated with the fh mutation in all 51 affected animals. The distribution of six additional markers in 40 informative meioses further localizes fh approximately 2 cM teleomeric to nos1. There are no known mutations in homologous regions of either mouse or human genomes that result in deficits in late neurodevelopment similar to that observed in fh/fh animals. The unique phenotype of fh/fh animals and the location of fh suggests the presence of a novel gene essential to normal brain development on the distal end of rat chromosome 12.}, @@ -53467,7 +53456,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B85E5D54-69B0-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {251}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cogswell_NeurosciLett1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cogswell_NeurosciLett1998.pdf}} @article{Coil:2004, Abstract = {The envelope protein from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has become an important tool for gene transfer and gene therapy. It is widely used mainly because of its ability to mediate virus entry into all cell types tested to date. Consistent with the broad tropism of the virus, the receptor for VSV is thought to be a ubiquitous membrane lipid, phosphatidylserine (PS). However, the evidence for this hypothesis is indirect and incomplete. Here, we have examined the potential interaction of VSV and PS at the plasma membrane in more detail. Measurements of cell surface levels of PS show a wide range across cell types from different organisms. We demonstrate that there is no correlation between the cell surface PS levels and VSV infection or binding. We also demonstrate that an excess of annexin V, which binds specifically and tightly to PS, does not inhibit infection or binding by VSV. While the addition of PS to cells does allow increased virus entry, we show that this effect is not specific to the VSV envelope. We conclude that PS is not the cell surface receptor for VSV, although it may be involved in a postbinding step of virus entry.}, @@ -53551,7 +53540,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B2F06771-7461-4660-B6D5-E47DED8AF90A}, Volume = {32}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Colacitti_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Colacitti_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} @article{Colavincenzo:2000, Abstract = {We have examined the clearance of myelin debris from the visual pathways of the goldfish during Wallerian degeneration. Both the rate and pattern of myelin disappearance from the optic nerve and tract were determined using immunohistochemistry on frozen sections, as well as plastic sections and electron microscopy. Animals with and without regenerating optic axons were examined in order to determine whether the axons play a role in myelin clearance. We found that myelin is cleared at different rates along the visual paths. Thus, virtually all myelin debris is gone in the optic tract and distal optic nerve stump by 4 weeks after surgery, while in the cranial nerve segment, myelin clearance is still incomplete at 6 weeks postoperative. These temporal and spatial patterns of myelin clearance are the same in animals with and without regenerating axons, thus indicating that growing axons do not influence this process. Finally, ultrastructural observations revealed that both astrocytes and microglia participate in phagocytosing myelin debris in the optic nerve, while in the tract, the vast majority of debris is removed by microglia alone. These data are discussed with regard to possible mechanisms controlling the differential expression of myelin clearance.}, @@ -53610,7 +53599,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9FAC1314-FF4E-4C6E-AAE2-BCBC3267F136}, Volume = {428}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Collard_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Collard_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/428705a}} @article{Colom:2006, @@ -53669,7 +53658,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {18F33651-D0F0-40F7-8416-D4522CB63A37}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Colombo_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Colombo_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0417-07.2007}} @article{Colonnese:2006, @@ -53772,7 +53761,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B61F6E14-0EA6-48A5-9142-94BEACFFD3F2}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Colonnese_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Colonnese_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2017}} @article{Combs:1999, @@ -53794,7 +53783,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6158C12B-0F22-4645-A708-B24421D117C1}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Combs_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Combs_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Combs:2001, Abstract = {Reactive microglia associated with the beta-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains initiate a sequence of inflammatory events integral to the disease process. We have observed that fibrillar beta-amyloid peptides activate a tyrosine kinase-based signaling response in primary mouse microglia and the human monocytic cell line, THP-1, resulting in production of neurotoxic secretory products, proinflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. We report that most of the amyloid-induced tyrosine kinase activity was stimulated after activation of Src family members such as Lyn. However, transduction of the signaling response required for increased production of the cytokines TNFalpha and IL1-beta was mediated by the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Syk. Additionally, beta-amyloid stimulated an NFkappaB-dependent pathway in parallel that was required for cytokine production. Importantly, TNFalpha generated by the monocytes and microglia was responsible for the majority of the neuorotoxic activity secreted by these cells after beta-amyloid stimulation but must act in concert with other factors elaborated by microglia to elicit neuronal death. Moreover, we observed that the neuronal loss was apoptotic in nature and involved increased neuronal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and subsequent peroxynitrite production. Selective inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase effectively protected cells from toxicity associated with the microglial and monocytic secretory products. This study demonstrates a functional linkage between beta-amyloid-dependent activation of microglia and several characteristic markers of neuronal death occurring in Alzheimer's disease brains.}, @@ -53816,7 +53805,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {12F137BE-A9B3-4A7C-8517-95AFAC432C19}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Combs_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Combs_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Compte:2003, Abstract = {Slow oscillatory activity (<1 Hz) is observed in vivo in the cortex during slow-wave sleep or under anesthesia and in vitro when the bath solution is chosen to more closely mimic cerebrospinal fluid. Here we present a biophysical network model for the slow oscillations observed in vitro that reproduces the single neuron behaviors and collective network firing patterns in control as well as under pharmacological manipulations. The membrane potential of a neuron oscillates slowly (at <1 Hz) between a down state and an up state; the up state is maintained by strong recurrent excitation balanced by inhibition, and the transition to the down state is due to a slow adaptation current (Na(+)-dependent K(+) current). Consistent with in vivo data, the input resistance of a model neuron, on average, is the largest at the end of the down state and the smallest during the initial phase of the up state. An activity wave is initiated by spontaneous spike discharges in a minority of neurons, and propagates across the network at a speed of 3-8 mm/s in control and 20-50 mm/s with inhibition block. Our work suggests that long-range excitatory patchy connections contribute significantly to this wave propagation. Finally, we show with this model that various known physiological effects of neuromodulation can switch the network to tonic firing, thus simulating a transition to the waking state.}, @@ -53837,7 +53826,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6E72A135-84ED-4D23-91C8-2B24580512E2}, Volume = {89}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Compte_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Compte_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00845.2002}} @article{Condeelis:2006, @@ -53914,7 +53903,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BF9D7BE9-ABB8-48A0-9647-1D7ECB6BCF79}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Connors_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Connors_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131128}} @article{Connors:1996, @@ -53955,7 +53944,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E941EEF8-9C71-4E87-838F-000A68214528}, Volume = {3}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Connors_JNeurosci1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Connors_JNeurosci1983.pdf}} @article{Connors:1984, Abstract = {Among neocortical astrocytes and neurons, intracellular injection of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH into single cells will often label multiple adjacent cells. It is possible that this intercellular dye movement occurs through gap junctions, which in several systems are sensitive to cytoplasmic acidification. In the present study we tested the effect of increased CO2 levels, a treatment expected to decrease intracellular pH (pHi), on the prevalence of glial and neuronal dye coupling in neocortical slices. When CO2 levels were raised to 40\%or 50\%, dye coupling among astrocytes was completely abolished. Under the same conditions, the prevalence of dye coupling among neocortical neurons of adult guinea pigs was significantly reduced to 18.7\%, compared to the control level of 32.3\%. Dye coupling among immature rat neocortical neurons, which normally occurs at relatively high rates, was not measurably affected by CO2 levels up to 50\%. The results suggest that coupling between cortical glia is very sensitive to cytoplasmic acidification. The relative insensitivity of neuronal coupling to CO2 may indicate either that the conductance of neuronal gap junctions is only weakly affected by pHi or that neuron-to-neuron dye passage occurs via other types of intercytoplasmic pathways.}, @@ -54075,7 +54064,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0688DF66-CDF1-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {134}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cooper-Kuhn_BrainResDevBrainRes2002}} + File = {papers/Cooper-Kuhn_BrainResDevBrainRes2002}} @article{Corbin:2001, Abstract = {During development of the mammalian telencephalon, cells migrate via diverse pathways to reach their final destinations. In the developing neocortex, projection neurons are generated from cells that migrate radially from the underlying ventricular zone. In contrast, subsets of cells that populate the ventral piriform cortex and olfactory bulb reach these sites by migrating long distances. Additionally, it has been recently established that cells migrate tangentially from the ventral ganglionic eminences to the developing cortex. These tangentially migrating cells are a significant source of cortical interneurons and possibly other cell types such as oligodendrocytes. Here we summarize the known routes of migration in the developing telencephalon, with a particular focus on tangential migration. We also review recent genetic and transplantation studies that have given greater insight into the understanding of these processes and the molecular cues that may guide these migrating cells.}, @@ -54096,7 +54085,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8E9AB044-3C79-49ED-8F62-DD73C98375B9}, Volume = {4 Suppl}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Corbin_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Corbin_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn749}} @article{Corbo:2002, @@ -54113,7 +54102,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C2063D4B-DF58-4196-BAEE-2EB2A32353B1}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Corbo_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Corbo_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Cordery:1999, Abstract = {We are interested in similarities and conserved mechanisms in early development of the reptilian and mammalian thalamocortical connections. We set out to analyse connectivity in embryonic turtle brains (Pseudemys scripta elegans, between stages 17 and 25), by using carbocyanine dye tracing. From the earliest stages studied, labelling from dorsal and ventral thalamus revealed backlabelled cells among developing thalamic fibres within the lateral forebrain bundle and striatum, which had similar morphology to backlabelled internal capsule cells in embryonic rat (Molnar and Cordery, 1999). However, thalamic crystal placements did not label cells in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) at any stage examined. Crystal placements into both dorsal and lateral cortex labelled cells in the DVR and, reciprocally, DVR crystal placements labelled cells in the dorsal and lateral cortices. Retrograde labelling revealed that thalamic fibres arrive in the DVR and dorsal cortex by stage 19. The DVR received projections from the nucleus rotundus and the dorsal cortex exclusively from the perirotundal complex (including lateral geniculate nucleus). Thalamic fibres show this remarkable degree of specificity from the earliest stage we could examine with selective retrograde labelling (stage 19). Our study demonstrates that axons of similar cells are among the first to reach dorsal and ventral thalamus in mammals and reptiles. Our connectional analysis in turtle suggests that some cells of the mammalian primitive internal capsule are homologous to a cell group within the reptilian lateral forebrain bundle and striatum and that diverse vertebrate brains might use a highly conserved pattern of early thalamocortical development. 0021-9967 Journal Article}, @@ -54151,7 +54140,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9BEDDF05-C5DE-4D06-82F3-6A1767021255}, Volume = {560}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Corlew_JPhysiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Corlew_JPhysiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.071621}} @article{Coronas:2002, @@ -54205,7 +54194,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A50ED16D-C2C2-43D8-9D95-638346F4DE4A}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Corral_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Corral_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Corti:2002, Abstract = {The aim of the present study is to determine whether the expansion and mobilization of circulating bone marrow (BM) stem cells by in vivo treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF) increase the amount of BM-derived neuronal cells in mouse brain. The presence of BM-derived cells in the brain was traced by transplanting into lethally irradiated adults and newborns adult BM from transgenic mice that ubiquitously expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP+ and Y-chromosome+ donor-derived cells were present in several brain areas of all treated mice (cortical and subcortical areas, cerebellum, olfactory bulb). The presence of GFP+ cells expressing nuclear neural specific antigen (NeuN), neurofilament, and beta-III tubulin in cortical forebrain and olfactory bulb (OB) was higher in G-CSF-SCF treated groups (P <0.05, analysis of variance, Fisher post hoc). We observed that overall the amount of double positive cells was higher in animals treated at birth than in adults and in OB than in forebrain areas (P <0.05). Temporal cortical areas of cytokine-treated adult animals revealed a mean threefold increase in the number of GFP+ cells expressing the nuclear neural specific antigen (211 +/- 86 GFP+NeuN+/mm(3) in G-CSF + SCF treated mice and 66 +/- 33 GFP+NeuN+/mm(3) in control animals). GFP+ cells coexpressing neuronal markers contain only one nucleus and have a DNA index (a measure of DNA ploidy) identical to that of surrounding neurons, thus excluding donor cell fusion with endogenous cells as a relevant phenomenon under these experimental conditions. Our results indicate that G-CSF and SCF administration modulates the availability of GFP+ cells in the brain and enhances their capacity to acquire neuronal characteristics. Cytokine stimulation of autologous stem cells might be seen as a new strategy for neuronal repair in neurodegenerative diseases.}, @@ -54247,7 +54236,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2D57F590-D3B1-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {70}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Corti_JNeurosciRes2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Corti_JNeurosciRes2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.10455}} @article{Corvetti:2005, @@ -54301,7 +54290,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {57686C2E-DF32-45CB-A205-F5B6754A631A}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Coskun_JNeurosci2001}} + File = {papers/Coskun_JNeurosci2001}} @article{Coskun:2002, Abstract = {An overriding principle of development is that neurons become permanently postmitotic once they initiate differentiation. Work in our laboratory, however, has provided evidence for a population of progenitor cells in mammalian forebrain that express properties of differentiated neurons, even though they continue to divide. These neuronal progenitor cells are situated in the rostral migratory stream (RMS), which extends from a specialized portion of the subventricular zone surrounding the anterior tip of the lateral ventricle, referred to as the SVZa, to the middle of the olfactory bulb. As SVZa-derived cells migrate to the olfactory bulb, they undergo cell division, and they never deviate from the RMS. Once they reach their final destinations, they become terminally postmitotic interneurons. This Mini-Review concerns findings from our recent experiments designed to reveal the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms governing the proliferation and differentiation of the unique SVZa neuronal progenitor cells. We have investigated the role(s) of cell cycle regulatory proteins, in particular, the cell cycle inhibitor p19(INK4d), in the control of SVZa cell proliferation. Several studies have indicated that cells withdraw from the cell cycle once they express p19(INK4d). To begin to investigate whether p19(INK4d)(+) SVZa-derived cells are postmitotic, we analyzed the pattern of p19(INK4d) expression by the cells of the RMS. A pronounced gradient of p19(INK4d) expression was demonstrated; progressively more cells are p19(INK4d) immunoreactive as the olfactory bulb is approached. In addition, the capacity of p19(INK4d)(+) cells to incorporate bromodeoxyuridine was investigated. From the results of these studies, we conclude that SVZa cells in the RMS can successively down-regulate their expression of p19(INK4d) as they migrate and that they repeatedly exit and reenter the cell cycle while en route to the olfactory bulb. These studies led us to investigate whether bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are involved in the regulation of SVZa cell proliferation and p19(INK4d) expression, because, elsewhere in the CNS, BMPs modulate cell proliferation and influence cell fate decisions. To determine the effects of BMP signaling on SVZa cell proliferation and differentiation, we altered the expression of the BMP receptor Ia (BMPR-Ia) using retrovirally mediated gene transfer. The cells in the SVZa encoding the wild-type BMPR-Ia exit the cell cycle and do not appear to migrate through the RMS. Conversely, both within the SVZa and along the RMS, the majority of SVZa-derived cells encoding a dominant-negative BMPR-Ia gene do not express p19(INK4d). These findings indicate that p19(INK4d) expression is suppressed when BMP signaling is inhibited. Furthermore, SVZa-derived cells with both augmented and inhibited BMP signaling retain their neuronal commitment. Collectively, these studies have revealed that SVZa cell proliferation and differentiation is under the control of several interacting intrinsic and extrinsic factors.}, @@ -54343,7 +54332,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AAD63EAA-0144-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {37}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cossart_CellCalcium2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cossart_CellCalcium2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2005.01.013}} @article{Cossart:2006, @@ -54384,7 +54373,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3FFE9306-DC5B-43FC-BCF9-9557B07A28E4}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cossart_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cossart_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/82900}} @article{Cossart:2003, @@ -54407,7 +54396,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {38D2900D-8F6D-492C-823D-EEA24F5F3BD5}, Volume = {423}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cossart_Nature2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cossart_Nature2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01614}} @article{Cossart:2001a, @@ -54471,7 +54460,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EF0BDA8C-22B4-46FD-A141-F12DEEC15DC0}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cossart_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cossart_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.11.011}} @article{Cotrina:1998, @@ -54636,7 +54625,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6B9B5E48-2D76-4E7D-B9D1-089855113E38}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cowan_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cowan_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Cowan:2005, Abstract = {We have explored the use of embryonic stem cells as an alternative to oocytes for reprogramming human somatic nuclei. Human embryonic stem (hES) cells were fused with human fibroblasts, resulting in hybrid cells that maintain a stable tetraploid DNA content and have morphology, growth rate, and antigen expression patterns characteristic of hES cells. Differentiation of hybrid cells in vitro and in vivo yielded cell types from each embryonic germ layer. Analysis of genome-wide transcriptional activity, reporter gene activation, allele-specific gene expression, and DNA methylation showed that the somatic genome was reprogrammed to an embryonic state. These results establish that hES cells can reprogram the transcriptional state of somatic nuclei and provide a system for investigating the underlying mechanisms.}, @@ -54657,7 +54646,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FF6AA2E1-D3AD-41BE-94CA-9C48153A5D54}, Volume = {309}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cowan_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cowan_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1116447}} @article{Craig:1996, @@ -54711,7 +54700,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {08791AE4-66B5-400B-A375-A0D7DBE64F45}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crair_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crair_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} @article{Crair:2001, Abstract = {Previous anatomic studies of the geniculocortical projection showed that ocular dominance columns emerge by 3 weeks of age in cat visual cortex, but recent optical imaging experiments have revealed a pattern of physiologic eye dominance by the end of the second week of life. We used two methods to search for an anatomic correlate of this early functional ocular dominance pattern. First, retrograde labeling of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) inputs to areas of cortex preferentially activated by one eye showed that the geniculocortical projection was already partially segregated by eye at postnatal day 14 (P14). Second, transneuronal label of geniculocortical afferents in flattened sections of cortex after a tracer injection into one eye showed a periodic pattern at P14 but not at P7. In the classic model for the development of ocular dominance columns, initially overlapping geniculocortical afferents segregate by means of an activity-dependent competitive process. Our data are consistent with this model but suggest that ocular dominance column formation begins between P7 and P14, approximately a week earlier than previously believed. The functional and anatomic data also reveal an early developmental bias toward contralateral eye afferents. This initial developmental bias is not consistent with a strictly Hebbian model for geniculocortical afferent segregation. The emergence of ocular dominance columns before the onset of the critical period for visual deprivation also suggests that the mechanisms for ocular dominance column formation may be partially distinct from those mediating plasticity later in life.}, @@ -54732,7 +54721,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3FA6C0D1-139A-49B2-A4E6-AAAE4240C5E3}, Volume = {430}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crair_JCompNeurol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crair_JCompNeurol2001.pdf}} @article{Crair:1997, Abstract = {In the primary visual cortex of monkey and cat, ocular dominance and orientation are represented continuously and simultaneously, so that most neighboring neurons respond optimally to visual stimulation of the same eye and orientation. Maps of stimulus orientation are punctuated by singularities referred to as "pinwheel centers," around which all orientations are represented. Given that the orientation map is mostly continuous, orientation singularities are a mathematical necessity unless the map consists of perfectly parallel rows, and there is no evidence that the singularities play a role in normal function or development. We report here that in cats there is a strong tendency for peaks of ocular dominance to lie on the pinwheel center singularities of the orientation map. This relationship predicts but is not predicted by the tendencies, previously reported, for pinwheels to lie near the center lines of ocular dominance bands and for iso-orientation bands to cross ocular dominance boundaries at right angles. The coincidence of ocular dominance peaks with orientation singularities is likely to reflect a strong underlying functional link between the two visual cortical maps.}, @@ -54752,7 +54741,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3C1CD2D6-0E92-494F-A016-4E36374E4599}, Volume = {77}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crair_JNeurophysiol1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crair_JNeurophysiol1997.pdf}} @article{Crair:1995, Abstract = {In mammalian development, the refinement of topographical projections from the thalamus to the cortex is thought to arise through an activity-dependent process in which thalamic axons compete for cortical targets. In support of this view, if activity is altered during a critical period in early development, normal connectivity is disrupted. It has been proposed that synaptic connections are strengthened during development by correlated pre- and postsynaptic activity, and a likely mechanism for this process would be N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). However, the evidence that LTP is involved in normal development remains inconclusive. We have examined LTP in the thalamocortical synapses that form whisker barrels in rat somatosensory cortex (S1). We report here that the period during which LTP can be induced matches closely the critical period during which the barrels can be modified by sensory perturbations. Moreover, the loss of susceptibility to LTP with age is accompanied by a decrease in NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents. These findings provide compelling evidence that LTP is important for the development of cortical circuitry.}, @@ -54772,7 +54761,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BC1AA26E-212E-4C4A-A391-E2A41AA8971F}, Volume = {375}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crair_Nature1995.pdf}, + File = {papers/Crair_Nature1995.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375325a0}} @article{Crair:1997a, @@ -54794,7 +54783,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F3E6746D-EE0B-4E5A-8633-32FDBBB0EA25}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crair_Neuron1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crair_Neuron1997.pdf}} @article{Crair:1998, Abstract = {The role of experience in the development of the cerebral cortex has long been controversial. Patterned visual experience in the cat begins when the eyes open about a week after birth. Cortical maps for orientation and ocular dominance in the primary visual cortex of cats were found to be present by 2 weeks. Early pattern vision appeared unimportant because these cortical maps developed identically until nearly 3 weeks of age, whether or not the eyes were open. The na{\"\i}ve maps were powerfully dominated by the contralateral eye, and experience was needed for responses to the other eye to become strong, a process unlikely to be strictly Hebbian. With continued visual deprivation, responses to both eyes deteriorated, with a time course parallel to the well-known critical period of cortical plasticity. The basic structure of cortical maps is therefore innate, but experience is essential for specific features of these maps, as well as for maintaining the responsiveness and selectivity of cortical neurons.}, @@ -54814,7 +54803,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {021F83BD-0445-4BE1-8BF8-CA7C89CA60B1}, Volume = {279}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crair_Science1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crair_Science1998.pdf}} @article{Cramer:2005, Abstract = {Many kinds of information are carried in the acoustic signal that reaches auditory receptor cells in the cochlea. The analysis of this information is possible in large part because of the neuronal architecture of the auditory system. The mechanisms that establish the precise circuitry that underlies auditory processing have not yet been identified. The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands are proteins that regulate axon guidance and have been shown to contribute to the establishment of topographic projections in several areas of the nervous system. Several studies have begun to investigate whether these proteins are involved in the formation of auditory system connections. Studies of gene expression show that Eph proteins are extensively expressed in structures of the inner ear as well as in neurons in the peripheral and central components of the auditory system. Functional studies have demonstrated that Eph signaling influences the assembly of auditory pathways. These studies suggest that Eph protein signaling has a significant role in the formation of auditory circuitry.}, @@ -54976,7 +54965,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D912D599-FFAF-47C6-A418-C533C10426F3}, Volume = {54}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crépel_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Crépel_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.007}} @article{Crepel:1998, @@ -55053,7 +55042,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {974B49A6-3332-45F2-98DD-12F39E16CFC8}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Crocker_TrendsImmunol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Crocker_TrendsImmunol2001.pdf}} @article{Croquelois:2008, Abstract = {In human, neuronal migration disorders are commonly associated with developmental delay, mental retardation, and epilepsy. We describe here a new mouse mutant that develops a heterotopic cortex (HeCo) lying in the dorsolateral hemispheric region, between the homotopic cortex (HoCo) and subcortical white matter. Cross-breeding demonstrated an autosomal recessive transmission. Birthdating studies and immunochemistry for layer-specific markers revealed that HeCo formation was due to a transit problem in the intermediate zone affecting both radially and tangentially migrating neurons. The scaffold of radial glial fibers, as well as the expression of doublecortin is not altered in the mutant. Neurons within the HeCo are generated at a late embryonic age (E18) and the superficial layers of the HoCo have a correspondingly lower cell density and layer thickness. Parvalbumin immunohistochemistry showed the presence of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic cells in the HeCo and the mutant mice have a lowered threshold for the induction of epileptic seizures. The mutant showed a developmental delay but, in contrast, memory function was relatively spared. Therefore, this unique mouse model resembles subcortical band heterotopia observed in human. This model represents a new and rare tool to better understand cortical development and to investigate future therapeutic strategies for refractory epilepsy.}, @@ -55071,7 +55060,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Characterization of the HeCo Mutant Mouse: A New Model of Subcortical Band Heterotopia Associated with Seizures and Behavioral Deficits}, Uuid = {590E78D6-E64D-4866-9EC5-8941E9D316DE}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Croquelois_CerebCortex2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Croquelois_CerebCortex2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn106}} @article{Crowe:1995, @@ -55113,7 +55102,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9A1B7549-5A2E-4349-92D8-AB5150B19398}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cruikshank_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cruikshank_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1861}} @article{Cubells:1994, @@ -55135,7 +55124,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2E5F4322-E0F2-4960-AE30-4397822F9357}, Volume = {14}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cubells_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Cubells_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} @article{Cucchiarini:2003, Abstract = {Microglia represent a crucial cell population in the central nervous system, participating in the regulation and surveillance of physiological processes as well as playing key roles in the etiologies of several major brain disorders. The ability to target gene transfer vehicles selectively to microglia would provide a powerful new approach to investigations of mechanisms regulating brain pathologies, as well as enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility of specifically and efficiently targeting microglia relative to other brain cells, using vectors based on two different serotypes of adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying cell-type-specific transcriptional elements to regulate gene expression. Among a set of promoter choices examined, an element derived from the gene for the murine macrophage marker F4/80 was the most discriminating for microglia. Gene expression from vectors controlled by this element was highly selective for microglia, both in vitro and in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of selective expression of transferred genes in microglia using AAV-derived vectors, as well as the first utilization of recombinant AAV-5 vectors in any macrophage lineage. These results provide strong encouragement for the application of these vectors and this approach for delivering therapeutic and other genes selectively to microglia.}, @@ -55178,7 +55167,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {86938987-03EE-4BC9-89F6-C9F6E536141D}, Volume = {92}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cudmore_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cudmore_JNeurophysiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01059.2003}} @article{Cui:2002, @@ -55260,7 +55249,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {38B5F7B4-962A-4786-895E-FBDC19CD9F0E}, Volume = {177}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Cumming_JCellBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Cumming_JCellBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200611141}} @article{Cunto:2002, @@ -55321,7 +55310,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CE947B36-E6A7-4BBF-A6A8-936CF6E73020}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Curtis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Curtis_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1532244100}} @article{Czeh:2001, @@ -55338,7 +55327,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5E856E0C-82FD-4BC6-BFBE-2E722CFBF907}, Volume = {98}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Czeh_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Czeh_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}} @article{DAgostino:2002, Abstract = {Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) or double cortex syndrome is a neuronal migration disorder, which occurs very rarely in males: to date, at least 110 females but only 11 in males have been reported. The syndrome is usually associated with mutations in the doublecortin (DCX) (Xq22.3-q23) gene, and much less frequently in the LIS1 (17p13.3) gene. To determine whether the phenotypic spectrum, the genetic basis and genotype-phenotype correlations of SBH in males are similar to those in females, we compared the clinical, imaging and molecular features in 30 personally evaluated males and 60 previously reported females with SBH. Based on the MRI findings, we defined the following band subtypes: partial, involving one or two cerebral lobes; intermediate, involving two lobes and a portion of a third; diffuse, with substantial involvement of three or more lobes; and pachygyria-SBH, in which posterior SBH merges with anterior pachygyria. Karyo typing and mutation analysis of DCX and/or LIS1 were performed in 23 and 24 patients, respectively. The range of clinical phenotypes in males with SBH greatly overlapped that in females. MRI studies revealed that some anatomical subtypes of SBH, such as partial and intermediate posterior, pachygyria-SBH and diffuse bands with posterior predominance, were more frequently or exclusively present in males. Conversely, classical diffuse SBH and diffuse bands with anterior predominance were more frequent in females. Males had either mild or the most severe band subtypes, and these correlated with the over-representation of normal/borderline intelligence and severe mental retardation, respectively. Conversely, females who had predominantly diffuse bands exhibited mostly mild or moderate mental retardation. Seven patients (29\%) had missense mutations in DCX; in four, these were germline mutations, whereas in three there was evidence for somatic mosaicism. A germline missense mutation of LIS1 and a partial trisomy of chromosome 9p were identified in one patient (4\%) each. One male each had a possible pathogenic intronic base change in both DCX and LIS1 genes. Our study shows that SBH in males is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome, mostly occurring sporadically. The clinical spectrum is similar to that of females with SBH. However, the greater cognitive and neuroradiological heterogeneity and the small number of mutations identified to date in the coding sequences of the DCX and LIS1 genes in males differ from the findings in females. This suggests other genetic mechanisms such as mutations in the non-coding regions of the DCX or LIS1 genes, gonadal or somatic mosaicism, and finally mutations of other genes.}, @@ -55358,7 +55347,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7F4AF764-DB6D-4647-A71F-04BFCD0BD1F0}, Volume = {125}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/D'Agostino_Brain2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/D'Agostino_Brain2002.pdf}} @article{DAmour:2003, Abstract = {Stem cells (SCs) are functionally defined by their abilities to self-renew and generate differentiated cells. Although much effort has been focused on defining the common characteristics among various types of SCs, the genetic and functional differences between multipotent and pluripotent SCs have garnered less attention. We report a direct genetic and functional comparison of molecularly defined and clonally related populations of neural SCs (NSCs) and embryonic SCs (ESCs), using the Sox2 promoter for isolation of purified populations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. A stringent expression profile comparison of promoter-defined NSCs and ESCs revealed a striking dissimilarity, and subsequent chimera analyses confirmed the fundamental differences in cellular potency between these populations. This direct comparison elucidates the molecular basis for the functional differences in pluripotent ESCs and multipotent NSCs. 0027-8424 Journal Article}, @@ -55395,7 +55384,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1447F7E2-27E5-49A4-B844-C8BEF0797B4F}, Volume = {127}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/D'Antuono_Brain2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/D'Antuono_Brain2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh181}} @article{Dal-Canto:1997, @@ -55476,7 +55465,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {40B43435-EC28-11DA-8617-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {458}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dalmau_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dalmau_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10572}} @article{Dammerman:2000, @@ -55518,7 +55507,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9F1CE65B-675C-4D6C-94E8-C981493AA296}, Volume = {123}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Daneman_Cell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Daneman_Cell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.017}} @article{Dani:2005, @@ -55540,7 +55529,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2C45B220-14C8-44DE-ACC1-88E4FF80893A}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dani_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dani_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506071102}} @article{Darbinian-Sarkissian:2006, @@ -55613,7 +55602,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neonatal Hypoxia Triggers Transient Apoptosis Followed by Neurogenesis in the Rat CA1 Hippocampus}, Uuid = {66B9D124-96A0-48AA-A35C-608EC802180A}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Daval_PediatrRes2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Daval_PediatrRes2004.pdf}} @article{Davalos:2005, Abstract = {Parenchymal microglia are the principal immune cells of the brain. Time-lapse two-photon imaging of GFP-labeled microglia demonstrates that the fine termini of microglial processes are highly dynamic in the intact mouse cortex. Upon traumatic brain injury, microglial processes rapidly and autonomously converge on the site of injury without cell body movement, establishing a potential barrier between the healthy and injured tissue. This rapid chemotactic response can be mimicked by local injection of ATP and can be inhibited by the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme apyrase or by blockers of G protein-coupled purinergic receptors and connexin channels, which are highly expressed in astrocytes. The baseline motility of microglial processes is also reduced significantly in the presence of apyrase and connexin channel inhibitors. Thus, extracellular ATP regulates microglial branch dynamics in the intact brain, and its release from the damaged tissue and surrounding astrocytes mediates a rapid microglial response towards injury.}, @@ -55634,7 +55623,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3E2D7CA0-FFAF-11DA-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Davalos_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Davalos_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1472}} @article{Davidoff:2001, @@ -55676,7 +55665,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CD2A927F-B4B2-497B-99A4-18E233194F3A}, Volume = {53}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Davidson_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Davidson_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.020}} @article{Davy:2005, @@ -55718,7 +55707,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9DB275A5-4BC8-4F0D-9DF8-CF94F679EA56}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Daw_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Daw_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1866}} @article{Dawson:2003a, @@ -55758,7 +55747,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BA7EF0AB-446A-4D65-ADA7-0DBAA6258E6E}, Volume = {302}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dawson_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dawson_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1087753}} @article{Dayer:2005, @@ -55780,7 +55769,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {09F42FC2-CE44-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {168}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dayer_JCellBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dayer_JCellBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200407053}} @article{DeFazio:2000, @@ -55823,7 +55812,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E4C1673C-8A27-429C-841D-B89E2B0FF1B4}, Volume = {302}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DeKosky_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/DeKosky_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1090349}} @article{De-Marchis:2001, @@ -55840,7 +55829,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3324AFE4-DD35-4E07-A1BA-67889EB89C7B}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DeMarchis_JNeurobiol2001}} + File = {papers/DeMarchis_JNeurobiol2001}} @article{De-Palma:2003, Abstract = {Angiogenic tumor vessels are promising targets for the activity and the selective delivery of cancer therapeutics. The bone marrow contributes different cell types to the tumor stroma, including hematopoietic cells and, as recently suggested, vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Thus, transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow progenitors may represent a vehicle for the transport of gene therapy to tumors. We transduced bone marrow progenitors with lentiviral vectors expressing genes from transcription-regulatory elements of Tie2/Tek gene. When tumors were grown in the transplanted mice, the new vector marked a distinct hematopoietic population that 'homed' to the tumor and closely interacted with vascular ECs at the tumor periphery. These Tie2-expressing mononuclear (TEM) cells had a distinguishable phenotype and were present selectively at angiogenic sites. Unexpectedly, we did not find bone marrow-derived ECs in tumor vessels when we transplanted bone marrow progenitors constitutively expressing a marker gene from the Tie2 or ubiquitously active promoters. By delivering a 'suicide' gene, we selectively eliminated the TEM cells and achieved substantial inhibition of angiogenesis and slower tumor growth without systemic toxicity. Thus, TEM cells may account for the proangiogenic activity of bone marrow-derived cells in tumors, may represent a new target for drug development and may provide the means for selective gene delivery and targeted inhibition of tumor angiogenesis.}, @@ -55883,7 +55872,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {72A25FBA-1DF2-4B0A-859D-8E3731DF2C7F}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DePaola_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/DePaola_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.017}} @article{De-Simone:2004, @@ -55996,7 +55985,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ACB2BE32-5F98-43E9-B39D-19217939DB03}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Deisseroth_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Deisseroth_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3863-06.2006}} @article{Deisseroth:2004, @@ -56019,7 +56008,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {84F3AFEA-DB36-4E3C-BFF0-88E9825110F8}, Volume = {42}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Deisseroth_Neuron2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Deisseroth_Neuron2004.pdf}} @article{Del-Turco:2004, Abstract = {The dentate gyrus of rodents is characterized by a highly laminar organization: above a compact granule cell layer, commissural/associational (C/A) fibers terminate on proximal granule cell dendrites and entorhinal fibers terminate on distal granule cell dendrites in a nonoverlapping manner. To gain insights into mechanisms that underlie the formation of this laminar structure, we studied mice deficient for BETA2/NeuroD, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor essential for granule cell differentiation. Anterograde tracing was used to label C/A and entorhinal fibers and combined with confocal double immunofluorescence for calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, and reelin to visualize putative target cells. The dentate gyrus of mutant mice contained only few granule cells, which formed a cap-like structure adjacent to area CA3. Despite the severe hypoplasia of the dentate gyrus, the remaining BETA2/NeuroD-deficient granule cells expressed mature markers, extended dendrites into the molecular layer, and extended mossy fibers into area CA3. Entorhinal and C/A fibers terminated in a nonoverlapping manner in the dendritic field overlying the rudiment. Entorhinal fibers terminated in the outermost portion of the dentate gyrus where they surrounded reelin-positive Cajal-Retzius cells, and C/A fibers terminated above and within the dentate rudiment. The laminar termination of C/A fibers was closest to normal in zones of the rudiment in which granule cells were densely packed. These data indicate that granule cells are able to differentiate in the absence of BETA2/NeuroD and suggest that the signals underlying the laminar anatomy of the dentate gyrus are present in the absence of most target cells.}, @@ -56039,7 +56028,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B17DF-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {477}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DelTurco_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/DelTurco_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20239}} @article{Deloulme:1996, @@ -56120,7 +56109,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {212DADD0-05E6-4A73-869E-052818F464FF}, Volume = {80}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Demir_JNeurophysiol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Demir_JNeurophysiol1998.pdf}} @article{Demir:2000, Abstract = {The deep piriform region has an unusually high seizure susceptibility. Voltage imaging previously located the sites of epileptiform discharge onset in slices of rat piriform cortex and revealed the spatiotemporal pattern of development of two types of electrical activity during the latent period prior to discharge onset. A ramplike depolarization (onset activity) appears at the site of discharge onset. Onset activity is preceded by a sustained low-amplitude depolarization (plateau activity) at another site, which shows little if any overlap with the site of onset. Because synaptic blockade at either of these two sites blocks discharges, it was proposed that both forms of latent period activity are necessary for the generation of epileptiform discharges and that the onset and plateau sites work together in the amplification of electrical activity. The capacity for amplification was examined here by studying subthreshold responses in slices of piriform cortex using two different in vitro models of epilepsy. Under some conditions electrically evoked responses showed a nonlinear dependence on stimulus current, suggesting amplification by strong polysynaptic excitatory responses. The sites of plateau and onset activity were mapped for different in vitro models of epilepsy and different sites of stimulation. These experiments showed that the site of plateau activity expanded into deep layers of neighboring neocortex in parallel with expansions of the onset site into neocortex. These results provide further evidence that interactions between the sites of onset and plateau activity play an important role in the initiation of epileptiform discharges. The site of plateau activity showed little variation with different stimulation sites in the piriform cortex, but when stimulation was applied in the endopiriform nucleus (in the sites of onset of plateau activity), plateau activity had a lower amplitude and became distributed over a much wider area. These results indicate that in the initiation of epileptiform discharges, the location of the circuit that generates plateau activity is not rigidly defined but can exhibit flexibility.}, @@ -56161,7 +56150,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C1B3DFF6-882C-4F93-9D65-D89109BCB19A}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Demyanenko_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Demyanenko_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.016}} @article{Deng:2003, @@ -56184,7 +56173,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BCB07045-79CF-43D5-B38A-1C64660013B6}, Volume = {182}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Deng_ExpNeurol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Deng_ExpNeurol2003.pdf}} @article{Denk:1996, Abstract = {Recent advances in optical imaging technology have enabled the measurement of Ca2+ dynamics in individual synaptic spines with high time resolution. Results from work using this new technology have confirmed the view that individual synaptic spines can act as functional chemical compartments with independent dynamics of second-messenger concentration. In particular, the ability of Ca2+ to directly mediate Hebbian coincidence detection has been confirmed.}, @@ -56224,7 +56213,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BD1835BD-9C93-4A24-B2BE-EBC345780C96}, Volume = {428}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dennis_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dennis_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/428362a}} @article{Depaepe:2005, @@ -56246,7 +56235,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FEC22ED6-D1D8-4AF0-B632-65B1AE92207A}, Volume = {435}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Depaepe_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Depaepe_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03651}} @article{Desai:2000, @@ -56268,7 +56257,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {177F6EE5-5817-400E-B83D-531365CD6E12}, Volume = {127}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Desai_Development2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Desai_Development2000.pdf}} @article{Desai:2002, Abstract = {The mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity and refinement of central circuits are not yet fully understood. A non-Hebbian form of synaptic plasticity, which scales synaptic strengths up or down to stabilize firing rates, has recently been discovered in cultured neuronal networks. Here we demonstrate the existence of a similar mechanism in the intact rodent visual cortex. The frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in principal neurons increased steeply between post-natal days 12 and 23. There was a concomitant decrease in mEPSC amplitude, which was prevented by rearing rats in complete darkness from 12 days of age. In addition, as little as two days of monocular deprivation scaled up mEPSC amplitude in a layer- and age-dependent manner. These data indicate that mEPSC amplitudes can be globally scaled up or down as a function of development and sensory experience, and suggest that synaptic scaling may be involved in the activity-dependent refinement of cortical connectivity.}, @@ -56289,7 +56278,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7E3AFD59-B696-47EB-8F10-2E56726FEC45}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Desai_NatNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Desai_NatNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn878}} @article{Destexhe:2006, @@ -56332,7 +56321,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D094E506-D974-4AC6-9162-4FB60B50D377}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Deuel_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Deuel_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.038}} @article{Dexter:1977, @@ -56404,7 +56393,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8AF79E-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {273}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DiCunto_JBiolChem1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/DiCunto_JBiolChem1998.pdf}} @article{Di-Cunto:2000, Abstract = {Citron-kinase (Citron-K) has been proposed by in vitro studies as a crucial effector of Rho in regulation of cytokinesis. To further investigate in vivo its biologic functions, we have inactivated Citron-K gene in mice by homologous recombination. Citron-K-/- mice grow at slower rates, are severely ataxic, and die before adulthood as a consequence of fatal seizures. Their brains display defective neurogenesis, with depletion of specific neuronal populations. These abnormalities arise during development of the central nervous system due to altered cytokinesis and massive apoptosis. Our results indicate that Citron-K is essential for cytokinesis in vivo but only in specific neuronal precursors. Moreover, they suggest a novel molecular mechanism for a subset of human malformative syndromes of the CNS. 20537823 0896-6273 Journal Article}, @@ -56420,7 +56409,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F54293FA-69B4-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DiCunto_Neuron2000}} + File = {papers/DiCunto_Neuron2000}} @article{Di-Stefano:1996, Abstract = {The most frequent neurological complication of AIDS is a dementia-like syndrome. Power and collaborators (J Virol 1994; 68:4643-4649) have reported an association between the clinical signs of AIDS dementia and the amino acid composition of two positions (305 and 329) within the V3 region of HIV-1 strains amplified from brain tissue. Similarly, we analyzed position 305 in the V3 region of HIV-1 present in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid of 25 nondemented subjects at different clinical stages of HIV-1 infection. Our results are, however, at variance with the findings presented by Power and colleagues. Histidine, found to be common among sequences derived from demented patients, was also present in the majority (16 of 25) of nondemented patients analyzed by us. In the hands of Power and colleagues, sequences derived from nondemented patients contained proline at position 305. None of our patients had proline in this position. We also asked the question whether the presence of a specific amino acid at position 305 of the V3 loop is linked to an increased capacity of HIV-1 isolates to infect primary microglial cells, the major target cell for HIV-1 infection in the brain. Primary HIV-1 isolates derived from blood and cerebrospinal fluid of five patients, two asymptomatic and three AIDS patients, were used to infect microglia cell cultures. Infection was monitored by syncytium formation and by p24 antigen release in the culture supernatant. All but one of the paired blood/CSF isolates replicated in human brain cultures. Replication occurred independently from the amino acid present at position 305 of the V3 region of the viral envelope. Our results indicate that the majority of HIV-1 isolates, even derived during the asymptomatic stage, have the capacity to infect microglial cells. The relevance of viral envelope sequences in determining tropism for microglial cells and development of neurological symptoms remains an open question.}, @@ -56541,7 +56530,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9D99B9F2-FC34-4B50-93A4-EE13CB1B7EF6}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dingli_CellCycle2007.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dingli_CellCycle2007.pdf}} @article{Dingli:2007a, Abstract = {Most tissues in metazoans undergo continuous turnover due to cell death or epithelial shedding. Since cellular replication is associated with an inherent risk of mutagenesis, tissues are maintained by a small group of stem cells (SCs) that replicate slowly to maintain their own population and that give rise to differentiated cells. There is increasing evidence that many tumors are also maintained by a small population of cancer stem cells that may arise by mutations from normal SCs. SC replication can be either symmetric or asymmetric. The former can lead to expansion of the SC pool. We describe a simple model to evaluate the impact of (a)symmetric SC replication on the expansion of mutant SCs and to show that mutations that increase the probability of asymmetric replication can lead to rapid mutant SC expansion in the absence of a selective fitness advantage. Mutations in several genes can lead to this process and may be at the root of the carcinogenic process.}, @@ -56562,7 +56551,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D6FFEE19-53E1-4881-833A-EAAC782C2669}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dingli_PLoSComputBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dingli_PLoSComputBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030053}} @article{Dittgen:2004, @@ -56584,7 +56573,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5F8B1ED4-07ED-4677-BFF0-3FBE364A6B6F}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dittgen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dittgen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407976101}} @article{Dityatev:2003, @@ -56622,7 +56611,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {070598CF-CEF5-11DA-8A64-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {82}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dobrenis_JNeurosciRes2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dobrenis_JNeurosciRes2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20650}} @article{Dobreva:2006, @@ -56644,7 +56633,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {02DBF595-3EE5-4B90-AFF2-ABA5737F4186}, Volume = {125}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dobreva_Cell2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dobreva_Cell2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.012}} @article{Dobyns:1993, @@ -56817,7 +56806,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B16F0C6C-CA28-4C3C-BDFB-1A089AA6B02F}, Volume = {84}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dolnikov_JGenVirol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dolnikov_JGenVirol2003.pdf}} @article{Domaradzka-Pytel:2000, Abstract = {The present study investigates the development of microglial and astroglial cells in the postnatal rat striatum, using immunohistochemical methods with panel antibodies that recognize macrophage antigens of unknown function--ED 1, complement type 3 receptor--OX-42 (for microglia) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (for astrocytes). On the day of birth, ED1/OX-42- immunoreactive microglial cells present in the striatum represent ameboid microglia. Between P0 and P10 we could observe the migration of ameboid microglial cells from neuroepithelial ventricular zone through internal and external capsules into the striatum. During the second postnatal week (P10, P14) a considerable decline of ameboid ED1-immunoreactive microglial cells and an increase of the number of OX-42 positive ramified cells was observed. At P21 only OX-42 positive ramified cells were observed in the whole striatum. On the day of birth, only a few GFAP-positive cells resembling radial glia were observed in the striatum. During the first postnatal week, the number of GFAP-positive cells increased significantly; they showed typical morphology of the astrocytes present in the adult animals. After P21 the final striatal population of astroglia was formed. Using Smart Source Parsing}, @@ -56853,7 +56842,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F731D3F7-138E-4F6C-B3AD-29B1E784E551}, Volume = {39}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Domaradzka-Pytel_JHirnforsch1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Domaradzka-Pytel_JHirnforsch1999.pdf}} @article{Dombeck:2007, Abstract = {We report a technique for two-photon fluorescence imaging with cellular resolution in awake, behaving mice with minimal motion artifact. The apparatus combines an upright, table-mounted two-photon microscope with a spherical treadmill consisting of a large, air-supported Styrofoam ball. Mice, with implanted cranial windows, are head restrained under the objective while their limbs rest on the ball's upper surface. Following adaptation to head restraint, mice maneuver on the spherical treadmill as their heads remain motionless. Image sequences demonstrate that running-associated brain motion is limited to approximately 2-5 microm. In addition, motion is predominantly in the focal plane, with little out-of-plane motion, making the application of a custom-designed Hidden-Markov-Model-based motion correction algorithm useful for postprocessing. Behaviorally correlated calcium transients from large neuronal and astrocytic populations were routinely measured, with an estimated motion-induced false positive error rate of <5\%.}, @@ -56874,7 +56863,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3173C3FF-EE16-4634-973A-72864DED1FFD}, Volume = {56}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dombeck_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dombeck_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Dombeck_Neuron2007.mov}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.003}} @@ -57089,7 +57078,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7668D648-3BC8-442A-9FC6-15111DF1BDDF}, Volume = {394}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Draguhn_Nature1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Draguhn_Nature1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/28184}} @article{Drapeau:2003, @@ -57128,7 +57117,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F8A5D055-88E9-4301-A1E9-1AB8FE2A468F}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Drescher_CurrOpinGenetDev2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Drescher_CurrOpinGenetDev2002.pdf}} @article{Dromard:2006, Abstract = {Neural stem cells cultured with FGF2/EGF generate clonal expansions called neurospheres (NS) which are widely used for therapy in animal models. However, their cellular composition is still poorly defined. Here, we report that NS derived from several embryonic and adult central nervous system (CNS) regions are mainly composed of remarkable cells coexpressing radial glia markers (BLBP, RC2, GLAST), oligodendrogenic/neurogenic factors (Mash1, Olig2, Nkx2.2) and markers which in vivo are typical of the oligodendrocyte lineage (NG2, A2B5, PDGFRalpha). On NS differentiation, the latter remain mostly expressed in neurons, together with Olig2 and Mash1. Using cytometry, we show that in growing NS the small population of multipotential self-renewing NS-forming cells are A2B5(+) and NG2(+). Additionally, we demonstrate that these NS-forming cells in the embryonic spinal cord were initially NG2- and rapidly acquired NG2 in vitro. NG2 and Olig2 were found to be rapidly induced by cell culture conditions in spinal cord neural precursor cells. Olig2 expression was also induced in astrocytes and embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells in culture following EGF/FGF treatment. These data provide new evidence for profound phenotypic modifications in CNS and PNS neural precursor cells induced by culture conditions.}, @@ -57183,7 +57172,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1F52DD1A-ADD4-4B49-942A-F3266E3D31CE}, Volume = {130}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Duan_Cell2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Duan_Cell2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.07.010}} @article{Duan:2005, @@ -57205,7 +57194,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {184D781B-C650-4D31-942A-3B8BC33BBA9E}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Duan_CellMolNeurobiol2005.pdf}} + File = {papers/Duan_CellMolNeurobiol2005.pdf}} @article{Dubeau:1995, Abstract = {Grey matter heterotopias, demonstrated by MRI, may present with a broad spectrum of clinical severity. We have studied 33 patients with periventricular nodular heterotopias (PNH); 19 (58\%) had unilateral and 14 (42\%) bilateral lesions. Thirteen of the 19 patients (68\%) with unilateral subependymal nodules of grey matter had, in addition, unilateral focal subcortical heterotopias (SNH), comprising 39\%of the entire group. Most had normal intellectual and motor function but some presented with mild mental retardation and neurological deficits. Recurrent seizures were described in 82\%, mainly partial attacks with temporo-parieto-occipital auras. Nodular heterotopias led to unilateral or bilateral independent temporal epileptic discharges in 47\%of epileptic patients with PNH alone and in 61\%of those who had SNH in addition. Extratemporal or multilobar, unilateral or bilateral interictal spiking was present in 10 other patients (36\%). Two first degree relatives of patients with seizures were affected but had no seizures, three were investigated for other apparently unrelated neurological symptoms: memory impairment, vertigo or transient ischaemic attacks in one person each. Contiguous ovoid nodules of grey matter, symmetrically lining both lateral ventricles, were described in nine patients. Seven of them were female, including four with familial incidence of PNH. Such lesions may explain the familial occurrence of epilepsy in some families. Seven patients underwent anterior temporal resection: two patients with unilateral subependymal and focal subcortical heterotopias were seizure free or significantly improved. Four patients, three with PNH alone and one with additional subcortical nodules, did not improve significantly after surgery. The remaining patient was followed for less than 6 months.}, @@ -57286,7 +57275,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {307D1B27-DDB5-40A5-9F7D-5BB2D438FA9B}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Duchaine_CurrOpinNeurobiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Duchaine_CurrOpinNeurobiol2001.pdf}} @article{Duchaine:2006, Abstract = {Developmental prosopagnosia is characterized by severely impaired face recognition. Individuals with this disorder, which often runs in families, have no history of brain damage and intact early visual processing systems. Recent research has also demonstrated that many developmental prosopagnosics have normal or relatively good object recognition, indicating that their impairments are not the result of deficits to a unitary visual recognition mechanism. To investigate the nature of the impaired mechanisms, extensive testing was done on an individual with especially pure face processing deficits. The results ruled out all extant explanations of prosopagnosia except one that proposed that faces are recognized by a content-specific face processing mechanism. fMRI and MEG studies show that there are a variety of neural profiles in developmental prosopagnosia, which is consistent with behavioral studies demonstrating that it is a heterogeneous disorder.}, @@ -57328,7 +57317,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A8C703FC-9CD0-4D55-9333-61350AE7012B}, Volume = {43}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Duchaine_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Duchaine_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.006}} @article{Ducret:2007, @@ -57350,7 +57339,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {88C9B0F4-AF02-4D6C-AFA1-E9C843E17952}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ducret_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ducret_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4406-06.2007}} @article{Duelli:2007, @@ -57372,7 +57361,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {11C9B88B-91FF-48D3-AE3C-F5D8B386BD91}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Duelli_CurrBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Duelli_CurrBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.049}} @article{Duemani-Reddy:2008, @@ -57394,7 +57383,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BE63200D-7857-4718-8F5A-703BE2502368}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/DuemaniReddy_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/DuemaniReddy_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2116}} @article{Dufour:2003, @@ -57417,7 +57406,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7D26F2ED-7E38-4693-B045-8ED77E966F42}, Volume = {39}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dufour_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dufour_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Dugas:2006, Abstract = {To better understand the molecular mechanisms governing oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation, we have used gene profiling to quantitatively analyze gene expression in synchronously differentiating OLs generated from pure oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro. By comparing gene expression in these OLs to OLs generated in vivo, we discovered that the program of OL differentiation can progress normally in the absence of heterologous cell-cell interactions. In addition, we found that OL differentiation was unexpectedly prolonged and occurred in at least two sequential stages, each characterized by changes in distinct complements of transcription factors and myelin proteins. By disrupting the normal dynamic expression patterns of transcription factors regulated during OL differentiation, we demonstrated that these sequential stages of gene expression can be independently controlled. We also uncovered several genes previously uncharacterized in OLs that encode transmembrane, secreted, and cytoskeletal proteins that are as highly upregulated as myelin genes during OL differentiation. Last, by comparing genomic loci associated with inherited increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) to genes regulated during OL differentiation, we identified several new positional candidate genes that may contribute to MS susceptibility. These findings reveal a previously unexpected complexity to OL differentiation and suggest that an intrinsic program governs successive phases of OL differentiation as these cells extend and align their processes, ensheathe, and ultimately myelinate axons.}, @@ -57458,7 +57447,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {38D082FA-3AA6-4D7D-B04A-CEEC8B0FE8D2}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Duke_DevNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Duke_DevNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000080709}} @article{Dulla:2005, @@ -57480,7 +57469,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C00F1394-F406-4BD1-9F99-24DDF77D0044}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dulla_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dulla_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.009}} @article{Dunlap:2006, @@ -57539,7 +57528,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6AD30279-AC78-48EA-B100-95C574CFA3F4}, Volume = {439}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dupont_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dupont_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04264}} @article{Dupressoir:2005, @@ -57561,7 +57550,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9DD5EBF2-EE51-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dupressoir_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dupressoir_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406509102}} @article{Dupret:2007, @@ -57619,7 +57608,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E4EFB43A-EE51-437B-A09D-AC7E73D0F14F}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Durbec_MolCellNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Durbec_MolCellNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Durbec:2001a, Abstract = {Since its first description the polysialylated form of NCAM (PSA-NCAM) is thought to be a major regulator of cell-cell interactions in the nervous system. Over the past few years many crucial questions have been answered concerning PSA biosynthesis and function. Among these are the identification and cloning of the key enzymes that are responsible for its synthesis and the fact that expression of PSA is not restricted to developmental stages but maintained in the adult nervous system. In the adult, PSA has been shown to be not only a marker of structural plasticity but seems to be a major player in these processes. Originally suggested to be a purely anti-adhesive factor, modulating cell-cell interactions in general and by this allowing plasticity, there is now increasing evidence that this might not be the whole story. Instead, it appears possible that PSA-NCAM interacts with secreted signaling molecules and by this fulfills a more instructive function in brain plasticity.}, @@ -57660,7 +57649,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {747622AE-BA34-4963-B9B2-9D41414A30DF}, Volume = {54}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dymecki_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dymecki_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.009}} @article{Dzhala:2003, @@ -57682,7 +57671,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B9679963-353E-4B94-9477-5FA8B105D336}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dzhala_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dzhala_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Dzhala:2003a, Abstract = {The transition from brief bursts of synchronous population activity characteristic of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) to more prolonged epochs of population activity characteristic of seizures (ictal-like activity) was recorded in juvenile rat hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices and hippocampal slices using multiple-site extracellular electrodes. Epileptiform activity was elicited by either increased extracellular potassium or 4-AP. IEDs originated in the CA3 a-b region and spread bidirectionally into CA1 and CA3c dentate gyrus. The transition from IEDs to ictal-like sustained epileptiform activity was reliably preceded by (1) increase in IED propagation velocity, (2) increase in IED secondary afterdischarges and their reverberation between CA3a and CA3c, and (3) shift in the IED initiation area from CA3 a-b to CA3c. Ictal-like sustained network oscillations (10-20 Hz) originated in CA3c and spread to CA1. The pattern of hippocampal ictal-like activity was unaffected by removal of the entorhinal cortex. These findings indicate that interictal and ictal activity can originate in the same neural network, and that the transition from interictal to ictal-like-sustained activity is preceded by predictable alterations in the origin and spread of IEDs. These findings elucidate new targets for investigating the proximate causes, prediction, and treatment of seizures.}, @@ -57703,7 +57692,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {43CD73B8-9105-40A9-BD99-7D9A962677AE}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dzhala_JNeurosci2003a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Dzhala_JNeurosci2003a.pdf}} @article{Dzhala:2004, Abstract = {Hippocampal fast ripples (FRs) have been associated with seizure onset in both human and experimental epilepsy. To characterize the mechanisms underlying FR oscillations (200-600 Hz), we studied activity of single neurons and neuronal networks in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. The correlation between the action potentials of bursting pyramidal cells and local field potential oscillations suggests that synchronous onset of action potential bursts and similar intrinsic firing patterns among local neurons are both necessary conditions for FR oscillations. Increasing the fidelity of individual pyramidal cell spike train timing by blocking accommodation dramatically increased FR amplitude, whereas blockade of potassium conductances decreased the fidelity of action potential timing in individual pyramidal cell action potential bursts and decreased FR amplitude. Blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors desynchronized onset of action potential bursts in individual pyramidal cells and abolished fast ripples. Thus, synchronous burst onset mediated by recurrent excitatory synaptic transmission and similar intrinsic spike timing mechanisms in neighboring pyramidal cells are necessary conditions for FR oscillations within the hippocampal network.}, @@ -57724,7 +57713,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B944E9FC-8B8C-4F21-B8B7-AC047494CE25}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dzhala_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dzhala_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3112-04.2004}} @article{Dzhala:2005, @@ -57746,7 +57735,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6062B065-82F2-457E-A2F4-100054FEF7E2}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Dzhala_NatMed2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Dzhala_NatMed2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1301}} @article{Dziembowska:2005, @@ -57804,7 +57793,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E3E3CDE2-02B6-4823-9EBC-A7AB53461B6F}, Volume = {230}, Year = {1985}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Easter_Science1985.pdf}, + File = {papers/Easter_Science1985.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4048944}} @article{Eberwine:2001, @@ -57825,7 +57814,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F673BD71-8639-4626-84C6-4F7D4E0B9601}, Volume = {4 Suppl}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eberwine_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Eberwine_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1101-1155}} @article{Eckenhoff:1984, @@ -57928,7 +57917,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3E1C9713-6E2B-468D-9F0F-46F0972F6321}, Volume = {81}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eder_JNeurosciRes2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Eder_JNeurosciRes2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20476}} @article{Eder:2001, @@ -57951,7 +57940,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0B567502-EE2F-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {64}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eder_ProgNeurobiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Eder_ProgNeurobiol2001.pdf}} @article{Egea:2007, Abstract = {Ephrins are cell-surface tethered guidance cues that bind to Eph receptor tyrosine kinases in trans on opposing cells. In the developing nervous system, the Eph-ephrin signaling system controls a large variety of cellular responses including contact-mediated attraction or repulsion, adhesion or de-adhesion, and migration. Eph-ephrin signaling can be bidirectional, and is subject to modulation by ectodomain cleavage of ephrins and by Eph-ephrin endocytosis. Recent work has highlighted the importance of higher-order clustering of functional Eph-ephrin complexes and the requirement for Rho GTPases as signal transducers. Co-expression of Ephs and ephrins within the same cellular membrane can result in Eph-ephrin cis interaction or in lateral segregation into distinct domains from where they signal opposing effects on the axon.}, @@ -57972,7 +57961,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6774D901-70BE-4A4B-8CC6-E3BC82745C4D}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Egea_TrendsCellBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Egea_TrendsCellBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2007.03.004}} @article{Egensperger:1998, @@ -58014,7 +58003,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {35D6617F-E354-42DE-A4D7-98D6549C826E}, Volume = {428}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eggan_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Eggan_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02375}} @article{Eggan:2000, @@ -58094,7 +58083,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {748DFF65-3050-4119-8EAF-C2FC9E686517}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ehlers_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ehlers_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.009}} @article{Ehninger:2003, @@ -58116,7 +58105,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {47FF837A-4296-11DB-A5D2-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ehninger_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ehninger_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} @article{Ehring:2003, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: An optimal system for the expansion of pluripotent HPCs would ideally eliminate the use of cytokines and animal-derived serum. We have shown previously that a 3D, tantalum-coated porous biomaterial (Cytomatrix) supports the maintenance and expansion of human BM HPCs in the absence of cytokines. METHODS: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) derived HPC were cultured in the Cytomatrix in the absence of exogenous cytokines. Phenotype was determined using FACS. Colony-forming units (CFU) activity was evaluated. Engraftment capacity was evaluated by transplanting the expanded cells into non-obese diabetic (NOD)/SCID mice. RESULTS: We describe the expansion of HPCs from UCB using the Cytomatrix system. When UCB-derived CD34(+) cells were cultured in the Cytomatrix system for 2 weeks we observed an increase in the number of nucleated cells (3-fold) and CFU (2.6-fold). The number of CD45(+) and CD34(+) cells both increased three-fold. Trends demonstrated an increase in the frequency of CD34(+)C38(-) cells, and an increase in both CD34(+)C33(+) cells and CD34(+)C61(+) cells. No expansion of T or B lymphocytes was observed. When expanded UCB cells from the Cytomatrix were injected into sub-lethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice, human cells were detected in the murine peripheral blood and BM 6 weeks post-transplantation. DISCUSSION: This unique approach to the expansion of UCB cells in a serum-free, cytokine-free environment may provide expansion of HPCs with multi-lineage engraftment capability that could be used clinically.}, @@ -58209,7 +58198,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {44A1F12E-393A-4C39-8495-F4D1CC64EB6C}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ekdahl_EurJNeurosci2001}} + File = {papers/Ekdahl_EurJNeurosci2001}} @article{Ekdahl:2003, Abstract = {New hippocampal neurons are continuously generated in the adult brain. Here, we demonstrate that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, which gives rise to microglia activation in the area where the new neurons are born, strongly impairs basal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. The increased neurogenesis triggered by a brain insult is also attenuated if it is associated with microglia activation caused by tissue damage or lipopolysaccharide infusion. The impaired neurogenesis in inflammation is restored by systemic administration of minocycline, which inhibits microglia activation. Our data raise the possibility that suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis by activated microglia contributes to cognitive dysfunction in aging, dementia, epilepsy, and other conditions leading to brain inflammation. 0027-8424 Journal Article}, @@ -58225,7 +58214,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D7A5FFDD-B724-49AD-9C19-F5627372966F}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ekdahl_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ekdahl_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}} @article{Ekstrand:1996, Abstract = {A non-radioactive 96-well microtitre plate reverse transcriptase (RT) assay, based on the use of covalently bound riboadenosine homopolymer in the wells and 5-bromodeoxyuridined 5'-triphosphate (BrdUTP) as dNTP, is described. The whole assay is performed in a single well, including the quantitative detection of incorporated BrdU, which is performed immunologically using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-BrdU antibody and colorometric reading. The system also allows the use of variable amounts of primer. The kinetics and characteristics of the assay using BrdUTP is similar to the use of [3H]dTTP. The sensitivity of the assay can be varied either by altering the duration of RT assay time and/or by prolonging the alkaline phosphatase reaction. Thus the assay can detect < 0.02 pg of recombinant human-immunodeficiency-virus (HIV) type I RT, < 0.005 m unit of avian-myeloblastosis-virus RT or < 0.02 m unit of recombinant Moloney-murine-leukaemia-virus RT. The assay was found to be useful with various types of cell-culture material, and a comparative study of 16 HIV-infected lymphocyte cultures, using 10 microliters of supernatant medium for RT assay and 22.5 microliters for p24 antigen assay showed that the new RT assay was at least 25-fold more sensitive than the p24 antigen assay. The results also show a good correlation between the RT activities found and the p24-antigen level detected, with exception for HIV2 isolates, as they only became positive in the RT assay. The technical performance and the capacity of the test compared with other available RT kits is discussed, as well as its use for other applications.}, @@ -58282,7 +58271,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ED2AF5FF-B3D0-4632-8AF4-2A38059275FC}, Volume = {21}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/ElShamy_Neuron1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/ElShamy_Neuron1998.pdf}} @article{Elias:2007, Abstract = {Radial glia, the neuronal stem cells of the embryonic cerebral cortex, reside deep within the developing brain and extend radial fibres to the pial surface, along which embryonic neurons migrate to reach the cortical plate. Here we show that the gap junction subunits connexin 26 (Cx26) and connexin 43 (Cx43) are expressed at the contact points between radial fibres and migrating neurons, and acute downregulation of Cx26 or Cx43 impairs the migration of neurons to the cortical plate. Unexpectedly, gap junctions do not mediate neuronal migration by acting in the classical manner to provide an aqueous channel for cell-cell communication. Instead, gap junctions provide dynamic adhesive contacts that interact with the internal cytoskeleton to enable leading process stabilization along radial fibres as well as the subsequent translocation of the nucleus. These results indicate that gap junction adhesions are necessary for glial-guided neuronal migration, raising the possibility that the adhesive properties of gap junctions may have an important role in other physiological processes and diseases associated with gap junction function.}, @@ -58303,7 +58292,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {74F7A21E-43F8-432B-8A34-92B102A01079}, Volume = {448}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Elias_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Elias_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06063}} @article{Eliopoulos:2002, @@ -58386,7 +58375,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {73346BAF-FEA0-47BD-95FB-57CCB3663DA9}, Volume = {133}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Elliott_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Elliott_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.014}} @article{Elliott:2001, @@ -58461,7 +58450,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F93781DE-26A1-4F84-95C2-A3D3FFF0C99C}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Emsley_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Emsley_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.02.008}} @article{Englund:2002, @@ -58478,7 +58467,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1F8EB7E3-E335-46E3-81E8-3B971DC928BB}, Volume = {173}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Englund_ExpNeurol2002}} + File = {papers/Englund_ExpNeurol2002}} @article{Englund:2005, Abstract = {The developing neocortex contains two types of progenitor cells for glutamatergic, pyramidal-projection neurons. The first type, radial glia, produce neurons and glia, divide at the ventricular surface, and express Pax6, a homeodomain transcription factor. The second type, intermediate progenitor cells, are derived from radial glia, produce only neurons, and divide away from the ventricular surface. Here we show that the transition from radial glia to intermediate progenitor cell is associated with upregulation of Tbr2, a T-domain transcription factor, and downregulation of Pax6. Accordingly, Tbr2 expression in progenitor compartments (the subventricular zone and ventricular zone) rises and falls with cortical plate neurogenesis. The subsequent transition from intermediate progenitor cell to postmitotic neuron is marked by downregulation of Tbr2 and upregulation of Tbr1, another T-domain transcription factor. These findings delineate the transcription factor sequence Pax6 -->Tbr2 -->Tbr1 in the differentiation of radial glia -->intermediate progenitor cell -->postmitotic projection neuron. This transcription factor sequence is modified in preplate neurons, in which Tbr2 is transiently coexpressed with Tbr1, and in the direct differentiation pathway from radial glia -->postmitotic projection neuron, in which Tbr2 is expressed briefly or not at all.}, @@ -58499,7 +58488,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AF9AEC55-9FB5-4623-A051-4B6958946A99}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Englund_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Englund_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2899-04.2005}} @article{Englund:2000, @@ -58543,7 +58532,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4C875399-689E-4696-BF25-AF9CB57ECDBF}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Englund_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Englund_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252589099}} @article{Engstrom:2001, @@ -58581,7 +58570,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2D82F0DC-8D85-4D0B-ADEF-955A80999859}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ennis_JNeurophysiol2001}} + File = {papers/Ennis_JNeurophysiol2001}} @article{Epperly:2003, Abstract = {There is a rapid onset of organizing alveolitis/fibrosis at 120-140 d after whole lung irradiation of C57BL/6J mice. To test the hypothesis that circulating cells of bone marrow origin contribute to irradiation fibrosis, irradiated chimeric green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ C57BL/6J mice were followed for GFP+ cells in areas of lung fibrosis. In a second experimental model, C57BL/6J female mice received 20 Gy total lung irradiation, and after 60 or 80 d were intravenously injected with cells from a clonal GFP+ male bone marrow stromal cell line or male GFP+ whole bone marrow, respectively. The mice were then followed for the development of pulmonary fibrosis, and the contribution of Y-probe-positive, GFP+ cells to fibrotic areas was quantitated. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling of developing fibrotic areas showed that the cell division occurred predominantly in GFP+, Y-probe-positive, and vimentin-positive cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that these cells were macrophages and fibroblasts, not endothelial cells. Mice that received manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome intratracheal injection 24 h before total lung irradiation demonstrated a decrease in GFP+ fibroblastic cells in the lung. Thus, pulmonary irradiation fibrosis contains proliferating cells of bone marrow origin, and gene therapy prevention of this condition acts in part by decreasing the migration and proliferation of marrow origin cells.}, @@ -58624,7 +58613,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {27654F2A-379C-41D1-8D91-AF84C558D3FE}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Epsztein_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Epsztein_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1469-05.2005}} @article{Epsztein:2006, @@ -58646,7 +58635,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A102FC91-4D10-4CA5-B26E-03E2EE9FE548}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Epsztein_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Epsztein_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1666-06.2006}} @article{Erchova:2002, @@ -58698,7 +58687,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {62B56769-CCDD-11D9-8C77-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {4}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eriksson_NatMed1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Eriksson_NatMed1998.pdf}} @article{Espinosa-Heidmann:2003, Abstract = {PURPOSE: The pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is postulated to be driven by angiogenesis, a process in which the cellular components of the new vessel complex are derived from cells resident within an adjacent preexisting capillary. Recently, an alternative paradigm, termed postnatal vasculogenesis, has been shown to contribute to some forms of neovascularization. In vasculogenesis, the cellular components of the new vessel complex are derived from circulating vascular progenitors from bone marrow. In the current study, transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled bone marrow and laser-induced CNV were combined to examine the contribution of vasculogenesis to the formation of CNV. METHODS: Ten adult C57BL/6 female mice were used as recipients for bone marrow transplantation. Bone marrow was obtained from three C57BL/6 female mice transgenic for the beta-actin promoter GFP. One month after bone marrow transplantation, CNV was induced in recipient mice by making four separate burns in the choroid of each eye with a red diode laser. Four weeks after CNV was induced, eyes of recipient mice were processed for immunohistochemistry to detect GFP and markers for vascular smooth muscle cells (alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin, and NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan), endothelial cells (CD31, BS-1 lectin), or macrophages (F4/80). RESULTS: GFP-labeled cells represented 17\%of the total cell population in the lesion. Many of the GFP-labeled cells were immunoreactive for alpha-smooth muscle actin (39\%), desmin, NG2, CD31 (41\%), BS-1 lectin, or F4/80. GFP-labeled cells were morphologically indistinguishable from cells normally present in CNV lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to demonstrate that bone marrow-derived progenitor cells are a source of endothelial and smooth musclelike cells in CNV.}, @@ -58774,7 +58763,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4C30E377-CB8B-4604-9218-9A7C4EDEA585}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eugenin_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Eugenin_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3863-05.2006}} @article{Ever:2005, @@ -58838,7 +58827,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {370B0E5F-05A0-4074-914B-E5D5325C3E2B}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ewald_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ewald_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5078-07.2008}} @article{Eytan:2006, @@ -58882,7 +58871,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D91C5624-C402-4F66-AFB3-079CE93905EE}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eyüpoglu_FASEBJ2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Eyüpoglu_FASEBJ2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0825fje}} @article{Fabel:2003, @@ -58921,7 +58910,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {026648A0-F59F-46A8-98A9-51A82EC4D9B7}, Volume = {303}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fagiolini_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fagiolini_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1091032}} @article{Fahrner:2006, @@ -58961,7 +58950,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B6084E8E-E738-4AAF-85A0-977A0EE98C35}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fainzilber_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fainzilber_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.023}} @article{Fair:2007, @@ -58983,7 +58972,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {18F75C20-4036-45AF-81FD-ECB8AA60D039}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fair_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fair_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705843104}} @article{Fallon:2000, @@ -59000,7 +58989,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {867020E3-202B-4D0E-B995-79138F77F850}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fallon_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fallon_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}} @article{Fan:2005, Abstract = {Our previous studies have shown that intracerebral administration of endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induces selective white matter injury and hypomyelination in the neonatal rat brain and that the LPS-induced brain injury is associated with activation of microglia. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of microglial activation may protect against LPS-induced white matter injury, we examined roles of minocycline, a putative suppressor of microglial activation, on LPS-induced brain injury in the neonatal rat. A stereotactic intracerebral injection of LPS (1 mg/kg) was performed in postnatal day 5 Sprague-Dawley rats and control rats were injected with sterile saline. Minocycline (45 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 12 h before and immediately after LPS injection and then every 24 h for 3 days. Inflammatory responses, activation of microglia and brain injury were examined 1 and 3 days after LPS injection. LPS injection resulted in brain injury in selective brain areas, including bilateral ventricular enlargement, cell death at the sub- and periventricular areas, loss of O4+ and O1+ oligodendrocyte (OL) immunoreactivity and hypomyelination, as indicated by decreased myelin basic protein immunostaining, in the neonatal rat brain. Minocycline administration significantly attenuated LPS-induced brain injury in these rat brains. The protective effect of minocycline was associated with suppressed microglial activation as indicated by the decreased number of activated microglial cells following LPS stimulation and with consequently decreased elevation of interleukin 1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations induced by LPS and a reduced number of inducible nitric oxide synthase expressing cells. Protection of minocycline was also linked with the reduction in LPS-induced oxidative stress, as indicated by 4-hydroxynonenal positive OLs. The overall results suggest that reduction in microglial activation may protect the neonatal brain from LPS-induced white matter injury and inhibition of microglial activation might be an effective approach for the therapeutic treatment of infection-induced white matter injury.}, @@ -59094,7 +59083,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {685D6C43-5E44-441F-A63C-3A62645C2E69}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Faulkner_NatCellBiol2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Faulkner_NatCellBiol2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35041020}} @article{Faux:2001, @@ -59111,7 +59100,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {897B8CBE-DBF0-4ADC-9468-6128A7E3ADB7}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Faux_JNeurosci2001}} + File = {papers/Faux_JNeurosci2001}} @article{Farber:2006, Abstract = {In this review we summarize mechanisms of Ca(2+) signaling in microglial cells and the impact of Ca(2+) signaling and Ca(2+) levels on microglial function. So far, Ca(2+) signaling has been only characterized in cultured microglia and thus these data refer rather to activated microglia as observed in pathology when compared with the resting form found under physiological conditions. Purinergic receptors are the most prominently expressed ligand-gated Ca(2+)-permeable channels in microglia and control several microglial functions such as cytokine release in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. A large variety of metabotropic receptors are linked to Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. Depletion of these intracellular stores triggers a capacitative Ca(2+) entry. While microglia are already in an activated state in culture, they can be further activated, for example, by exposure to bacterial endotoxin. This activation leads to a chronic increase of [Ca(2+)](i) and this Ca(2+) increase is a prerequisite for the release of nitric oxide and cytokines. Moreover, several factors (TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma) regulate resting [Ca(2+)](i) levels. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, @@ -59173,7 +59162,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9408D907-BB62-42D7-8EF1-165DA1E4DDFC}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feinberg_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Feinberg_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.11.030}} @article{Feinstein:2004, @@ -59195,7 +59184,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {53CE646C-22FA-49F4-8603-2D22759C7223}, Volume = {117}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feinstein_Cell2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Feinstein_Cell2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.05.011}} @article{Feinstein:2004a, @@ -59217,7 +59206,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4987D273-9AE3-4FDA-AD75-51A0E25E1087}, Volume = {117}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feinstein_Cell2004a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Feinstein_Cell2004a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.05.013}} @article{Feller:1996, @@ -59238,7 +59227,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6D588E9D-C1A9-404D-92E2-676BB1014EF0}, Volume = {272}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feller_Science1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Feller_Science1996.pdf}} @article{Fellin:2006, Abstract = {The release of glutamate from astrocytes activates synchronous slow inward currents (SICs) in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, which are mediated by the NMDA receptor and represent a nonsynaptic mechanism to promote the synchronization of neuronal activity. Two recent studies demonstrate that SICs generate neuronal paroxysmal depolarizations resembling those typical of interictal epileptiform activity and proposed that there could be an astrocytic basis of epilepsy (Kang et al., 2005; Tian et al., 2005). We tested this hypothesis using two in vitro models of epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices. Removal of extracellular Mg2+ and application of picrotoxin or perfusion with 0.5 mM Mg2+ and 8.5 mM K+-containing saline result mainly in neuronal ictal- and interictal-like epileptiform activity, respectively. Although both models trigger epileptiform activity, astrocytic Ca2+ oscillations were increased only after slice perfusion with 0 mM Mg2+ and picrotoxin. The activation of astrocytic Ca2+ signaling correlates with an increased frequency of SICs, and, when paired neurons were within 100 microm of one another with synchronous neuronal Ca2+ elevations, the generation of synchronous neuronal depolarizations and action potential discharges. TTX blocked both ictal- and interictal-like epileptiform activity without affecting SICs or SIC-mediated neuronal synchronization. In contrast, NMDA receptor antagonists, which block SICs, did not prevent the generation of either ictal- or interictal-like events. Based on this clear-cut pharmacology, our data demonstrate that nonsynaptic glutamate release from astrocytes is not necessary for the generation of epileptiform activity in vitro, although we cannot exclude the possibility that it may modulate the strength of the ictal (seizure)-like event.}, @@ -59259,7 +59248,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9E30BE97-7C14-4138-BCD4-9387A66924C3}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fellin_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fellin_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2836-06.2006}} @article{Fellin:2004, @@ -59302,7 +59291,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D9F71A83-02FA-4991-B738-CE23711E3741}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fellous_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fellous_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4649-03.2004}} @article{Feng:2000, @@ -59324,7 +59313,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {07CC9EFF-9170-42FC-B0BB-B172E7263262}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Feng_Neuron2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Feng_Neuron2000.pdf}} @article{Feng:2001, Abstract = {To examine the in vivo function of presenilin-1 (PS1), we selectively deleted the PS1 gene in excitatory neurons of the adult mouse forebrain. These conditional knockout mice were viable and grew normally, but they exhibited a pronounced deficiency in enrichment- induced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. This reduction in neurogenesis did not result in appreciable learning deficits, indicating that addition of new neurons is not required for memory formation. However, our postlearning enrichment experiments lead us to postulate that adult dentate neurogenesis may play a role in the periodic clearance of outdated hippocampal memory traces after cortical memory consolidation, thereby ensuring that the hippocampus is continuously available to process new memories. A chronic, abnormal clearance process in the hippocampus may conceivably lead to memory disorders in the mammalian brain.}, @@ -59377,7 +59366,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FDDB3FF2-59DC-43C8-9121-DBC13209714F}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ferezou_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ferezou_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Fernandez:1998, Abstract = {Homologies between vertebrate forebrain subdivisions are still uncertain. In particular the identification of homologs of the mammalian neocortex or the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) of birds and reptiles is still a matter of dispute. To get insight about the organization of the primordia of the main telencephalic subdivisions along the anteroposterior axis of the neural tube, a fate map of the dorsal prosencephalon was obtained in avian chimeras at the 8- to 9-somite stage. At this stage, the primordia of the pallium, DVR and striatum were located on the dorsal aspect of the prosencephalon and ordered caudorostrally along the longitudinal axis of the brain. Expression of homeobox-containing genes of the Emx, Dlx and Pax families were used as markers of anteroposterior developmental subdivisions of the forebrain in mouse, chick, turtle and frog. Their expression domains delineated three main telencephalic subdivisions in all species at the onset of neurogenesis: the pallial, intermediate and striatal neuroepithelial domains. The fate of the intermediate subdivisions diverged, however, between species at later stages of development. Homologies between forebrain subdivisions are proposed based on the conservation and divergence of these gene expression patterns. 0950-1991 Journal Article}, @@ -59507,7 +59496,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Sox2 deficiency causes neurodegeneration and impaired neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain}, Uuid = {7F0A3878-57A1-4BA0-820A-032F1EF97E47}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ferri_Development2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ferri_Development2004.pdf}} @article{Fetler:2005, Author = {Fetler, Luc and Amigorena, Sebastian}, @@ -59527,7 +59516,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {43BC98C6-CD87-4154-9045-6ADA42956C08}, Volume = {309}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fetler_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fetler_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1114852}} @article{Figlewicz:1988, @@ -59645,7 +59634,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B5FFFD0A-8512-4B84-84C2-DDB1B6B25B4F}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Firestein_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Firestein_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.021}} @article{Fischer:1972, @@ -59721,7 +59710,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7891483B-1EA8-4E32-B449-3094871B2734}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fischer_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fischer_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.033}} @article{Fishell:2005, @@ -59742,7 +59731,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3278ABDA-A484-4942-86F5-186DBB1E5490}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fishell_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fishell_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.016}} @article{Fishell:2008, @@ -59764,7 +59753,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D971E3CE-525F-4098-8855-4BB8DAFD9825}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fishell_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fishell_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.018}} @article{Flames:2005, @@ -59786,7 +59775,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {997B3426-7D66-48E3-9559-ACD475A4BD63}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Flames_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Flames_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.020}} @article{Flanary:2004, @@ -59807,7 +59796,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1E30F4D9-C51A-4BC0-9410-99B608908626}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Flanary_Glia2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Flanary_Glia2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.10301}} @article{Flanary:2003, @@ -59848,7 +59837,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4DC7499F-7DED-47EF-942D-9F58617829C9}, Volume = {311}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Flavell_Science2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Flavell_Science2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1122511}} @article{Flax:1998, @@ -59886,7 +59875,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7147A201-3A24-4282-8F92-C0B95C86EAAA}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fleck_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fleck_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Flint:1999, Abstract = {Oscillations in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) occur spontaneously in immature neurons of the developing cerebral cortex. Here, we show that developing murine cortical neurons exhibit calcium oscillations in response to direct activation of the mGluR5 subtype of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). In contrast, other manipulations that elicit [Ca(2+)](i) increases produce simple, nonoscillatory changes. Furthermore, we find that spontaneous oscillatory [Ca(2+)](i) activity is blocked by antagonists of group I mGluRs, suggesting a specific role for mGluR activation in the promotion of oscillatory [Ca(2+)](i) dynamics in immature cortical neurons. The oscillatory pattern of [Ca(2+)](i) increases produced by mGluR activation might play a role in the regulation of gene expression and the control of developmental events.}, @@ -60027,7 +60016,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7EE68563-8D46-4C32-8B80-DC2DFC45AFEC}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Foffani_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Foffani_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.040}} @article{Fontanini:2006, @@ -60049,7 +60038,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CDDFFB56-A88E-43E7-BCF5-5A297DA45851}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fontanini_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fontanini_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.013}} @article{Fordyce:2005, @@ -60071,7 +60060,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2D7ACEB2-BBAB-4C96-9F19-5FF427A2E23C}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fordyce_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fordyce_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1251-05.2005}} @article{Forni:2006, @@ -60114,7 +60103,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3121AFF9-D65E-48E4-B786-4EDB7F16274D}, Volume = {440}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Foster_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Foster_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04587}} @article{Fouad:2005, @@ -60152,7 +60141,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {151E41B7-11F9-4662-B800-070C658211C6}, Volume = {51}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fowler_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fowler_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}} @article{Fox:1998, Abstract = {Long-range, directed migration is particularly dramatic in the cerebral cortex, where postmitotic neurons generated deep in the brain migrate to form layers with distinct form and function. In the X-linked dominant human disorder periventricular heterotopia (PH), many neurons fail to migrate and persist as nodules lining the ventricular surface. Females with PH present with epilepsy and other signs, including patent ductus arteriosus and coagulopathy, while hemizygous males die embryonically. We have identified the PH gene as filamin 1 (FLN1), which encodes an actin-cross-linking phosphoprotein that transduces ligand-receptor binding into actin reorganization, and which is required for locomotion of many cell types. FLN1 shows previously unrecognized, high-level expression in the developing cortex, is required for neuronal migration to the cortex, and is essential for embryogenesis.}, @@ -60174,7 +60163,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0E99B0A5-1E09-450C-9E36-AFD3AF9FF4A3}, Volume = {21}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fox_Neuron1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fox_Neuron1998.pdf}} @article{Fox:2007, Abstract = {The resting brain is not silent, but exhibits organized fluctuations in neuronal activity even in the absence of tasks or stimuli. This intrinsic brain activity persists during task performance and contributes to variability in evoked brain responses. What is unknown is if this intrinsic activity also contributes to variability in behavior. In the current fMRI study, we identify a relationship between human brain activity in the left somatomotor cortex and spontaneous trial-to-trial variability in button press force. We then demonstrate that 74\%of this brain-behavior relationship is attributable to ongoing fluctuations in intrinsic activity similar to those observed during resting fixation. In addition to establishing a functional and behavioral significance of intrinsic brain activity, these results lend new insight into the origins of variability in human behavior.}, @@ -60195,7 +60184,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C751ECC3-FE59-46EC-A786-89469F2DF9FD}, Volume = {56}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fox_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fox_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.023}} @article{Fox:1996, @@ -60231,7 +60220,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {78108B0B-1345-4553-A186-3B17512F0467}, Volume = {298}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fox_Science2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fox_Science2002.pdf}} @article{Forster:2002, Abstract = {The mammary glands of prepubertal estrogen receptor (ER)beta-- mice are morphologically indistinguishable from those of WT littermates. It appears that, although ERbeta is expressed in the mouse mammary gland, it is not involved in ductal growth of the gland. In this study, we examined the possibility that ERbeta has a role in the differentiated function of the mammary gland. Pregnancy is rare in ERbeta-- mice, but an intensive breeding program produced seven pregnant ERbeta-- mice, of which five did not eat their offspring and continued to successful lactation. Histomorphological comparison of lactating glands revealed that alveoli were larger and there was less secretory epithelium in ERbeta-- than in WT mice. Ultrastructural analysis showed abundant milk droplets and normal apical villi in the luminal epithelial cells, but the extracellular matrix and lamina basalis were reduced, and very frequently the interepithelial cell space was increased. Levels of the adhesion molecules, E-cadherin, connexin 32, occludin, and integrin alpha2 were reduced, and no zona occludens was detectable. In addition, there was widespread expression of the proliferation marker, Ki-67, in luminal epithelial cells in ERbeta-- but not in WT mice. These findings suggest a role for ERbeta in organization and adhesion of epithelial cells and hence for differentiated tissue morphology. We speculate that, because a reduced risk for breast cancer is conferred on women who breast-feed at an early age, ERbeta could contribute to this risk reduction by facilitating terminal differentiation of the mammary gland.}, @@ -60275,7 +60264,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {59B7EE44-C34B-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Förster_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Förster_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.202035899}} @article{Frade:2000, @@ -60292,7 +60281,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4813D1CA-F1B2-4F96-AB25-4D667BD935A8}, Volume = {113 ( Pt 7)}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Frade_JCellSci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Frade_JCellSci2000.pdf}} @article{Franceschini:2004, Abstract = {Polysialic acid (PSA) on NCAM is an important modulator of cell-cell interactions during development and regeneration. Here we investigated whether PSA overexpression influences neural cell migration and myelination. We stably expressed a GFP-tagged polysialytransferase, PSTGFP, in mouse neurospheres and induced prolonged PSA synthesis. Using a chick xenograft assay for migration, we show that PSA can instruct precursor migration along the ventral pathway. PSA persistence did not change neural precursor multipotentiality in vitro but induced a delay in oligodendrocyte differentiation. PSTGFP+ precursors showed widespread engraftment in shiverer brain, closely similar to that observed with control precursors expressing a fluorescent protein. Initially, myelination by oligodendrocytes was delayed but, eventually, down-regulation of PSTGFP occurred, allowing myelination to proceed. Thus down-regulation of polysialyltransferases takes place even in cells where its RNA is under the control of a heterologous promoter and engineering PSA overexpression in neural precursors does not cause irreversible unphysiological effects.}, @@ -60313,7 +60302,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {779B993B-A63D-4899-9CA5-C2C814245E14}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Franceschini_MolCellNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Franceschini_MolCellNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2004.05.006}} @article{Franchi:2000, @@ -60374,7 +60363,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {89424AD1-005D-4F5D-BD06-991A0BFB085D}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Francis_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Francis_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04649.x}} @article{Francis:1999, @@ -60433,7 +60422,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D044E070-9077-42BE-8622-B8F092A837FB}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Frank_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Frank_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Frankshten:1986, Abstract = {Influence of cerebral hypoxia and hyperventilatory hypocapnia on the ECoG and focal epileptiform activity of the cerebral cortex induced with local application of strychnine was studied in cats with transection of spinal cord at C1. Although both hypoxia and hypocapnia produced synchronization of the cerebral cortex electrical activity, i.e. exerted the same effects on the ECoG, their influence on cortical excitability was quite different: hypoxia suppressed the epileptiform activity whereas hypocapnia facilitated it.}, @@ -60473,7 +60462,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {733337C2-D658-43A8-BB5F-F702AC5F85C2}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fransson_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fransson_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704380104}} @article{Frantseva:2002, @@ -60613,7 +60602,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {901FC932-DBE7-425A-8085-D1C7EBA7551F}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Freeman_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Freeman_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.12.004}} @article{Frenkel:2004, @@ -60635,7 +60624,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0F60362E-8143-417A-B2ED-A68BFB765C5D}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Frenkel_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Frenkel_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.003}} @article{Freundlieb:2006, @@ -60750,7 +60739,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {311F933C-D057-47BC-862A-2D7766353E90}, Volume = {303}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Friedman_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Friedman_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1094068}} @article{Fries:2008, @@ -60772,7 +60761,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1BDA3E30-5472-4BF8-B0EE-CD33F71DE2C2}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fries_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fries_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.020}} @article{Friocourt:2003, @@ -60811,7 +60800,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8EE0A372-926A-4929-9E1B-CB994F6C1C46}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Friocourt_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Friocourt_EurJNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04629.x}} @article{Friocourt:2007, @@ -60833,7 +60822,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {400F1113-7961-4560-8B0E-83AFC00DCA91}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Friocourt_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Friocourt_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4530-06.2007}} @article{Fritschy:1994, @@ -60871,7 +60860,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {021B383A-716E-11DA-A383-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Frotscher_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Frotscher_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} @article{Frotscher:1998, Abstract = {Early-generated Cajal-Retzius cells in the marginal zone of the cortex synthesize and secrete the glycoprotein Reelin. The reelin gene is deleted in reeler mice, which show characteristic alterations in cortical lamination. Recent studies have shed some light on the role of Cajal-Retzius cells and Reelin in the formation of cell and fiber layers in the neocortex and hippocampus.}, @@ -60912,7 +60901,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FDBE7B87-91A6-45C1-A772-5480CBD8AC81}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fröhlich_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fröhlich_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5509-05.2006}} @article{Frohlich:2008, @@ -60934,7 +60923,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {45640911-826C-428A-967D-7B9D343670E6}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fröhlich_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fröhlich_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4263-07.2008}} @article{Fuchs:2004, @@ -60951,7 +60940,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D9EAE568-620A-4AEA-8E4D-0B5E36673000}, Volume = {116}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fuchs_Cell2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fuchs_Cell2004.pdf}} @article{Fuchs:2007, Abstract = {With the growing recognition that rhythmic and oscillatory patterns are widespread in the brain and play important roles in all aspects of the function of our nervous system, there has been a resurgence of interest in neuronal synchronized bursting activity. Here, we were interested in understanding the development of synchronized bursts as information-bearing neuronal activity patterns. For that, we have monitored the morphological organization and spontaneous activity of neuronal networks cultured on multielectrode-arrays during their self-executed evolvement from a mixture of dissociated cells into an active network. Complex collective network electrical activity evolved from sporadic firing patterns of the single neurons. On the system (network) level, the activity was marked by bursting events with interneuronal synchronization and nonarbitrary temporal ordering. We quantified these individual-to-collective activity transitions using newly-developed system level quantitative measures of time series regularity and complexity. We found that individual neuronal activity before synchronization was characterized by high regularity and low complexity. During neuronal wiring, there was a transient period of reorganization marked by low regularity, which then leads to coemergence of elevated regularity and functional (nonstochastic) complexity. We further investigated the morphology-activity interplay by modeling artificial neuronal networks with different topological organizations and connectivity schemes. The simulations support our experimental results by showing increased levels of complexity of neuronal activity patterns when neurons are wired up and organized in clusters (similar to mature real networks), as well as network-level activity regulation once collective activity forms.}, @@ -61007,7 +60996,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {103A59B9-5ABB-497D-9CB3-F5B3977D43C4}, Volume = {451}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fuerst_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fuerst_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06514}} @article{Fueyo:2003, @@ -61067,7 +61056,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5659871C-3E9F-4082-B8FC-3DD7B7CB73B7}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fujii_JHepatol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fujii_JHepatol2002.pdf}} @article{Fujioka:2004, Abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of the cAMP cascade, including the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), increases the proliferation and survival of newborn neurons in adult mouse hippocampus. In the present study, we determined whether the cAMP-CREB cascade also influences the morphological maturation of newborn neurons in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. Rolipram, a selective inhibitor of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 4, was administered to activate the cAMP cascade, and neuronal morphology was determined by analysis of Golgi-impregnated neurons in the subgranular zone of hippocampus. Rolipram administration significantly increased the number of branch points and length of dendrites relative to vehicle treatment. Increased branch number and length were accompanied by increased levels of phosphorylated CREB, the active form of this transcription factor, in immature neurons. In contrast, the morphology of Golgi-impregnated neurons was not significantly influenced by rolipram treatment in inducible transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative mutant of CREB in hippocampus. We also tested the influence of cAMP analogs in primary hippocampal cultures and found that activation of the cAMP pathway increased and inhibition of the cAMP cascade decreased the number of branches and length of processes as observed in vivo. These findings indicate that the cAMP-CREB cascade plays an important role in the differentiation and maturation of newborn neurons in hippocampus. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -61084,7 +61073,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FDDFD87E-5A6C-4E49-A2D0-5D97BDD25EC0}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fujioka_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fujioka_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Fujisawa:2006, Abstract = {Fluctuations of membrane potential of cortical neurons, referred to here as internal states, are essential for brain function, but little is known about how these internal states emerge and are maintained, or what determines transitions between these states. We performed intracellular recordings from hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells ex vivo and found that neurons display multiple and hierarchical internal states, which are linked to cholinergic activity and are characterized by several power law structures in membrane potential dynamics. Multiple recordings from adjacent neurons revealed that the internal states were coherent between neurons, indicating that the internal state of any given cell in a local network could represent the network activity state. Repeated stimulation of single neurons led over time to transitions to different internal states in both the stimulated neuron and neighboring neurons. Thus, single-cell activation is sufficient to shift the state of the entire local network. As the states shift to more active levels, theta- and gamma-frequency components developed in the form of subthreshold oscillations. State transitions were associated with changes in membrane conductance but were not accompanied by a change in reversal potential. These data suggest that the recurrent network organizes the internal states of individual neurons into synchronization through network activity with balanced excitation and inhibition, and that this organization is discrete, heterogeneous and dynamic in nature. Thus, neuronal states reflect the 'phase' of an active network, a novel demonstration of the dynamics and flexibility of cortical microcircuitry.}, @@ -61105,7 +61094,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {429FDB0F-10E9-462F-8F2F-BA3DC7852629}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fujisawa_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Fujisawa_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj010}} @article{Fujisawa:1998, @@ -61127,7 +61116,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {76420E59-D360-4B88-AC79-C78F2620EA46}, Volume = {72}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Fujisawa_JVirol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Fujisawa_JVirol1998.pdf}} @article{Fukami:2003, Abstract = {Identification of the causes of productivity-species diversity relationships remains a central topic of ecological research. Different relations have been attributed to the influence of disturbance, consumers, niche specialization and spatial scale. One unexplored cause is the history of community assembly, the partly stochastic sequential arrival of species from a regional pool of potential community members. The sequence of species arrival can greatly affect community structure. If assembly sequence interacts with productivity to influence diversity, different sequences can contribute to variation in productivity-diversity relationships. Here we report a test of this hypothesis by assembling aquatic microbial communities at five productivity levels using four assembly sequences. About 30 generations after assembly, productivity-diversity relationships took various forms, including a positive, a hump-shaped, a U-shaped and a non-significant pattern, depending on assembly sequence. This variation resulted from idiosyncratic joint effects of assembly sequence, productivity and species identity on species abundances. We suggest that the history of community assembly should be added to the growing list of factors that influence productivity-biodiversity patterns.}, @@ -61245,7 +61234,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F13B7105-12CC-46DF-BE34-69B1826A985D}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Furukawa_Neuron2000}} + File = {papers/Furukawa_Neuron2000}} @article{Furusho:2006, Abstract = {Cholinergic neurons, which express choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), are a major neuron subset generated in the basal forebrain. Areas presumed to be sites of origin of cholinergic neurons are roughly demarcated by expression of Olig2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, which includes the medial ganglionic eminence, septal area, and anterior entopeduncular/preoptic area. In the present study, we examined the involvement of Olig2 in cholinergic differentiation. When the Olig2-expressing cells at E12.5 were permanently modified to express the lacZ or EGFP gene by tamoxifen-induced Cre-mediated recombination, the cells marked by reporter gene expression were widely distributed in the basal forebrain by E18.5, some of which expressed neuronal markers. We showed that a small number of cells were double-positive for ChAT and X-gal or EGFP in almost all cases. In addition, the number of ChAT+ cells was reduced to 60\%in the Olig2 knockout mouse basal forebrain. No evidence of elevated apoptosis or reduced proliferation was observed in the knockout mouse forebrain. The present study provides the first direct evidence for involvement of the Olig2 gene in cholinergic differentiation in the basal forebrain.}, @@ -61305,7 +61294,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DAF4B1A7-AFA3-4A48-AB70-B15823902584}, Volume = {85}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gabel_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gabel_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} @article{Gabel:2002, Abstract = {Cortical dysplasias are associated with both epilepsy and cognitive impairments in humans. Similarly, several animal models of cortical dysplasia show that dysplasia causes increased seizure susceptibility and behavioral deficits in vivo and increased levels of excitability in vitro. As most current animal models involve either global disruptions in cortical architecture or the induction of lesions, it is not yet clear whether small spontaneous neocortical malformations are also associated with increased excitability or seizure susceptibility. Small groups of displaced neurons in layer I of the neocortex, ectopias, have been identified in patients with cognitive impairments, and similar malformations occur sporadically in some inbred lines of mice where they are associated with behavioral and sensory-processing deficits. In a previous study, we characterized the physiology of cells within neocortical ectopias, in one of the inbred lines (NXSM-D/Ei) and showed that the presence of multiple ectopias is associated with the generation of spontaneous epileptiform activity in slices. In this study, we use extracellular recordings from brain slices to show that even single-layer I ectopias are associated with higher excitability. Specifically, slices that contain single ectopias display epileptiform activity at significantly lower concentrations of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline than do slices without ectopias (either from opposite hemispheres or animals without ectopias). Moreover, because removal of ectopias from slices does not restore normal excitability, enhanced excitability is not generated within the ectopia. Finally, we show that in vivo, mice with ectopias are more sensitive to the convulsant pentylenetetrazole than are mice without ectopias. Together these results suggest that alterations in cortical hemispheres containing focal layer I malformations increase cortical excitability and that even moderately small spontaneous cortical dysplasias are associated with increased excitability in vitro and in vivo.}, @@ -61326,7 +61315,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DC9DD259-53F8-4C5F-8D71-AD4E7CB39E86}, Volume = {87}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gabel_JNeurophysiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gabel_JNeurophysiol2002.pdf}} @article{Gage:1995, Abstract = {The nervous system of adult mammals, unlike the rest of the organs in the body, has been considered unique in its apparent inability to replace neurons following injury. However, in certain regions of the brain, neurogenesis occurs postnatally and continues through adulthood. The nature, fate, and longevity of cells undergoing proliferation within the CNS are unknown. These cells are increasingly becoming the focus of intense scrutiny; this is a recent development that has led to considerable controversy over the appropriate terminology to describe neural cells as they pass through different stages of proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Continuing studies detailing the properties of mitotic populations in the adult CNS will provide a better understanding of the nature of these cells during their development and should lead to a more consistent nomenclature. Studies of neural precursors isolated from the embryonic brain have indicated that many subgroups of cells undergo mitosis and subsequent differentiation into neurons and glia in vitro. A number of substances, such as growth factors and substrate molecules, are essential for these processes and also for lineage restriction and fate determination of these cells. Recent studies have shown that cells with proliferative capabilities can also be isolated from the adult brain. The nature of these cells is unknown, but there is evidence that both multipotent cells (stem cells) and lineage-restricted cells (neuroblasts or glioblasts) are resident within the mature CNS and that they can be maintained and induced to divide and differentiate in response to many of the same factors that influence their embryonic counterparts. Presently, it is unclear how many potentially quiescent precursor cells exist in the adult brain or what combination of growth factors and substrate molecules is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of these cells. Some of these questions are currently being addressed by using immortalized neural precursors or growth factor-expanded populations of primary precursors to model precursor responsiveness to environmental manipulations. Because in vitro culture conditions are unlikely to provide all of the factors necessary for inducing the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursors, recent studies have explored the properties of well-characterized precursor populations after implantation back into specific regions of the developing or adult CNS. These studies have highlighted the importance of the microenvironment in precursor differentiation and further suggested that precursor plasticity is a characteristic that is probably common to neural precursors throughout the CNS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Using Smart Source Parsing}, @@ -61372,7 +61361,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {42746EF9-0CA5-4997-A654-BD0E1CEC06D0}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gage_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gage_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Gage:1995a, Abstract = {The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is one of the few areas of the adult brain that undergoes neurogenesis. In the present study, cells capable of proliferation and neurogenesis were isolated and cultured from the adult rat hippocampus. In defined medium containing basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), cells can survive, proliferate, and express neuronal and glial markers. Cells have been maintained in culture for 1 year through multiple passages. These cultured adult cells were labeled in vitro with bromodeoxyuridine and adenovirus expressing beta-galactosidase and were transplanted to the adult rat hippocampus. Surviving cells were evident through 3 months postimplantation with no evidence of tumor formation. Within 2 months postgrafting, labeled cells were found in the dentate gyrus, where they differentiated into neurons only in the intact region of the granule cell layer. Our results indicate that FGF-2 responsive progenitors can be isolated from the adult hippocampus and that these cells retain the capacity to generate mature neurons when grafted into the adult rat brain.}, @@ -61388,7 +61377,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F21C7EC2-6875-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {92}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gage_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gage_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1995.pdf}} @article{Gage:2000, Abstract = {Neural stem cells exist not only in the developing mammalian nervous system but also in the adult nervous system of all mammalian organisms, including humans. Neural stem cells can also be derived from more primitive embryonic stem cells. The location of the adult stem cells and the brain regions to which their progeny migrate in order to differentiate remain unresolved, although the number of viable locations is limited in the adult. The mechanisms that regulate endogenous stem cells are poorly understood. Potential uses of stem cells in repair include transplantation to repair missing cells and the activation of endogenous cells to provide "self-repair. "Before the full potential of neural stem cells can be realized, we need to learn what controls their proliferation, as well as the various pathways of differentiation available to their daughter cells.}, @@ -61461,7 +61450,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1803FFB4-36AB-4D78-B399-ACEC46A0830C}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1985}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Galaburda_AnnNeurol1985.pdf}, + File = {papers/Galaburda_AnnNeurol1985.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410180210}} @article{Galaburda:2006, @@ -61523,7 +61512,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {724AB740-07B8-4CCE-8FBC-C2D462B14C13}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Galaburda_NeurolClin2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Galaburda_NeurolClin2003.pdf}} @article{Galceran:2000, Abstract = {Lef1 and other genes of the LEF1/TCF family of transcription factors are nuclear mediators of Wnt signaling. Here we examine the expression pattern and functional importance of Lef1 in the developing forebrain of the mouse. Lef1 is expressed in the developing hippocampus, and LEF1-deficient embryos lack dentate gyrus granule cells but contain glial cells and interneurons in the region of the dentate gyrus. In mouse embryos homozygous for a Lef1-lacZ fusion gene, which encodes a protein that is not only deficient in DNA binding but also interferes with (beta)-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation by other LEF1/TCF proteins, the entire hippocampus including the CA fields is missing. Thus, LEF1 regulates the generation of dentate gyrus granule cells, and together with other LEF1/TCF proteins, the development of the hippocampus.}, @@ -61544,7 +61533,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E08412AA-7113-11DA-9A4D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {127}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Galceran_Development2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Galceran_Development2000.pdf}} @article{Galea:2005, Abstract = {Perivascular macrophages are believed to have a significant role in inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). They express a number of different receptors that point toward functions in both innate immunity, through pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition, phagocytosis, and cytokine responsiveness, and acquired immunity, through antigen presentation and co-stimulation. We are interested in the receptors that are differentially expressed by perivascular macrophages and microglia in both the normal CNS as well as in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this article we report the use of a well-characterized monoclonal antibody, 5D3, to localize the expression of the mannose receptor to perivascular macrophages in the normal CNS and in various models of brain pathology. Mannose receptor expression was limited to perivascular, meningeal, and choroid plexus macrophages in normal, inflamed, injured, and diseased CNS. In particular, activated microglia and invading hematogenous leukocytes were mannose receptor negative while expressing the F4/80 antigen, macrosialin (CD68), FcRII (CD32), scavenger receptor (CD204), and CR3 (CD11b/CD18). Since the perivascular macrophages expressing the mannose receptor are known to be the only constitutively phagocytic cells in the normal CNS, we injected clodronate-loaded liposomes intracerebroventricularly in control mice to deplete these cells. In these mice, there was no detectable mannose receptor expression in perivascular spaces after immunocytochemistry with the 5D3 monoclonal antibody. This finding underlines the value of the monoclonal antibody 5D3 as a tool to study murine perivascular macrophages selectively. Mannose receptor expression by macrophages located at blood-brain (perivascular), brain-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (meningeal), and CSF-blood (choroid plexus) interfaces supports a functional role of these cells in responding to external stimuli such as infection.}, @@ -61679,7 +61668,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ED7DC53A-689E-4A2F-90B8-71C1A5EADFD9}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gan_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gan_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1115}} @article{Ganat:2006, @@ -61701,7 +61690,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A8D22CFF-9EDA-485E-B7AF-3BFC9E93F1EF}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ganat_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ganat_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2532-06.2006}} @article{Ganat:2002, @@ -61718,7 +61707,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {604CD542-952D-4565-9E2F-59A9575FC663}, Volume = {112}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ganat_Neuroscience2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ganat_Neuroscience2002.pdf}} @article{Garaschuk:1998, Abstract = {1. By applying fura-2-based fluorometric calcium imaging to neonatal rat hippocampal slices we identified a developmentally regulated spontaneous neuronal activity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The activity consisted of bursts of intracellular Ca2+ transients recurring synchronously at a slow rate of 0.4-2 min-1 in the entire population of pyramidal neurones and interneurones. 2. These early network oscillations (ENOs) were present during a restricted period of postnatal development. Thus, they were not detected at the day of birth (P0), at P1-P4 they consisted of bursts of large (up to 1.5 microM) Ca2+ transients, gradually transforming into regularly occurring, smaller Ca2+ transients during the subsequent week. Beyond P15-P16 no ENOs were detected. 3. The ENOs were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) and by a reduction in temperature from 33-35 degrees C to 20-22 degrees C. By combining fluorometric imaging with whole-cell current-clamp recordings, we found that each ENO-related Ca2+ transient was associated with a high-frequency (up to 100 Hz) train of action potentials riding on a depolarizing wave. 4. Recordings in the voltage-clamp mode revealed barrages of synaptic currents that were strictly correlated with the ENO-associated Ca2+ transients in neighbouring pyramidal neurones. Perfusing the cells with an intracellular solution that allowed for a discrimination between GABAA and glutamate receptor-mediated currents showed that these barrages of synaptic currents were predominantly of GABAergic origin. 5. The ENOs were totally blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline and they were also substantially reduced by the glutamatergic antagonists D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D, L-APV) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). 6. Synaptic stimulation and application of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol mimicked the spontaneous Ca2+ transients in pyramidal neurones. The efficacy of muscimol in evoking Ca2+ transients decreased during development in parallel with the gradual disappearance of the ENOs. 7. The developmental decrease in the amplitude of ENO-associated Ca2+ transients occurred in parallel with the transformation of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus from the immature GABAergic to the mature glutamatergic form. Thus, at the beginning of the first postnatal week single-shock synaptic stimulation produced Ca2+ transients that were completely blocked by bicuculline. At the end of the second postnatal week the same type of evoked synaptic stimulation produced a Ca2+ transient that was little affected by bicuculline but was abolished by the combined application of D,L-APV and CNQX. 8. These results demonstrate the presence of periodic and spontaneous Ca2+ transients in the majority of pyramidal cells and interneurones of the neonatal CA1 hippocampal network. These ENOs exhibit a highly region-specific developmental profile and may control the activity-dependent wiring of the synaptic connectivity during early postnatal development.}, @@ -61737,7 +61726,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3E226CAE-42B6-4391-A741-3199DFBDC033}, Volume = {507 ( Pt 1)}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Garaschuk_JPhysiol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Garaschuk_JPhysiol1998.pdf}} @article{Garaschuk:2000, Abstract = {Two-photon imaging of large neuronal networks in cortical slices of newborn rats revealed synchronized oscillations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. These spontaneous Ca2+ waves usually started in the posterior cortex and propagated slowly (2.1 mm per second) toward its anterior end. Ca2+ waves were associated with field-potential changes and required activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors. Although GABAA receptors were not involved in wave initiation, the developmental transition of GABAergic transmission from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing (around postnatal day 7) stopped the oscillatory activity. Thus we identified a type of large-scale Ca2+ wave that may regulate long-distance wiring in the immature cortex.}, @@ -61758,7 +61747,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6A47B021-AADE-4327-A2E0-EBE0B5B5993B}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Garaschuk_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Garaschuk_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/74823}} @article{Garaschuk:2006, @@ -61779,7 +61768,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A9A8FD99-5135-4A5F-87A5-537F39755064}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Garaschuk_NatProtoc2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Garaschuk_NatProtoc2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.58}} @article{Garcia:2004, @@ -61801,7 +61790,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D6F585BF-C9B5-11DA-8A64-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Garcia_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Garcia_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1340}} @article{Garcia-Valenzuela:1999, @@ -61824,7 +61813,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D82C3775-E8DF-41CD-9E0C-5444CA4ACFE1}, Volume = {40}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Garcia-Valenzuela_JNeurobiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Garcia-Valenzuela_JNeurobiol1999.pdf}} @article{Garcia-Verdugo:1998, Abstract = {Neural stem cells are maintained in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mammalian brain. Here, we review the cellular organization of this germinal layer and propose lineage relationships of the three main cell types found in this area. The majority of cells in the adult SVZ are migrating neuroblasts (type A cells) that continue to proliferate. These cells form an extensive network of tangentially oriented pathways throughout the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. Type A cells move long distances through this network at high speeds by means of chain migration. Cells in the SVZ network enter the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and migrate anteriorly into the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. The chains of type A cells are ensheathed by slowly proliferating astrocytes (type B cells), the second most common cell type in this germinal layer. The most actively proliferating cells in the SVZ, type C, form small clusters dispersed throughout the network. These foci of proliferating type C cells are in close proximity to chains of type A cells. We discuss possible lineage relationships among these cells and hypothesize which are the neural stem cells in the adult SVZ. In addition, we suggest that interactions between type A, B, and C cells may regulate proliferation and initial differentiation within this germinal layer.}, @@ -61861,7 +61850,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {13F7AE16-DAB7-443D-9042-2B0BBBB472B9}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Garel_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Garel_TrendsNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.014}} @article{Garland:2007, @@ -62011,7 +62000,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {85E9564C-A32E-4FA1-AADE-1D7463C8EF8D}, Volume = {439}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ge_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ge_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04404}} @article{Ge:2007, @@ -62155,7 +62144,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {48D9C141-C7B8-4922-BAB8-5AC6EA05EF34}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ghanem_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ghanem_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4725-06.2007}} @article{Ghashghaei:2006, @@ -62177,7 +62166,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EC9D63C1-2ACB-4454-8500-E51901DD85D6}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ghashghaei_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ghashghaei_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510410103}} @article{Gheusi:2007, @@ -62212,7 +62201,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E9590325-910B-44B8-B651-3A700F64B38C}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {../Data/Papers/text/dissertation/dissertation.pdf}} + File = {../Data/Papers/text/dissertation/dissertation.pdf}} @article{Ghosh:1995, Abstract = {To identify molecules that regulate the transition of dividing neuroblasts to terminally differentiated neurons in the CNS, conditions have been developed that allow the neuronal differentiation of cortical precursor cells to be examined in vitro. In these cultures, the proliferation of undifferentiated precursor cells is controlled by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The proliferative effects of bFGF do not preclude the action of signals that promote differentiation, since addition of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) antagonizes the proliferative effects of bFGF and enhances neuronal differentiation. In addition, blocking NT-3 function with neutralizing antibodies leads to a marked decrease in the number of differentiated neurons, without affecting the proliferation of cortical precursors or the survival of postmitotic cortical neurons. These observations suggest that bFGF and NT-3, by their distinct effects on cell proliferation and differentiation, are key regulators of neurogenesis in the CNS.}, @@ -62367,7 +62356,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B99F4800-81B6-45E7-8F77-EACE94B36A32}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gilja_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gilja_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.012}} @article{Gilmore:2001, @@ -62446,7 +62435,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3AD28327-A565-4C32-98BD-B5521BD9E157}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gitler_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gitler_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3795-04.2004}} @article{Giulian:1986, @@ -62467,7 +62456,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3B91C779-CB93-4B92-93FE-9FDE8AF1B7F1}, Volume = {6}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Giulian_JNeurosci1986.pdf}} + File = {papers/Giulian_JNeurosci1986.pdf}} @article{Giulian:1989, Abstract = {We monitor cellular responses to a penetrating wound in the cerebral cortex of adult rat during the first weeks after injury. Two classes of activated mononuclear phagocytes containing acetylated low-density lipoprotein (ac-LDL) receptors appear within hours at the wound site. One type of cell surrounding the lesion edge had thin, delicate processes and is identical in appearance to ramified microglia found in developing brain. Within the lesion, round cells are recognized as blood-borne macrophages when labeled by intravenous injection of carbon particles. Thus, both process-bearing reactive microglia and invading macrophages respond to brain trauma. The greatest number of ac-LDL(+) or nonspecific esterase(+) mononuclear phagocytes appears 2 days after injury within the wound site and are associated with a peak production of the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). Because intracerebral infusion of IL-1 is known to stimulate astrogliosis and neovascularization (Giulian et al., 1988), we examine the time course of injury-induced reactive astrogliosis and angiogenesis. A 5-fold increase in the number of reactive astroglia is found at 3 d and a marked neovascularization at 5 d after injury. During the first week, mononuclear phagocytes engulf particles and clear them from the wound site either by migrating to the brain surface or by entering newly formed brain vasculature. To investigate further the role of reactive brain mononuclear phagocytes in CNS injury, we use drugs to inhibit trauma-induced inflammation. When applied in vivo, chloroquine or colchicine reduce the number of mononuclear phagocytes in damaged brain, help to block reactive astrogliosis and neovascularization, and slow the rate of debris clearance from sites of traumatic injury. In contrast, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone neither reduces the number of brain inflammatory cells nor hampers such responses as phagocytosis, astrogliosis, neovascularization, or debris clearance in vivo. Our observations show that mononuclear phagocytes play a major role in wound healing after CNS trauma with some events controlled by secretion of cytokines. Moreover, certain classes of immunosuppressive drugs may be useful in the treatment of acute brain injury.}, @@ -62528,7 +62517,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CB455028-6D11-11DA-A4FE-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {92}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gleeson_Cell1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gleeson_Cell1998.pdf}} @article{Gleeson:1999, Abstract = {Doublecortin (DCX) is required for normal migration of neurons into the cerebral cortex, since mutations in the human gene cause a disruption of cortical neuronal migration. To date, little is known about the distribution of DCX protein or its function. Here, we demonstrate that DCX is expressed in migrating neurons throughout the central and peripheral nervous system during embryonic and postnatal development. DCX protein localization overlaps with microtubules in cultured primary cortical neurons, and this overlapping expression is disrupted by microtubule depolymerization. DCX coassembles with brain microtubules, and recombinant DCX stimulates the polymerization of purified tubulin. Finally, overexpression of DCX in heterologous cells leads to a dramatic microtubule phenotype that is resistant to depolymerization. Therefore, DCX likely directs neuronal migration by regulating the organization and stability of microtubules.}, @@ -62550,7 +62539,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8AFBA3-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {23}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gleeson_Neuron1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gleeson_Neuron1999.pdf}} @article{Gleeson:2007, Abstract = {Conductance-based neuronal network models can help us understand how synaptic and cellular mechanisms underlie brain function. However, these complex models are difficult to develop and are inaccessible to most neuroscientists. Moreover, even the most biologically realistic network models disregard many 3D anatomical features of the brain. Here, we describe a new software application, neuroConstruct, that facilitates the creation, visualization, and analysis of networks of multicompartmental neurons in 3D space. A graphical user interface allows model generation and modification without programming. Models within neuroConstruct are based on new simulator-independent NeuroML standards, allowing automatic generation of code for NEURON or GENESIS simulators. neuroConstruct was tested by reproducing published models and its simulator independence verified by comparing the same model on two simulators. We show how more anatomically realistic network models can be created and their properties compared with experimental measurements by extending a published 1D cerebellar granule cell layer model to 3D.}, @@ -62571,7 +62560,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B7854664-01C2-45F7-8A4E-B4B465AFA5DA}, Volume = {54}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gleeson_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gleeson_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.025}} @article{Glezer:2006, @@ -62610,7 +62599,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B59C66E9-172F-4C45-AEAC-4EF9B14E11E0}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gloveli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gloveli_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506259102}} @article{Godukhin:2002, @@ -62727,7 +62716,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DA8601FE-031D-4023-9A95-E407D997D428}, Volume = {131}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gofflot_Cell2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gofflot_Cell2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.012}} @article{Gohlke:2004, @@ -62744,7 +62733,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EA1D2407-C723-44FF-9845-50AA6D4BEB49}, Volume = {151}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gohlke_BrainResDevBrainRes2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gohlke_BrainResDevBrainRes2004.pdf}} @article{Goings:2004, Abstract = {The subventricular zone (SVZ) generates the largest number of migratory cells in the adult brain. SVZ neuroblasts migrate to the olfactory bulbs (OB) in the adult, whereas during development, SVZ cells migrate into many adjacent nuclei. Previously, we showed that cerebral cortex injury in the adult causes molecular and cellular changes which may recapitulate the developmental migratory directions. Consistent with this, growth factors, as well as models of illness or injury can cause adult SVZ cells to migrate into non-olfactory bulb nuclei. Here, we tested the hypothesis that cerebral cortex injury in the adult mouse induces changes in migration, by labeling adult SVZ cells with a retroviral vector and examining the distribution of cells 4 days and 3 weeks later. Four days after cortical lesions, disproportionately fewer retrovirally-labeled cells had migrated to the olfactory bulb in lesioned mice than in controls. Conversely, the number of cells found in non-olfactory bulb regions (primarily the area of the lesion and the corpus callosum) was increased in lesioned mice. The morphology of these emigrated cells suggested that they were differentiating into glial cells. Three weeks after cortical injury, the majority of retrovirally-labeled cells in both groups of mice had migrated into the granule and periglomerular layers of the olfactory bulb. At 3 weeks, we still observed retrovirally-labeled glial cells in the corpus callosum and in the area of the injury in lesioned mice. These results suggest that cortical lesions cause a transient change in migration patterns of SVZ progeny, which is characterized by decreases in migration to the olfactory bulb but increased migration towards the injury. Our studies also suggest that cortical lesions induce the production of new glial cells which survive for at least 3 weeks after injury. The data support the concept that in the adult, SVZ cells can generate progeny that migrate towards injured areas and thus potentially be harnessed for neural repair. 0006-8993 Journal Article}, @@ -62760,7 +62749,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {187A79A0-DCD9-41B5-91D9-41F2E3E64208}, Volume = {996}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goings_BrainRes2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Goings_BrainRes2004.pdf}} @article{Goldberg:2003, Abstract = {GABAergic interneurones are essential in cortical processing, yet the functional properties of their dendrites are still poorly understood. In this first study, we combined two-photon calcium imaging with whole-cell recording and anatomical reconstructions to examine the calcium dynamics during action potential (AP) backpropagation in three types of V1 supragranular interneurones: parvalbumin-positive fast spikers (FS), calretinin-positive irregular spikers (IS), and adapting cells (AD). Somatically generated APs actively backpropagated into the dendritic tree and evoked instantaneous calcium accumulations. Although voltage-gated calcium channels were expressed throughout the dendritic arbor, calcium signals during backpropagation of both single APs and AP trains were restricted to proximal dendrites. This spatial control of AP backpropagation was mediated by Ia-type potassium currents and could be mitigated by by previous synaptic activity. Further, we observed supralinear summation of calcium signals in synaptically activated dendritic compartments. Together, these findings indicate that in interneurons, dendritic AP propagation is synaptically regulated. We propose that interneurones have a perisomatic and a distal dendritic functional compartment, with different integrative functions.}, @@ -62781,7 +62770,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AFFDB08C-D8C1-4FA9-9552-09D5E86B1322}, Volume = {551}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goldberg_JPhysiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Goldberg_JPhysiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.042580}} @article{Goldberg:2003a, @@ -62845,7 +62834,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F098906F-C7DA-4DD5-B4CD-3985913812E2}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goldin_EurJNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Goldin_EurJNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Goldin:2001, Abstract = {Despite widespread interest in dendritic spines, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for spine formation, retraction, or stabilization. We have now found that a brief exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to a conditioning medium that favors activation of the NMDA receptor produces long-term modification of their spontaneous network activity. The conditioning protocol enhances correlated activity of neurons in the culture, in a process requiring an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and is associated with both formation of novel dendritic spines and pruning of others. The novel spines are likely to be touched by a presynaptic terminal, labeled with FM4-64 dye, whereas the absence of such terminals increases the likelihood of spine pruning. These results indicate that long-term functional changes are correlated with morphological modifications of dendritic spines of neurons in a network.}, @@ -62866,7 +62855,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {26E141CD-F80F-48EC-9B10-F9BB81963D9A}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goldin_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Goldin_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Goldmakher:2000, Abstract = {The periglomerular (PG) cells of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) are GABAergic interneurons which receive input from the vomeronasal sensory neurons and form dendrodendritic synapses with each other and with mitral cells. Their electrophysiological properties have not been investigated. We have developed a novel method of isolating PG cells from the AOB, and used the whole-cell patch and gramicidin-perforated patch clamp techniques to measure their basic electrophysiological characteristics and their response to GABA. PG cells were found to be excitable neurons with voltage-gated Na(+) and K(+) currents, though it was very difficult to get PG cells to fire an action potential. The voltage-gated Na(+) currents of PG cells activate at more positive potentials than those of typical CNS neurons. PG cells respond to GABA with currents in which GABA(A) receptors play a significant role. A subset ( approximately 40\%) of PG cells respond to GABA with currents which have unusually high reversal potentials, indicating that GABA may be excitatory to these neurons. This phenomenon cannot be explained entirely by elevation of intracellular chloride concentrations, and is dependent on the presence of extracellular sodium.}, @@ -62961,7 +62950,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {63B8C239-2DA7-4357-AE72-27F057F246A2}, Volume = {24}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goldman_JNeurooncol1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Goldman_JNeurooncol1995.pdf}} @article{Goldman:1983, Abstract = {The vocal control nucleus designated HVc (hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis) of adult female canaries expands in response to systemic testosterone administration, which also induces the females to sing in a male-like manner. We became interested in the possibility of neurogenesis as a potential basis for this phenomenon. Intact adult female canaries were injected with [3H]thymidine over a 2-day period. Some birds were given testosterone implants at various times before thymidine. The birds were sacrificed 5 wk after hormone implantation, and their brains were processed for autoradiography. In parallel control experiments, some birds were given implants of cholesterol instead of testosterone. All birds showed considerable numbers of labeled neurons, glia, endothelia, and ventricular zone cells in and around HVc. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the identity of these labeled neurons. Cholesterol- and testosterone-treated birds had similar neuronal labeling indices, which ranged from 1.8\%to 4.0\%in HVc. Thus, neurogenesis occurred in these adults independently of exogenous hormone treatment. Conversely, both glial and endothelial proliferation rates were markedly stimulated by exogenous testosterone treatment. We determined the origin of the thymidine-incorporating neurons by sacrificing two thymidine-treated females soon after their thymidine injections, precluding any significant migration of newly labeled cells. Analysis of these brains revealed no cells of neuronal morphology present in HVc but a very heavily labeled ventricular zone overlying HVc. We conclude that neuronal precursors exist in the HVc ventricular zone that incorporate tritiated thymidine during the S phase preceding their mitosis; after division these cells migrate into, and to some extent beyond, HVc. This ventricular zone neurogenesis seems to be a normally occurring phenomenon in intact adult female canaries.}, @@ -63046,7 +63035,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4CC88BDC-2BE4-4C20-AE32-957E4BA19249}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gong_BrJCancer2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gong_BrJCancer2002.pdf}} @article{Gongidi:2004, Abstract = {Differential adhesion between migrating neurons and transient radial glial fibers enables the deployment of neurons into appropriate layers in the developing cerebral cortex. The identity of radial glial signals that regulate the termination of migration remains unclear. Here, we identified a radial glial surface antigen, SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine)-like 1, distributed predominantly in radial glial fibers passing through the upper strata of the cortical plate (CP) where neurons end their migration. Neuronal migration and adhesion assays indicate that SPARC-like 1 functions to terminate neuronal migration by reducing the adhesivity of neurons at the top of the CP. Cortical neurons fail to achieve appropriate positions in the absence of SPARC-like 1 function in vivo. Together, these data suggest that antiadhesive signaling via SPARC-like 1 on radial glial cell surfaces may enable neurons to recognize the end of migration in the developing cerebral cortex. 0896-6273 Journal Article}, @@ -63063,7 +63052,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6C97D6B0-E94C-48A2-B8F2-7E3E62A48027}, Volume = {41}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gongidi_Neuron2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gongidi_Neuron2004.pdf}} @article{Gonzalez:2002, Abstract = {Rats received lesions of the posterior cingulate cortex or both the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (total cingulate), or sham procedures, on postnatal Day 10. As adults, animals were trained in the Morris water task. Both the cingulate lesion groups showed substantial functional recovery relative to our previous studies of adult operates or animals with perinatal cingulate lesions. A Golgi analyis of layer III pyramidal cells in parietal cortex showed an increase in dendritic length in the lesion animals relative to sham controls, which is similar to previous findings for rats with anterior cingulate but not motor or parietal lesions. In addition, there was a partial regeneration of the anterior tissue in the total cingulates, which in some cases extended into the posterior region. This is consistent with earlier findings that anterior cingulate lesions around Day 10 stimulate neurogenesis. It appears that there is something special about the reparative processes and subsequent functional recovery that follow midline neocortical lesions. 21845910 0012-1630 Journal Article}, @@ -63085,7 +63074,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8FE5D68B-9D2C-47D3-A97A-8457BD1E5F4C}, Volume = {40}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gonzalez_DevPsychobiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gonzalez_DevPsychobiol2002.pdf}} @article{Gonzalez:2003, Abstract = {Neonatal posterior cingulate cortex lesions spare the spatial deficits that characterize adult lesions. The present experiments examined the possibility that the anterior cingulate cortex mediates the spared spatial behavior. Rats were given bilateral lesions of the posterior cingulate cortex or anterior plus posterior cingulate cortex on postnatal days 4 (P4), 10 (P10), or in adulthood (P120). All groups were tested for spatial learning on the Morris place task in adulthood. Adult animals were impaired on place learning relative to controls whereas place learning was spared in all the neonatal groups and sparing was complete in the group receiving day 10 lesions. The results are discussed in relation to neural mechanisms, including fiber rerouting, synaptic changes and generation of new neurons, that may mediate spared spatial following neonatal posterior cingulate cortex lesions. Also discussed is evidence indicating that the neonatal brain, especially the day 10, has a special ability to compensate for injury.}, @@ -63125,7 +63114,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EE57A0FC-9E1E-4098-AD8D-59B261531242}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/González_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/González_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} @article{Gonzalez-Scarano:1999, Abstract = {Microglia are the principal immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and have a critical role in host defense against invading microorganisms and neoplastic cells. However, as with immune cells in other organs, microglia may play a dual role, amplifying the effects of inflammation and mediating cellular degeneration as well as protecting the CNS. In entities like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the nervous system, microglia are also critical to viral persistence. In this review we discuss the role of microglia in three diseases in which their activity is at least partially deleterious: HIV, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.}, @@ -63144,7 +63133,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EDECA05C-A0DE-4DE5-ADF8-3B20E06AAE0D}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/González-Scarano_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/González-Scarano_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.219}} @article{Goodenough:1996, @@ -63163,7 +63152,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3F9E9319-7C99-4910-A60F-5DCDE609DBE2}, Volume = {65}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goodenough_AnnuRevBiochem1996.pdf}, + File = {papers/Goodenough_AnnuRevBiochem1996.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.002355}} @article{Goodier:2008, @@ -63185,7 +63174,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6DAD9E9C-47EE-4388-977F-7EA386EB0339}, Volume = {135}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Goodier_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Goodier_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022}} @article{Gopal:2007, @@ -63264,7 +63253,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {93E8B78F-EABD-469C-8FEE-B36963424799}, Volume = {452}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gosse_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gosse_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06816}} @article{Gotts:2005, @@ -63301,7 +63290,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7B1C5503-424A-4A4B-90A1-6B0B8FAD5569}, Volume = {21}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gotz_Neuron1998}} + File = {papers/Gotz_Neuron1998}} @article{Gould:1994, Abstract = {The dentate gyrus of the rat forms in three developmental phases, each of which is characterized by neuronal birth, migration and death. Recent evidence indicates that adrenal steroids regulate neuronal birth, death, and possibly migration throughout the life of the animal. However, the observation that very few neuroblasts in the developing or adult dentate gyrus express adrenal steroid receptors suggests that the effects of adrenal steroid manipulations on neurogenesis are indirect. Additional evidence indicates that NMDA receptor activation regulates neuronal birth and death in this brain region presenting the possibility that adrenal steroids influence these processes through direct actions on excitatory afferents. Future studies will address this possibility.}, @@ -63347,7 +63336,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9C09BCDE-D20C-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gould_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gould_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Gould:1999, Abstract = {Thousands of hippocampal neurons are born in adulthood, suggesting that new cells could be important for hippocampal function. To determine whether hippocampus-dependent learning affects adult-generated neurons, we examined the fate of new cells labeled with the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine following specific behavioral tasks. Here we report that the number of adult-generated neurons doubles in the rat dentate gyrus in response to training on associative learning tasks that require the hippocampus. In contrast, training on associative learning tasks that do not require the hippocampus did not alter the number of new cells. These findings indicate that adult-generated hippocampal neurons are specifically affected by, and potentially involved in, associative memory formation.}, @@ -63384,7 +63373,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {73BDD42A-0BDA-4D14-AFA9-CFA577D0E620}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gould_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gould_NatRevNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2147}} @article{Gould:1999a, @@ -63401,7 +63390,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9FB6E308-67A7-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {96}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gould_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gould_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1999.pdf}} @article{Gould:2001, Abstract = {Previously we reported that new neurons are added to the hippocampus and neocortex of adult macaque monkeys. Here we compare the production and survival of adult-generated neurons and glia in the dentate gyrus, prefrontal cortex, and inferior temporal cortex. Twelve adult macaques were injected with the thymidine analogue BrdUrd, and the phenotypes of labeled cells were examined after 2 h, 24 h, 2 wk, 5 wk, 9 wk, and 12 wk by using the following immunocytochemical markers: for immature and mature neurons, class III beta-tubulin (TuJ1); for mature neurons, neuronal nuclei; for astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein; and for oligodendrocytes, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'phosphodiesterase. We found that the dentate gyrus had many more BrdUrd-labeled cells than either neocortical area. Furthermore, a greater percentage of BrdUrd- labeled cells expressed a neuronal marker in the dentate gyrus than in either neocortical area. The number of new cells in all three areas declined by 9 wk after BrdUrd labeling, suggesting that some of the new cells have a transient existence. BrdUrd-labeled cells also were found in the subventricular zone and in the white matter between the lateral ventricle and neocortex; some of the latter cells were double-labeled for BrdUrd and TuJ1. Adult neocortical neurogenesis is not restricted to primates. Five adult rats were injected with BrdUrd, and after a 3- wk survival time, there were cells double-labeled for BrdUrd and either TuJ1 or neuronal nuclei in the anterior neocortex as well as the dentate gyrus. Using Smart Source Parsing Aug}, @@ -63416,7 +63405,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {66B2AFC8-D247-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gould_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gould_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}} @article{Gould:1999b, Abstract = {In primates, prefrontal, inferior temporal, and posterior parietal cortex are important for cognitive function. It is shown that in adult macaques, new neurons are added to these three neocortical association areas, but not to a primary sensory area (striate cortex). The new neurons appeared to originate in the subventricular zone and to migrate through the white matter to the neocortex, where they extended axons. These new neurons, which are continually added in adulthood, may play a role in the functions of association neocortex.}, @@ -63432,7 +63421,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F334DD1F-CDEF-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {286}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gould_Science1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gould_Science1999.pdf}} @article{Gozlan:2003, Abstract = {In hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, GABAergic synapses are established before glutamatergic synapses. GABAergic interneurons should therefore develop and acquire synapses at an earlier stage to provide the source for GABAergic synapses. We now report that this is indeed the case. At birth and in utero, when nearly all pyramidal neurons are not yet functional, most interneurons have already either GABAergic only or GABAergic and glutamatergic postsynaptic currents. At birth, the morphological maturation of interneurons parallels their individual functional responses. In addition, the formation of functional interneurons types appears to be a sequential process. Interneurons that innervate other interneurons acquire GABA(A) synapses before peridendritic interneurons, but also before perisomatic interneurons that are not yet functional at birth. Therefore, interneurons are the source and the targets of the first synapses formed in the developing circuit. Since GABA was shown to be excitatory in utero, interneurons provide all the excitatory drive at a time when the principal cells are silent. They could therefore play a central role in the formation of the cortical circuit at early developmental stages.}, @@ -63473,7 +63462,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AB3CFE2C-1F1E-4BCA-B98C-14D3358734F0}, Volume = {132}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Götz_Development2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Götz_Development2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01931}} @article{Gotz:2006, @@ -63515,7 +63504,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B2FA9-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Götz_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Götz_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.012}} @article{Graber:2004, @@ -63626,7 +63615,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {500C19CC-1037-4A06-92A5-53A9B95EA658}, Volume = {86}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Graeber_ActaNeuropathol(Berl)1993.PDF}} + File = {papers/Graeber_ActaNeuropathol(Berl)1993.PDF}} @article{Graeber:1990a, Abstract = {In recent years much progress has been made toward a better understanding of the nature and function of microglial cells. This review summarizes new developments and attempts to provide a perspective for future avenues to take in microglial research. Microglia are considered to play an active role in a variety of neurological diseases. Their function in forming a network of immune competent cells within the CNS is discussed.}, @@ -63921,7 +63910,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2E4CF3BE-DE11-47C1-9F45-72544CEA73BA}, Volume = {119}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Graf_Cell2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Graf_Cell2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.035}} @article{Grandbarbe:2007, @@ -64115,7 +64104,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {71F177E4-D403-4441-9EAF-39E5D84AD825}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Greenberg_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Greenberg_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Greenberg_NatNeurosci2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-File-3 = {papers/Greenberg_NatNeurosci2008.wmv}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2140}} @@ -64154,7 +64143,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {296B85F4-CE6D-4DC7-923D-73812A90B495}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gregg_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gregg_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Grenier:2001, Abstract = {Field potentials from different neocortical areas and intracellular recordings from areas 5 and 7 in acutely prepared cats under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia and during natural states of vigilance in chronic experiments, revealed the presence of fast oscillations (80-200 Hz), termed ripples. During anesthesia and slow-wave sleep, these oscillations were selectively related to the depth-negative (depolarizing) component of the field slow oscillation (0.5-1 Hz) and could be synchronized over ~10 mm. The dependence of ripples on neuronal depolarization was also shown by their increased amplitude in field potentials in parallel with progressively more depolarized values of the membrane potential of neurons. The origin of ripples was intracortical as they were also detected in small isolated slabs from the suprasylvian gyrus. Of all types of electrophysiologically identified neocortical neurons, fast-rhythmic-bursting and fast-spiking cells displayed the highest firing rates during ripples. Although linked with neuronal excitation, ripples also comprised an important inhibitory component. Indeed, when regular-spiking neurons were recorded with chloride-filled pipettes, their firing rates increased and their phase relation with ripples was modified. Thus besides excitatory connections, inhibitory processes probably play a major role in the generation of ripples. During natural states of vigilance, ripples were generally more prominent during the depolarizing component of the slow oscillation in slow-wave sleep than during the states of waking and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep. The mechanisms of generation and synchronization, and the possible functions of neocortical ripples in plasticity processes are discussed.}, @@ -64209,7 +64198,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BFB10AC0-8106-445E-8C1E-FFF3DE39ECE8}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Griffith_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Griffith_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0208-123}} @article{Griffiths:2001, @@ -64230,7 +64219,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {833A2342-4326-11DB-A5D2-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Griffiths_GenomeBiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Griffiths_GenomeBiol2001.pdf}} @article{Grillner:2005, Abstract = {To understand the interface between global brain function and molecular neuroscience--that is, the microcircuit level--a major challenge. Such understanding is prerequisite if we are to account for neural function in cellular terms. Very few vertebrate microcircuits are yet understood because their analysis is demanding technically. In this review of the TINS Microcircuits Special Feature, we attempt to shed light on the problem by comparing the operation of four types of microcircuit, to identify common molecular and cellular components. Central pattern generator (CPG) networks underlying rhythmic movements and hippocampal microcircuits that generate gamma and theta rhythms are compared with the neocortical microcircuits used in cognitive tasks and a cerebellar network. The long-term goal is to identify the components of a molecular and synaptic tool kit for the design of different microcircuits.}, @@ -64251,7 +64240,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4EB75DC2-72B7-454E-9EA7-558B9B2BB4A1}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grillner_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grillner_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.08.003}} @article{Grimpe:2004, @@ -64268,7 +64257,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BE5C7373-FDE5-4FF4-A7A1-BCF3A2FA0878}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grimpe_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grimpe_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Grinstein:2005, Abstract = {Synchronous firing peaks at levels greatly exceeding background activity have recently been reported in neocortical tissue. A small subset of neurons is dominant in a large fraction of the peaks. To investigate whether this striking behavior can emerge from a simple model, we constructed and studied a model neural network that uses a modified Hopfield-type dynamical rule. We find that networks having a power-law ("scale-free") node degree distribution readily generate extremely large synchronous firing peaks dominated by a small subset of nodes, whereas random (Erd{\"o}s-R{\'e}nyi) networks do not. This finding suggests that network topology may play an important role in determining the nature and magnitude of synchronous neural activity.}, @@ -64289,7 +64278,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9437DD75-5193-421F-8E35-6AB3E0823D01}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grinstein_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grinstein_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504127102}} @article{Grinvald:2005, @@ -64310,7 +64299,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7DEB4EFB-C8BD-4EC7-8F30-BA9190646B3F}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grinvald_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grinvald_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506755102}} @article{Gripon:1988, @@ -64345,7 +64334,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D7078ABD-51BF-415B-B562-91C1FE08F6B8}, Volume = {16}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gritti_JNeurosci1996}} + File = {papers/Gritti_JNeurosci1996}} @article{Gritti:1999, Abstract = {The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mammalian forebrain contains kinetically distinct precursor populations that contribute new neurons to the olfactory bulb. Because among forebrain precursors there are stem-like cells that can be cultured in the presence of mitogens such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), we asked whether distinct subsets of stem-like cells coexist within the SVZ or whether the proliferation of a single type of SVZ stem-like cell is controlled by several GFs. We show that the latter is the case. Thus cells isolated from the SVZ coexpress the EGF and FGF receptors; by quantitative analysis, the number of stem-like cells isolated from the SVZ by either FGF2 or EGF is the same, whereas no additive effect occurs when these factors are used together. Furthermore, short-term administration of high-dose [3H]thymidine in vivo depletes both the EGF- and FGF2-responsive stem-like cell populations equally, showing they possess closely similar proliferation kinetics and likely belong to the constitutively proliferating SVZ compartment. By subcloning and population analysis, we demonstrate that responsiveness to more than one GF endows SVZ cells with an essential stem cell feature, the ability to vary self-renewal, that was until now undocumented in CNS stem-like cells. The multipotent stem cell-like population that expands slowly in the presence of FGF2 in culture switches to a faster growth mode when exposed to EGF alone and expands even faster when exposed to both GFs together. Analogous responses are observed when the GFs are used in the reverse order, and furthermore, these growth rate modifications are fully reversible. 0270-6474 Journal Article}, @@ -64362,7 +64351,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2F6D025D-5D42-46DF-A16E-0FD899702507}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gritti_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gritti_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Gritti:2002, Abstract = {The lateral walls of the forebrain lateral ventricles are the richest source of stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. These stem cells give rise to new olfactory neurons that are renewed throughout life. The neurons originate in the subventricular zone (SVZ), migrate within the rostral extension (RE) of the SVZ along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) within tube-like structures formed of glial cells, to eventually reach the olfactory bulb (OB). We demonstrate that, contrary to the current view, multipotential (neuronal-astroglial-oligodendroglial) precursors with stem cell features can be isolated not only from the SVZ but also from the entire RE, including the distal portion within the OB. Specifically, these stem cells do not derive from the migratory neuroblasts coming from the SVZ. Interestingly, stem cells isolated from the proximal RE generate significantly more oligodendrocytes, and those from the distal RE proliferate significantly more slowly than stem cells derived from the SVZ and other RE regions. These findings demonstrate that stem cells are not confined to the forebrain periventricular region and indicate that stem cells endowed with different functional characteristics occur at different levels of the SVZ-RE pathway. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -64378,7 +64367,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {16268DDD-46C4-4257-AF20-F95217DD02BF}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gritti_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gritti_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Gritti:1995, Abstract = {Stem cells isolated from the CNS of both embryonic and adult mice undergo extensive proliferation in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Removal of EGF determines the differentiation of these cells into neurons and glia. We have recently demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulates the proliferation of EGF-generated progenitors of the embryonic mouse striatum. We report here that bFGF induces proliferation of some EGF-generated precursors of the adult mouse striatum which, in turn, differentiate in vitro into cells possessing neuron-like morphology and neuronal antigenic properties. These results demonstrate that EGF and bFGF can act sequentially to regulate the de novo generation of neurons from the adult mouse CNS in vitro and suggest the existence of a lineage relationship between EGF- and bFGF-responsive progenitor cells of the adult murine brain. 0304-3940 Journal Article}, @@ -64395,7 +64384,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F6FDEAC7-42AC-4FE9-B6BE-807A6517D0A5}, Volume = {185}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gritti_NeurosciLett1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gritti_NeurosciLett1995.pdf}} @article{Groc:2002, Abstract = {During development, neural activity has been proposed to promote neuronal growth. During the first postnatal week, the hippocampus is characterized by an oscillating neural network activity and a rapid neuronal growth. In the present study we tested in vivo, by injecting tetanus toxin into the hippocampus of P1 rats, whether this neural activity indeed promotes growth of pyramidal cells. We have previously shown that tetanus toxin injection leads to a strong reduction in the frequency of spontaneous GABA and glutamatergic synaptic currents, and to a complete blockade of the early neural network activity during the first postnatal week. Morphology of neurobiotin-filled CA1 pyramidal cells was analyzed at the end of the first postnatal week (P6-10). In activity-reduced neurons, the total length of basal dendritic tree was three times less than control. The number, but not the length, of basal dendritic branches was affected. The growth impairment was restricted to the basal dendrites. The apical dendrite, the axons, or the soma grew normally during activity deprivation. Thus, the in vivo neural activity in the neonate hippocampus seems to promote neuronal growth by initiating novel branches.}, @@ -64455,7 +64444,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9AE3B6B7-AD70-428B-BDE6-55C4611891AC}, Volume = {37}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grossmann_Glia2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grossmann_Glia2002.pdf}} @article{Grove:2002, Abstract = {Gene therapy application to pulmonary airways and alveolar spaces holds tremendous promise for the treatment of lung diseases. However, safe and effective long-term gene expression using viral and nonviral vectors has not yet been achieved. Adenoviral vectors, with a natural affinity for airway epithelia, have been partially effective, but are inflammatory and induce only transient gene expression. We investigate the novel approach of using retrovirally transduced multipotent bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC) to deliver gene therapy to lung epithelium. We have shown previously that up to 20\%of lung epithelial cells can be derived from marrow following BMSC transplantation. Here, irradiated female mice were transplanted with male marrow that had been transduced with retrovirus encoding eGFP. Transgene expressing lung epithelial cells were present in all recipients analyzed at 2, 5, or 11 mo after transplant (n = 10), demonstrating that highly plastic BMSC can be stably transduced in vitro and retain their ability to differentiate into lung epithelium while maintaining long-term transgene expression.}, @@ -64515,7 +64504,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A0CE026F-FBF0-47F7-BD9C-137A472EF73B}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grove_StemCells2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Grove_StemCells2004.pdf}} @article{Groves:2003, Abstract = {Following permanent transection of the adult rat sciatic nerve, sensory neuron apoptosis in the contributing L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia can be observed for at least 6 months afterwards. To establish the profile of any sensory neuron apoptosis and loss over time when axonal regeneration is allowed, serial sections of L4 and L5 ganglia were examined and the neurons counted using a stereological technique 1, 2 and 3 months after crushing the right sciatic nerve at mid-thigh level. Our results show that an identical degree of sensory neuron loss and apoptosis occurs 1 month after crush as at 1 month after permanent transection. However, at 3 months no neurons undergoing apoptosis could be observed and no significant loss could be detected in the ipsilateral ganglia when compared to unoperated controls. One explanation was a neuronal replacement mechanism, which was investigated by administering bromodeoxyuridine to rats for 1 month after sciatic nerve transection or crush, prior to detection using immunohistochemistry on sections of their ganglia after 2 months. The presence of bromodeoxyuridine in the nuclei of occasional cells that would be counted as neurons on the basis of size and morphology indicates that a process of apparent neurogenesis may underlie the profile of sensory neuron loss after axotomy. 0300-4864 Journal Article}, @@ -64553,7 +64542,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3072E13E-A7C3-41C3-9E93-9ADDE61476BE}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Grubb_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Grubb_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5550-07.2008}} @article{Gu:1999, @@ -64591,7 +64580,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA17290-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gu_JCerebBloodFlowMetab2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gu_JCerebBloodFlowMetab2000.pdf}} @article{Guadano-Ferraz:1990, Abstract = {In the corpus callosum of the cat, the heavy subunit of neurofilaments (NFH) can be demonstrated with the monoclonal antibody NE14, as early as P11, not at P3, and only in a few axons. At P18-19 and more markedly at P29, many more callosal axons have become positive to NE14 and this is similar to what is found in the adult. In contrast, callosal axons become positive to the neurofilament antibody SMI-32 only between P29 and P39 and remain positive in the adult. Treatment with alkaline phosphatase prevents axonal staining with NE14, but results in SMI-32 staining of a few callosal axons as early as P11, but not at P3. Between P11 and P19 the number of axons stained with SMI-32 after alkaline phosphatase treatment increases, in parallel with that of axons stained with NE14. Thus NE14 appears to recognize a phosphorylated form of NFH, while SMI-32 appears to recognize an epitope of NFH which is either masked by phosphate or inaccessible until between P29 and P39, unless the tissue is treated with alkaline phosphatase. These two forms of NFH appear towards the end of the period of massive developmental elimination of callosal axons. They are also synchronous with changes in the spacing of neurofilaments quantified in a separate ultrastructural study. These cytoskeletal changes may terminate the juvenile-labile state of callosal axons and allow further axial growth of the axon.}, @@ -64689,7 +64678,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6555BD0E-F9A5-47A6-AA78-8D6C80325D2B}, Volume = {56}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guerrier_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guerrier_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.019}} @article{Guerrini:1999, @@ -64727,7 +64716,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E2205C53-D232-463A-8333-615FB3EECC17}, Volume = {106}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guerrini_AmJMedGenet2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guerrini_AmJMedGenet2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1569}} @article{Guerrini:2005, @@ -64787,7 +64776,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B5C821A7-7ED3-41E4-9E61-34AD67ECDC07}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guerrini_TrendsNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guerrini_TrendsNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.004}} @article{Gueneau:1982, @@ -64827,7 +64816,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ACCD6844-43CB-4C65-8F7B-0D74FA12467F}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guillemin_JLeukocBiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guillemin_JLeukocBiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0303114}} @article{Guimera:2006, @@ -64845,7 +64834,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {43D35539-0B3E-4E81-B5BB-91293055E7A4}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Guimera_MolSystBiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Guimera_MolSystBiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/msb4100082}} @article{Gulyas-Kovacs:2002, @@ -64937,7 +64926,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EF1B178D-36A9-4B30-B031-F9E3BFF501A6}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gupta_NatRevGenet2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Gupta_NatRevGenet2002.pdf}} @article{Gupta:2000, Abstract = {A puzzling feature of the neocortex is the rich array of inhibitory interneurons. Multiple neuron recordings revealed numerous electrophysiological-anatomical subclasses of neocortical gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) interneurons and three types of GABAergic synapses. The type of synapse used by each interneuron to influence its neighbors follows three functional organizing principles. These principles suggest that inhibitory synapses could shape the impact of different interneurons according to their specific spatiotemporal patterns of activity and that GABAergic interneuron and synapse diversity may enable combinatorial inhibitory effects in the neocortex.}, @@ -65035,7 +65024,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {641D5449-AF6A-4A31-B19C-B8BB748F9659}, Volume = {440}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Gutkin_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Gutkin_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/440999a}} @article{Gutnick:1983, @@ -65210,7 +65199,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neuronal fate determinants of adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis}, Uuid = {D42A890C-9208-46A3-B185-E84038D28E23}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hack_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hack_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1479}} @article{Hadj-Sahraoui:2000, @@ -65305,7 +65294,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F5336DDE-D200-4E33-AD05-D6C6FE149785}, Volume = {419}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hahnloser_Nature2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hahnloser_Nature2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00974}} @article{Haider:1997, @@ -65328,7 +65317,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2D70F25F-8214-47DB-B095-FBB0412BE385}, Volume = {234}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Haider_ExpCellRes1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Haider_ExpCellRes1997.pdf}} @article{Haider:2007, Abstract = {Spontaneous activity within local circuits affects the integrative properties of neurons and networks. We have previously shown that neocortical network activity exhibits a balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials, and such activity has significant effects on synaptic transmission, action potential generation, and spike timing. However, whether such activity facilitates or reduces sensory responses has yet to be clearly determined. We examined this hypothesis in the primary visual cortex in vivo during slow oscillations in ketamine-xylazine anesthetized cats. We measured network activity (Up states) with extracellular recording, while simultaneously recording postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) and action potentials in nearby cells. Stimulating the receptive field revealed that spiking responses of both simple and complex cells were significantly enhanced (>2-fold) during network activity, as were spiking responses to intracellular injection of varying amplitude artificial conductance stimuli. Visually evoked PSPs were not significantly different in amplitude during network activity or quiescence; instead, spontaneous depolarization caused by network activity brought these evoked PSPs closer to firing threshold. Further examination revealed that visual responsiveness was gradually enhanced by progressive membrane potential depolarization. These spontaneous depolarizations enhanced responsiveness to stimuli of varying contrasts, resulting in an upward (multiplicative) scaling of the contrast response function. Our results suggest that small increases in ongoing balanced network activity that result in depolarization may provide a rapid and generalized mechanism to control the responsiveness (gain) of cortical neurons, such as occurs during shifts in spatial attention.}, @@ -65349,7 +65338,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CA38D336-A8F2-4634-81D2-CD40646BC5B8}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Haider_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Haider_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01114.2006}} @article{Haider:2006, @@ -65447,7 +65436,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CD111597-8CC7-4669-B9CD-6800F3426D9B}, Volume = {112}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hallbergson_JClinInvest2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hallbergson_JClinInvest2003.pdf}} @article{Halliday:1992, Abstract = {The development of the rat striatum was investigated using a combination of two histochemically distinguishable retrovirus vectors. Using this method, it was possible to identify clonal boundaries within the embryonic striatum and thus determine patterns of proliferation, migration, and some lineal relationships. Several novel aspects of striatal histogenesis were discovered. Striatal progenitor cells do not exhibit a stem cell pattern of division between embryonic day 15 (E15) and E19; a progenitor-progeny relationship appears to exist for ventricular zone and subventricular zone (SVZ) cells; striatal progenitors produce a variety of clone types; some SVZ cells migrate radially, and some migrate tangentially within the SVZ; and radial glia and presumptive neurons can occur in the same clone. eng Journal Article}, @@ -65545,7 +65534,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D3E1F685-40E7-47BF-A381-0339E7EBB854}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hammond_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hammond_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4529-03.2004}} @article{Hamo:2007, @@ -65586,7 +65575,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5910240C-DDEE-4D0E-A055-4F084D2AD50F}, Volume = {127}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hampton_Neuroscience2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hampton_Neuroscience2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.028}} @article{Hamzei-Sichani:2007, @@ -65608,7 +65597,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9BABEA0A-0DD2-4038-AA43-A2E978BFD4AA}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hamzei-Sichani_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hamzei-Sichani_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705281104}} @article{Han:2007a, @@ -65651,7 +65640,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2D0F1D67-86C9-466E-B844-641536AC62E1}, Volume = {316}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Han_Science2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Han_Science2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1139438}} @article{Hanashima:2006, @@ -65673,7 +65662,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AE657FD6-B569-4FFA-A5C9-7AE3DA4BB6FF}, Volume = {125}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hanashima_Cell2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hanashima_Cell2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.021}} @article{Hanashima:2004, @@ -65691,7 +65680,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1EF583E7-865C-47A7-9F87-D073DE1EE1E6}, Volume = {303}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hanashima_Science2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hanashima_Science2004.pdf}} @article{Hanazono:2002, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) has proven a useful marker in retroviral gene transfer studies targeting hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in mice. However, several investigators have reported very low in vivo peripheral blood marking levels in nonhuman primates after transplantation of HSCs transduced with the GFP gene. We retrovirally marked cynomolgus monkey HSCs with the GFP gene, and tracked in vivo marking levels within both bone marrow progenitor cells and mature peripheral blood cells following autologous transplantation after myeloablative conditioning. METHODS: Bone marrow cells were harvested from three cynomolgus macaques and enriched for the primitive fraction by CD34 selection. CD34(+) cells were transduced with one of three retroviral vectors all expressing the GFP gene and were infused after myeloablative total body irradiation (500 cGy x 2). Following transplantation, proviral levels and fluorescence were monitored among clonogenic bone marrow progenitors and mature peripheral blood cells. RESULTS: Although 13-37\%of transduced cells contained the GFP provirus and 11-13\%fluoresced ex vivo, both provirus and fluorescence became almost undetectable in the peripheral blood within several months after transplantation regardless of the vectors used. However, on sampling of bone marrow at multiple time points, significant fractions (5-10\%) of clonogenic progenitors contained the provirus and fluoresced ex vivo reflecting a significant discrepancy between GFP gene marking levels within bone marrow cells and their mature peripheral blood progeny. The discrepancy (at least one log) persisted for more than 1 year after transplantation. Since no cytotoxic T lymphocytes against GFP were detected in the animals, an immune response against GFP is an unlikely explanation for the low levels of transduced peripheral blood cells. Administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor resulted in mobilization of transduced bone marrow cells detectable as mature granulocyte progeny which expressed the GFP gene, suggesting that transduced progenitor cells in bone marrow could be mobilized into the peripheral blood and differentiated into granulocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of GFP-transduced mature cells in the peripheral blood of nonhuman primates may reflect a block to differentiation associated with GFP; this block can be overcome in part by nonphysiological cytokine treatment ex vivo and in vivo.}, @@ -65752,7 +65741,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E26A62C6-483B-451A-8139-4E110AB7A3B7}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hanganu_CerebCortex2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hanganu_CerebCortex2001.pdf}} @article{Hanganu:2004, Abstract = {The establishment of cortical synaptic circuits during early development requires the presence of subplate neurons (SPn's), a heterogeneous population of neurons capable to integrate and process synaptic information from the thalamus, cortical plate, and neighboring SPn's. An accumulation of cholinergic afferents and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) has been documentated in the subplate around birth. To assess the developmental role of the cholinergic innervation onto SPn's, we used whole cell patch-clamp recordings of visually identified and biocytin-labeled SPn's in neonatal rat somatosensory cortex. Functional nAChRs were present in 92\%of the investigated SPn's. Activation of postsynaptic nAChRs by local application of agonists elicited a brief membrane depolarization associated with a barrage of action potentials and large inward currents reversing around 0 mV. According to our pharmacological data, excitation of SPn's is mediated by alpha4beta2 receptors. In contrast, functional alpha7 nAChRs could not be identified on SPn's. Activation of nAChRs affected neither the spontaneous synaptic activity of SPn's nor the synaptic connections between thalamus and SPn's and within subplate. Nicotine, at concentrations reaching the developing brain by maternal smoking, induced a severe desensitization of nAChRs and an increase in the baseline noise. These results indicate that nAChR-mediated excitation of SPn's may stabilize the developing synaptic circuits and suggest the involvement of nAChRs located on SPn's in the fetal tobacco syndrome.}, @@ -65794,7 +65783,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {32458FFD-2940-4855-A354-F69C74EC6D5F}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hanganu_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hanganu_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/20026716}} @article{Hanganu:2006, @@ -65816,7 +65805,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {71C74001-527B-4E5B-A0B2-6ED03756FB93}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hanganu_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hanganu_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0752-06.2006}} @article{Hanisch:2007, @@ -65838,7 +65827,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E6494B99-8A79-40FE-B215-0B4BA46890BE}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hanisch_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hanisch_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1997}} @article{Hanna:1973, @@ -65891,7 +65880,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C001D54E-371B-44E4-BB82-FE4A2A93F214}, Volume = {418}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hannon_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hannon_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Hansen:2000, Abstract = {A pathogenetic hallmark of retroviral neurodegeneration is the affinity of neurovirulent retroviruses for microglia cells, while degenerating neurons are excluded from retroviral infections. Microglia isolated ex vivo from rats peripherally infected with a neurovirulent retrovirus released abundant mature type C virions; however, infectivity associated with microglia was very low. In microglia, viral transcription was unaffected but envelope proteins were insufficiently cleaved into mature viral proteins and were not detected on the microglia cell surface. These microglia-specific defects in envelope protein translocation and processing not only may have prevented formation of infectious virus particles but also may have caused further cellular defects in microglia with the consequence of indirect neuronal damage. It is conceivable that similar events play a role in neuro-AIDS.}, @@ -65912,7 +65901,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {864ACFA8-C8FF-43DB-B4D3-ABDDE5924265}, Volume = {74}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hansen_JVirol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hansen_JVirol2000.pdf}} @article{Hanson:2004, Abstract = {Rhythmic spontaneous electrical activity occurs in many parts of the developing nervous system, where it plays essential roles in the refinement of neural connections. By blocking or slowing this bursting activity, via in ovo drug applications at precise developmental periods, we show that such activity is also required at much earlier stages for spinal motoneurons to accurately execute their first major dorsal-ventral pathfinding decision. Blockade or slowing of rhythmic bursting activity also prevents the normal expression patterns of EphA4 and polysialic acid on NCAM, which may contribute to the pathfinding errors observed. More prolonged (E2-5) blockade resulted in a downregulation of LIM homeodomain transcription factors, but since this occurred only after the pathfinding errors and alterations in guidance molecules, it cannot have contributed to them.}, @@ -65933,7 +65922,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DB541A62-F574-4675-B09B-0C806293614F}, Volume = {43}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hanson_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hanson_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.018}} @article{Hao:1995, @@ -65991,7 +65980,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D2E0FE39-13B5-4E08-BA99-A78701AF481C}, Volume = {88}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harkany_JNeurochem2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Harkany_JNeurochem2004.pdf}} @article{Harris:1991, Abstract = {Based on morphological, virological, biochemical and molecular biological data, it is proposed that the presence of endogenous retrovirus particles in the placental cytotrophoblasts of many mammals is indicative of some beneficial action provided by the virus in relation to cell fusion, syncytiotrophoblast formation and the creation of the placenta. Further, it is hypothesised that the germ line retroviral infection of some primitive mammal-like species resulted in the evolution of the placental mammals.}, @@ -66013,7 +66002,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6FE3A5AB-D6A0-41B1-B1DC-FAD397248927}, Volume = {295}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harris_FEBSLett1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Harris_FEBSLett1991.pdf}} @article{Harris:2005, Abstract = {Cortical neurons show irregular but structured spike trains. This has been interpreted as evidence for 'temporal coding', whereby stimuli are represented by precise spike-timing patterns. Here, we suggest an alternative interpretation based on the older concept of the cell assembly. The dynamic evolution of assembly sequences, which are steered but not deterministically controlled by sensory input, is the proposed substrate of psychological processes beyond simple stimulus-response associations. Accordingly, spike trains show a temporal structure that is stimulus-dependent and more variable than would be predicted by strict sensory control. We propose four signatures of assembly organization that can be experimentally tested. We argue that many observations that have been interpreted as evidence for temporal coding might instead reflect an underlying assembly structure.}, @@ -66034,7 +66023,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5900A326-8636-4A12-80AC-00DD5829E610}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harris_NatRevNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Harris_NatRevNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1669}} @article{Harris:2002, @@ -66090,7 +66079,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5CC0E045-CDD5-4813-B0E8-1F60CA48FCD5}, Volume = {305}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harris_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Harris_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1098925}} @article{Harrison:2007, @@ -66154,7 +66143,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1F5F030A-69AC-49DD-8ABF-F2D13794A159}, Volume = {95}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Harrison_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Harrison_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1998.pdf}} @article{Hart:2006, Abstract = {The X-linked gene filamin A (Flna) encodes a widely expressed actin-binding protein that crosslinks actin into orthogonal networks and interacts with a variety of other proteins including membrane proteins, integrins, transmembrane receptor complexes and second messengers, thus forming an important intracellular signalling scaffold. Heterozygous loss of function of human FLNA causes periventricular nodular heterotopia in females and is generally lethal (cause unknown) in hemizygous males. Missense FLNA mutations underlie a spectrum of disorders affecting both sexes that feature skeletal dysplasia accompanied by a variety of other abnormalities. Dilp2 is an X-linked male-lethal mouse mutation that was induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. We report here that Dilp2 is caused by a T-to-A transversion that converts a tyrosine codon to a stop codon in the Flna gene (Y2388X), leading to absence of the Flna protein and male lethality because of incomplete septation of the outflow tract of the heart, which produces common arterial trunk. A proportion of both male and female mutant mice have other cardiac defects including ventricular septal defect. In addition, mutant males have midline fusion defects manifesting as sternum and palate abnormalities. Carrier females exhibit milder sternum and palate defects and misshapen pupils. These results define crucial roles for Flna in development, demonstrate that X-linked male lethal mutations can be recovered from ENU mutagenesis screens and suggest possible explanations for lethality of human males hemizygous for null alleles of FLNA.}, @@ -66175,7 +66164,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {54AE64C9-D05A-43D4-948F-5E7259B58154}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hart_HumMolGenet2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hart_HumMolGenet2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl168}} @article{Hartenstein:1981, @@ -66278,7 +66267,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0935A4F6-7B6F-49C2-97A9-879C973B2258}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hasan_PLoSBiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hasan_PLoSBiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020163}} @article{Hase:2002, @@ -66385,7 +66374,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {26D2F01B-38D9-4AF9-815B-BCC7A522320D}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hata_Neuron1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hata_Neuron1999.pdf}} @article{Hatanaka:2002, Abstract = {During development neurons migrate from their site of origin to their final destinations under a variety of mechanisms. Although evidence has been accumulating that the cells from cortical ventricular zone (VZ) migrate radially and produce pyramidal cells, evidence that directly links the origin and the terminal phenotype of radially migrating cells has been limited. Further, the relation between the migratory behavior of these cells and their mature morphology remains obscure. To address these issues, we developed an in vitro preparation that enables visualization of cells derived from the cortical VZ. VZ cells of a rat cortex at embryonic days 18 to 19 were labeled by injecting green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding plasmid into the lateral ventricle, followed by electroporation. The cortex was then sliced and cultured organotypically. After 1 day, GFP(+) cells exhibited neural progenitor and radial glial cell natures. Over the next few days, many GFP(+) cells migrated toward the pial surface, extending leading processes toward the pial surface and leaving a thin trailing process that almost reached the VZ. The leading processes of these neurons were positive for microtubule-associated protein 2, and some transformed into dendritic arbor-like structures by day 5 or 6, and their trailing processes exhibited morphologic features indicative of prospective axons. Time-lapse analysis confirmed extension of the trailing processes. Expression of molecular markers and morphologic analysis demonstrated that the vast majority of the migrated GFP(+) cells differentiated into excitatory neurons with pyramidal cell-like morphology. These results strongly suggested that cells derived from the cortical VZ generate neurons that migrate radially. These neurons appeared to extend prospective dendrites in front and leave prospective axons behind, subsequently differentiating into pyramidal cells.}, @@ -66463,7 +66452,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8AEEDC-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hatten_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hatten_AnnuRevNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Hatten:2002, Abstract = {Over the past decade, genetic analyses have yielded a more molecular view of neuronal migration and its role in central nervous system development. We now realize that many of the molecular mechanisms that guide migrations in invertebrates are recapitulated in the vertebrate nervous system. These mechanisms guide dorsoventral and anterior-posterior migrations and merge with radial migratory pathways that are prominent in the development of the mammalian cortex. This review discusses the choreography of these different migratory mechanisms within the context of genetic approaches that have defined their molecular mechanisms. 1095-9203 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -66479,7 +66468,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4071EC2D-FF38-4275-AC6E-D1F5CD50A1F4}, Volume = {297}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hatten_Science2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hatten_Science2002.pdf}} @article{Hattori:2007, Abstract = {Neurons are thought to use diverse families of cell-surface molecules for cell recognition during circuit assembly. In Drosophila, alternative splicing of the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene potentially generates 38,016 closely related transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily, each comprising one of 19,008 alternative ectodomains linked to one of two alternative transmembrane segments. These ectodomains show isoform-specific homophilic binding, leading to speculation that Dscam proteins mediate cell recognition. Genetic studies have established that Dscam is required for neural circuit assembly, but the extent to which isoform diversity contributes to this process is not known. Here we provide conclusive evidence that Dscam diversity is essential for circuit assembly. Using homologous recombination, we reduced the entire repertoire of Dscam ectodomains to just a single isoform. Neural circuits in these mutants are severely disorganized. Furthermore, we show that it is crucial for neighbouring neurons to express distinct isoforms, but that the specific identity of the isoforms expressed in an individual neuron is unimportant. We conclude that Dscam diversity provides each neuron with a unique identity by which it can distinguish its own processes from those of other neurons, and that this self-recognition is essential for wiring the Drosophila brain.}, @@ -66500,7 +66489,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8F5D54EB-70C7-4F5C-97E2-A763990A6D0E}, Volume = {449}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hattori_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hattori_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06099}} @article{Haubensak:2004, @@ -66523,7 +66512,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {53316EC6-8CBE-4D47-9A33-90C3446F85B4}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Haubensak_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Haubensak_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0308600100}} @article{Haun:1993, @@ -66585,7 +66574,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {869DE839-F0EB-4AA3-80E6-FFF8094C90A1}, Volume = {309}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hayakawa_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hayakawa_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1114321}} @article{Haydar:2000, @@ -66622,7 +66611,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {51D05EF6-F039-47F7-A44E-DDC3EF0F7015}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Haydar_MentRetardDevDisabilResRev2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Haydar_MentRetardDevDisabilResRev2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20088}} @article{Haydar:2003, @@ -66719,7 +66708,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {731DF2C7-CFA1-4F86-9FC3-DD95E24B5AC6}, Volume = {155}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hazan_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hazan_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.01.017}} @article{He:2008, @@ -66741,7 +66730,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8B40B752-69D3-48A7-BCA8-1388590770AA}, Volume = {59}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/He_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/He_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.001}} @article{Heck:2006, @@ -66763,7 +66752,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E859FE90-A0AB-4599-9AB3-E46D38090182}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Heck_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Heck_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj135}} @article{Heck:2007, @@ -66846,7 +66835,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FE9D0565-55D5-4CE8-8439-5477E2293DA1}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Heim_NatMethods2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Heim_NatMethods2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1009}} @article{Heinrich:2006, @@ -66885,7 +66874,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {82E2CF78-925E-47EB-B076-1ECE762D9814}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Heins_NatNeurosci2002}} + File = {papers/Heins_NatNeurosci2002}} @article{Helenius:1980, Author = {Helenius, A. and Kartenbeck, J. and Simons, K. and Fries, E.}, @@ -66944,7 +66933,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CA91B9FD-EF2D-4B5A-9582-E39B4D02D572}, Volume = {53}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Helmchen_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Helmchen_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.001}} @article{Hematti:2004, @@ -66965,7 +66954,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C0683DDD-2CD5-4D37-B0E6-28F6B8DCC085}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hematti_PLoSBiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hematti_PLoSBiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020423}} @article{Hempel:2007, @@ -66986,7 +66975,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DAF6E242-CAEE-4678-96A2-7DAD44291983}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hempel_NatProtoc2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hempel_NatProtoc2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.416}} @article{Hendel:2008, @@ -67008,7 +66997,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CEEE574B-A51D-40A2-82AD-B8BC3F682062}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hendel_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hendel_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1038-08.2008}} @article{Hengartner:2000, @@ -67067,7 +67056,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9CAB9E7F-C179-4EE8-B949-74131BFF2200}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hensch_NatRevNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hensch_NatRevNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1787}} @article{Hensch:1998, @@ -67088,7 +67077,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A0EE9598-1793-4ED2-9D6F-DD31CF93720E}, Volume = {282}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hensch_Science1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hensch_Science1998.pdf}} @article{Hensch:2004, Abstract = {The mammalian visual cortex is organized into columns. Here, we examine cortical influences upon developing visual afferents in the cat by altering intrinsic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition with benzodiazepines. Local enhancement by agonist (diazepam) infusion did not perturb visual responsiveness, but did widen column spacing. An inverse agonist (DMCM) produced the opposite effect. Thus, intracortical inhibitory circuits shape the geometry of incoming thalamic arbors, suggesting that cortical columnar architecture depends on neuronal activity.}, @@ -67109,7 +67098,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {609F5C59-6DF3-4A90-B173-8021162176F9}, Volume = {303}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hensch_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hensch_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1091031}} @article{Henschler:2004, @@ -67170,7 +67159,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C7AFB5AF-2434-4C8C-9CFB-A013A159F25F}, Volume = {84}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Henze_JNeurophysiol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Henze_JNeurophysiol2000.pdf}} @article{Heppner:2005a, Abstract = {Although microglial activation occurs in inflammatory, degenerative and neoplastic central nervous system (CNS) disorders, its role in pathogenesis is unclear. We studied this question by generating CD11b-HSVTK transgenic mice, which express herpes simplex thymidine kinase in macrophages and microglia. Ganciclovir treatment of organotypic brain slice cultures derived from CD11b-HSVTK mice abolished microglial release of nitrite, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Systemic ganciclovir administration to CD11b-HSVTK mice elicited hematopoietic toxicity, which was prevented by transfer of wild-type bone marrow. In bone marrow chimeras, ganciclovir blocked microglial activation in the facial nucleus upon axotomy and repressed the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We conclude that microglial paralysis inhibits the development and maintenance of inflammatory CNS lesions. The microglial compartment thus provides a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory CNS disorders. These results validate CD11b-HSVTK mice as a tool to study the impact of microglial activation on CNS diseases in vivo.}, @@ -67191,7 +67180,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {27249648-1844-4841-AB32-C381AAA67E96}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Heppner_NatMed2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Heppner_NatMed2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1177}} @article{Heppner:2005, @@ -67232,7 +67221,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5E7A0EC4-47CB-486D-A9CF-BE161643FBA3}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0604911103}} @article{Herman:1994, @@ -67266,7 +67255,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {014877D0-8701-43CA-9E16-2DBCA8F78DBC}, Volume = {419}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hermanson_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hermanson_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Hernandez:1996, Abstract = {Significant progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins; both those that function at low, as well as those that function at neutral, pH. For many viral fusion proteins evidence now suggests that a triggered conformational change that exposes a previously cryptic fusion peptide, along with a rearrangement of the fusion protein oligomer, allows the fusion peptide to gain access to the target bilayer and thus initiate the fusion reaction. Although the topologically equivalent process of cell-cell fusion is less well understood, several cell surface proteins, including members of the newly described ADAM gene family, have emerged as candidate adhesion/fusion proteins.}, @@ -67285,7 +67274,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {33DA7E2C-216C-11DB-96D3-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {12}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hernandez_AnnuRevCellDevBiol1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hernandez_AnnuRevCellDevBiol1996.pdf}} @article{Hernit-Grant:1996, Abstract = {In the neocortex, the effectiveness of potential transplantation therapy for diseases involving neuronal loss may depend upon whether donor neurons can reestablish the precise long-distance projections that form the basis of sensory, motor, and cognitive function. During corticogenesis, the formation of these connections is affected by tropic factors, extracellular matrix, structural pathways, and developmental cell death. Previous studies demonstrated that embryonic neurons and multipotent neural precursors transplanted into neocortex or mice undergoing photolytically induced, synchronous, apoptotic neuronal degeneration selectively migrate into these regions, where they differentiate into pyramidal neurons and accept afferent synaptic input. The experiments presented here assess whether embryonic neurons transplanted into regions of somatosensory cortex undergoing targeted cell death differentiate further and develop long-distance axons and whether this outgrowth is target specific. Neocortical neurons from Gestational Day 17 mouse embryos were dissociated, prelabeled with fluorescent nanospheres and a lipophilic dye (DiI or PKH), and transplanted into adult mouse primary somatosensory cortex (S1) undergoing apoptotic degeneration of callosal projection neurons. Donor neurons selectively migrated into and differentiated within regions of targeted neuronal death in lamina II/III over a 2-week period, in agreement with our prior studies. To detect possible projections made by donor neurons 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks following transplantation, the retrogradely transported dye fluorogold (FG) was stereotaxically injected into contralateral S1, ipsilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), or ipsilateral thalamus. Ten weeks following transplantation, 21 +/- 5\%of the labeled donor neurons were labeled by FG injections into contralateral S1, demonstrating that donor neurons sent projections to the distant area, the original target of host neurons undergoing photolytically induced cell death. No donor neurons were labeled with FG injections into ipsilateral S2 or thalamus, nearby targets of other subpopulations of neurons in S1. These data indicate that in the adult neocortex: (1) transplanted immature neurons are capable of extending long-distance projections between hemispheres through the mature white matter of the corpus callosum and (2) these projections are formed with specificity to replace projections by neurons undergoing synchronous degeneration. These experiments provide an experimental system with which to test factors affecting such outgrowth and connectivity. Taken together, these results suggest that the reconstruction and repair of cortical circuitry responsible for sensory, motor, or cognitive function may be possible in the mature neocortex, if donor neurons or precursor cells are provided with the correct combination of local and distant signals within an appropriately permissive host environment. 0014-4886 Journal Article}, @@ -67318,7 +67307,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {523387C0-C4AF-4CEC-B4A5-3B07A8CBDCB8}, Volume = {46}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Herrera_AnnNeurol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Herrera_AnnNeurol1999.pdf}} @article{Herrup:1995, Abstract = {Unexpected nerve cell death has been reported in several experimental situations where neurons have been forced to re-enter the cell cycle after leaving the ventricular zone and entering the G0, non-mitotic stage. To determine whether an association between cell death and unscheduled cell cycling might be found in conjunction with any naturally occurring developmental events, we have examined target-related cell death in two neuronal populations, the granule cells of the cerebellar cortex and the neurons of the inferior olive. Both of these cell populations have a demonstrated developmental dependency on their synaptic target, the cerebellar Purkinje cell. Two mouse neurological mutants, staggerer (sg/sg) and lurcher (+/Lc), are characterized by intrinsic Purkinje cell deficiencies and, in both mutants, substantial numbers of cerebellar granule cells and inferior olive neurons die due to the absence of trophic support from their main postsynaptic target. We report here that the levels of three independent cell cycle markers--cyclin D, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation--are elevated in the granule cells before they die. Although lurcher Purkinje cells die during a similar developmental period, no compelling evidence for any cell cycle involvement in this instance of pre-programmed cell death could be found. While application of the TUNEL technique (in situ terminal transferase end-labeling of fragmented DNA) failed to label dying granule cells in either mutant, light and electron microscopic observations are consistent with the interpretation that the death of these cells is apoptotic in nature. Together, the data indicate that target-related cell death in the developing central nervous system is associated with a mechanism of cell death that involves an apparent loss of cell cycle control. 0950-1991 Journal Article}, @@ -67335,7 +67324,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {32527EC2-D395-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {121}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Herrup_Development1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Herrup_Development1995.pdf}} @article{Herzog:1999, Abstract = {Although it has been known for over 50 years that olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) neurogenesis and subsequent reinnervation of the olfactory bulb (OB) occurs following ORN injury, the precise intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate this dynamic process have not yet been fully identified. In the first of two experiments, we characterized the time course of anatomical recovery following zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)) lesion of ORNs in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. ZnSO(4) produced a near complete deafferentation of OB within 3 days following intranasal administration. A time-dependent increase in ORN reinnervation of OB was observed following 10, 20, and 30 day recovery intervals. Given the evidence that bFGF, EGF, and TGF-alpha have mitogenic effects on ORNs in vitro, a second experiment examined the extent to which these growth factors (GFs) might enhance ORN regeneration and subsequent reinnervation of OB in vivo. Rats received intranasal infusions of ZnSO(4) on day 0, followed by subcutaneous injections of either bFGF (5, 10, or 50 microgram/kg), EGF (5, 10, or 50 microgram/kg), or TGF- alpha (5 or 10 microgram/kg) on days 3-6. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry of OB following a 10-day recovery period revealed a dose- related enhancement in reinnervation of OB for each of the three growth factors examined, with the greatest enhancement produced by TGF-alpha. These data suggest that GFs may regulate ORN mitogenesis in vivo in a way similar to that which has been characterized in vitro.}, @@ -67351,7 +67340,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DEFCD029-3919-4613-B3A5-A1F6F459642D}, Volume = {849}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Herzog_BrainRes1999}} + File = {papers/Herzog_BrainRes1999}} @article{Hess:2004, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bone marrow (BM)-derived cells differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. BM contains a heterogeneous population of stem and progenitor cells including hematopoietic stem cells, marrow stromal cells, and perhaps other progenitor cells. To establish unequivocally the transdifferentiation capability of a hematopoietic cell to a nonhematopoietic cell (endothelial cells, neurons, and glial cells), it is imperative to demonstrate that a single cell or clone of that single cell (clonal analysis) differentiates into cells comprising vessels or other cells in the brain. METHODS: We generated mice that exhibited a high level of hematopoietic reconstitution from a single enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) stem cell. To achieve this, we combined FACS sorting and cell culture to generate a population of cells derived from a single hematopoietic stem cell (Lin-, CD34-, c-kit+, and Sca-1+). Clonal populations of cells were then transplanted into lethally irradiated recipient mice. After 3-4 months of engraftment, some mice underwent middle cerebral artery (MCA) suture occlusion. EGFP immunocytochemistry and dual labeling was performed with cell-specific markers on tissue from various time points. RESULTS: In all transplanted mice, EGFP+ highly ramified cells were seen in the brain parenchyma. These cells stained with RCA120 lectin and had the characteristics of parenchymal microglial cells. In brains without infarction and in uninfarcted brain regions of mice that underwent MCA occlusion, there were many EGFP+ cells in a perivascular distribution, associated with both small and larger blood vessels. The cells were tightly apposed to the vessel wall and some had long processes that enveloped the endothelial cells. After MCA occlusion, there was an influx of EGFP expressing cells in the ischemic tissue that colocalized with the "neovascularization." These EGFP+ cells were wrapped around endothelial cells in an albuminal location and did not coexpress von Willebrand Factor or CD31. We detected rare dual-labeled EGFP and NeuN-expressing cells. We detected two staining patterns. The more frequent pattern was phagocytosis of NeuN cells by EGFP expressing cells. However, we also detected rarer cells where the EGFP and NeuN appeared to be colocalized by confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: HSC differentiate into parenchymal microglial cells and perivascular cells in the brain. The numbers of these cells increase after cerebral ischemia. The HSC is therefore one source of parenchymal microglial cells and a source for perivascular cells. After a cerebral infarction, there are rare HSC-derived cells that stain with the neuronal marker, NeuN. However, the more common pattern appears to represent phagocytosis of damaged neurons by EGFP+ microglial cells.}, @@ -67372,7 +67361,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6E23815A-CEE1-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {186}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hess_ExpNeurol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hess_ExpNeurol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.11.005}} @article{Hess:2002, @@ -67409,7 +67398,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {61CF7C23-C111-45ED-873D-96D6C16C3BE5}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hevner_DevNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hevner_DevNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Hevner:2006, Abstract = {Glutamatergic, pyramidal-projection neurons are produced in the embryonic cerebral cortex by a series of genetically programmed fate choices, implemented in large part by developmental transcription factors. Our work has focused on Pax6, Tbr2/Eomes, NeuroD, and Tbr1, which are expressed sequentially during the neurogenesis of pyramidal-projection neurons. Recently, we have found that the same transcription factors are expressed, in the same order, during glutamatergic neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus, and (with modifications) in the developing cerebellum. While the precise functional significance of this transcription factor expression sequence is unknown, its common appearance in embryonic and adult neurogenesis, and in different brain regions, suggests it is part of a conserved genetic program that specifies general properties of glutamatergic neurons in these regions. Subtypes of glutamatergic neurons (e.g., layer-specific fates in the cortex) are further determined by combinations of transcription factors, superimposed on general sequential programs. These new perspectives on neurogenesis add to the conceptual framework for strategies to engineer neural stem cells for the repair of specific brain circuits.}, @@ -67583,7 +67572,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AAC914E8-31A2-411A-8655-39CC592B5B35}, Volume = {437}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hill_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hill_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04103}} @article{Himanen:2007, @@ -67605,7 +67594,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1AA9C550-4C59-408B-B3E5-9C14A638CCC7}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Himanen_CurrOpinCellBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Himanen_CurrOpinCellBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2007.08.004}} @article{Himanen:2003, @@ -67703,7 +67692,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D1F218D3-C597-4CC9-AEB6-82606B20E0F9}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hirase_PLoSBiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hirase_PLoSBiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020096}} @article{Hirotsune:1998, @@ -67724,7 +67713,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C0F16862-BA39-4EE5-BDEB-CFBDA85B809B}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hirotsune_NatGenet1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hirotsune_NatGenet1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1221}} @article{Hisatomi:2003, @@ -67824,7 +67813,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D3E22DB7-9BFE-4429-9A56-B6886196E678}, Volume = {89}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hoffman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hoffman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1992.pdf}} @article{Holden:1977, Abstract = {Utilizing controlled cryopreservation techniques, we were able to standardize the 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay and thereby ensured reliable comparisons between results obtained on different days. Optimal conditions for freezing of both effector and target cells were quite similar. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 7.5-10.0\%was employed as the cryoprotective agent and cells were frozen at the rate of -1 degrees C/minute. The handling procedures for the cells before and after freezing were important. Factors affecting recovery of functional reactivity were related to toxicity of DMSO for the cells, the osmotic stress placed upon the cells as the DMSO was being removed after thawing, the handling temperature of the freshly thawed cells, and the susceptibility of cells to mechanical damage immediately after thawing. The recovery of lymphocytes after freezing was about 70\%; the recovery of cytotoxicity was around 85\%. Syngeneic cytotoxic reactivity induced by inoculation with the Moloney strain of murine sarcoma virus was cryopreserved, as were allogeneic cytotoxicity and natural cytotoxic reactivity. Multiple tests employing effector cells from the same frozen pool gave reproducible results; the standard error of the mean percent cytotoxicity was less than 1.5\%. Cryopreserved target cells gave decreased day-to-day variability in susceptibility to lysis, since the same population of cells could be employed in each assay. These results demonstrated conclusively that we can now have a constant source of effector cells and target cells, which can be used from assay to assay as an internal standard. 0027-8874 Journal Article}, @@ -67956,7 +67945,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {91EBDE72-94BF-4D0C-A103-0CD5A5AC9104}, Volume = {76}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Holmes_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Holmes_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20039}} @article{Holmes:2003, @@ -68036,7 +68025,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4429603C-1779-4F55-9DDF-6C7FF7FD0B1C}, Volume = {551}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Holmgren_JPhysiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Holmgren_JPhysiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.044784}} @article{Holter:1991, @@ -68119,7 +68108,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F7868304-A7AB-4F14-91A1-01287F624B4F}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Holtmaat_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Holtmaat_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.003}} @article{Honda:2004, @@ -68181,7 +68170,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0A5DCF95-65A4-4551-AC9C-A3A3EA613455}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Honda_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Honda_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Honda:1999, Abstract = {The neurotrophic effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been well documented in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. From the histological findings, target cells of GDNF have been considered to be neurons. In the present study, the expression of GDNF receptors, ret and GFRalpha-1, was demonstrated in rat primary cultured microglia by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the protein-level expression of Ret was also confirmed by Western-blotting analyses. Moreover, GDNF stimulated the phosphorylation of MAP kinase (ERK1/2) in the cells. These results suggest that GDNF regulates not only neuronal survival and maturation but also certain functions of microglia in the brain.}, @@ -68203,7 +68192,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {09C55A16-0AD5-4080-BC31-2D8BEFE241B6}, Volume = {275}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Honda_NeurosciLett1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Honda_NeurosciLett1999.pdf}} @article{Honey:2007, Abstract = {Neuronal dynamics unfolding within the cerebral cortex exhibit complex spatial and temporal patterns even in the absence of external input. Here we use a computational approach in an attempt to relate these features of spontaneous cortical dynamics to the underlying anatomical connectivity. Simulating nonlinear neuronal dynamics on a network that captures the large-scale interregional connections of macaque neocortex, and applying information theoretic measures to identify functional networks, we find structure-function relations at multiple temporal scales. Functional networks recovered from long windows of neural activity (minutes) largely overlap with the underlying structural network. As a result, hubs in these long-run functional networks correspond to structural hubs. In contrast, significant fluctuations in functional topology are observed across the sequence of networks recovered from consecutive shorter (seconds) time windows. The functional centrality of individual nodes varies across time as interregional couplings shift. Furthermore, the transient couplings between brain regions are coordinated in a manner that reveals the existence of two anticorrelated clusters. These clusters are linked by prefrontal and parietal regions that are hub nodes in the underlying structural network. At an even faster time scale (hundreds of milliseconds) we detect individual episodes of interregional phase-locking and find that slow variations in the statistics of these transient episodes, contingent on the underlying anatomical structure, produce the transfer entropy functional connectivity and simulated blood oxygenation level-dependent correlation patterns observed on slower time scales.}, @@ -68224,7 +68213,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F9E66FE9-A014-4D12-8A22-9D419B276564}, Volume = {104}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Honey_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Honey_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701519104}} @article{Hong:2005, @@ -68246,7 +68235,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5A4F74D5-899E-4B0C-88AE-B473DAE293A7}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hong_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hong_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.002}} @article{Hong:2000, @@ -68288,7 +68277,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AEDC064D-5D0E-4823-8D0D-0637AEAF392F}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hoopfer_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hoopfer_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.013}} @article{Hopfield:1982, @@ -68308,7 +68297,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6083F25D-690C-49ED-BECB-EE6AB3B1B55B}, Volume = {79}, Year = {1982}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hopfield_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1982.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hopfield_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1982.pdf}} @article{Hori:2001, Abstract = {PURPOSE. To determine the extent to which donor cells persist and recipient cells repopulate each of the three cell layers of orthotopic corneal grafts in mice. METHODS. BALB/c, C57BL/6, and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) transgenic mice (B6 background) were used as donors and recipients for orthotopic syngeneic and allogeneic corneal grafts. Graft-bearing eyes were harvested at 5, 10, 15, 28, and 56 days, stained with propidium iodide, and observed (layer by layer) by confocal microscopy. Bone marrow-derived cells in the grafts were assessed immunohistochemically. RESULTS. Donor epithelium was totally replaced by recipient epithelial cells within 15 days in both syngeneic and allogeneic grafts, whereas donor stromal keratocytes and endothelial cells were retained virtually intact in syngeneic grafts and in accepted allografts. In rejected allografts, neither donor-derived keratocytes nor endothelial cells were detected, and, instead, recipient-derived stromal fibroblasts, neovessels, and infiltrating leukocytes were heavily represented. The posterior surface of rejected grafts was devoid of corneal endothelium and was covered incompletely with bone marrow-derived cells of recipient origin. CONCLUSIONS. Whereas in mice graft-derived epithelium is largely irrelevant to corneal allograft outcome, persistence of donor-derived endothelium and keratocytes correlates perfectly with graft acceptance. Recipient endothelium is incapable of covering the posterior surface of accepted or rejected corneal grafts, whereas bone marrow-derived cells of recipient origin come to occupy this site in rejected grafts.}, @@ -68398,7 +68387,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E01EED99-D590-4C56-94FC-7C7966800116}, Volume = {407}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Horner_Nature2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Horner_Nature2000.pdf}} @article{Horner:2003, Abstract = {Like a newly popular nightspot, the biology of adult stem cells has emerged from obscurity to become one of the most lively new disciplines of the decade. The neurosciences have not escaped this trendy pastime and, from amid the noise and excitement, the astrocyte emerges as a beguiling companion to the adult neural stem cell. A once receding partner to neurons and oligodendrocytes, the astrocyte even takes on an alter ego of the stem cell itself (S. Goldman, this issue of TINS). Putting ego aside, the 'astrocyte' is also (and perhaps more importantly) an integral component of neural progenitor hotspots, where the craziness or 'la vida loca' of the nightlife might not be so wild when compared with our traditional understanding of the astrocyte. Here, astrocytes contribute to the instructive confluence of location, atmosphere and cellular neighbors that define the daily 'vida local' or everyday local life of an adult stem cell. This review discusses astrocytes as influential components in the local stem cell niche.}, @@ -68420,7 +68409,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9353075F-1767-487C-AF7C-EB7B33616D4D}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Horner_TrendsNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Horner_TrendsNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Horowitz:1999, Abstract = {Mammalian nervous system function involves billions of neurons which are interconnected in a multitude of neural circuits. Here we describe a genetic approach to chart neural circuits. By using an olfactory- specific promoter, we selectively expressed barley lectin in sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ of transgenic mice. The lectin was transported through the axons of those neurons to the olfactory bulb, transferred to the bulb neurons with which they synapse, and transported through the axons of bulb neurons to the olfactory cortex. The lectin also was retrogradely transported from the bulb to neuromodulatory brain areas. No evidence could be obtained for adverse effects of the lectin on odorant receptor gene expression, sensory axon targeting in the bulb, or the generation or transmission of signals by olfactory sensory neurons. Transneuronal transfer was detected prenatally in the odor-sensing pathway, but only postnatally in the pheromone-sensing pathway, suggesting that odors, but not pheromones, may be sensed in utero. Our studies demonstrate that a plant lectin can serve as a transneuronal tracer when its expression is genetically targeted to a subset of neurons. This technology can potentially be applied to a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate neural systems and may be particularly valuable for mapping connections formed by small subsets of neurons and for studying the development of connectivity as it occurs in utero.}, @@ -68436,7 +68425,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4F8C43AE-39AD-41BC-B307-EDAEB7283D37}, Volume = {96}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Horowitz_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1999}} + File = {papers/Horowitz_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1999}} @article{Horton:2005, Abstract = {This year, the field of neuroscience celebrates the 50th anniversary of Mountcastle's discovery of the cortical column. In this review, we summarize half a century of research and come to the disappointing realization that the column may have no function. Originally, it was described as a discrete structure, spanning the layers of the somatosensory cortex, which contains cells responsive to only a single modality, such as deep joint receptors or cutaneous receptors. Subsequently, examples of columns have been uncovered in numerous cortical areas, expanding the original concept to embrace a variety of different structures and principles. A "column" now refers to cells in any vertical cluster that share the same tuning for any given receptive field attribute. In striate cortex, for example, cells with the same eye preference are grouped into ocular dominance columns. Unaccountably, ocular dominance columns are present in some species, but not others. In principle, it should be possible to determine their function by searching for species differences in visual performance that correlate with their presence or absence. Unfortunately, this approach has been to no avail; no visual faculty has emerged that appears to require ocular dominance columns. Moreover, recent evidence has shown that the expression of ocular dominance columns can be highly variable among members of the same species, or even in different portions of the visual cortex in the same individual. These observations deal a fatal blow to the idea that ocular dominance columns serve a purpose. More broadly, the term "column" also denotes the periodic termination of anatomical projections within or between cortical areas. In many instances, periodic projections have a consistent relationship with some architectural feature, such as the cytochrome oxidase patches in V1 or the stripes in V2. These tissue compartments appear to divide cells with different receptive field properties into distinct processing streams. However, it is unclear what advantage, if any, is conveyed by this form of columnar segregation. Although the column is an attractive concept, it has failed as a unifying principle for understanding cortical function. Unravelling the organization of the cerebral cortex will require a painstaking description of the circuits, projections and response properties peculiar to cells in each of its various areas.}, @@ -68457,7 +68446,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {95DB5BDA-C3B1-4C52-8B6E-18BCB72AB084}, Volume = {360}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Horton_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Horton_PhilosTransRSocLondBBiolSci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1623}} @article{Hossain:2004, @@ -68520,7 +68509,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {014FFA6A-0663-46E1-8624-3CEBC24B8E22}, Volume = {131}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Houalla_JNeurosciMethods2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Houalla_JNeurosciMethods2003.pdf}} @article{Houser:1990, Abstract = {The distribution of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation was studied in control autopsy and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) specimens. In control tissue, the granule cell somata were closely approximated and formed a narrow lamina with a distinct, regular border with the molecular layer. In 11 of 15 TLE specimens, the granule cell somata were dispersed and formed a wider than normal granule cell layer. The granule cell somata extended into the molecular layer to varying extents, creating an irregular boundary between the lamina. The dispersed granule cells were frequently aligned in columns, and many of these neurons displayed elongated bipolar forms. The extent of granule cell dispersion appeared to be related to the amount of cell loss in the polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus. Granule cell dispersion was not consistently associated with granule cell loss although 5 of the 11 specimens with granule cell dispersion also showed moderate to marked granule cell loss. The most common features in the histories of the TLE cases with granule cell dispersion were severe febrile seizures or seizures associated with meningitis or encephalitis during the first 4 years of life. The dispersion of the granule cells suggests that there has been some alteration in the patterns of cell migration in a subpopulation of cases with severe TLE. The resultant ectopic positions of the granule cells could lead to changes in both the afferent and efferent connections of these neurons and, thus, contribute to the altered circuitry of the hippocampal formation in TLE.}, @@ -68574,7 +68563,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5655C4BF-2DA3-4303-809B-AF85874F618B}, Volume = {61}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hu_JNeurosciRes2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hu_JNeurosciRes2000.pdf}} @article{Hu:1996, Abstract = {During mammalian brain development, immature neurons often migrate considerable distances. A dramatic example is the rostral migration of olfactory interneuron precursors from near the septum to the olfactory bulb via a subventricular pathway. Heterotopic transplantations establish that this migration is unidirectional and that guidance cues operate over a considerable distance. The guidance cues for this translocation have not been identified, and the present studies provide evidence that a diffusible chemorepulsive factor, secreted by caudal septum but not by other tissue regions surrounding the pathway, may be involved. This activity is functionally distinct from that produced by factors that influence vertebrate axon outgrowth, such as netrin-1, netrin-2, and collapsin-1/semaphorin-III. The presence of this activity in the floor plate/ventral spinal cord as well as the septum suggests that it may influence other types of cell migration.}, @@ -68639,7 +68628,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {16A33483-4D7A-4043-8422-11BF8BD31D9F}, Volume = {41}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huang_HormBehav2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Huang_HormBehav2002.pdf}} @article{Huang:1998, Abstract = {Seasonal changes in vertebrate brain function are pervasive, but annual cycles in the rates of neuronal incorporation are established only in songbirds. Although cell division continues in the subependymal and hippocampal subgranular zones of adult rodents, there exists no parallel evidence that seasonal plasticity in mammals extends to changes in neuronal or glial number. We examined the effect of photoperiod on incorporation of new neurons in the brain of the adult golden hamster, a long-day breeder. We administered the cell birth marker 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to males which had either been maintained in long days, transferred to short days for 10 weeks, or moved acutely from long to short or short to long days. The number of cells in specific brain regions immunoreactive (ir) for this thymidine analog was determined 7 weeks later. The number of BrdU-ir cells in the dentate gyrus and subependymal zone increased twofold in short days. Transfer between photoperiods 10 days before the BrdU injections produced intermediate numbers of BrdU-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus, but was as effective as long-term photoperiodic exposure in the subependymal zone. Photoperiod also had similar effects in the hypothalamus and cingulate/retrosplenial cortex, but not in the central gray or preoptic area. Double-label immunocytochemistry indicated that very few of the BrdU-ir cells were glia, but that a majority had neuronal phenotype. In the subependymal zone, short days significantly increased the number of BrdU-labeled neurons. We did not detect significant effects of photoperiod on the volume of either the granule cell layer of the hippocampus or the dentate gyrus as a whole. We conclude that short day lengths increase neuronal birth and/or survival in several brain regions of adult hamsters.}, @@ -68693,7 +68682,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F732B3EC-67CC-4812-B3DC-82E826B3F8E6}, Volume = {400}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huard_JCompNeurol1998}} + File = {papers/Huard_JCompNeurol1998}} @article{Huber:2006, Abstract = {Sleep slow wave activity (SWA) is thought to reflect sleep need, increasing after wakefulness and decreasing after sleep. We showed recently that a learning task involving a circumscribed brain region produces a local increase in sleep SWA. We hypothesized that increases in cortical SWA reflect synaptic potentiation triggered by learning. To further investigate the link between synaptic plasticity and sleep, we asked whether a procedure leading to synaptic depression would cause instead a decrease in sleep SWA. We show here that if a subject's arm is immobilized during the day, motor performance deteriorates and both somatosensory and motor evoked potentials decrease over contralateral sensorimotor cortex, indicative of local synaptic depression. Notably, during subsequent sleep, SWA over the same cortical area is markedly reduced. Thus, cortical plasticity is linked to local sleep regulation without learning in the classical sense. Moreover, when synaptic strength is reduced, local sleep need is also reduced.}, @@ -68754,7 +68743,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {959422B3-549E-47D7-BE16-25E33212B9E9}, Volume = {59}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Huberman_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.018}} @article{Hudgins:1998, @@ -68850,7 +68839,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EA0AAA1E-41C5-4E40-86A4-711CE9D9968E}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hull_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Hull_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0407-400}} @article{Humphreys:1990, @@ -68893,7 +68882,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3E52F359-8EA5-42AE-949E-38D7DD8DFEA8}, Volume = {25}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Hurley_Glia1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Hurley_Glia1999.pdf}} @article{Hurtado-Lorenzo:2006, Abstract = {The recruitment of the small GTPase Arf6 and ARNO from cytosol to endosomal membranes is driven by V-ATPase-dependent intra-endosomal acidification. The molecular mechanism that mediates this pH-sensitive recruitment and its role are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Arf6 interacts with the c-subunit, and ARNO with the a2-isoform of V-ATPase. The a2-isoform is targeted to early endosomes, interacts with ARNO in an intra-endosomal acidification-dependent manner, and disruption of this interaction results in reversible inhibition of endocytosis. Inhibition of endosomal acidification abrogates protein trafficking between early and late endosomal compartments. These data demonstrate the crucial role of early endosomal acidification and V-ATPase/ARNO/Arf6 interactions in the regulation of the endocytic degradative pathway. They also indicate that V-ATPase could modulate membrane trafficking by recruiting and interacting with ARNO and Arf6; characteristics that are consistent with the role of V-ATPase as an essential component of the endosomal pH-sensing machinery.}, @@ -69045,7 +69034,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {95609A84-99BE-4B62-BFAD-EC099DAAE61F}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ikegaya_NeurosciRes2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ikegaya_NeurosciRes2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2005.02.004}} @article{Ikegaya:2004, @@ -69067,7 +69056,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9FBD1E33-A51D-446F-BCF8-7CB15E33829A}, Volume = {304}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ikegaya_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ikegaya_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093173}} @article{Ikonomidou:1999, @@ -69146,7 +69135,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {23FB1259-216C-49B6-9D9F-85C499CACA85}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Imitola_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Imitola_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408258102}} @article{Imura:2003, @@ -69164,7 +69153,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7710F75A-68D7-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Imura_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Imura_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Inan:2006, Abstract = {The cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the activity-dependent development of brain circuitry are still incompletely understood. Here, we examine the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase [protein kinase A (PKA)] signaling in cortical development and plasticity, focusing on its role in thalamocortical synapse and barrel map development. We provide direct evidence that PKA activity mediates barrel map formation using knock-out mice that lack type IIbeta regulatory subunits of PKA (PKARIIbeta). We show that PKARIIbeta-mediated PKA function is required for proper dendritogenesis and the organization of cortical layer IV neurons into barrels, but not for the development and plasticity of thalamocortical afferent clustering into a barrel pattern. We localize PKARIIbeta function to postsynaptic processes in barrel cortex and show that postsynaptic PKA targets, but not presynaptic PKA targets, have decreased phosphorylation in pkar2b knock-out (PKARIIbeta(-/-)) mice. We also show that long-term potentiation at TC synapses and the associated developmental increase in AMPA receptor function at these synapses, which normally occurs as barrels form, is absent in PKARIIbeta(-/-) mice. Together, these experiments support an activity-dependent model for barrel map development in which the selective addition and elimination of thalamocortical synapses based on Hebbian mechanisms for synapse formation is mediated by a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway that relies on PKARIIbeta function.}, @@ -69227,7 +69216,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {39A1F072-7A53-495F-B1FD-6D93F70ADAD0}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ince-Dunn_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ince-Dunn_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.031}} @article{Innocenti:2001, @@ -69723,7 +69712,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9E7AED33-EE27-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {212}, Year = {1981}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Innocenti_Science1981.pdf}} + File = {papers/Innocenti_Science1981.pdf}} @article{Innocenti:1995a, Abstract = {The callosal visual connections of the cat provide a model for studying the phenotypes of cortical axons and their differentiation. The terminal arbor of a callosal axon develops in several successive stages. At each stage, the arbor approximates the adult phenotype more closely. This is achieved through two mechanisms: (1) exuberant, but increasingly constrained, growth and (2) partial deletion of previously generated parts of the arbor. This differentiation is controlled by interactions of the axon with its cellular environment, and by visual experience. It might have played a permissive role in the evolution of the cerebral cortex by enabling adjustments of cortical connectivity to changes in the number, size, internal organization and cellular composition of cortical areas. 0166-2236 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -69765,7 +69754,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A5054AFB-51F9-4E77-9EC8-0B7290FE65E9}, Volume = {4 Suppl}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Inoue_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Inoue_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1101-1156}} @article{Insausti:2001, @@ -69924,7 +69913,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {656FC2AE-09A6-4E86-B34F-46BD04FAD168}, Volume = {572}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ivanov_JPhysiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ivanov_JPhysiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105510}} @article{Iwasato:2008, @@ -69946,7 +69935,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CE108406-ECFB-4C27-B60E-3D5D40FAEF2B}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Iwasato_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Iwasato_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0815-08.2008}} @article{Izhikevich:2004, @@ -69968,7 +69957,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2757B4C6-F955-4DA9-9763-414966F13845}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Izhikevich_CerebCortex2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Izhikevich_CerebCortex2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh053}} @article{Jackson:2002, @@ -70083,7 +70072,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {468A60D5-D911-4990-A14E-7FF940061AF3}, Volume = {36}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jacobs_EpilepsyRes1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jacobs_EpilepsyRes1999.pdf}} @article{Jacobs:1999a, Abstract = {Polymicrogyria, a developmental cortical malformation associated with epilepsy, can be modeled in rats with a transcortical freeze lesion on the day of birth (P0) or P1. We have used field potential recordings to characterize the incidence, propagation patterns, and distribution of epileptiform activity in slices from rats with experimental microgyri. Interictal-like epileptiform activity was evoked in slices from 85\%of freeze-lesioned rats aged P12-P118. These data show age-specific properties of epileptogenesis, including: a delay in onset, a decrease in the incidence of epileptiform activity in rats >P40 that was specific to those lesioned on P0 as opposed to P1, and a shift in the likely site of initiation to areas further from the microgyrus in mature animals. Several observations suggest that the area adjacent to the microgyrus, which appears histologically normal in Nissl stains, contains the necessary epileptogenic neuronal circuits: 1) in 78\%of slices, epileptiform activity could be evoked only from a focal zone adjacent to the microgyrus (paramicrogyral zone) and not within the microgyrus proper; 2) epileptiform activity consistently originated from a particular site within this paramicrogyral zone, independent of the location of the stimulating electrode, suggesting that the generator is outside of the microgyrus; 3) evoked epileptiform activities in the paramicrogyral cortex were unaltered after separation of this zone from the microgyrus with a transcortical cut; and 4) the short-latency graded field potential evoked in the paramicrogyral zone contained an additional negativity not seen in control slices. The epileptiform activity was blocked reversibly by N-methyl--aspartate receptor antagonists in slices from mature as well as immature freeze-lesioned rats. These results suggest that aberrant synaptic connectivity develops in rat cortex surrounding the microgyrus and produces a focal epileptogenic zone whose capacity to generate epileptiform activities does not depend on connections with the malformation itself. We hypothesize that afferents, originating from cortical and extracortical sites, lose their targets in the region of the malformation and make appropriate laminar contacts in the cortex adjacent to the malformation, creating an overabundance of excitatory input to this cortical zone. Increased excitatory feedback onto specific cortical elements may be one factor involved in epileptogenesis in this model of a cortical malformation.}, @@ -70104,7 +70093,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {431C8833-013D-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {81}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jacobs_JNeurophysiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jacobs_JNeurophysiol1999.pdf}} @article{Jacobs:2007, Abstract = {A growing body of animal research suggests that neurons represent information not only in terms of their firing rates but also by varying the timing of spikes relative to neuronal oscillations. Although researchers have argued that this temporal coding is critical in human memory and perception, no supporting data from humans have been reported. This study provides the first analysis of the temporal relationship between brain oscillations and single-neuron activity in humans. Recording from 1924 neurons, we find that neuronal activity in various brain regions increases at specific phases of brain oscillations. Neurons in widespread brain regions were phase locked to oscillations in the theta- (4-8 Hz) and gamma- (30-90 Hz) frequency bands. In hippocampus, phase locking was prevalent in the delta- (1-4 Hz) and gamma-frequency bands. Individual neurons were phase locked to various phases of theta and delta oscillations, but they only were active at the trough of gamma oscillations. These findings provide support for the temporal-coding hypothesis in humans. Specifically, they indicate that theta and delta oscillations facilitate phase coding and that gamma oscillations help to decode combinations of simultaneously active neurons.}, @@ -70125,7 +70114,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {91F0D7E3-ADD6-470D-A77F-68B5295186A3}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jacobs_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jacobs_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4636-06.2007}} @article{Jacobs:2000, @@ -70205,7 +70194,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {04119B0A-FE4F-4C0C-BA5D-6742DBCA7E8E}, Volume = {304}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jaeger_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jaeger_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1091277}} @article{Jaenisch:1983, @@ -70225,7 +70214,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AB21159F-769B-4DF5-BBD3-63ABC3923134}, Volume = {32}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jaenisch_Cell1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jaenisch_Cell1983.pdf}} @article{Jakubs:2006, Abstract = {Neural progenitors in the adult dentate gyrus continuously produce new functional granule cells. Here we used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to explore whether a pathological environment influences synaptic properties of new granule cells labeled with a GFP-retroviral vector. Rats were exposed to a physiological stimulus, i.e., running, or a brain insult, i.e., status epilepticus, which gave rise to neuronal death, inflammation, and chronic seizures. Granule cells formed after these stimuli exhibited similar intrinsic membrane properties. However, the new neurons born into the pathological environment differed with respect to synaptic drive and short-term plasticity of both excitatory and inhibitory afferents. The new granule cells formed in the epileptic brain exhibited functional connectivity consistent with reduced excitability. We demonstrate a high degree of plasticity in synaptic inputs to adult-born new neurons, which could act to mitigate pathological brain function.}, @@ -70262,7 +70251,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F63C7309-6092-418C-95B3-16A4A6922502}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jang_NatCellBiol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jang_NatCellBiol2004.pdf}} @article{Jankovski:1998, Abstract = {The subventricular zone of the adult mammalian forebrain contains progenitor cells that, by migrating along a restricted pathway called the 'rostral migratory stream'(RMS), add new neurons to the olfactory bulb throughout life. To determine the influence of the olfactory bulb on the development of these progenitor cells, we performed lesions that interrupt this pathway and separate the olfactory bulb from the rest of the forebrain. By labelling cells born at several survival times after the lesions with the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), we found that disconnection from the bulb influences the rate of BrdU incorporation by the progenitor cells. The number of labelled cells in lesioned mice was almost half that found in control mice. In the disconnected migratory pathway, the number of neurons expressing calretinin was increased indicating that neuronal differentiation was enhanced: newly born neurons occurred within and around the RMS, most of them expressed calretinin and left the pathway starting about 2 weeks after the lesion. Thereafter, these neurons preserving their phenotype, spread for long distances, and accumulated ectopically in dorsal regions of the anterior olfactory nucleus and the frontal cortex. Finally, transplantation of adult subventricular cells into the lesioned pathway showed that the lesion neither prevents neuronal migration nor alters its direction. Thus, although the olfactory bulb appears to regulate the pace of the developmental processes, its disconnection does not prevent the proliferation, migration and phenotypic acquisition of newly generated bulbar interneurons that, since they cannot reach their terminal domains, populate some precise regions of the lesioned adult forebrain.}, @@ -70475,7 +70464,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D46AB62D-22DF-44D9-8ECB-1390B9A67FB1}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jiang_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jiang_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1446-05.2005}} @article{Jiang:1999, @@ -70509,7 +70498,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA170FE-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jiang_Stroke2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jiang_Stroke2001.pdf}} @article{Jin:2003, Abstract = {Neurogenesis, which may contribute to the ability of the adult brain to function normally and adapt to disease, nevertheless declines with advancing age. Adult neurogenesis can be enhanced by administration of growth factors, but whether the aged brain remains responsive to these factors is unknown. We compared the effects of intracerebroventricular fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) on neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate subgranular zone (SGZ) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of young adult (3-month) and aged (20-month) mice. Neurogenesis, measured by labelling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and by expression of doublecortin, was reduced by approximately 90\%in SGZ and by approximately 50\%in SVZ of aged mice. HB-EGF increased BrdU labelling in SGZ at 3 months by approximately 60\%and at 20 months by approximately 450\%, which increased the number of BrdU-labelled cells in SGZ of aged mice to approximately 25\%of that in young adults. FGF-2 also stimulated BrdU labelling in SGZ, by approximately 25\%at 3 months and by approximately 250\%at 20 months, increasing the number of newborn neurones in older mice to approximately 20\%of that in younger mice. In SVZ, HB-EGF and FGF-2 increased BrdU incorporation by approximately 140\%at 3 months and approximately 170\%at 20 months, so the number of BrdU-labelled cells was comparable in untreated 3-month-old and growth factor-treated 20-month-old mice. These results demonstrate that the aged brain retains the capacity to respond to exogenous growth factors with increased neurogenesis, which may have implications for the therapeutic potential of neurogenesis enhancement in age-associated neurological disorders. 1474-9718 Journal Article}, @@ -70530,7 +70519,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3EF67BBC-8E5F-41FE-AA19-D45DD6F0F468}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jin_AgingCell2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jin_AgingCell2003.pdf}} @article{Jin:2003a, Abstract = {Bone marrow cells (BMC) can be induced to express neuronal phenotypic features in vitro, but the extent to which they can transdifferentiate to mature, functional neurons is uncertain. We examined the effects of different growth factors and combinations thereof on the expression of neuronal marker proteins in cultures of BMC enriched in marrow stromal cells. Patterns of neuronal marker expression varied depending on the growth factor or factors to which BMC cultures were exposed. Cultures treated for up to 5 weeks with epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, retinoic acid, and nerve growth factor displayed neuron-like cellular processes and expressed neuronal markers, including the neuronal nuclear antigen NeuN, microtubule-associated protein 2, tau, synaptophysin, alpha(1A) and alpha(1B) calcium channel subunits, NR2A glutamate receptor subunits, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. However, the intracellular distribution of these markers was distinct from their usual distribution in mature neurons. We conclude that a variety of growth factors can drive BMC toward a neuronal phenotype or phenotypes, but that morphological neuronal features and the ectopic expression of neuronal proteins and neurotransmitters may not equate with the ability to execute normal neuronal functions.}, @@ -70552,7 +70541,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {65047487-57D3-4BCD-B055-A00CEDF47E06}, Volume = {184}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jin_ExpNeurol2003a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jin_ExpNeurol2003a.pdf}} @article{Jin:2003b, Author = {Jin, Kunlin and Greenberg, David A.}, @@ -70573,7 +70562,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {04FE95CB-E28E-4F91-BFDB-77285DA34ABD}, Volume = {183}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jin_ExpNeurol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jin_ExpNeurol2003.pdf}} @article{Jin:2002, Abstract = {Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is found in cerebral neurons, and its expression is increased after hypoxic or ischemic injury, which also stimulates neurogenesis. To investigate the possible role of HB-EGF in hypoxic-ischemic induction of neurogenesis, we measured its expression, effects, and target receptors in embryonic murine cerebral cortical cultures and in adult rat brain. Hypoxia increased HB-EGF expression by approximately 50\%in cortical cultures, where expression was associated with mature and immature neurons. HB-EGF (5-100 ng/ml) stimulated by approximately 80\%the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into cultured cells that expressed the HB-EGF receptors epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (ErbB1) and N-arginine dibasic convertase (NRDc). Intracerebroventricular administration of HB-EGF in adult rats increased BrdU labeling in the subventricular zone and in the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus, where EGFR/ErbB1 and NRDc were also expressed and where ischemia-induced neurogenesis is observed. We conclude that HB-EGF stimulates neurogenesis in proliferative zones of the adult brain that are also affected in ischemia and that it does so by interacting with EGFR/ErbB1 and possibly NRDc. Therefore, HB-EGF may help to trigger proliferation of neuronal precursors in brain after hypoxic or ischemic injury. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -70595,7 +70584,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {88CAC002-4411-4BBC-B6AE-A4BDACAB79DA}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jin_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jin_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/20026486}} @article{Jin:2006a, @@ -70654,7 +70643,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6D9248FE-EC81-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {98}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}} @article{Jin:2004, Abstract = {Neurogenesis, which persists in the adult mammalian brain, may provide a basis for neuronal replacement therapy in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurogenesis is increased in certain acute neurological disorders, such as ischemia and epilepsy, but the effect of more chronic neurodegenerations is uncertain, and some animal models of AD show impaired neurogenesis. To determine how neurogenesis is affected in the brains of patients with AD, we investigated the expression of immature neuronal marker proteins that signal the birth of new neurons in the hippocampus of AD patients. Compared to controls, Alzheimer's brains showed increased expression of doublecortin, polysialylated nerve cell adhesion molecule, neurogenic differentiation factor and TUC-4. Expression of doublecortin and TUC-4 was associated with neurons in the neuroproliferative (subgranular) zone of the dentate gyrus, the physiological destination of these neurons (granule cell layer), and the CA1 region of Ammon's horn, which is the principal site of hippocampal pathology in AD. These findings suggest that neurogenesis is increased in AD hippocampus, where it may give rise to cells that replace neurons lost in the disease, and that stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis might provide a new treatment strategy.}, @@ -70675,7 +70664,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {54B36CC8-A2F6-4D51-BE18-BC66F92F6D1F}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2634794100}} @article{Jin:2004a, @@ -70718,7 +70707,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A9B027F8-A75F-44E1-BE3E-547680B65107}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603512103}} @article{Jinno:2007a, @@ -70855,7 +70844,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7CBEC163-6F9A-4AFB-A4C5-C71C525F41C2}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/John_Neuroscientist2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/John_Neuroscientist2003.pdf}} @article{Johnson:2005, Abstract = {It has been suggested that germline stem cells maintain oogenesis in postnatal mouse ovaries. Here we show that adult mouse ovaries rapidly generate hundreds of oocytes, despite a small premeiotic germ cell pool. In considering the possibility of an extragonadal source of germ cells, we show expression of germline markers in bone marrow (BM). Further, BM transplantation restores oocyte production in wild-type mice sterilized by chemotherapy, as well as in ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene-deficient mice, which are otherwise incapable of making oocytes. Donor-derived oocytes are also observed in female mice following peripheral blood transplantation. Although the fertilizability and developmental competency of the BM and peripheral blood-derived oocytes remain to be established, their morphology, enclosure within follicles, and expression of germ-cell- and oocyte-specific markers collectively support that these cells are bona fide oocytes. These results identify BM as a potential source of germ cells that could sustain oocyte production in adulthood.}, @@ -70876,7 +70865,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {78DE01CF-7CDB-4F6A-A339-51B21FC6F9CD}, Volume = {122}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Johnson_Cell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Johnson_Cell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.031}} @article{Johnston:2001, @@ -70914,7 +70903,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F8932CB7-EC7B-4E6E-9EB1-8C2BD64DE8B0}, Volume = {426}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Johnston_Nature2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Johnston_Nature2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14685240}} @article{Jolicoeur:2003, @@ -70935,7 +70924,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {16309A3E-ACCF-4545-A5BF-BFBEA465FA7A}, Volume = {77}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jolicoeur_JVirol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jolicoeur_JVirol2003.pdf}} @article{Jones:2005, Abstract = {Theta phase-locking and phase precession are two related phenomena reflecting coordination of hippocampal place cell firing with the local, ongoing theta rhythm. The mechanisms and functions of both the phenomena remain unclear, though the robust correlation between firing phase and location of the animal has lead to the suggestion that this phase relationship constitutes a temporal code for spatial information. Recent work has described theta phase-locking in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a structure with direct anatomical and functional links to the hippocampus. Here, we describe an initial characterization of phase precession in the mPFC relative to the CA1 theta rhythm. mPFC phase precession was most robust during behavioral epochs known to be associated with enhanced theta-frequency coordination of CA1 and mPFC activities. Precession was coherent across the mPFC population, with multiple neurons precessing in parallel as a function of location of the animal. The existence of phase precession beyond the hippocampus implies a more global role for this phenomenon during theta rhythm-mediated coordination of neural activity.}, @@ -70995,7 +70984,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6D113FD7-A8B1-46EB-A7A7-4288F2392572}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jones_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jones_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01310.2006}} @article{Jones:2003, @@ -71034,7 +71023,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {020678A8-4327-11DB-A5D2-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {67}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jones_JVirol1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jones_JVirol1993.pdf}} @article{Jones:2004, Abstract = {Precise timing of mitosis is essential for high-fidelity cell duplication. However, temporal measurements of the mitotic clock have been challenging. Here we present a fluorescent mitosis biosensor that monitors the time between nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) and re-formation using parallel total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. By tracking tens to hundreds of mitotic events per experiment, we found that the mitotic clock of unsynchronized rat basophilic leukemia cells has a marked precision with 80\%of cells completing mitosis in 32 +/- 6 min. This assay further allowed us to observe delays in mitotic timing at Taxol concentrations 100 times lower than previous minimal effective doses, explaining why Taxol is clinically active at low concentrations. Inactivation of the spindle checkpoint by targeting the regulator Mad2 with RNAi consistently shortened mitosis, providing direct evidence that the internal mitotic timing mechanism is much faster in cells that lack the checkpoint.}, @@ -71055,7 +71044,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BBCF2F8E-1301-45DD-93A8-1B0AD2662908}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jones_NatBiotechnol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jones_NatBiotechnol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt941}} @article{Jones:2005a, @@ -71077,7 +71066,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {14406351-BCFE-4D93-B41D-D36F7ACD4123}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jones_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jones_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030402}} @article{Jongstra:1981, @@ -71119,7 +71108,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6003D77A-B17A-465C-8990-004D63E3FE29}, Volume = {227}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Juan_ExpCellRes1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Juan_ExpCellRes1996.pdf}} @article{Julien:1974, Author = {Julien, R. M. and Laxer, K. D.}, @@ -71197,7 +71186,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {03D24E18-43DD-4A75-A408-600AF9B50F9C}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jung_MolCellBiol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Jung_MolCellBiol2000.pdf}} @article{Justice:2003, Abstract = {The tumor suppressor genes lethal giant larvae (lgl) and discs large (dlg) act together to maintain the apical basal polarity of epithelial cells in the Drosophila embryo. Neuroblasts that delaminate from the embryonic epithelium require lgl to promote formation of a basal Numb and Prospero crescent, which will be asymmetrically segregated to the basal daughter cell upon division to specify cell fate. Sensory organ precursors (SOPs) also segregate Numb asymmetrically at cell division. Numb functions to inhibit Notch signaling and to specify the fates of progenies of the SOP that constitute the cellular components of the adult sensory organ. We report here that, in contrast to the embryonic neuroblast, lgl is not required for asymmetric localization of Numb in the dividing SOP. Nevertheless, mosaic analysis reveals that lgl is required for cell fate specification within the SOP lineage; SOPs lacking Lgl fail to specify internal neurons and glia. Epistasis studies suggest that Lgl acts to inhibit Notch signaling by functioning downstream or in parallel with Numb. These findings uncover a previously unknown function of Lgl in the inhibition of Notch and reveal different modes of action by which Lgl can influence cell fate in the neuroblast and SOP lineages. 0960-9822 Journal Article}, @@ -71271,7 +71260,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F27D5BD8-9209-4F6D-8B18-CCFD0085C356}, Volume = {169}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kafitz_JNeurosciMethods2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kafitz_JNeurosciMethods2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.11.022}} @article{Kageyama:2000, @@ -71309,7 +71298,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8350A427-92C5-4597-9B5F-4924051ADEA4}, Volume = {535}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kaiser_JPhysiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kaiser_JPhysiol2001.pdf}} @article{Kakita:2001, Abstract = {The postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) gives rise to many of the glial cells in the forebrain. We investigated migration pathways and dynamics of motility of progenitors from the neonatal rat forebrain SVZ by labeling progenitors in vivo with a retrovirus encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and then visualizing the dynamics of their movements by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy in slice preparations. Cells within the dorso-lateral SVZ moved in an apparently undirected fashion, but migrated in a directed manner after emigration into white matter and cortex, displaying both radial and tangential migration. Cells in the striatal-SVZ, a region of SVZ along the lateral wall of the ventricle, migrated parallel to the ventricular surface, and entered the striatum, where they migrated both perpendicular and parallel to the ventricular surface. Sometimes, cells in all these regions reversed their migration back toward the SVZ. Migration involved either elongation of the leading process followed by a quick translocation of the nucleus or a synchronous advancement of the nucleus and the leading process. Two distinct patterns of cellular changes were observed at orthogonal turning: one involves the cessation of cell body movement and the formation of a new leading process, and the other involves continuous cell body movement and bending of the leading process. The dynamic behavior of progenitors may reflect local tissue architecture and contribute to the widespread distribution of glia.}, @@ -71382,7 +71371,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {64EB9F98-214C-47FA-94C3-18FAB200D538}, Volume = {38}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kalatsky_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kalatsky_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Kalberer:2000, Abstract = {Transcriptional silencing of genes transferred into hematopoietic stem cells poses one of the most significant challenges to the success of gene therapy. If the transferred gene is not completely silenced, a progressive decline in gene expression as the mice age often is encountered. These phenomena were observed to various degrees in mouse transplant experiments using retroviral vectors containing a human beta-globin gene, even when cis-linked to locus control region derivatives. Here, we have investigated whether ex vivo preselection of retrovirally transduced stem cells on the basis of expression of the green fluorescent protein driven by the CpG island phosphoglycerate kinase promoter can ensure subsequent long-term expression of a cis-linked beta-globin gene in the erythroid lineage of transplanted mice. We observed that 100\%of mice (n = 7) engrafted with preselected cells concurrently expressed human beta-globin and the green fluorescent protein in 20-95\%of their RBC for up to 9.5 mo posttransplantation, the longest time point assessed. This expression pattern was successfully transferred to secondary transplant recipients. In the presence of beta-locus control region hypersensitive site 2 alone, human beta-globin mRNA expression levels ranged from 0.15\%to 20\%with human beta-globin chains detected by HPLC. Neither the proportion of positive blood cells nor the average expression levels declined with time in transplanted recipients. Although suboptimal expression levels and heterocellular position effects persisted, in vivo stem cell gene silencing and age-dependent extinction of expression were avoided. These findings support the further investigation of this type of vector for the gene therapy of human hemoglobinopathies.}, @@ -71549,7 +71538,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {326D6C55-A94A-459D-96B5-68ABC599659B}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kaneko_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kaneko_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.023}} @article{Kanmogne:2002, @@ -71591,7 +71580,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {125929C7-1837-4D6C-98EF-1D6B03A330A0}, Volume = {301}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kanold_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kanold_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1084152}} @article{Kaplan:1981, @@ -71607,7 +71596,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5A160142-CD3D-11D9-8C77-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {195}, Year = {1981}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kaplan_JCompNeurol1981.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kaplan_JCompNeurol1981.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=7251929}} @article{Kaplan:1984, @@ -71658,7 +71647,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5A160546-CD3D-11D9-8C77-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kaplan_TrendsNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kaplan_TrendsNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Kapsa:2002, Abstract = {In muscle, mutant genes can be targeted and corrected directly by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of corrective DNA, or by ex vivo delivery of DNA to myogenic cells, followed by cell transplantation. Short fragment homologous replacement (SFHR) has been used to repair the exon 23 nonsense transition at the Xp21.1 dys locus in cultured cells and also, directly in tibialis anterior from male mdx mice. Whilst mdx dys locus correction can be achieved in up to 20\%of cells in culture, much lower efficiency is evident by i.m. injection. The major consideration for application of targeted gene correction to muscle is delivery throughout relevant tissues. Systemically injected bone marrow (BM)-derived cells from wt C57BL/10 ScSn mice are known to remodel mdx muscle when injected into the systemic route. Provided that non muscle-derived cell types most capable of muscle remodeling activity can be more specifically identified, isolated and expanded, cell therapy seems presently the most favorable vehicle by which to deliver gene correction throughout muscle tissues. Using wt bone marrow as a model, this study investigates systemic application of bone marrow-derived cells as potential vehicles to deliver corrected (ie wt) dys locus to dystrophic muscle. Intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of wt BM were given to lethally and sub-lethally irradiated mdx mice. Despite both i.v. and surviving i.p. groups containing wt dys loci in 100\%and less than 1\%of peripheral blood nuclei, respectively, both groups displayed equivalent levels of wt dys transcript in muscle RNA. These results suggest that the muscle remodeling activity observed in systemically injected BM cells is not likely to be found in the hemopoietic fraction.}, @@ -71700,7 +71689,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3605C566-4980-49B7-AEF2-31C0C046D1B2}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kara_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kara_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Karishma:2002, Abstract = {Treating adult male rats with subcutaneous pellets of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) increased the number of newly formed cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and also antagonized the suppressive of corticosterone (40 mg/kg body weight daily for 5 days). Neither pregnenolone (40 mg/kg/day), a precursor of DHEA, nor androstenediol (40 mg/kg/day), a major metabolite, replicated the effect of DHEA (40 mg/kg/day). Corticosterone reduced the number of cells labelled with a marker for neurons (NeuN) following a 28-day survival period, and this was also prevented by DHEA. DHEA by itself increased the number of newly formed neurons, but only if treatment was continued throughout the period of survival. Subcutaneous DHEA pellets stimulated neurogenesis in a small number of older rats ( approximately 12 months old). These results show that DHEA, a steroid prominent in the blood and cerebral environment of humans, but which decreases markedly with age and during major depressive disorder, regulates neurogenesis in the hippocampus and modulates the inhibitory effect of increased corticoids on both the formation of new neurons and their survival. 0953-816x Journal Article}, @@ -71759,7 +71748,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D46946D4-973F-4BC7-B20D-521F8F43044A}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Karpova_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Karpova_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.015}} @article{Karten:1997, @@ -71836,7 +71825,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {77E4C70B-FD49-495B-B696-03E42212685A}, Volume = {424}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kasthuri_Nature2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kasthuri_Nature2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01836}} @article{Katagiri:2007, @@ -71858,7 +71847,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {244216C8-D92E-4FC7-84DC-0454C6E84A8A}, Volume = {53}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Katagiri_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Katagiri_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.026}} @article{Kataoka:2003, @@ -72003,7 +71992,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EA60C1CD-4CF5-46E7-B86F-9627118B32FB}, Volume = {274}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Katz_Science1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Katz_Science1996.pdf}} @article{Kaufmann:1989, Abstract = {Previous studies showed that few foci of cerebro-cortical microdysgenesis (molecular layer neuronal ectopias and focal laminar dysplasia) are present in up to 26\%of variably processed normal brains; they are more common in the right inferior frontal region. Brains of male developmental dyslexics processed in serial histologic sections showed 30 to 140 foci of these types of anomalies, predominantly in left perisylvian cortex. Here, we present the results of a detailed analysis of ten normal brains also processed in serial sections. The ages ranged from 3.5 to 87 years, all male. Three brains showed abnormalities similar in type to those of the dyslexic, but in far smaller numbers and in different locations: two showed a single cingulate focus--one right, one left; the third brain showed two right supratemporal foci. We conclude that the present form of developmental anomaly is rare in normal brains, and that the findings in the dyslexic brains may be significant.}, @@ -72043,7 +72032,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B79450A1-E7D9-49DD-978F-81CAB6CDC756}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kaur_JPinealRes1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kaur_JPinealRes1997.pdf}} @article{Kaushal:2003, Abstract = {Frequent chromosomal aneuploidy has recently been discovered in normal neurons of the developing and mature murine CNS. Toward a more detailed understanding of aneuploidy and its effects on normal CNS cells, we examined the genomes of cells in the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ), an area that harbors a large number of neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs), which give rise to neurons and glia. Here we show that NPCs, neurons, and glia from the SVZ are frequently aneuploid. Karyotyping revealed that approximately 33\%of mitotic SVZ cells lost or gained chromosomes in vivo, whereas interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated aneuploidy in postnatal-born cells in the olfactory bulb (OB) in vivo, along with neurons, glia, and NPCs in vitro. One possible consequence of aneuploidy is altered gene expression through loss of heterozygosity (LOH). This was examined in a model of LOH: loss of transgene expression in mice hemizygous for a ubiquitously expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene on chromosome 15. Concurrent examination of eGFP expression, transgene abundance, and chromosome 15 copy number demonstrated that a preponderance of living SVZ and OB cells not expressing eGFP lost one copy of chromosome 15; the eGFP transgene was lost in these cells as well. Although gene expression profiling revealed changes in expression levels of several genes relative to GFP-expressing controls, cells with LOH at chromosome 15 were morphologically normal and proliferated or underwent apoptosis at rates similar to those of euploid cells in vitro. These findings support the view that NPCs and postnatal-born neurons and glia can be aneuploid in vivo and functional gene expression can be permanently altered in living neural cells by chromosomal aneuploidy. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -72059,7 +72048,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F7A64D80-10B9-4A3C-909D-D04D0CF976CB}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kaushal_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kaushal_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Kawaguchi:1993, Abstract = {1. To test the hypothesis that physiologically and morphologically different cortical nonpyramidal cells express different calcium-binding proteins, whole-cell current-clamp recording in vitro was combined with intracellular staining and double immunofluorescence in layer V of frontal cortex of rats 16-20 days old. 2. Nonpyramidal cells were first characterized as fast-spiking (FS) or low-threshold spike (LTS) cells, injected with biocytin, and subsequently stained immunohistochemically for parvalbumin and calbindinD28k. 3. FS cells were identified by input resistances <350 M omega, spike width at half amplitude <0.8 ms, and virtually no spike frequency adaptation of spike trains by depolarizing pulses. LTS cells were identified by input resistances >350 M omega, spike width at half amplitude >0.8 ms, and the discharge of low-threshold spikes from hyperpolarized potentials. Repetitive firing could be induced by a combination of stimulation-induced excitatory postsynaptic potentials with depolarization in FS cells. Repetitive firing was not observed in LTS cells under these conditions. 4. After biocytin injection of layer V cells characterized in this way, subsequent double immunostaining showed that all biocytin-labeled parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells (n = 18) belonged to the FS cells (FS-PV cells), whereas all biocytin-labeled calbindinD28k-immunoreactive cells (n = 10) belonged to the LTS cells (LTS-Calb cells). 5. FS-PV cells had smooth or sparsely spiny dendrites, whereas LTS-Calb cells had dendrites with a modest number of spines but fewer than pyramidal cells. FS-PV cells showed denser axonal branches near their somata and extended axons in a more horizontal direction. Some of them could be identified as basket cells by the presence of terminal boutons surrounding somata of other cells. LTS-Calb cells extended their main axons more vertically up to layer I. 6. Double immunofluorescent staining revealed that very few cells in layer V showed immunoreactivity for both calcium-binding proteins but that most cells immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins in layer V were also immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid. 7. These results suggest that GABAergic nonpyramidal cells in layer V of neocortex can be divided into two functional groups on the basis of different firing modes, axonal distributions, and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity: 1) FS-PV cells show repetitive firing by synaptic activation, have axonal arborizations that are more dense near their somata and oriented horizontally, and the cells exhibit parvalbumin immunoreactivity and 2) LTS cells show low-threshold spikes, have more vertical axonal arborizations up to layer I, and exhibit calbindinD28K immunoreactivity. 0022-3077 Journal Article}, @@ -72136,7 +72125,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A527F883-1A06-4BC0-8E22-212E34121B9E}, Volume = {128}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Keays_Cell2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Keays_Cell2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.017}} @article{Kee:2001, @@ -72228,7 +72217,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B40D3D39-051C-4514-BE33-7C8414B71939}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Keller-Peck_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Keller-Peck_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Kelly:2004, Abstract = {We characterize the survival, migration, and differentiation of human neurospheres derived from CNS stem cells transplanted into the ischemic cortex of rats 7 days after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Transplanted neurospheres survived robustly in naive and ischemic brains 4 wk posttransplant. Survival was influenced by proximity of the graft to the stroke lesion and was negatively correlated with the number of IB4-positive inflammatory cells. Targeted migration of the human cells was seen in ischemic animals, with many human cells migrating long distances ( approximately 1.2 mm) predominantly toward the lesion; in naive rats, cells migrated radially from the injection site in smaller number and over shorter distances (0.2 mm). The majority of migrating cells in ischemic rats had a neuronal phenotype. Migrating cells between the graft and the lesion expressed the neuroblast marker doublecortin, whereas human cells at the lesion border expressed the immature neuronal marker beta-tubulin, although a small percentage of cells at the lesion border also expressed glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). Thus, transplanted human CNS (hCNS)-derived neurospheres survived robustly in naive and ischemic brains, and the microenvironment influenced their migration and fate.}, @@ -72249,7 +72238,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0C56BAC8-0911-4F68-B845-57E10EB5F937}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kelly_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kelly_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404474101}} @article{Kempermann:1998, @@ -72287,7 +72276,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F0AA4D53-BD0E-4090-8D66-893A3B7AF074}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kempermann_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kempermann_CurrOpinNeurobiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.001}} @article{Kempermann:1998a, @@ -72319,7 +72308,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {03C2536B-8172-4F8F-A2DC-0AC6D4E571AC}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kempermann_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kempermann_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Kempermann:1998b, Author = {Kempermann, G. and Gage, F. H.}, @@ -72400,7 +72389,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BC9ED3E2-C167-42E5-BD95-D5732CB79340}, Volume = {302}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kempermann_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kempermann_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1092864}} @article{Kenet:2003, @@ -72422,7 +72411,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0276B215-A4B7-4226-B658-8CA9A103511A}, Volume = {425}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kenet_Nature2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kenet_Nature2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02078}} @article{Kennedy:1997, @@ -72465,7 +72454,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C034899D-793E-4248-9EDE-6C22556F796F}, Volume = {302}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kennedy_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kennedy_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Kennedy_Science2003a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1092132}} @@ -72488,7 +72477,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6C8EAF1F-EDFC-412C-B2FF-E8EE0E49B366}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kerjan_TrendsGenet2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kerjan_TrendsGenet2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2007.09.003}} @article{Kernie:2001, @@ -72511,7 +72500,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {702B0430-E8A9-46C1-8A06-9744D5668C95}, Volume = {66}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kernie_JNeurosciRes2001}} + File = {papers/Kernie_JNeurosciRes2001}} @article{Kerr:2007, Abstract = {Individual pyramidal neurons of neocortex show sparse and variable responses to sensory stimuli in vivo. It has remained unclear how this variability extends to population responses on a trial-to-trial basis. Here, we characterized single-neuron and population responses to whisker stimulation in layer 2/3 (L2/3) of identified columns in rat barrel cortex using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging. Optical detection of single action potentials from evoked calcium transients revealed low spontaneous firing rates (0.25 Hz), variable response probabilities (range, 0-0.5; mean, 0.2 inside barrel column), and weak angular tuning of L2/3 neurons. On average, both the single-neuron response probability and the percentage of the local population activated were higher in the barrel column than above septa or in neighboring columns. Within the barrel column, mean response probability was highest in the center (0.4) and declined toward the barrel border. Neuronal pairs showed correlations in both spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity that depended on the location of the neurons. Correlation decreased with increasing distance between neurons and, for neuronal pairs the same distance apart, with distance of the pair from the barrel column center. Although neurons are therefore not activated independently from each other, we did not observe precisely repeating spatial activation patterns. Instead, population responses showed large trial-to-trial variability. Nevertheless, the accuracy of decoding stimulus onset times from local population activity increased with population size and depended on anatomical location. We conclude that, despite their sparseness and variability, L2/3 population responses show a clear spatial organization on the columnar scale.}, @@ -72532,7 +72521,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BA289ECF-C46D-4442-9D54-CD92F69B470A}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kerr_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kerr_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2210-07.2007}} @article{Kerr:2008, @@ -72554,7 +72543,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1702B0AE-A4B5-4307-AA80-B68EA555E602}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kerr_NatRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kerr_NatRevNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2338}} @article{Kerr:2005, @@ -72576,7 +72565,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9867358D-2C22-476C-9B8A-87CBF747A7D7}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kerr_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kerr_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506029102}} @article{Kesslak:1986, @@ -72633,7 +72622,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neuroscience: The brain's garbage men}, Uuid = {348AD2EC-2AC4-4078-B6E2-9F6A5E96D50D}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kettenmann_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kettenmann_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05713}} @article{Khalilov:1999, @@ -72739,7 +72728,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E0F3F8E5-749B-4901-B315-D446D2E34EA4}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Khalilov_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Khalilov_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.026}} @article{Khapli:2003, @@ -72876,7 +72865,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F04AEC6A-F8B5-4D85-A118-3147F58C3D1B}, Volume = {432}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Khazipov_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Khazipov_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Khazipov_Nature2004a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03132}} @@ -72899,7 +72888,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ADFE47FE-6A3B-45E2-B5A5-8913AF640A47}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Khazipov_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Khazipov_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.007}} @article{Khoury:2007, @@ -73038,7 +73027,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6B754168-7C58-4CA8-AC8D-5889E376307E}, Volume = {449}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kiel_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kiel_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06115}} @article{Kihara:2008, @@ -73059,7 +73048,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9369A1C6-9E68-4554-B416-B6EBE7482308}, Volume = {68}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kihara_DevNeurobiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kihara_DevNeurobiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20652}} @article{Kilb:2003, @@ -73095,7 +73084,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1BE95B64-FBFC-4D32-A9D6-52CDC9E99A65}, Volume = {422}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kim_JCompNeurol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kim_JCompNeurol2000.pdf}} @article{Kim:2000a, Abstract = {Inflammation in the brain has been increasingly associated with the development of a number of neurological diseases. The hallmark of neuroinflammation is the activation of microglia, the resident brain immune cells. Injection of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the hippocampus, cortex, or substantia nigra of adult rats produced neurodegeneration only in the substantia nigra. Although LPS appeared to impact upon mesencephalic neurons in general, an extensive loss of dopaminergic neurons was observed. Analysis of the abundance of microglia revealed that the substantia nigra had the highest density of microglia. When mixed neuron-glia cultures derived from the rat hippocampus, cortex, or mesencephalon were treated with LPS, mesencephalic cultures became sensitive to LPS at a concentration as low as 10 ng/ml and responded in a dose-dependent manner with the production of inflammatory factors and a loss of dopaminergic and other neurons. In contrast, hippocampal or cortical cultures remained insensitive to LPS treatment at concentrations as high as 10 microg/ml. Consistent with in vivo observations, mesencephalic cultures had fourfold to eightfold more microglia than cultures from other regions. The positive correlation between abundance of microglia and sensitivity to LPS-induced neurotoxicity was further supported by the observation that supplementation with enriched microglia derived from mesencephalon or cortex rendered LPS-insensitive cortical neuron-glia cultures sensitive to LPS-induced neurotoxicity. These data indicate that the region-specific differential susceptibility of neurons to LPS is attributable to differences in the number of microglia present within the system and may reflect levels of inflammation-related factors produced by these cells.}, @@ -73117,7 +73106,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9857E136-E13A-11DA-9DD9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kim_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kim_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Kim:2005, Abstract = {RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNAs. In attempts to identify RNAi triggers that effectively function at lower concentrations, we found that synthetic RNA duplexes 25-30 nucleotides in length can be up to 100-fold more potent than corresponding conventional 21-mer small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Some sites that are refractory to silencing by 21-mer siRNAs can be effectively targeted by 27-mer duplexes, with silencing lasting up to 10 d. Notably, the 27-mers do not induce interferon or activate protein kinase R (PKR). The enhanced potency of the longer duplexes is attributed to the fact that they are substrates of the Dicer endonuclease, directly linking the production of siRNAs to incorporation in the RNA-induced silencing complex. These results provide an alternative strategy for eliciting RNAi-mediated target cleavage using low concentrations of synthetic RNA as substrates for cellular Dicer-mediated cleavage.}, @@ -73175,7 +73164,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4ECD2CD9-2385-4168-995B-DB6D8BA805DF}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kinoshita_ChemSenses2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kinoshita_ChemSenses2002.pdf}} @article{Kintner:2002, Author = {Kintner, C.}, @@ -73190,7 +73179,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9834F0AD-4004-4214-BBE9-8E7390087F92}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kintner_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kintner_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Kiper:1999, Abstract = {In recent years, the analysis of the coherence between signals recorded from the scalp [electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence] has been used to assess the functional properties of cortico-cortical connections, both in animal models and in humans. However, the experimental validation of this technique is still scarce. Therefore we applied it to the study of the callosal connections between the visual areas of the two hemispheres, because this particular set of cortico-cortical connections can be activated in a selective way by visual stimuli. Indeed, in primary and in low-order secondary visual areas, callosal axons interconnect selectively regions, which represent a narrow portion of the visual field straddling the vertical meridian and, within these regions, neurons that prefer the same stimulus orientation. Thus only isooriented stimuli located near the vertical meridian are expected to change interhemispheric coherence by activating callosal connections. Finally, if such changes are found and are indeed mediated by callosal connections, they should disappear after transection of the corpus callosum. We perfomed experiments on seven paralyzed and anesthetized ferrets, recording their cortical activity with epidural electrodes on areas 17/18, 19, and lateral suprasylvian, during different forms of visual stimulation. As expected, we found that bilateral iso-oriented stimuli near the vertical meridian, or extending across it, caused a significant increase in interhemispheric coherence in the EEG beta-gamma band. Stimuli with different orientations, stimuli located far from the vertical meridian, as well as unilateral stimuli failed to affect interhemispheric EEG coherence. The stimulus-induced increase in coherence disappeared after surgical transection of the corpus callosum. The results suggest that the activation of cortico-cortical connections can indeed be revealed as a change in EEG coherence. The latter can therefore be validly used to investigate the functionality of cortico-cortical connections.}, @@ -73244,7 +73233,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {64E39CC1-16F9-4642-ACEE-88FB9F0740CF}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kippin_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kippin_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Kirichok:2006, Abstract = {In mammals, sperm cells become motile during ejaculation and swim up the female reproductive tract. Before fertilization and to overcome various barriers, their motility must be hyperactivated, a motion that is characterized by vigorous asymmetric tail beating. Hyperactivation requires an increase in calcium in the flagella, a process that probably involves plasmalemmal ion channels. Numerous attempts in the past two decades to understand sperm cell channels have been frustrated by the difficulty of measuring spermatozoan transmembrane ion currents. Here, by using a simple approach to patch-clamp spermatozoa and to characterize whole-spermatozoan currents, we describe a constitutively active flagellar calcium channel that is strongly potentiated by intracellular alkalinization. This current is not present in spermatozoa lacking the sperm-specific putative ion channel protein, CatSper1. This plasma membrane protein of the six transmembrane-spanning ion channel superfamily is specifically localized to the principal piece of the sperm tail and is required for sperm cell hyperactivation and male fertility. Our results identify CatSper1 as a component of the key flagellar calcium channel, and suggest that intracellular alkalinization potentiates CatSper current to increase intraflagellar calcium and induce sperm hyperactivation.}, @@ -73422,7 +73411,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {926A223C-1429-42DB-B3CA-F38163B75A74}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kitamura_ExpHematol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kitamura_ExpHematol2003.pdf}} @article{Kitamura:2002, Abstract = {Male embryonic mice with mutations in the X-linked aristaless-related homeobox gene (Arx) developed with small brains due to suppressed proliferation and regional deficiencies in the forebrain. These mice also showed aberrant migration and differentiation of interneurons containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic interneurons) in the ganglionic eminence and neocortex as well as abnormal testicular differentiation. These characteristics recapitulate some of the clinical features of X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG) in humans. We found multiple loss-of-function mutations in ARX in individuals affected with XLAG and in some female relatives, and conclude that mutation of ARX causes XLAG. The present report is, to our knowledge, the first to use phenotypic analysis of a knockout mouse to identify a gene associated with an X-linked human brain malformation.}, @@ -73464,7 +73453,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CD82C252-3398-4F19-B624-85C451B5FC98}, Volume = {321}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Klausberger_Science2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Klausberger_Science2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1149381}} @article{Klein:2001, @@ -73518,7 +73507,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {24A4FF15-0393-4007-925A-5CFC42DA3471}, Volume = {419}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Klein_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Klein_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Klement:1972, Author = {Klement, V. and Nicolson, M. O. and Gilden, R. V. and Oroszlan, S. and Sarma, P. S. and Rongey, R. W. and Gardner, M. B.}, @@ -73755,7 +73744,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8AA1B7E4-ECBD-41E8-8B83-C3C065FE28DD}, Volume = {129}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kobayashi_Brain2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kobayashi_Brain2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh710}} @article{Koenigsknecht-Talboo:2005, @@ -73798,7 +73787,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3A581CF5-00AF-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {12}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koester_JNeurosci1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Koester_JNeurosci1992.pdf}} @article{Kohwi:2005, Abstract = {The subventricular zone (SVZ) produces different subclasses of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons throughout life. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling the production of different types of interneurons. Here we show that most proliferating adult SVZ progenitors express the transcription factor Pax6, but only a small subpopulation of migrating neuroblasts and new OB interneurons derived from these progenitors retains Pax6 expression. To elucidate the cell-autonomous role of Pax6 in OB neurogenesis, we transplanted green fluorescent protein-expressing embryonic forebrain progenitors of the dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence from Pax6 mutant Small Eye (Pax6(Sey/Sey)) mice into the SVZ of adult wild-type mice. Pax6(Sey/Sey) progenitors produce neuroblasts capable of migrating into the OB but fail to generate dopaminergic periglomerular and superficial granule cells. Interestingly, superficial granule neurons also express mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. Our data show that SVZ neuroblasts are heterogeneous and that Pax6 is required in a cell-autonomous manner for the production of cells in the dopaminergic lineage.}, @@ -73818,7 +73807,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B0FB7-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kohwi_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kohwi_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1435-05.2005}} @article{Koizumi:2006, @@ -73840,7 +73829,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CAFD7FBB-DA6F-47BF-ABBF-631E5BB4B1FC}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koizumi_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Koizumi_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1704}} @article{Koizumi:2007, @@ -73859,7 +73848,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {UDP acting at P2Y(6) receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis}, Uuid = {4A43664C-6A83-43B1-B669-2485BF0E03B5}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koizumi_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Koizumi_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05704}} @article{Koizumi:2006a, @@ -73881,7 +73870,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BE358A3B-7250-4B40-9F5C-EA1B1F1C61F3}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koizumi_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Koizumi_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.040}} @article{Kokaia:2003, @@ -73904,7 +73893,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0B914C21-AA60-4BBA-A9D0-F3FDD711926F}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kokaia_CurrOpinNeurobiol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kokaia_CurrOpinNeurobiol2003.pdf}} @article{Koketsu:2003, Abstract = {The concept that, after developmental periods, neocortical neurons become numerically stable and are normally nonrenewable has been challenged by a report of continuous neurogenesis in the association areas of the cerebral cortex in the adult Macaque monkey. Therefore, we have reexamined this issue in two different Macaque species using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as an indicator of DNA replication during cell division. We found several BrdU+/NeuN+ (neuronal nuclei) double-labeled cells, but cortical neurons, distinguished readily by their size and cytological and immunohistochemical properties, were not BrdU positive. We examined in detail the frontal cortex, where it is claimed that the largest daily addition of neurons has been made, but did not see migratory streams or any sign of addition of new neurons. Thus, we concluded that, in the normal condition, cortical neurons of adult primates, similar to other mammalian species, are neither supplemented nor renewable. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -73920,7 +73909,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {55FF24D0-CDF0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koketsu_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Koketsu_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Kokoeva:2005, Abstract = {Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces weight loss in obese rodents and humans, and for reasons that are not understood, its effects persist after the cessation of treatment. Here we demonstrate that centrally administered CNTF induces cell proliferation in feeding centers of the murine hypothalamus. Many of the newborn cells express neuronal markers and show functional phenotypes relevant for energy-balance control, including a capacity for leptin-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Coadministration of the mitotic blocker cytosine-beta-d-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C) eliminates the proliferation of neural cells and abrogates the long-term, but not the short-term, effect of CNTF on body weight. These findings link the sustained effect of CNTF on energy balance to hypothalamic neurogenesis and suggest that regulated hypothalamic neurogenesis in adult mice may play a previously unappreciated role in physiology and disease.}, @@ -73941,7 +73930,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EAD02836-C89B-47F9-A9B7-C19A7DB47B69}, Volume = {310}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kokoeva_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kokoeva_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1115360}} @article{Kolb:1987, @@ -74059,7 +74048,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {87B3E640-D23B-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {91}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kolb_BehavBrainRes1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kolb_BehavBrainRes1998.pdf}} @article{Kolb:2003, Abstract = {Rats were given lesions of the temporal association cortex on postnatal day 4 or 10, or in adulthood. Ninety days later they were trained on two visual tasks (visual-spatial navigation; horizontal-vertical stripes discrimination). Lesion animals were compared behaviorally and neuroanatomically to littermate sham control rats. The day 4 lesions produced a larger deficit in the navigation task than day 10 or adult lesions. There were no deficits in the discrimination task. Analysis of the brains showed that the day 4 lesions produced a smaller brain and thinner cortex than day 10 lesions. The day 10 lesions produced hypertrophy in the dendritic arborization of pyramidal cells in parietal cortex. The results are consistent with the general findings that perinatal cortical injury in rats produces more severe behavioral and morphological effects than similar lesions in the second week of life and that cortical lesions around day 10 lead to an increase in cortical synaptogenesis.}, @@ -74439,7 +74428,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FCC30B04-DDF8-4B7B-ABE2-204584CCA767}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Konur_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Konur_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.022}} @article{Kootstra:1999, @@ -74571,7 +74560,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A4E75311-F4A5-474D-B396-A1E08C3A507D}, Volume = {98}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kornack_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001}} + File = {papers/Kornack_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001}} @article{Kornack:2001a, Abstract = {A recent assertion that new neurons are continually added to the neocortex of adult macaque monkeys has profound implications for understanding the cellular mechanisms of higher cognitive functions. Here we searched for neurogenesis in adult macaques by using immunofluorescent triple labeling for the DNA-replication indicator, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and neuronal and glial cell markers. Although numerous BrdU-labeled cells were distributed throughout the cerebral wall, including the neocortex, these were identified as nonneuronal cells; evidence for newly generated neurons was limited to the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. Thus, our results do not substantiate the claim of neurogenesis in normal adult primate neocortex.}, @@ -74587,7 +74576,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {55FF2A1E-CDF0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {294}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kornack_Science2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kornack_Science2001.pdf}} @article{Kornblum:2001, Abstract = {The study of neural stem cell biology is hindered by the absence of well-defined markers for neural stem cells and neuronal progenitors. Without the ability to identify the relevant cell types, the analysis of how the diverse cell populations of the central nervous system are generated becomes virtually impossible.}, @@ -74603,7 +74592,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0F8D7E6A-9AF9-4DFC-999C-08001209CC04}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kornblum_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kornblum_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Korr:1999, Abstract = {In a recent paper (Shankle et al., 1998a), post-natal neurogenesis in the human cerebral cortex was discussed. Based on re-calculations of morphometric data from the literature, the authors concluded an average 1.1\%monthly increase in post-natal cortical neuron number between post-natal months 15-72. The present paper makes clear by discussing four main assumptions done by Shankle et al., i.e. shrinkage of the tissue, morphometric features of the neurons under study, conversion of cell densities per area to number per unit volume and estimation of coefficients of variation, that their final conclusion about an increase in neuron number is unsound. Furthermore, five points are discussed here that Shankle et al. had mentioned in order to demonstrate that the pulse thymidine labeling method is less reliable than some have assumed. The present paper refute these assumptions point by point. Thus, the Shankle et al. paper does not provide scientifically valid evidence of a post-natal neurogenesis in the developing human cerebral cortex.}, @@ -74625,7 +74614,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA1552F-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {200}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Korr_JTheorBiol1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Korr_JTheorBiol1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1999.0992}} @article{Kosaka:2007, @@ -74702,7 +74691,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D0208EFE-DE5B-4800-A729-E10DFAF23396}, Volume = {440}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kosaka_JCompNeurol2001}} + File = {papers/Kosaka_JCompNeurol2001}} @article{Kosaka:1995, Abstract = {Chemically-defined neuron groups and their subpopulations in the glomerular layer of the rat main olfactory bulb were revealed immunocytochemically using antibodies against gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), methionin-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ENK), calretinin (CR), calbindin-D28K (calbindin) and thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH). GABA-like immunoreactive (GABA-LIR) neurons and CR immunoreactive (CR-IR) neurons were most numerous; they were about 1.5-3 times more numerous than calbindin immunoreactive (calbindin-IR), TH immunoreactive (TH-IR), ENK-like immunoreactive (ENK- LIR) and THR-like immunoreactive (TRH-LIR) neurons. We identified at least three distinct chemically-defined neuron groups, GABA-LIR neurons, CR containing neurons and calbindin containing neurons, since these three neuron groups were almost separate from one another. On the other hand, TH-IR and ENK-LIR neurons were nearly included in and thus considered to be subpopulations of GABA-LIR and CR-IR neurons, respectively, for about 80\%of these two neuron groups contained GABA-L and CR immunoreactivities, respectively. TRH-LIR neurons appeared to be divided into two subpopulations, one containing the GABA-L immunoreactivity and the other containing the CR immunoreactivity. Thus in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb, GABA-LIR, CR-IR and calbindin-IR cells could be considered to be three distinct chemically- defined neuron groups, whereas TH-IR, TRH-LIR and ENK-LIR neurons were regarded as their subpopulations. Furthermore, some neurons groups, whereas TH-IR, TRH-LIR and ENK-LIR neurons were regarded as their subpopulations. Furthermore, some neurons are supposed to contain three substances (e.g. GABA + TH + TRH, GABA + TRH + EnK, CR + TRH + ENK, GABA + TRH + CR) or a few might even contain four substances (e.g. GABA + TRH + CR + ENK). Preliminary quantitative analysis using the optical disector method showed percentages of these three main neuron groups to total cells in the glomerular layer; that is, neuron groups containing GABA, CR and calbindin were about 20\%, 20\%and 10\%, respectively.}, @@ -74718,7 +74707,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AFA26055-926D-4D57-8FD9-6A1CBAB62C24}, Volume = {23}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kosaka_NeurosciRes1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kosaka_NeurosciRes1995.pdf}} @article{Kosaka:1998, Abstract = {Recent progress in the studies of the olfactory system, especially in the molecular biological studies, makes it one of the useful sensory model systems for understanding neural mechanisms for the information processing. In the olfactory bulb, the primary center of the olfactory system, glomeruli are regarded as important functional units in the transmission of odorant signals and in processing the olfactory information, but have been believed to be composed by only a small number of neuronal types and thus to be simple in their neuronal and synaptic organization. However, accumulating morphological data reveal that each type of neurons might further consist of several different subpopulations, indicating that the organization of glomeruli might not be so simple as it was believed. Here we describe an aspect of the structural organization of glomeruli, focusing on the heterogeneities of periglomerular neurons in mammalian main olfactory bulb.}, @@ -74750,7 +74739,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AAA97934-5365-4DED-9384-A371DA8DCEB5}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kosaka_NeurosciRes2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kosaka_NeurosciRes2004.pdf}} @article{Kosaka:2006, Abstract = {The distribution and structural features of nitric acid synthase (NOS) containing intrinsic neurons were studied in the mouse main olfactory bulb (MOB). NOS positive neurons were heterogeneous, including some subpopulations of periglomerular cells, granule cells, interneurons in the external plexiform layer, superficial and deep short-axon cells and stellate cells. NOS positive periglomerular cells were frequently calretinin immunoreactive and, although rarely, calbindin positive. Importantly, some middle and external tufted cells were also confirmed to be NOS positive, some of which were also cholecystokinin (CCK) positive. Retrograde tracer experiments showed that some NOS positive tufted cells, which were also CCK positive, constitute the intrabulbar association system and the projection system to the olfactory tubercle. In addition, another particular subpopulation of NOS positive neurons with no or little CCK immunoreactivity appeared to project to areas covering the dorsal endopiriform nucleus, claustrum and insular cortex. Furthermore, diverse types of neurons other than mitral/tufted cells were also suggested to be projection neurons of the MOB. The present study revealed the diversity of NOS positive neurons in the mouse MOB and further revealed that they were different from those reported previously in the rat MOB in structural and chemical properties.}, @@ -74823,7 +74812,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D5B1F724-1B67-4AE5-90DD-7E5827B4F004}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Koulakov_BMCNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Koulakov_BMCNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-5-30}} @article{Kovac:2004, @@ -74885,7 +74874,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BB56ABD9-822D-4D91-81EF-C6B23561B182}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kozorovitskiy_NatCellBiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kozorovitskiy_NatCellBiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1103-952}} @article{Kohr:1991, @@ -74986,7 +74975,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {194E8C79-FBF9-43DD-9C86-A921F0D6F2A7}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Krantic_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Krantic_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.09.011}} @article{Kreiman:2004, @@ -75007,7 +74996,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {78EF4B19-D067-40ED-B975-DC81187CFDA5}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kreiman_NucleicAcidsRes2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kreiman_NucleicAcidsRes2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh614}} @article{Kreutzberg:1989, @@ -75086,7 +75075,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Layer-Specific Expression of Multiple Cadherins in the Developing Visual Cortex (V1) of the Ferret}, Uuid = {BD38DECA-BD3B-4ED2-B6CC-D16BC14AB947}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Krishna-K_CerebCortex2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Krishna-K_CerebCortex2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn090}} @article{Kristan:2006, @@ -75124,7 +75113,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4D76C49D-FB61-4229-9F3E-4ADD85218810}, Volume = {964}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kristensen_BrainRes2003}} + File = {papers/Kristensen_BrainRes2003}} @article{Krivit:1995, Abstract = {Treatment and potential cure of lysosomal and peroxisomal diseases, heretofore considered fatal, has become a reality during the past decade. Bone marrow transplantation, (BMT), has provided a method for replacement of the disease-causing enzyme deficiency. Cells derived from the donor marrow continue to provide enzyme indefinitely. Several scores of patients with diseases as diverse as metachromatic leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy, globoid cell leukodystrophy, Hurler syndrome (MPS I-H), Maroteaux-Lamy (MPS VI) Gaucher disease, and fucosidosis have been successfully treated following long-term engraftment. Central nervous system (CNS) manifestations are also prevented or ameliorated in animal models of these diseases following engraftment from normal donors. The microglial cell system has been considered to be the most likely vehicle for enzyme activity following bone marrow engraftment. Microglia in the mature animal or human are derived from the newly engrafted bone marrow. Graft-v-host disease activation of the microglia is also of importance. This article will summarize some of the pertinent literature relative to the role of microglia in such transplant processes.}, @@ -75161,7 +75150,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {60780499-018E-4790-A453-31403D150336}, Volume = {467}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kronenberg_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kronenberg_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}} @article{Krubitzer:1995, Abstract = {The present investigation was designed to determine the number and internal organization of somatosensory fields in monotremes. Microelectrode mapping methods were used in conjunction with cytochrome oxidase and myelin staining to reveal subdivisions and topography of somatosensory cortex in the platypus and the short-billed echidna. The neocortices of both monotremes were found to contain four representations of the body surface. A large area that contained neurons predominantly responsive to cutaneous stimulation of the contralateral body surface was identified as the primary somatosensory area (SI). Although the overall organization of SI was similar in both mammals, the platypus had a relatively larger representation of the bill. Furthermore, some of the neurons in the bill representation of SI were also responsive to low amplitude electrical stimulation. These neurons were spatially segregated from neurons responsive to pure mechanosensory stimulation. Another somatosensory field (R) was identified immediately rostral to SI. The topographic organization of R was similar to that found in SI; however, neurons in R responded most often to light pressure and taps to peripheral body parts. Neurons in cortex rostral to R were responsive to manipulation of joints and hard taps to the body. We termed this field the manipulation field (M). The mediolateral sequence of representation in M was similar to that of both SI and R, but was topographically less precise. Another somatosensory field, caudal to SI, was adjacent to SI laterally at the representation of the face, but medially was separated from SI by auditory cortex. Its position relative to SI and auditory cortex, and its topographic organization led us to hypothesize that this caudal field may be homologous to the parietal ventral area (PV) as described in other mammals. The evidence for the existence of four separate representations in somatosensory cortex in the two species of monotremes indicates that cortical organization is more complex in these mammals than was previously thought. Because the two monotreme families have been separate for at least 55 million years (Richardson, B.J. [1987] Aust. Mammal. 11:71-73), the present results suggest either that the original differentiation of fields occurred very early in mammalian evolution or that the potential for differentiation of somatosensory cortex into multiple fields is highly constrained in evolution, so that both species arrived at the same solution independently. 0021-9967 Journal Article}, @@ -75236,7 +75225,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {325284AE-D395-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuan_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kuan_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3883-04.2004}} @article{Kuenzel:1982, @@ -75272,7 +75261,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6F91BFE5-4E8B-4F84-B75B-AB567B501497}, Volume = {16}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuhn_JNeurosci1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kuhn_JNeurosci1996.pdf}} @article{Kuhn:1997, Abstract = {Neurons and glia are generated throughout adulthood from proliferating cells in two regions of the rat brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampus. This study shows that exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) have differential and site-specific effects on progenitor cells in vivo. Both growth factors expanded the SVZ progenitor population after 2 weeks of intracerebroventricular administration, but only FGF-2 induced an increase in the number of newborn cells, most prominently neurons, in the olfactory bulb, the normal destination for neuronal progenitors migrating from the SVZ. EGF, on the other hand, reduced the total number of newborn neurons reaching the olfactory bulb and substantially enhanced the generation of astrocytes in the olfactory bulb. Moreover, EGF increased the number of newborn cells in the striatum either by migration of SVZ cells or by stimulation of local progenitor cells. No evidence of neuronal differentiation of newborn striatal cells was found by three-dimensional confocal analysis, although many of these newborn cells were associated closely with striatal neurons. The proliferation of hippocampal progenitors was not affected by either growth factor. However, EGF increased the number of newborn glia and reduced the number of newborn neurons, similar to the effects seen in the olfactory bulb. These findings may be useful for elucidating the in vivo role of growth factors in neurogenesis in the adult CNS and may aid development of neuronal replacement strategies after brain damage.}, @@ -75288,7 +75277,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5880393F-DEE5-45DE-A02E-D286F91864A1}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuhn_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kuhn_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} @article{Kulkarni:1994, Abstract = {Little is known about the regulation of apoptosis in fibroblasts although several model systems including serum deprivation and treatment with staurosporine or topoisomerase inhibitors have been used to induce apoptosis in vitro. To validate a reproducible in vitro model for the study of apoptosis in fibroblasts, we cultured density-inhibited monolayer cultures of Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts in Dulbecco's modified essential medium plus 15\%fetal calf serum and then withdrew serum. Time-lapse video microscopy demonstrated that within minutes of serum withdrawal, cells lost substrate attachment and floated to the top of the liquid growth medium. There was a time-dependent increase in the number of non-adherent cells. Some of these cells regained attachment and spread momentarily, but they eventually rounded up and lost attachment permanently. In contrast to serum-containing cultures in which similar morphological changes were followed by mitosis, in serum-free cultures repeated attempts at mitosis were followed by permanent attachment loss and presumably cell death. To assess whether all the non-adherent cells were in fact dead, the percentages of cells that continued to proliferate upon return to serum-supplemented conditions was computed. After various periods of serum starvation a decreasing proportion (approx. 75\%at 30 minutes; <2\%at 24 hours) of the non-adherent cells could be rescued by addition of serum. Transmission electron microscopy of cells 3 hours after serum withdrawal showed that the majority (approximately 60\%) of non-adherent cells exhibited marked intranuclear chromatin condensation but maintained integrity of cell and nuclear membranes and cell organelles, morphological changes consistent with those of apoptotic cell death. Scanning electron microscopy of cultures 3 hours following serum withdrawal showed rounded cells with marked surface blebbing. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy revealed increased intensity of nuclear staining with DAPI while actin filaments became indistinct or collapsed around the nucleus. After cycloheximide treatment to inhibit protein synthesis, there was no reduction of apoptosis. Gel electrophoresis of DNA from both control and 3 hour-serum-deprived cells showed intact DNA with no oligonucleosomal length fragmentation. After serum withdrawal, intracellular calcium was reduced by about 32\%over 5 minutes as measured by fura2 ratio fluorimetry in single cells. Serum-starved cells showed a time-dependent shrinkage in mean cell diameter compared to trypsinized, adherent control cells (at 0 hours, mean diameter = 18.0 microns--viable; at 4 hours, mean diameter = 15.5 microns--apoptotic). Flow cytometric analysis showed increased propidium iodide staining and reduced fluorescein diacetate uptake over 3 hours, changes that were contemporaneous with the reduction of cell diameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)}, @@ -75308,7 +75297,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9F98B556-58F3-47CE-B12F-DEF9B50F7C53}, Volume = {107 ( Pt 5)}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kulkarni_JCellSci1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kulkarni_JCellSci1994.pdf}} @article{Kulkarni:2006, Abstract = {To evaluate the specificity of long dsRNAs used in high-throughput RNA interference (RNAi) screens performed at the Drosophila RNAi Screening Center (DRSC), we performed a global analysis of their activity in 30 genome-wide screens completed at our facility. Notably, our analysis predicts that dsRNAs containing >/=19-nucleotide perfect matches identified in silico to unintended targets may contribute to a significant false positive error rate arising from off-target effects. We confirmed experimentally that such sequences in dsRNAs lead to false positives and to efficient knockdown of a cross-hybridizing transcript, raising a cautionary note about interpreting results based on the use of a single dsRNA per gene. Although a full appreciation of all causes of false positive errors remains to be determined, we suggest simple guidelines to help ensure high-quality information from RNAi high-throughput screens.}, @@ -75350,7 +75339,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A5BF5915-BCD6-4730-B707-5CCCD368173D}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kumar_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kumar_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} @article{Kumar:2002, Abstract = {AMPA receptors mediate most of the fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, and those lacking the glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) subunit are Ca(2+)-permeable and expressed in cortical structures primarily by inhibitory interneurons. Here we report that synaptic AMPA receptors of excitatory layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat neocortex are deficient in GluR2 in early development, approximately before postnatal day 16, as evidenced by their inwardly rectifying current-voltage relationship, blockade of AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs by external and internal polyamines, permeability to Ca(2+), and GluR2 immunoreactivity. Overall, these results indicate that neocortical pyramidal neurons undergo a developmental switch in the Ca(2+) permeability of their AMPA receptors through an alteration of their subunit composition. This has important implications for plasticity and neurotoxicity. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -75366,7 +75355,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F683AEB8-CFAF-4F82-A4B1-4693D8EE89DC}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kumar_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kumar_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Kumar:2006, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are neurotropic flaviviruses that can cause acute encephalitis with a high fatality rate. Currently there is no effective treatment for these infections. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We tested RNA interference (RNAi)-based intervention to suppress lethal JE and WN encephalitis in mice. To induce RNAi, we used either lentivirally expressed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or synthetic short interfering RNA (siRNA). As target, we selected the cd loop-coding sequence in domain II of the viral Envelope protein, which is highly conserved among all flaviviruses because of its essential role in membrane fusion. Using as a target a species-specific sequence in the cd loop that is conserved only among the different strains of either JEV or WNV, we could achieve specific protection against the corresponding virus. However, by targeting a cross-species conserved sequence within the cd loop, we were able to protect mice against encephalitis induced by both viruses. A single intracranial administration of lentivirally delivered shRNA or lipid-complexed siRNA before viral challenge or siRNA treatment after viral challenge was sufficient for protection against lethal encephalitis. CONCLUSIONS: RNAi-based intervention affords near complete protection from both JEV- and WNV- induced encephalitis in mice. Our results show, to our knowledge for the first time, that siRNA can be used as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent for treating encephalitis caused by multiple related viruses.}, @@ -75387,7 +75376,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A42E5F9C-F69C-45E0-84EE-B8B03833FD92}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kumar_PLoSMed2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kumar_PLoSMed2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030096}} @article{Kume:2000, @@ -75427,7 +75416,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1E8E2935-7CA6-4737-BAF0-82052E057890}, Volume = {25}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kunz_AnnuRevGenet1991.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kunz_AnnuRevGenet1991.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.25.120191.002011}} @article{Kuo:2006, @@ -75470,7 +75459,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7A8A43A3-3D4B-45BE-BF1C-E014C4D77B4B}, Volume = {133}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kurant_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kurant_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.052}} @article{Kuriyama:2001, @@ -75487,7 +75476,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {97AA2889-6EF7-4801-B5E4-5E3D2EC5C297}, Volume = {131}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuriyama_BrainResDevBrainRes2001}} + File = {papers/Kuriyama_BrainResDevBrainRes2001}} @article{Kurotani:2008, Abstract = {Cortical pyramidal neurons alter their responses to input signals depending on behavioral state. We investigated whether changes in somatic inhibition contribute to these alterations. In layer 5 pyramidal neurons of rat visual cortex, repetitive firing from a depolarized membrane potential, which typically occurs during arousal, produced long-lasting depression of somatic inhibition. In contrast, slow membrane oscillations with firing in the depolarized phase, which typically occurs during slow-wave sleep, produced long-lasting potentiation. The depression is mediated by L-type Ca2+ channels and GABA(A) receptor endocytosis, whereas potentiation is mediated by R-type Ca2+ channels and receptor exocytosis. It is likely that the direction of modification is mainly dependent on the ratio of R- and L-type Ca2+ channel activation. Furthermore, somatic inhibition was stronger in slices prepared from rats during slow-wave sleep than arousal. This bidirectional modification of somatic inhibition may alter pyramidal neuron responsiveness in accordance with behavioral state.}, @@ -75508,7 +75497,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {711A7853-A42C-487C-BAE9-A2C651D8BF3C}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kurotani_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Kurotani_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.030}} @article{Kurpius:2007, @@ -75608,7 +75597,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {15140BD7-AF81-4229-9C86-94456DD99353}, Volume = {116}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kuwabara_Cell2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kuwabara_Cell2004.pdf}} @article{Kuzniecky:1989, Abstract = {The neuronal migration disorders comprise several morphological entities that are recognizable during life using current imaging techniques. We studied 4 patients who had a characteristic bilateral central rolandic and sylvian macrogyria. The patients had pseudobulbar palsy with oromotor incoordination and developmental delay and were mildly retarded. Minor seizures developed between the ages of 8 and 9 years. Subsequently, atonic drop attacks became the predominant epileptic pattern. Epileptogenic electrographic abnormalities were secondary generalized or multifocal. The lesions were detected by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in all patients. Bilateral symmetrical areas of thick cortex surrounding a large sulcus were seen. This syndrome consists of specific clinical, imaging, electroencephalographic, and epileptic features. It can be suspected clinically and confirmed by imaging studies. Callosotomy in two patients helped the intractable seizures.}, @@ -75707,7 +75696,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FB425A4C-2D79-432A-BEFE-45392AF5A6FF}, Volume = {119}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Kyrkanides_BrainResMolBrainRes2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Kyrkanides_BrainResMolBrainRes2003.pdf}} @article{LaMantia:1993, Abstract = {We have used an in vitro assay to identify sources of retinoic acid (RA) and transgenic mice to identify target domains in the developing forebrain. RA participates in a sequence of events that leads to the establishment of the olfactory pathway. First, the lateral cranial mesoderm activates an RA-inducible transgene in neuroepithelial cells in the olfactory placode and the ventrolateral forebrain. Then, neurons and neurites begin to differentiate in these two regions. Finally, olfactory axons grow specifically into the ventrolateral forebrain and subsequently are limited to the olfactory bulb rudiment. The coordination of these events, perhaps by common signals, implies that retinoid induction and retinoid-activated region-specific transcriptional regulation may help to define a forebrain subdivision and the peripheral neurons that provide its primary innervation. eng Journal Article}, @@ -75801,7 +75790,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {951FA618-738D-481A-9B29-79BF49448EDE}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lagali_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lagali_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2117}} @article{Laird:2005, @@ -75823,7 +75812,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5BCA6BBD-B597-4A9E-BB59-293C35369B23}, Volume = {123}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Laird_Cell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Laird_Cell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.026}} @article{Lalancette-Hebert:2007, @@ -75905,7 +75894,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {590921A9-C4C5-4FBC-B978-B518067B41AB}, Volume = {336}, Year = {1990}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/_Lancet1990.pdf}} + File = {papers/_Lancet1990.pdf}} @article{Landen:2002, Abstract = {Cellular microtubules, polymers of tubulin, alternate relentlessly between phases of growth and shortening. We now show that noscapine, a tubulin-binding agent, increases the time that cellular microtubules spend idle in a paused state. As a result, most mammalian cell types observed arrest in mitosis in the presence of noscapine. We demonstrate that noscapine-treated murine melanoma B16LS9 cells do not arrest in mitosis but rather become polyploid followed by cell death, whereas primary melanocytes reversibly arrest in mitosis and resume a normal cell cycle after noscapine removal. Furthermore, in a syngeneic murine model of established s.c. melanoma, noscapine treatment resulted in an 85\%inhibition of tumor volume on day 17 when delivered by gavage compared with untreated animals (P or =P40) rats, using a conventional intracellular recording technique. In both adult and immature slices, CGP 52432 (1 microM) had no effect on neuronal membrane properties, whereas it selectively abolished the late inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) evoked by local electrical stimulation of association fibre terminals. Age-related changes in mAChR (but not mGluR) responsiveness were also detected. In adult neurones, bath-application of the mAChR agonist oxotremorine-M (OXO-M; 10 microM), or the selective mGluR agonist 1S,3R-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD; 10 microM) evoked similar membrane depolarization and inhibition of evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). However, while 1S,3R-ACPD and OXO-M produced indistinguishable slow excitatory effects in immature slices, during superfusion with OXO-M, neurones exhibited spontaneous paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDSs) that were suppressed in the presence of atropine (1 microM) or the selective GABA(B) receptor agonist beta-parachlorophenyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid [(-)baclofen; 10 microM]. Also, application of OXO-M resulted in a pronounced prolongation (rather than a decrease) of electrically evoked postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) which now exhibited recurrent superimposed spike discharges. In adult slices, in the continuous presence of CGP 52432 (1 microM; 20 min pre-incubation), a subsequent exposure to 10 microM OXO-M or 1S,3R-ACPD failed to induce any spontaneous epileptiform activity, and evoked PSPs were consistently suppressed. In contrast, in immature slices, after incubation in CGP 52432 (1 microM; 20 min), a subsequent application of a low dose of OXO-M (2.5 microM), which was inactive per se, was able to produce spontaneous PDSs and a prolongation of evoked PSPs. We conclude that a reduction in GABA(B)-mediated synaptic inhibition in immature slices (in co-operation with other factors) may contribute to the facilitation of excitatory neurotransmission and therefore play a role in the generation of mAChR-induced epileptiform activity.}, @@ -77797,7 +77786,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6E7AC1A9-0F63-4775-ABB8-6BC7F0B1314D}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {../../Volumes/Vega/Users/ackman/James/Endnotelibraries/OMEGAData/0561468416nnurev.pharmtox04.pdf}} + File = {../../Volumes/Vega/Users/ackman/James/Endnotelibraries/OMEGAData/0561468416nnurev.pharmtox04.pdf}} @article{Lieber:1973, Author = {Lieber, M. M. and Todaro, G. J.}, @@ -77832,7 +77821,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {15111441-1DD3-4845-9F8A-CC80289AB0E1}, Volume = {74}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lieber_JVirol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lieber_JVirol2000.pdf}} @article{Lieber:1973a, Author = {Lieber, M. M. and Livingston, D. M. and Todaro, G. J.}, @@ -77871,7 +77860,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {375DF883-064B-42A8-9044-0CB5938C6451}, Volume = {47}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lieberam_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lieberam_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.011}} @article{Lieberman:2005, @@ -77893,7 +77882,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7646A438-8A95-459C-8AB4-2D139273B751}, Volume = {433}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lieberman_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lieberman_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03204}} @article{Lien:2006, @@ -77915,7 +77904,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2F3A68C8-2D04-4BBF-A9A8-D3F587816FED}, Volume = {311}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lien_Science2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lien_Science2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1121449}} @article{Lim:2008, @@ -77985,7 +77974,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {513EE85C-FBD9-46D3-B47A-8F5736240ECE}, Volume = {96}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lim_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lim_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1999.pdf}} @article{Lima:2005, Abstract = {Optically gated ion channels were expressed in circumscribed groups of neurons in the Drosophila CNS so that broad illumination of flies evoked action potentials only in genetically designated target cells. Flies harboring the "phototriggers" in different sets of neurons responded to laser light with behaviors specific to the sites of phototrigger expression. Photostimulation of neurons in the giant fiber system elicited the characteristic escape behaviors of jumping, wing beating, and flight; photostimulation of dopaminergic neurons caused changes in locomotor activity and locomotor patterns. These responses reflected the direct optical activation of central neuronal targets rather than confounding visual input, as they persisted unabated in carriers of a mutation that eliminates phototransduction. Encodable phototriggers provide noninvasive control interfaces for studying the connectivity and dynamics of neural circuits, for assigning behavioral content to neurons and their activity patterns, and, potentially, for restoring information corrupted by injury or disease.}, @@ -78006,7 +77995,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {57E32EEE-8576-4851-BA0F-3D282A1520E4}, Volume = {121}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lima_Cell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lima_Cell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.004}} @article{Lin:2006, @@ -78080,7 +78069,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A280D993-F40F-49C1-9736-16114411117B}, Volume = {3}, Year = {1976}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lin_NucleicAcidsRes1976.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lin_NucleicAcidsRes1976.pdf}} @article{Lindner:2003, Abstract = {Recommendations from experts and recently established guidelines on how to improve the face and predictive validity of animal models of stroke have stressed the importance of using older animals and long-term behavioral-functional endpoints rather than relying almost exclusively on acute measures of infarct volume in young animals. The objective of the present study was to determine whether we could produce occlusions in older rats with an acceptable mortality rate and then detect reliable, long-lasting functional deficits. A reversible intraluminar suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) procedure was used to produce small infarcts in middle-aged rats. This resulted in an acceptable mortality rate, and robust disabilities were detected in functional assays, although the degree of total tissue loss measured 90 d after MCAO was quite modest. Infarcted animals were functionally impaired relative to sham control animals even 90 d after the occlusions, and when animals were subgrouped based on amount of tissue loss, MCAO animals with only 4\%tissue loss exhibited enduring neurological-behavioral impairments relative to sham-operated controls, and the functional impairments in the group with the largest infarcts (20\%tissue loss) were more severe than the functional impairments in the rats with 4\%tissue loss. These results suggest that this model, using reversible MCAO to produce small infarcts and long-lasting functional-behavioral deficits in older rats, may represent an advance in the relatively higher-throughput modeling of stroke and its recovery in rodents and may be useful in the development and characterization of future stroke therapies. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -78130,7 +78119,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E9FBAF76-84ED-46FF-A72C-8D0981C28B7E}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lindvall_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lindvall_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}} @article{Ling:1989, Abstract = {The present study describes neuronal degeneration and its accompanying non-neuronal cellular reaction in the hypoglossal nucleus following an intraneural injection of Ricinus communis agglutinin-60 (RCA-60) into the hypoglossal nerve. The first noticeable structural changes were observed in neurons in hamsters killed 3 days after the RCA injection. Drastic alterations occurred in the period extending from the 5th to the 15th postoperative day. Two forms of neuronal degeneration were observed: light and dark types. In the light type, masses of free ribosomes were observed; other changes included the dilation of Golgi saccules and the presence of abnormal mitochondria. In the dark type of degeneration, the cells became condensed with vacuoles in their cytoplasm. Axon terminals presynaptic to the degenerating cells during this period appeared to be normal. A massive influx of mononuclear leucocytes by diapedesis occurred at the large venules. Some of the infiltrated cells were clearly lymphocytes, while others were monocytes which became indistinguishable from indigenous microglia once they were in the neuropil. Neural macrophages, most probably derived both from microglia and the infiltrated monocytes, were engaged in the phagocytosis of neuronal debris. A remarkable finding in the present study was the wide-spread occurrence of dark axon terminals in the neuropil in longer surviving animals (90 and 120 days). The structural alterations, e.g., clumping and swelling of some of the synaptic vesicles in the enhanced cytoplasmic density, suggest that these were undergoing atrophic changes resulting from the long period of dysfunction following the death of postsynaptic neurons induced by RCA.}, @@ -78182,7 +78171,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {323BCDD7-7AE6-4DBF-9C00-86AAF56C0520}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Linnarsson_BrainResMolBrainRes2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Linnarsson_BrainResMolBrainRes2000.pdf}} @article{Lipardi:2001, Abstract = {In posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS), "quelling,"and RNA interference (RNAi), 21-25 nucleotide RNA fragments are produced from the initiating dsRNA. These short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) mediate RNAi by an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that GFP and Pp-Luc siRNAs, isolated from a protein complex in Drosophila embryo extract, target mRNA degradation in vitro. Most importantly, these siRNAs, as well as a synthetic 21-nucleotide duplex GFP siRNA, serve as primers to transform the target mRNA into dsRNA. The nascent dsRNA is degraded to eliminate the incorporated target mRNA while generating new siRNAs in a cycle of dsRNA synthesis and degradation. Evidence is presented that mRNA-dependent siRNA incorporation to form dsRNA is carried out by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity (RdRP). 0092-8674 Journal Article}, @@ -78236,7 +78225,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0EBCBCF1-F01E-4D3D-A6F7-4BAD98B325EE}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lipson_CurrBiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lipson_CurrBiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.003}} @article{Liu:2005a, @@ -78316,7 +78305,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {13289AF0-9881-4C21-8D64-D922E74D4A43}, Volume = {459}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Liu_JCompNeurol2003}} + File = {papers/Liu_JCompNeurol2003}} @article{Liu:1998, Abstract = {Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult rodents is regulated by NMDA receptors, adrenal steroids, environmental stimuli, and seizures. To determine whether ischemia affects neurogenesis, newly divided cells in the dentate gyrus were examined after transient global ischemia in adult gerbils. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (BrdU) immunohistochemistry demonstrated a 12-fold increase in cell birth in the dentate subgranular zone 1-2 weeks after 10 min bilateral common carotid artery occlusions. Two minutes of ischemia did not significantly increase BrdU incorporation. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that BrdU immunoreactive cells in the granule cell layer colocalized with neuron-specific markers for neuronal nuclear antigen, microtubule-associated protein-2, and calbindin D28k, indicating that the newly divided cells migrated from the subgranular zone into the granule cell layer and matured into neurons. Newborn cells with a neuronal phenotype were first seen 26 d after ischemia, survived for at least 7 months, were located only in the granule cell layer, and comprised approximately 60\%of BrdU-labeled cells in the granule cell layer 6 weeks after ischemia. The increased neurogenesis was not attributable to entorhinal cortical lesions, because no cell loss was detected in this region. Ischemic preconditioning for 2 min, which protects CA1 neurons against subsequent ischemic damage, did not prevent increased neurogenesis in the granule cell layer after a subsequent severe ischemic challenge. Thus, ischemia-induced dentate neurogenesis is not attributable to CA1 neuronal loss. Enhanced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus may be a compensatory adaptive response to ischemia-associated injury and could promote functional recovery after ischemic hippocampal injury. 0270-6474 Journal Article}, @@ -78349,7 +78338,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DDD6D9F7-CCBF-442F-A5E2-CF720E0F5F4D}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Liu_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Liu_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Liu:2003, Abstract = {Interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) are generated not only in the developing embryo but also throughout the postnatal life of mammals from neuronal precursor cells migrating from the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) of the mammalian forebrain. We discovered that the OB secretes a diffusible activity that attracts these neuronal precursor cells. The attractive activity is present in specific layers in the OB, including the glomerular layer but not the granule cell layer. The attractive activity and the neuronal responsiveness persist from embryonic through neonatal to adult stages. Removal of the rostral OB significantly reduces SVZa migration toward the OB, an effect that can be rescued by a transplant of the OB but not by that of the neocortex. The activity in the OB is not mimicked by the known attractants. These results provide an explanation for the continuous migration of SVZa neurons toward the OB, demonstrate an important role of the OB in neuronal migration, and reveal the existence of a new chemoattractant. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -78413,7 +78402,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3210BAF0-716F-11DA-A383-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Liu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Liu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}} @article{Livet:2007, Abstract = {Detailed analysis of neuronal network architecture requires the development of new methods. Here we present strategies to visualize synaptic circuits by genetically labelling neurons with multiple, distinct colours. In Brainbow transgenes, Cre/lox recombination is used to create a stochastic choice of expression between three or more fluorescent proteins (XFPs). Integration of tandem Brainbow copies in transgenic mice yielded combinatorial XFP expression, and thus many colours, thereby providing a way to distinguish adjacent neurons and visualize other cellular interactions. As a demonstration, we reconstructed hundreds of neighbouring axons and multiple synaptic contacts in one small volume of a cerebellar lobe exhibiting approximately 90 colours. The expression in some lines also allowed us to map glial territories and follow glial cells and neurons over time in vivo. The ability of the Brainbow system to label uniquely many individual cells within a population may facilitate the analysis of neuronal circuitry on a large scale.}, @@ -78434,7 +78423,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EE8EF728-7540-4FDE-9AC1-5C297F7A8DC0}, Volume = {450}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Livet_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Livet_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06293}} @article{Livnat:2006, @@ -78453,7 +78442,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {An optimal brain can be composed of conflicting agents}, Uuid = {4C83BE74-1CF5-4E70-B908-AFA8843A67D3}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Livnat_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Livnat_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510932103}} @article{Lledo:2006, @@ -78512,7 +78501,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {589AB5B1-3FED-497D-8C84-6256F0A8B98D}, Volume = {4 Suppl}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lo_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lo_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1101-1153}} @article{LoTurco:2003, @@ -78534,7 +78523,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {979B27FA-69B0-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/LoTurco_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/LoTurco_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} @article{LoTurco:1995, Abstract = {We have found that, during the early stages of cortical neurogenesis, both GABA and glutamate depolarize cells in the ventricular zone of rat embryonic neocortex. In the ventricular zone, glutamate acts on AMPA/kainate receptors, while GABA acts on GABAA receptors. GABA induces an inward current at resting membrane potentials, presumably owing to a high intracellular Cl- concentration maintained by furosemide-sensitive Cl- transport. GABA and glutamate also produce increases in intracellular Ca2+ in ventricular zone cells, in part through activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, GABA and glutamate decrease the number of embryonic cortical cells synthesizing DNA. Depolarization with K+ similarly decreases DNA synthesis, suggesting that the neurotransmitters act via membrane depolarization. Applied alone, GABAA and AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists increase DNA synthesis, indicating that endogenously released amino acids influence neocortical progenitors in the cell cycle. These results demonstrate a novel role for amino acid neurotransmitters in regulating neocortical neurogenesis.}, @@ -78550,7 +78539,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FF0E3C5E-D06B-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {15}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/LoTurco_Neuron1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/LoTurco_Neuron1995.pdf}} @article{Locatelli:2003, Abstract = {Recent evidence suggests that cells from bone marrow can acquire neuroectodermal phenotypes in cell culture or after transplantation in animal models and in the human brain. However, isolation of the bone marrow cell subpopulation with neuronal differentiation potential remains a challenge. To isolate and expand neural progenitors from whole murine bone marrow, bone marrow was obtained from hind limb bone of C57BL6 mice and plated in culture with neuronal medium with basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor. After 5-7 days in culture, cellular spheres similar to brain neurospheres appeared either floating or attached to culture dishes. These spheres were collected, dissociated, and expanded. The bone marrow-derived spheres were positive for nestin as assessed by immunocytochemistry and by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Thy-1- and Sca-1-positive bone marrow cells selected by magnetic cell sorting resulted in a higher yield of nestin-positive spheres. After exposure to neuronal differentiative medium retinoic acid with and without Sonic hedgehog, cells positive for neuronal markers tubulin III (TuJ-1) and neurofilament (NF) were detected. The mRNA profile of these cells included the expression of TuJ-1, neuronal-specific enolase (NSE), and NF-light chain. To evaluate the in vivo behavior of these cells, spheres derived from bone marrow-derived cells of transgenic green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice were transplanted into newborn mouse brain. Two months later, the mouse neural cortex contained a minor proportion of GFP(+) cells co-expressing neuronal markers (TuJ-1, NF, MAP-2, NeuN). Although cell fusion phenomena with the host cells could not be ruled out, bone marrow-derived neurosphere transplantation could be a strategy for cellular mediated gene therapy.}, @@ -78612,7 +78601,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {05154D79-4F30-44F1-9AF9-87FE6D4E34E1}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Logothetis_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Logothetis_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.027}} @article{Lohmann:2008, @@ -78634,7 +78623,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7EC30ACE-D419-43D5-9FBD-7F2411A6739F}, Volume = {59}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lohmann_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lohmann_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.025}} @article{Lois:1993, @@ -78704,7 +78693,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AB33617D-B9B8-456E-AF3F-ED771C4058A6}, Volume = {41}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lombroso_Epilepsia2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lombroso_Epilepsia2000.pdf}} @article{Lomvardas:2006, Abstract = {The expression of a single odorant receptor (OR) gene from a large gene family in individual sensory neurons is an essential feature of the organization and function of the olfactory system. We have used chromosome conformation capture to demonstrate the specific association of an enhancer element, H, on chromosome 14 with multiple OR gene promoters on different chromosomes. DNA and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments allow us to visualize the colocalization of the H enhancer with the single OR allele that is transcribed in a sensory neuron. In transgenic mice bearing additional H elements, sensory neurons that express OR pseudogenes also express a second functional receptor. These data suggest a model of receptor choice in which a single trans-acting enhancer element may allow the stochastic activation of only one OR allele in an olfactory sensory neuron.}, @@ -78725,7 +78714,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {41BEF53D-8E67-4832-906F-E5785AFE3D98}, Volume = {126}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lomvardas_Cell2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lomvardas_Cell2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.035}} @article{Long:2007, @@ -78810,7 +78799,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0C760CB7-0E5F-406A-A0F9-1D0BB309CFE2}, Volume = {69}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {../../Volumes/Vega/Users/ackman/James/Endnotelibraries/OMEGAData/Mergheri-prog04.pdf}} + File = {../../Volumes/Vega/Users/ackman/James/Endnotelibraries/OMEGAData/Mergheri-prog04.pdf}} @article{Lotto:2001, Abstract = {Many neurons die as the normal brain develops. How this is regulated and whether the mechanism involves neurotrophic molecules from target cells are unknown. We found that cultured neurons from a key forebrain structure, the dorsal thalamus, develop a need for survival factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from their major target, the cerebral cortex, at the age at which they innervate it. Experiments in vivo have shown that rates of dorsal thalamic cell death are reduced by increasing cortical levels of BDNF and are increased in mutant mice lacking functional BDNF receptors or thalamocortical projections; these experiments have also shown that an increase in the rates of dorsal thalamic cell death can be achieved by blocking BDNF in the cortex. We suggest that the onset of a requirement for cortex- derived neurotrophic factors initiates a competitive mechanism regulating programmed cell death among dorsal thalamic neurons.}, @@ -78847,7 +78836,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5683478F-1346-40C7-9AF2-806433546ED4}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Loturco_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Loturco_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.006}} @article{Louissaint:2002, @@ -79023,7 +79012,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2A74E8D9-D3A7-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {193}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lu_ExpNeurol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lu_ExpNeurol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.01.031}} @article{Lu:2006, @@ -79085,7 +79074,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5CC5A696-1B6D-4F5F-B4EC-F2704661254D}, Volume = {77}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lu_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lu_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20148}} @article{Lu:2003, @@ -79107,7 +79096,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8E4F6F65-4F40-435B-ABA5-2831DE4DC139}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lu_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lu_NatNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1106}} @article{Lu:2001, @@ -79145,7 +79134,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CB919E08-79E0-4674-B848-F6FAB15E6886}, Volume = {429}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lu_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lu_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02661}} @article{Lu:2001a, @@ -79209,7 +79198,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {241601F4-7114-11DA-9A4D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092013799}} @article{Lubenov:2008, @@ -79231,7 +79220,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CA534A3F-EF8C-4426-B2A4-C19385EFA107}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lubenov_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Lubenov_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.036}} @article{Lucio:1997, @@ -79335,7 +79324,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A9A97EC4-BFDF-4493-9378-479396D7AFEC}, Volume = {21}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Luhmann_DevNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Luhmann_DevNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Luhmann:1996, Abstract = {Hypoxia, ischemia and other forms of brain injury during the pre- and perinatal period may cause neuronal migration disorders which results in irreversible structural modifications. In human neocortex, these malformations have been associated with severe mental retardation, motor dysfunction and the manifestation of therapy-resistant epilepsy. We were interested in analyzing the expression of epileptiform activity in an animal model of neocortical migration disorders. Newborn rats received a focal freeze lesion and were investigated anatomically and in vitro electrophysiologically after survival times of up to five months. Anatomic abnormalities included loss of normal cortical lamination (focal microgyrus) and presence of ectopic cell clusters in layer I and in the white matter (heterotopia). The functional in vitro analyses with eight extracellular recording electrodes revealed a prominent hyperexcitability of the disorganized neocortical network. Electrical stimulation of the afferents elicited epileptiform responses that propagated over > 4 mm in the horizontal direction. In untreated and sham-operated animals, this spread of evoked activity was restricted to 0.5-1 mm. Epileptiform responses were not significantly affected by APV but blocked by NBQX, indicating that AMPA receptors play a prominent role in the generation and propagation of this pathophysiological activity. Our data suggest that the experimentally induced migration disturbances cause long-term structural and/or functional modifications in the neocortical network which may form the basis for the expression of epileptiform activity.}, @@ -79357,7 +79346,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F31176E4-12C6-4C35-BB05-98AB97DEEB95}, Volume = {26}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Luhmann_EpilepsyRes1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Luhmann_EpilepsyRes1996.pdf}} @article{Luhmann:1998, Abstract = {The majority of patients showing neuronal migration disorders in cortical structures suffer from pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. In order to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this pronounced hyperexcitability, we used an animal model of focal cortical dysplasia demonstrating structural malformations which resemble the human pathology of microgyria. Neocortical slices prepared from adult rats, which at the day of birth received a cortical freeze lesion, were analysed in vitro with an array of eight extracellular recording electrodes to investigate the pattern and pharmacology of propagating epileptiform activity in microgyric cortex. In cortical slices exhibiting neuronal migration disorders, orthodromic synaptic stimulation elicited late recurrent activity and early epileptiform responses that spread with 0.06 m/s over > or = 3.5 mm across the cortex. Application of a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist blocked the late recurrent activity, but not the propagation of the early epileptiform responses. The latter were blocked by an (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) antagonist, indicating that the spread of this activity was predominantly mediated by activation of AMPA receptors. A very similar response pattern could be observed in neocortical slices obtained from untreated age-matched control rats, when the slice was partially disinhibited by bath-application of 5 microM bicuculline methiodide. Stimulus-evoked epileptiform signals recorded in disinhibited slices propagated with 0.08 m/s across the cortex and showed the same sensitivity to ionotropic glutamate antagonists as in dysplastic cortex. Our results indicate that widespread structural and/or functional modifications of the AMPA receptor and possibly also of the gamma-amino-butyric acid type A receptor contribute to the pronounced hyperexcitability in dysplastic cortex.}, @@ -79520,7 +79509,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D2FD4A4C-658C-4703-B796-500A8B47E9E3}, Volume = {4 Suppl}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Luo_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Luo_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1101-1158}} @article{Luo:2001a, @@ -79558,7 +79547,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {97D790D4-B66F-479A-9C8E-8D1F4C2EBD3B}, Volume = {57}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Luo_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Luo_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.002}} @article{Luskin:1994, @@ -79668,7 +79657,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {69307C29-DC8E-4799-B9A6-346D5A18F77C}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Luskin_JNeurosci1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Luskin_JNeurosci1993.pdf}} @article{Luskin:1997, Abstract = {A discrete area of the anterior part of the subventricular zone, or SVZa, of the postnatal forebrain is composed of progenitor cells that are dissimilar to those elsewhere in the CNS. In vivo SVZa progenitor cells retain the ability for division, even though they are phenotypically neurons. To characterize further the properties of SVZa cells, we have analyzed their characteristics in vitro using cell-type specific antibodies and their proliferative capacity by the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. At 2 h in vitro, as well as after 1 day in vitro, virtually all SVZa cells isolated from the neonatal forebrain express TuJ1, an antibody that recognizes neuron-specific tubulin, and are GFAP-negative. Likewise, the preponderance of SVZa cells express the neuron-specific markers N-CAM and MAP-2 when examined after 1 day in culture. The majority of SVZa cells cultured for as long as 8 days also possessed a neuronal phenotype. In addition, process- bearing TuJ1-positive SVZa cells continued to proliferate throughout the entire culture period. Thus, the neuronal progenitor cells of the SVZa constitute a unique cell population with characteristics distinct from the cells of other germinal zones. Using Smart Source Parsing}, @@ -79779,7 +79768,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7BDFA014-911B-438C-A2BD-C7728C9D3A89}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lübke_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lübke_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Luthi:1994, Abstract = {A monoclonal antibody G39, generated against a protein extract of leech central nervous system, labels specific cell types in adult, embryonic, and regenerating preparations. The antibody stained glial cells, microglial cells, and connective tissue cells, but not neurons or muscle on cryosections. The staining pattern resembled that of an intracellular network. Affinity purification of the antigen revealed a 70 kD protein. Peptide sequencing showed significant homology of a stretch of 15 amino acids to squid neural filament protein. The same mAb G39 delineated glial cells as they formed during development of the CNS and showed that the giant neuropil glial cells appear before those in the packets. The antigen recognized by mAb G39 represents a nonneuronal intermediate filament of the leech Hirudo medicinalis found in various cell-types such as glia, microglia, and some cells of the connective tissue.}, @@ -79821,7 +79810,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {46DBFAD2-4C25-4DEB-881A-3723EF7F4206}, Volume = {67}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1993.pdf}} @article{Lynch:1994, Abstract = {The observation of murine retrovirus infection of microglial cells in brain regions expressing spongiform neurodegenerative changes suggests that these cells may play an important role in pathogenesis. To evaluate this potential in vitro, murine microglial cells were infected in mixed glial cultures with the highly neurovirulent murine retrovirus, FrCasE. The microglia were then isolated from the mixed cultures on the basis of their differential adherence and shown to be approximately 98\%pure. The infected microglia expressed viral envelope protein at the plasma membrane, while viral budding was primarily intracellular. Evaluation of the viral envelope protein by immunoblotting indicated that the immunoreactive species produced was exclusively a 90-kDa precursor protein. Very little of the envelope protein was associated with particles released from these cells, and viral titers in the culture supernatant were low. Interestingly, these cells were still capable of infecting permissive target cells when seeded as infectious centers. This partially defective infection of microglial cells suggests a potential cellular means by which a neurovirulent retrovirus could disrupt normal microglia and in turn central nervous system motor system functioning.}, @@ -79842,7 +79831,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0BA43F5C-3A2A-484D-9CF9-A23EE2382728}, Volume = {68}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1994.pdf}} @article{Lynch:1995, Abstract = {FrCasE is a highly neurovirulent murine leukemia virus which causes a noninflammatory spongiform neurodegenerative disease after neonatal inoculation. The central nervous system (CNS) infection is wide-spread, involving several different cell types, whereas the lesions are localized to motor areas of the brain and spinal cord. Inoculation of FrCasE at 10 days of age (P10) results in viremia, but infection of the CNS is restricted and neurological disease is not observed (M. Czub, S. Czub, F. McAtee, and J. Portis, J. Virol. 65:2539-2544, 1991). In this study, we used this developmental resistance to restrict the extent and the distribution of FrCasE in the brain to examine whether the spongiform degeneration is a consequence of infection of cells in proximity to the lesions. Two approaches were used to infect the brain on or after P10. First, mice were inoculated with FrCasE at P10 to induce viremia and then at P17 were subjected to focal CNS injury within brain regions known to be susceptible to virus-induced spongiform degeneration. The injury resulted in local inflammation, glial activation, migration of inflammatory cells into the wound site, and high-level parenchymal infection about the wound site. However, no evidence of spongiform neurodegeneration was observed over a period of 3 months. The second approach involved the implantation of FrCasE-infected microglia into the CNS at >or = P10. This resulted in microglial engraftment and focal CNS infection unilaterally at the implantation sites and bilaterally along white matter tracts of the corpus callosum and pons and in cells of the subventricular layers of the lateral cerebral ventricles. Strikingly, focal spongiform degeneration colocalized with the sites of infection. In contrast to the wounding experiments, the implantation model was not associated with an inflammatory response or significant glial activation. Results of these studies suggest that (i) the developmental resistance of the CNS to infection lies at the blood-brain barrier and can be bypassed by direct introduction into the brain of virus-infected cells, (ii) the neuropathology induced by this virus is a consequence of local effects of the infection and does not appear to require endothelial or neuronal infection, and (iii) elements of the inflammatory response and/or glial activation may modulate the expression of neuropathology induced by neurovirulent retroviruses.}, @@ -79863,7 +79852,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {27C57D12-0F1B-4B8F-8FB2-AFEC1B0350A0}, Volume = {69}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1995.pdf}} @article{Lynch:1996, Abstract = {CasBrE is a neurovirulent murine retrovirus which induces a spongiform myeloencephalopathy in susceptible mice. Genetic mapping studies have indicated that sequences responsible for neurovirulence reside within the env gene. To address the question of direct envelope protein neuroxicity in the central nervous system (CNS), we have generated chimeric mice expressing the CasBrE envelope protein in cells of neuroectodermal origin. Specifically, the multipotent neural progenitor cell line C17.2 was engineered to express the CasBrE env gene as either gp70/p15E (CasE) or gp70 alone (CasES). CasE expression in these cells resulted in complete (>10(5)) interference of superinfection with Friend murine leukemia virus clone FB29, whereas CasES expression resulted in a 1.8-log-unit decrease in FB29 titer. Introduction of these envelope-expressing C17.2 cells into the brains of highly susceptible IRW mice resulted in significant engraftment as integral cytoarchitecturally correct components of the CNS. Despite high-level envelope protein expression from the engrafted cells, no evidence of spongiform neurodegeneration was observed. To examine whether early virus replication events were necessary for pathogenesis, C17.2 cells expressing whole virus were transplanted into mice in which virus replication in the host was specifically restricted by Fv-1 to preintegration events. Again, significant C17.2 cell engraftment and infectious virus expression failed to precipitate spongiform lesions. In contrast, transplantation of virus-expressing C17.2 progenitor cells in the absence of the Fv-1 restriction resulted in extensive spongiform neurodegeneration by 2 weeks postengraftment. Cytological examination indicated that infection had spread beyond the engrafted cells, and in particular to host microglia. Spongiform neuropathology in these animals was directly correlated with CasBrE env expression in microglia rather than expression from neural progenitor cells. These results suggest that the envelope protein of CasBrE is not itself neurotoxic but that virus infectious events beyond binding and fusion in microglia are necessary for the induction of CNS disease.}, @@ -79884,7 +79873,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7B76721E-0ABC-42B8-A69A-D7E7A8AA0879}, Volume = {70}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1996.pdf}} @article{Lynch:1999, Abstract = {The induction of spongiform myeloencephalopathy by murine leukemia viruses is mediated primarily by infection of central nervous system (CNS) microglia. In this regard, we have previously shown that CasBrE-induced disease requires late, rather than early, virus replication events in microglial cells (W. P. Lynch et al., J. Virol. 70:8896-8907, 1996). Furthermore, neurodegeneration requires the presence of unique sequences within the viral env gene. Thus, the neurodegeneration-inducing events could result from microglial expression of retroviral envelope protein alone or from the interaction of envelope protein with other viral structural proteins in the virus assembly and maturation process. To distinguish between these possible mechanisms of disease induction, we engineered the engraftable neural stem cell line C17-2 into packaging/producer cells in order to deliver the neurovirulent CasBrE env gene to endogenous CNS cells. This strategy resulted in significant CasBrE env expression within CNS microglia without the appearance of replication competent virus. CasBrE envelope expression within microglia was accompanied by increased expression of activation markers F4/80 and Mac-1 (CD11b) but failed to induce spongiform neurodegenerative changes. These results suggest that envelope expression alone within microglia is not sufficient to induce neurodegeneration. Rather, microglia-mediated disease appears to require neurovirulent Env protein interaction with other viral proteins during assembly or maturation. More broadly, the results presented here prove the efficacy of a novel method by which neural stem cell biology may be harnessed for genetically manipulating the CNS, not only for studying neurodegeneration but also as a paradigm for the disseminated distribution of retroviral vector-transduced genes.}, @@ -79905,7 +79894,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ECC9382C-5756-43F1-BF6A-0AD45F36D4E5}, Volume = {73}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lynch_JVirol1999.pdf}} @article{Lynch:2000, Abstract = {The wild mouse ecotropic retrovirus, Cas-Br-E, induces progressive, noninflammatory spongiform neurodegenerative disease in susceptible mice. Functional genetic analysis of the Cas-Br-E genome indicates that neurovirulence maps to the env gene, which encodes the surface glycoprotein responsible for binding and fusion of virus to host cells. To understand how the envelope protein might be involved in the induction of disease, we examined the regional and temporal expression of Cas-Br-E Env protein in the central nervous systems (CNS) of mice infected with the highly neurovirulent chimeric virus FrCas(E). We observed that multiple isoforms of Cas-Br-E Env were expressed in the CNS, with different brain regions exhibiting unique patterns of processed Env glycoprotein. Specifically, the expression of gp70 correlated with regions showing microglial infection and spongiform neurodegeneration. In contrast, regions high in neuronal infection and without neurodegenerative changes (the cerebellum and olfactory bulb) were characterized by a gp65 Env protein isoform. Sedimentation analysis of brain region extracts indicated that gp65 rather than gp70 was incorporated into virions. Biochemical analysis of the Cas-Br-E Env isoforms indicated that they result from differential processing of N-linked sugars. Taken together, these results indicate that differential posttranslational modification of the Cas-Br-E Env is associated with a failure to incorporate certain Env isoforms into virions in vivo, suggesting that defective viral assembly may be associated with the induction of spongiform neurodegeneration.}, @@ -79926,7 +79915,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5DAC56DC-EA5F-46A3-B640-7B04E221DF50}, Volume = {74}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lynch_JVirol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lynch_JVirol2000.pdf}} @article{Lynch:1991, Abstract = {We have examined the pathological lesions and sites of infection in mice inoculated with a highly neurovirulent recombinant wild mouse ecotropic retrovirus (FrCasE). The spongiform lesions appeared initially as swollen postsynaptic neuronal processes, progressing to swelling in neuronal cell bodies, all in the absence of detectable gliosis. Infection of neurons in regions of vacuolation was not detected. However, high level infection of cerebellar granule neurons was observed in the absence of cytopathology, wherein viral protein was found associated with both axons and dendrites. Infection of ramified and amoeboid microglial cells was associated with cytopathology in the brain stem, and endothelial cell-pericyte infection was found throughout the CNS. No evidence of defective retroviral expression was observed. These results are consistent with an indirect mechanism of retrovirus-induced neuropathology.}, @@ -79947,7 +79936,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {369DB0AE-B8DB-4F32-84CE-2CA6EF114609}, Volume = {7}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Lynch_Neuron1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Lynch_Neuron1991.pdf}} @article{Lyons:2007, Abstract = {Deficits in cognitive function are associated with neuroinflammatory changes, typified by activation of glial cells and an alteration of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in the brain. Although there is evidence to suggest that activation of microglia is regulated by interaction with other cell types in the brain, the mechanism(s) involved is poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that interaction between CD200 and its receptor plays a role in modulating microglial activation under conditions of chronic and acute inflammation of the brain. We report that interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a central role in modulating expression of CD200 and identify a mechanism by which IL-4 directly controls microglial cell activation. Our findings provide the first demonstration of a role for IL-4 in modulating CD200 expression and suggest a mechanism for regulation of microglial activation in the intact CNS under inflammatory conditions.}, @@ -80009,7 +79998,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {83EF528C-27C2-4B0E-895F-4D377E8AE0E4}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ma_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ma_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0661-06.2006}} @article{Ma:2006a, @@ -80063,7 +80052,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0D258350-606B-4DC2-9D9A-04AB3D843D7B}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/MacFarlane_Glia2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/MacFarlane_Glia2000.pdf}} @article{MacLean:2005, Abstract = {Although spontaneous activity occurs throughout the neocortex, its relation to the activity produced by external or sensory inputs remains unclear. To address this, we used calcium imaging of mouse thalamocortical slices to reconstruct, with single-cell resolution, the spatiotemporal dynamics of activity of layer 4 in the presence or absence of thalamic stimulation. We found spontaneous neuronal coactivations corresponded to intracellular UP states. Thalamic stimulation of sufficient frequency (>10 Hz) triggered cortical activity, and UP states, indistinguishable from those arising spontaneously. Moreover, neurons were activated in identical and precise spatiotemporal patterns in thalamically triggered and spontaneous events. The similarities between cortical activations indicate that intracortical connectivity plays the dominant role in the cortical response to thalamic inputs. Our data demonstrate that precise spatiotemporal activity patterns can be triggered by thalamic inputs and indicate that the thalamus serves to release intrinsic cortical dynamics.}, @@ -80084,7 +80073,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {21409ED2-8EA4-4DD3-9BA3-DAF89C29C41F}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/MacLean_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/MacLean_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.035}} @article{Macas:2006, @@ -80127,7 +80116,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D7312C6C-E02E-40AF-9EEE-E44E934C0848}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Macdonald_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Macdonald_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.028}} @article{Macklis:1993, @@ -80149,7 +80138,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C9CC07D7-DF55-4496-98D1-C2FE9C457049}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Macklis_JNeurosci1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Macklis_JNeurosci1993.pdf}} @article{Mackowiak:2007, Abstract = {Recent evidence indicates that the polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is involved in hippocampal plasticity. On the other hand, CB1 receptor activation is known to disturb some hippocampal processes involving plastic changes, such as learning and memory. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of HU-210, a CB1 receptor agonist, on the expression of PSA-NCAM protein in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 region of the rat hippocampus. It was found that at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.p. of HU-210, the number of PSA-NCAM immunoreactive (IR) cells in the DG declined in a time-dependent manner. The decrease in PSA-NCAM expression was observed at 1 and 2 days (ca. 21\%and 30\%, respectively), but not after 4 h and 4 days following HU-210 administration. However, HU-210 treatment did not change the length density of PSA-NCAM immunopositive processes in CA3 mossy fibers at all the time points measured. The effect observed in the DG on day 2 was blocked by AM-251 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), a CB1 receptor antagonist, given 30 min before HU-210. Neither the number of Ki-67 (IR) cells (a marker of proliferation) nor the number of doublecortin-IR cells (a marker of immature neurons) was affected by HU-210 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment at any of the time points. An analysis of co-localization of CB1 receptor protein with PSA-NCAM protein revealed that both proteins were not present in the same population of neurons in the subgranular layer of the DG. The observed changes in PSA-NCAM expression were not related to the reduction of proliferation or differentiation of newly born cells, but were possible due to alternations in the synaptic activity in the DG. However, such alteration in the PSA-NCAM expression may change the timing of the functional maturation of newly born neurons. Moreover, the above finding suggests that acute activation of CB1 receptors may result in the stiffening of the hippocampal structure and susceptibility to plastic changes and may lead to functional impairment governed by alterations in the hippocampal structure.}, @@ -80183,7 +80172,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8AF47C-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {394}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Madaule_Nature1998}} + File = {papers/Madaule_Nature1998}} @article{Madsen:2000, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a widely used and efficient treatment modality in psychiatry, although the basis for its therapeutic effect is still unknown. Past research has shown seizure activity to be a regulator of neurogenesis in the adult brain. This study examines the effect of a single and multiple electroconvulsive seizures on neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus. METHODS: Rats were given either a single or a series of 10 electroconvulsive seizures. At different times after the seizures, a marker of proliferating cells, Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), was administered to the animals. Subsequently, newborn cells positive for BrdU were counted in the dentate gyrus. Double staining with a neuron-specific marker indicated that the newborn cells displayed a neuronal phenotype. RESULTS: A single electroconvulsive seizure significantly increased the number of new born cells in the dentate gyrus. These cells survived for at least 3 months. A series of seizures further increased neurogenesis, indicating a dose-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that generation of new neurons in the hippocampus may be an important neurobiologic element underlying the clinical effects of electroconvulsive seizures.}, @@ -80221,7 +80210,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B5B155C1-A944-4583-825E-CA871C4C660C}, Volume = {119}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Madsen_Neuroscience2003}} + File = {papers/Madsen_Neuroscience2003}} @article{Maffei:2004, Abstract = {Visual deprivation during a developmental sensitive period markedly alters visual cortical response properties, but the changes in intracortical circuitry that underlie these effects are poorly understood. Here we use a slice preparation of rat primary visual cortex to show that 2 d of prior visual deprivation early in life increases the excitability of layer 4 circuitry. Slice recordings showed that spontaneous activity of layer 4 star pyramidal neurons increased 25-fold after 2 d of visual deprivation between postnatal days (P) 15 and P17. This effect was mediated by increased net excitatory and decreased net inhibitory synaptic drive. Paired recordings showed that excitatory connections between star pyramidal neurons doubled in amplitude, whereas inhibitory connections decreased or increased depending on the interneuron class. These effects reversed when vision was restored. This dynamic adjustment of the excitation-inhibition balance may allow the networks within layer 4 to maintain stable levels of activity in the face of variable sensory input.}, @@ -80242,7 +80231,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {185FC868-43C7-4D1A-9C50-67151F68192E}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maffei_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Maffei_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1351}} @article{Maffei:2006, @@ -80264,7 +80253,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EAD34B1C-9957-4561-8748-43769CAAA9C3}, Volume = {443}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maffei_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Maffei_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05079}} @article{Magavi:2000, @@ -80286,7 +80275,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA16A96-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {405}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Magavi_Nature2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Magavi_Nature2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35016083}} @article{Magavi:2001, @@ -80303,7 +80292,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A0E7C1DA-618A-4314-AAF8-02DBBE3BFE80}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Magavi_Neuropsychopharmacology2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Magavi_Neuropsychopharmacology2001.pdf}} @article{Mager:1985, Abstract = {The properties of clonogenic and leukemic cells, derived from mice infected with different helper virus pseudotypes of the polycythemic strain of Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFVp), have been analyzed. Four different replication-competent murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) were used as helpers for the defective SFFVp genome: the Friend MuLVs, Moloney MuLV, and an amphotropic MuLV. Three different biological parameters were measured: (i) the kinetics of emergence of clonogenic cells characteristic of the late stages of Friend erythroleukemia; (ii) the ability of cells in these colonies to give rise to secondary colonies (self-renewal capacity); and (iii) the capacity of cell lines derived from these colonies to respond to inducers of erythroid differentiation. The properties of these cells was found to be independent of the helper virus used, suggesting that it is the SFFVp genome, not the helper virus, that plays a determinant role in the late stages of erythroleukemia. 0042-6822 Journal Article}, @@ -80341,7 +80330,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {75832941-D788-40E1-ABE0-4D503019DB23}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mainen_Methods1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mainen_Methods1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/meth.1999.0776}} @article{Mainland:2002, @@ -80358,7 +80347,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {00C7A6CC-39EB-47CA-8332-3CCDCD7B6478}, Volume = {419}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mainland_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mainland_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Mair:1982, Abstract = {Activity was recorded from mitral cells in newborn to six-day-old rat pups during odorous stimulation. Twenty-eight neurons were studied in pups with unopened nasal cavities which sampled stimuli during intermittent periods of inhalation. Forty-six neurons were studied in pups with opened nasal cavities which were stimulated by delivering odorants directly to the olfactory epithelia. We show that mitral cells are selectively excited by different odorants on the day pups are born; prior to the maturation of bulb interneurons, the responses of neonatal mitral cells are time-locked to the inhalation cycle; neonatal mitral cells preserve the temporal patterns of activity exhibited by receptor neurons during stimulation with different concentrations of odorants; and the response patterns of mitral cells differ qualitatively between newborn and adult rats. We conclude that receptor-to-mitral cell synapses are functional in newborn rat pups and that the activity of this afferent pathway is modulated by the pups'respiratory behavior. We argue that without interneurons, mitral cells repeat the temporal code exhibited by receptor neurons and do not produce the types of response patterns characteristic of neurons in the adult rat olfactory bulb. eng Journal Article}, @@ -80428,7 +80417,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FBE9C75E-05EB-40D2-BD0F-D690CBF97A7F}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Majewska_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Majewska_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4454-05.2006}} @article{Majewska:2000, @@ -80450,7 +80439,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7436BF24-4BDA-40D1-8993-89499D4128FB}, Volume = {441}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Majewska_PflugersArch2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Majewska_PflugersArch2000.pdf}} @article{Majewska:2006a, Abstract = {The cerebral cortex is subdivided into discrete functional areas that are defined by specific properties, including the presence of different cell types, molecular expression patterns, microcircuitry and long-range connectivity. These properties enable different areas of cortex to carry out distinct functions. Emerging data argue that the particular structure and identity of cortical areas derives not only from specific inputs but also from unique processing networks. The aim of this review is to summarize current information on the interplay of intrinsic molecular cues with activity patterns that are driven by sensory experience and shape cortical networks as they develop, emphasizing synaptic connections in networks that process vision. This review is part of the TINS special issue on The Neural Substrates of Cognition.}, @@ -80471,7 +80460,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CCD5D401-2778-46FD-82BC-5F63F9E5E17C}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Majewska_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Majewska_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.04.002}} @article{Mak:2007, @@ -80493,7 +80482,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {98853858-5A97-4F01-A8CD-2B62468B859D}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mak_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mak_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1928}} @article{Makar:2002, @@ -80557,7 +80546,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AE860997-71C2-11DA-A383-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {127}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Malatesta_Development2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Malatesta_Development2000.pdf}} @article{Malatesta:2003, Abstract = {The precursor function of the ubiquitous glial cell type in the developing central nervous system (CNS), the radial glia, is largely unknown. Using Cre/loxP in vivo fate mapping studies, we found that radial glia generate virtually all cortical projection neurons but not the interneurons originating in the ventral telencephalon. In contrast to the cerebral cortex, few neurons in the basal ganglia originate from radial glia, and in vitro lineage analysis revealed intrinsic differences in the potential of radial glia from the dorsal and ventral telencephalon. This shows that the progeny of radial glia not only differs profoundly between brain regions but also includes the majority of neurons in some parts of the CNS. 22516608 0896-6273 Journal Article}, @@ -80574,7 +80563,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {74035A95-54E7-4E61-9700-E2ADDCAB33FC}, Volume = {37}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Malatesta_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Malatesta_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Male:2001, Author = {Male, D. and Rezaie, P.}, @@ -80612,7 +80601,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A54A7FD3-F248-4FB5-86E6-2B20CF31EACC}, Volume = {15}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maletic-Savatic_JNeurosci1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Maletic-Savatic_JNeurosci1995.pdf}} @article{Malik:1995, Abstract = {Gene transfer into human hematopoietic stem cells with expression targeted to the maturing myelomonocytic progeny has applications for gene therapy of genetic diseases affecting granulocytes and macrophages. We hypothesized that promoters of myeloid-specific genes that are upregulated with myelomonocytic differentiation would also upregulate expression of an exogenous gene in a retroviral vector. Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV)-based retroviral vectors using promoters from hematopoietic genes (CD11b, CD18, and CD34) were compared with vectors with viral promoters (MoMuLV long terminal repeat [LTR], cytomegalovirus [CMV], and simian virus 40 [SV40]). Human glucocerebrosidase (GC) cDNA was the reporter gene. HL60 cells were transduced with these vectors and vector-derived GC activity was compared in undifferentiated HL-60 cells and the same cells differentiated into granulocytes using dimethyl sulfoxide or monocyte/macrophages using phorbol myristate acetate. In undifferentiated HL-60 cells, vector-derived GC activity was the highest when it was controlled by the MoMuLV LTR. In HL-60 cells differentiated into granulocytes, vector-derived GC activity transcribed from the CD11b, MoMuLV LTR, and CMV promoters was equivalent to 1.7, 1.5, and 1.5 times the normal endogenous GC activity, respectively, and 0.8, 2.0, and 3.6 times the normal GC activity, respectively, in those differentiated into macrophages. With granulocytic differentiation, the CD11b promoter showed maximal induction in GC activity (8-fold); with macrophage differentiation, the CD11b promoter showed a fourfold induction in GC expression. The CD11b promoter also generated significant levels of GC activity in the myelomonocytic progeny of transduced CD34+ cells. Expression from the CD11b promoter, unlike that from the CMV or the MoMuLV LTR promoters, was relatively myelomonocyte-specific, with minimal expression observed in Jurkat T cells or HeLa carcinoma cells. The induction of expression from the CD11b promoter with differentiation in HL-60 cells correlates with the developmental regulation of the CD11b gene. Retroviral vectors using the CD11b promoter have potential utility for gene therapy of disorders affecting the myelomonocytic lineage. 0006-4971 Journal Article}, @@ -80671,7 +80660,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BCEDC80F-00B3-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mallat_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mallat_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.006}} @article{Manaka:1972, @@ -80752,7 +80741,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {49CD7728-F069-4245-AD90-345FD45DE081}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Manent_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Manent_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0553-05.2005}} @article{Manent:2006, @@ -80774,7 +80763,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {185ED19E-1324-48B0-83C5-F9465745C821}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Manent_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Manent_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1033-06.2006}} @article{Manev:2001, @@ -80832,7 +80821,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1D3F8C0E-E5F7-4492-B285-5EA34C534417}, Volume = {319}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mangale_Science2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mangale_Science2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1151695}} @article{Manganas:2007, @@ -80854,7 +80843,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {973E3224-E7DB-4537-B879-672D758038D3}, Volume = {318}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Manganas_Science2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Manganas_Science2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1147851}} @article{Manger:2002, @@ -80980,7 +80969,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2E3F25D4-E90F-4FDD-A5A0-B6A58B4942AE}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mao_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mao_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Mao:1999, Abstract = {During mammalian development, electrical activity promotes the calcium-dependent survival of neurons that have made appropriate synaptic connections. However, the mechanisms by which calcium mediates neuronal survival during development are not well characterized. A transcription-dependent mechanism was identified by which calcium influx into neurons promoted cell survival. The transcription factor MEF2 was selectively expressed in newly generated postmitotic neurons and was required for the survival of these neurons. Calcium influx into cerebellar granule neurons led to activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation and activation of MEF2. Once activated, MEF2 regulated neuronal survival by stimulating MEF2-dependent gene transcription. These findings demonstrate that MEF2 is a calcium-regulated transcription factor and define a function for MEF2 during nervous system development that is distinct from previously well-characterized functions of MEF2 during muscle differentiation.}, @@ -81061,7 +81050,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C45E0699-837D-447F-B00A-D882061A61F5}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marder_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Marder_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.01.011}} @article{Marder:2002, @@ -81078,7 +81067,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D0EBE8BF-DA3D-42FC-9DE3-2570DEDAF684}, Volume = {417}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marder_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Marder_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Margolis:1972, Author = {Margolis, F. L.}, @@ -81155,7 +81144,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B0F8A70C-219E-4F74-8FDE-D3723E1B3971}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marino_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Marino_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1391}} @article{Marin:2006, @@ -81334,7 +81323,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1FD41476-7138-4766-97B8-A503483C774D}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Markram_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Markram_NatRevNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1848}} @article{Markram:1996, @@ -81452,7 +81441,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {32DAD1B5-4469-4245-863F-08049F5F04D0}, Volume = {43}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Marshall_Glia2003}} + File = {papers/Marshall_Glia2003}} @article{Martens:2002, Abstract = {Stem cells isolated from the fourth ventricle and spinal cord form neurospheres in vitro in response to basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)+heparin (H) or epidermal growth factor (EGF)+FGF2 together. To determine whether these growth factor conditions are sufficient to induce stem cells within the fourth ventricle and spinal cord to proliferate and expand their progeny in vivo, we infused EGF and FGF2, alone or together, with or without H, into the fourth ventricle for 6 days via osmotic minipumps. Animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on days 4, 5 and 6 of infusion in order to label cells proliferating in response to the growth factors. Infusions of EGF+FGF2+H into the fourth ventricle resulted in the largest proliferative effect, a 10.8-fold increase in the number of BrdU+ cells around the fourth ventricle, and a 33.5-fold increase in the number of BrdU+ cells around the central canal of the spinal cord, as compared to vehicle infused controls. The majority of the cells were nestin+ after 6 days of infusion. Seven weeks post-infusion, 22 and 30\%of the number of BrdU+ cells induced to proliferate after 6 days of EGF+FGF2+H infusions were still detected around the fourth ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord, respectively. Analysis of the fates of the remaining cells showed that a small percentage of BrdU+ cells around the fourth ventricle and in the white matter of the spinal cord differentiated into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. BrdU+ neurons were not found in the brainstem or in the grey matter of the cervical spinal cord 7 weeks post-infusion. These results show that endogenous stem cells and progenitors around the fourth ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord proliferate in response to exogenously applied growth factors, but unlike in the lateral ventricle where they generate some new neurons, they only produce new astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at 7 weeks post-infusion. 0953-816x Journal Article}, @@ -81486,7 +81475,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {87E9034E-01B1-4B29-8BA5-954DA67FD3E5}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Martens_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Martens_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Martin:2001, Abstract = {Episodes of prolonged seizures or head trauma produce chronic hippocampal network hyperexcitability hypothesized to result primarily from inhibitory interneuron loss or dysfunction. The possibly causal role of inhibitory neuron failure in the development of epileptiform pathophysiology remains unclear because global neurologic injuries produce such a multitude of effects. The recent finding that Substance P receptors (SPRs) are expressed exclusively in the rat hippocampus by inhibitory interneurons provided the rationale for attempting to ablate interneurons selectively by using neurotoxic conjugates of SPR ligands and the ribosome inactivating protein saporin that specifically target Substance P receptor-expressing cells. Whereas intrahippocampal microinjection of a conjugate of native SP and saporin produced significant nonspecific damage at concentrations needed to produce even limited selective loss of SPR-positive cells, a conjugate of saporin and the more potent and peptidase-resistant SP analog [Sar(9), Met(O(2))(11)] Substance P (SSP-saporin) caused negligible nonspecific damage at the injection site, and a virtually complete loss of SPR-like immunoreactivity (LI) up to 1 mm from the injection site. Within the SPR depletion zone, immunoreactivities for most GABA-, parvalbumin-, somatostatin-, and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells and fibers were eliminated. The few interneurons detectable within the affected zone were devoid of SPR-LI. The apparent loss of interneurons was selective in that calbindin- and glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) -positive principal cells survived within the affected zone, as did myelinated fibers and the extrinsic calretinin- and tyrosine hydroxylase--immunoreactive terminals of subcortical afferents. An apparent lack of reactive synaptic reorganization in response to interneuron loss was indicated by zinc transporter-3 (ZnT3)-- and beta-synuclein--LI, as well as by Timm staining, all of which revealed relatively normal patterns of excitatory terminal distribution. Control injections produced minor damage at the injection site, but no apparent specific loss of SPR-LI. One to 12 weeks after injection of SSP-saporin, extracellular electrophysiological field responses recorded in the CA1 pyramidal and dentate granule cell layers in response to afferent stimulation were blindly evaluated simultaneously in two sites 1-2 mm apart along the longitudinal hippocampal axis. SSP-saporin-treated rats exhibited relatively normal responses in some sites, whereas disinhibition and hyperexcitability indistinguishable from the pathophysiology produced by experimental status epilepticus were simultaneously recorded at adjacent sites. Anatomic analysis of the recording sites in each animal revealed that epileptiform pathophysiology was consistently observed only within areas of SPR ablation, whereas relatively normal evoked responses were recorded from immediately adjacent and relatively unaffected regions. These data establish the efficacy of [Sar(9), Met(O(2))(11)] Substance P-saporin for producing a selective and spatially extensive ablation of hippocampal inhibitory interneurons in vivo and a highly focal disinhibition that was restricted to the site of interneuron loss. These results also demonstrate that the "epileptic" pathophysiology produced by experimental status epilepticus or head trauma can be replicated by focal interneuron loss per se, without involving principal cell loss and other interpretive confounds inherent in the use of global neurologic injury models.}, @@ -81527,7 +81516,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7931C83B-81AE-44F3-A484-BB0518A1F078}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Martinez_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Martinez_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1404}} @article{Martinez-Marcos:2005, @@ -81566,7 +81555,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9F7628F0-2472-4F89-8263-7987F5A6F2F6}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Martín_JVirol2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Martín_JVirol2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.8.3568-3580.2001}} @article{Martin-Garcia:2006, @@ -81705,7 +81694,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9486AD80-D4D3-4A47-B89D-9E3572EA82AE}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Maslov_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Maslov_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Maslov:2007, Abstract = {Previous studies have demonstrated expression of the minichromosome maintenance protein Mcm2 in cells that remain competent to divide, including stem/progenitor cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) within the brain. Here, a transgenic mouse line in which the Mcm2 gene drives expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was constructed by insertion of an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-EGFP cassette into the last exon of the gene, 3' to the stop codon. In these mice, expression of EGFP is observed in the SVZ and several other tissues with high proliferative activity, including the spleen, intestine, hair follicles, and bone marrow. These observations suggest that EGFP fluorescence in this mouse line provides an index of the proliferative capacity of different tissues. Immunohistological analysis demonstrates a direct concordance between expression of EGFP and Mcm2, consistent with a transcriptional level downregulation of Mcm2 expression in postmitotic cells. To test the utility of EGFP expression for recovery of live cells retaining the capacity to divide, EGFP-expressing and -nonexpressing cells from bone marrow and brain were isolated from an adult Mcm2(IRES-EGFP) mouse by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and assayed for clonal growth. The EGFP-positive fraction contained the entire clonogenic population of the bone marrow and greater than 90\%of neurosphere-forming cells from the brain. Brain-derived clonogenic cells were shown to remain competent to differentiate towards all three neural lineages. These studies demonstrate that the Mcm2(IRES-EGFP) transgenic line constructed here can be used for recovery of proliferation competent cells from different tissue types.}, @@ -81742,7 +81731,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B4793014-9059-4D8C-841A-CD60A9E0EF37}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mason_JNeurosci2001}} + File = {papers/Mason_JNeurosci2001}} @article{Massague:2000, Author = {Massague, J. and Blain, S. W. and Lo, R. S.}, @@ -81778,7 +81767,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BFCE77E0-DB37-4096-8A56-49C3D9776C2D}, Volume = {201}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Massengale_JExpMed2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Massengale_JExpMed2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050030}} @article{Massimini:2007, @@ -81863,7 +81852,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {05CDE761-EA3B-49FD-9CA7-B2C75156F9B4}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mataga_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mataga_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.11.028}} @article{Mato:1996, @@ -81981,7 +81970,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BF2B1080-1977-4F01-A3F8-A59ADD6A763F}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Matsumura_CellStructFunct2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Matsumura_CellStructFunct2001.pdf}} @article{Matthaei:2007, Abstract = {Although genetic manipulations in mice have provided a powerful tool for investigating gene function in vivo, recent studies have uncovered a number of developmental phenomena that complicate the attribution of phenotype to the specific genetic change. A more realistic approach has been to modulate gene expression and function in a temporal and tissue-specific manner. The most common of these methods, the CreLoxP and tetracycline response systems, are surveyed here and their recently identified shortcomings discussed, along with a less well known system based on the E. coli lac operon and modified for use in mammals. The potential for further complications in interpretation due to hitherto unexpected epigenetic effects involving transfer of RNA or protein in oocytes or sperm is also explored. Given these problems we reiterate the necessity for the use of completely reversible methods that will allow each experimental group of animals to act as their own control. Using these methods with a number of specific modifications to eliminate non-specific effects from random insertion sites and inducer molecules, the full potential of genetic manipulation studies should be realized.}, @@ -82003,7 +81992,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {18D8B6EF-4F03-4B09-AD4B-440FD0913D0A}, Volume = {582}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Matthaei_JPhysiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Matthaei_JPhysiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.134908}} @article{Mattia:1995, @@ -82043,7 +82032,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E410D850-3650-4B2B-B169-10EFFF15EF48}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mattson_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mattson_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1004-1021}} @article{Mattsson:1997, @@ -82184,7 +82173,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {33E677EC-FD72-4D6A-96FC-58372CBDF09A}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mazzoni_PLoSONE2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mazzoni_PLoSONE2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000439}} @article{Maurer:2003, @@ -82303,7 +82292,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FF057C67-E1CD-4C22-A9E5-7733A5E720BB}, Volume = {418}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCaffrey_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/McCaffrey_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{McCann:2007, Abstract = {To examine the role of retrograde signals on synaptic maintenance, we inhibited protein synthesis in individual postsynaptic cells in vivo while monitoring presynaptic terminals. Within 12 h, axon terminals begin to atrophy and withdraw from normal postsynaptic sites. Structural similarities between this process and naturally occurring synapse elimination suggest that short-lived target derived factors not only participate in synaptic maintenance in adults, but also regulate elimination of connections during development.}, @@ -82324,7 +82313,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CA1DAE14-D09B-414C-9C98-9C7AB545FD05}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCann_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/McCann_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0627-07.2007}} @article{McCann:2008, @@ -82346,7 +82335,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {61D33AB0-A02C-43CD-B4AA-4A263CA08664}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCann_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/McCann_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2145}} @article{McCann:1996, @@ -82445,7 +82434,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E2B160F6-B856-45ED-B74A-7EC405D69881}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCormick_CurrBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/McCormick_CurrBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.009}} @article{McCormick:1985, @@ -82465,7 +82454,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {53BAA34A-90B6-4AA1-A79E-DF7824FCC8C2}, Volume = {54}, Year = {1985}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCormick_JNeurophysiol1985.pdf}} + File = {papers/McCormick_JNeurophysiol1985.pdf}} @article{McCormick:1987, Abstract = {1. The post-natal development of the electrophysiological properties of cortical layer V pyramidal neurons was investigated with intracellular recordings from rat sensorimotor cortical slices, in vitro. 2. At all ages post-natally (post-natal day 1 to day 36; P1-P36) neurons were capable of generating a train of Na+-dependent action potentials in response to intracellular injection of sufficient depolarizing current. During the second and third week post-natally, these action potentials changed substantially, becoming faster in both their rising and falling phases, shorter in duration, and larger in amplitude. 3. Both mature (greater than P21) and immature (P2-P4) cortical neurones could generate Ca2+-dependent action potentials only if a substantial portion of K+ conductances were blocked. The maximum rate of rise of Ca2+ spikes also increased with age. 4. The apparent input resistance, specific membrane resistance, and membrane time constant all decreased with age from P1 to P30. Immature neurones had I-V relationships that were substantially more linear than those of adult cells, although rectification was often present in both the hyperpolarizing and depolarizing range. Inward rectification in the depolarizing range was Na+ dependent and was substantially larger in mature versus immature neurones. 5. Single, or trains of, action potentials in immature neurones were followed by short duration (10-50 ms) and long duration (1-5 s) after-hyperpolarizations (a.h.p.s) respectively. The duration of the latter appeared to decrease with age. The presence of large a.h.p.s indicates that Ca2+ entry occurs during the action potential of immature, as well as mature, neurones. 6. Responses to intracellular injection of depolarizing current pulses indicated that immature neurones have frequency versus injected current (f-I) relationships which are in general less steep than those for adult neurones and more limited in terms of the range of firing frequencies. 7. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a considerable increase in the density of voltage-dependent ionic channels underlying the electro-responsiveness of cortical pyramidal neurones during post-natal development.}, @@ -82484,7 +82473,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0B763A9E-4818-4C63-8F45-771B02C6828A}, Volume = {393}, Year = {1987}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McCormick_JPhysiol1987.pdf}} + File = {papers/McCormick_JPhysiol1987.pdf}} @article{McCormick:2007, Abstract = {Action potentials in cortical neurons show a variable threshold and a sudden rise in membrane potential at initiation. Naundorf et al. fail to explain these features using single- or double-compartment Hodgkin-Huxley-style models, suggesting instead that they could arise from cooperative opening of Na+ channels, although there is no direct biological evidence to support this. Here we show that these so-called unique features are to be expected from Hodgkin-Huxley models if the spatial geometry and spike initiation properties of cortical neurons are taken into account--it is therefore unnecessary to invoke exotic channel-gating properties as an explanation.}, @@ -82599,7 +82588,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E878B101-02EA-43BC-97C8-9FFA24C3143D}, Volume = {473}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McKay_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/McKay_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20109}} @article{McKone:2007, @@ -82735,7 +82724,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {28ECF8D2-73A8-4A7D-9AF4-500B5FB02D83}, Volume = {14}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McNamara_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/McNamara_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} @article{McNamara:2000, Abstract = {We have previously shown that the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, a primary protein kinase C substrate in brain that binds and cross-links filamentous actin, is enriched in neuronal growth cones and is developmentally regulated in brain. Here we examined myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate expression in the facial motor nucleus during axonal regeneration following facial nerve axotomy or facial nerve resection lesions, which impede regeneration, or following motor neuron degeneration induced by the retrograde neurotoxin ricin. For comparative purposes, the protein kinase C substrates myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate-like protein and growth-associated protein-43 were examined in parallel. Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate messenger RNA exhibited a robust increase in both neurons and non-neuronal cells in the facial motor nucleus beginning four days after axotomy, peaked at seven days (2.5-fold), and declined back to baseline levels by 40 days. Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate protein similarly exhibited a twofold elevation in the facial motor nucleus determined four and 14 days post-axotomy. Following nerve resection, myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate messenger RNA levels increased at seven days and returned to baseline levels by 40 days. Unlike myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate messenger RNA, myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate-like messenger RNA levels did not increase in the facial motor nucleus at any time point following nerve axotomy or resection, whereas growth-associated protein-43 messenger RNA exhibited a rapid (one day) and prolonged (40 days) elevation in facial motor nucleus neurons following either nerve axotomy or resection. Ricin-induced degeneration of facial motor neurons elevated myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate and myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate-like messenger RNAs in both microglia (lectin-positive) and astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive).Collectively, these data demonstrate that myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate exhibits a unique expression profile in the facial motor nucleus following facial nerve lesions, and it is proposed that myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate may serve to mediate actin-membrane cytoskeletal plasticity in both neurons and glial cells in response to protein kinaseC-mediated signaling during nerve regeneration and degeneration.}, @@ -82791,7 +82780,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5A557FE3-8D3D-4C59-8ECB-4887A1E338A2}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/McQuiston_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/McQuiston_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} @article{McTigue:1998, Abstract = {Functional loss after spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused, in part, by demyelination of axons surviving the trauma. Neurotrophins have been shown to induce oligodendrogliagenesis in vitro, but stimulation of oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelination by these factors in vivo has not been examined. We sought to determine whether neurotrophins can induce the formation of new oligodendrocytes and myelination of regenerating axons after SCI in adult rats. In this study, fibroblasts producing neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, or beta-galactosidase (control grafts) were transplanted subacutely into the contused adult rat spinal cord. At 10 weeks after injury, all transplants contained axons. NT-3 and BDNF grafts, however, contained significantly more axons than control or other growth factor-producing grafts. In addition, significantly more myelin basic protein-positive profiles were detected in NT-3 and BDNF transplants, suggesting enhanced myelination of ingrowing axons within these neurotrophin-producing grafts. To determine whether augmented myelinogenesis was associated with increased proliferation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label dividing cells. NT-3 and BDNF grafts contained significantly more BrdU-positive oligodendrocytes than controls. The association of these new oligodendrocytes with ingrowing myelinated axons suggests that NT-3- and BDNF-induced myelinogenesis resulted, at least in part, from expansion of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, most likely the endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitors. These findings may have significant implications for chronic demyelinating diseases or CNS injuries.}, @@ -82849,7 +82838,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {02F4E76B-8278-4B68-94AD-F2309D79021F}, Volume = {101}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meeker_JNeuroimmunol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Meeker_JNeuroimmunol1999.pdf}} @article{Meencke:1992, Author = {Meencke, H. J. and Veith, G.}, @@ -82920,7 +82909,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7E85C0BD-7721-4573-9FF4-5E4B9226201B}, Volume = {417}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mehta_Nature2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mehta_Nature2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00807}} @article{Mehta:2005, @@ -82963,7 +82952,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C191DE96-E574-48C5-9CD7-E609857BA655}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meikle_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Meikle_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5540-06.2007}} @article{Mekel-Bobrov:2005, @@ -83005,7 +82994,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D2AFCAF4-6FBD-4920-8375-AA7BD35FF5C6}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Melamed_JComputNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Melamed_JComputNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10827-008-0080-z}} @article{Meletis:2006, @@ -83027,7 +83016,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FF1EBD28-0472-4C97-AD6B-79CB678D4769}, Volume = {133}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meletis_Development2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Meletis_Development2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.02208}} @article{Mellem:2008, @@ -83049,7 +83038,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7DAB9696-4051-472E-9BBE-365B01E21C8D}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mellem_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mellem_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2131}} @article{Mellitzer:2000, @@ -83140,7 +83129,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FFCE7325-9713-4024-9DF9-1E1A32FA2D93}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Menn_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Menn_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1299-06.2006}} @article{Mercier:2002, @@ -83162,7 +83151,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A9017865-A677-4B1B-B3AD-050049E09EE7}, Volume = {451}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mercier_JCompNeurol2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mercier_JCompNeurol2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10342}} @article{Meredith:2007, @@ -83184,7 +83173,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B6524C1B-17F0-4CEF-B4E0-9C9A46CA3334}, Volume = {54}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meredith_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Meredith_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.04.028}} @article{Mergliano:2003, @@ -83249,7 +83238,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7710F98A-68D7-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Merkle_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Merkle_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407893101}} @article{Mestres:1980, @@ -83325,7 +83314,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2ACA9BFB-DA87-4C70-9115-EA9DF6C7A7E9}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Meucci_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Meucci_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.090017497}} @article{Meuth:1974, @@ -83388,7 +83377,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {37E716AA-D3B2-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mezey_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mezey_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0336479100}} @article{Mezey:2000, @@ -83411,7 +83400,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ED9BE605-99B6-4936-86D6-B08EF3B9C7BD}, Volume = {290}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mezey_Science2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mezey_Science2000.pdf}} @article{Mi:2000, Abstract = {Many mammalian viruses have acquired genes from their hosts during their evolution. The rationale for these acquisitions is usually quite clear: the captured genes are subverted to provide a selective advantage to the virus. Here we describe the opposite situation, where a viral gene has been sequestered to serve an important function in the physiology of a mammalian host. This gene, encoding a protein that we have called syncytin, is the envelope gene of a recently identified human endogenous defective retrovirus, HERV-W. We find that the major sites of syncytin expression are placental syncytiotrophoblasts, multinucleated cells that originate from fetal trophoblasts. We show that expression of recombinant syncytin in a wide variety of cell types induces the formation of giant syncytia, and that fusion of a human trophoblastic cell line expressing endogenous syncytin can be inhibited by an anti-syncytin antiserum. Our data indicate that syncytin may mediate placental cytotrophoblast fusion in vivo, and thus may be important in human placental morphogenesis.}, @@ -83467,7 +83456,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {77F51F59-226A-43C8-B65D-88D45D67BC23}, Volume = {155}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Migheli_AmJPathol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Migheli_AmJPathol1999.pdf}} @article{Migliore:2006, Abstract = {The NEURON simulation environment has been extended to support parallel network simulations. Each processor integrates the equations for its subnet over an interval equal to the minimum (interprocessor) presynaptic spike generation to postsynaptic spike delivery connection delay. The performance of three published network models with very different spike patterns exhibits superlinear speedup on Beowulf clusters and demonstrates that spike communication overhead is often less than the benefit of an increased fraction of the entire problem fitting into high speed cache. On the EPFL IBM Blue Gene, almost linear speedup was obtained up to 100 processors. Increasing one model from 500 to 40,000 realistic cells exhibited almost linear speedup on 2,000 processors, with an integration time of 9.8 seconds and communication time of 1.3 seconds. The potential for speed-ups of several orders of magnitude makes practical the running of large network simulations that could otherwise not be explored.}, @@ -83541,7 +83530,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {922E92A0-243A-43D8-8363-D4394451C121}, Volume = {41}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mikhailov_CellMotilCytoskeleton1998}} + File = {papers/Mikhailov_CellMotilCytoskeleton1998}} @article{Mikita:1988, Abstract = {Cytosine arabinoside (araC) is a potent antileukemic agent that is misincorporated into DNA in the course of its action. We have developed a chemical synthetic method that allows site-specific introduction of araC into synthetic DNA oligomers. We describe here the utilization of these oligomers as primer/template substrates for in vitro DNA synthesis reactions and as fragments for DNA ligation. These studies were undertaken to investigate the manner in which sites of araC misincorporation constitute sites of DNA dysfunction. AraCMP at the primer terminus dramatically reduced the rate of next nucleotide addition for Escherichia coli polymerase I (Klenow fragment) (Pol I), T4 polymerase, HeLa cell polymerase alpha 2 (Pol alpha 2), and AMV reverse transcriptase. Polymerases with associated 3'-5'exonuclease activity preferentially excised araCMP from the primer terminus prior to chain elongation. AraCMP-terminated fragments were ligated more slowly than control fragments by T4 DNA ligase. AraCMP located at an internucleotide site in the template markedly slowed replicative bypass for Pol I, T4 polymerase, and Pol alpha 2, but not for reverse transcriptase. Synthesis was partially arrested after insertion of the correct nucleotide opposite the lesion site. These results suggest a complex mechanism for the inhibition of DNA replication by araC when it is misincorporated into DNA. 0006-2960 Journal Article}, @@ -83576,7 +83565,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Rapid Cortical Oscillations and Early Motor Activity in Premature Human Neonate}, Uuid = {D1FD7FA7-A949-4067-BCCC-D34A521D9756}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Milh_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Milh_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl069}} @article{Milh:2007, @@ -83598,7 +83587,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F35DBACA-5FCC-4932-99E2-7E352A252B89}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Milh_Epilepsia2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Milh_Epilepsia2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00839.x}} @article{Miller:1988, @@ -83697,7 +83686,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FE52E7C9-5829-4E58-BE62-118B159DF3E2}, Volume = {54}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Miller_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Miller_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.04.019}} @article{Miller:2006, @@ -83799,7 +83788,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {777C09E1-9D7F-405E-96EB-D87D55C6EEF8}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Minlebaev_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Minlebaev_JNeurophysiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00759.2006}} @article{Miragall:1982, @@ -83944,7 +83933,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8850E816-6D6B-11DA-A4FE-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {130}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mitchell_BrainResDevBrainRes2001}} + File = {papers/Mitchell_BrainResDevBrainRes2001}} @article{Mitchell:2004, Abstract = {Over most of the past century of modern neuroscience, it was thought that the adult brain was completely incapable of generating new neurons. During the past 3 decades, research exploring potential neuronal replacement therapies has focused on replacing lost neurons by transplanting cells or grafting tissue into diseased regions of the brain. However, in the last decade, the development of new techniques has resulted in an explosion of new research showing that neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, normally occurs in two limited and specific regions of the adult mammalian brain and that there are significant numbers of multipotent neural precursors in many parts of the adult mammalian brain. Recent advances in our understanding of related events of neural development and plasticity, including the role of radial glia in developmental neurogenesis and the ability of endogenous precursors present in the adult brain to be induced to produce neurons and partially repopulate brain regions affected by neurodegenerative processes, have led to fundamental changes in the views about how the brain develops as well as to approaches by which endogenous precursors might be recruited to repair the adult brain. Recruitment of new neurons can be induced in a region-specific, layer-specific and neuronal-type-specific manner, and, in some cases, newly recruited neurons can form long-distance connections to appropriate targets. Elucidation of the relevant molecular controls may both allow control over transplanted precursor cells and potentially allow the development of neuronal replacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease and other CNS injuries that do not require transplantation of exogenous cells.}, @@ -83964,7 +83953,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {636C848A-659B-4E35-A7C4-10A34EAB5351}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mitchell_DevNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mitchell_DevNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000082131}} @article{Mitchell:1999, @@ -84028,7 +84017,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F92DE338-4087-4D1D-AA79-394774E93B0C}, Volume = {344}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mitrasinovic_NeurosciLett2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mitrasinovic_NeurosciLett2003.pdf}} @article{Miyakoshi:2001, Abstract = {Neurons from the anterior subventricular zone (SVZ) of the cerebral cortex migrate tangentially to become interneurons in the olfactory bulb during development and in adult rodents. This migration was defined as neuronophilic, independent of a radial glial substrate. The cortical SVZ and the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb were shown to be rich in 9-O-acetyl GD3 gangliosides (9-O-acGD3), which have been previously shown to be implicated in gliophilic migration in the rodent cerebral cortex and cerebellum. In the present study, we performed SVZ explant cultures using rats during their first postnatal week to analyze the expression of these gangliosides in chain migration of neuronal precursors. We characterized migrating chains of these neuroblasts through morphological analysis and immunocytochemistry for the neural cell adhesion molecule. By using the Jones monoclonal antibody which binds specifically to 9-O-acGD3 we showed that migrating chains from the SVZ explants express 9-O-acGD3 which is distributed in a punctate manner in individual cells. 9-O-acGD3 is also present in migrating chains that form in the absence of radial glia, typical of the neuronophilic chain migration of the SVZ. Our data indicate that 9- O-acetylated gangliosides may participate in neuronophilic as well as gliophilic migration.}, @@ -84044,7 +84033,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {89D39105-291F-4F77-8FAE-1A882D2D66FD}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Miyakoshi_BrazJMedBiolRes2001}} + File = {papers/Miyakoshi_BrazJMedBiolRes2001}} @article{Miyata:2004, Abstract = {Mature neocortical layers all derive from the cortical plate (CP), a transient zone in the dorsal telencephalon into which young neurons are continuously delivered. To understand cytogenetic and histogenetic events that trigger the emergence of the CP, we have used a slice culture technique. Most divisions at the ventricular surface generated paired cycling daughters (P/P divisions) and the majority of the P/P divisions were asymmetric in daughter cell behavior; they frequently sent one daughter cell to a non-surface (NS) position, the subventricular zone (SVZ), within a single cell-cycle length while keeping the other mitotic daughter for division at the surface. The NS-dividing cells were mostly Hu+ and their daughters were also Hu+, suggesting their commitment to the neuronal lineage and supply of early neurons at a position much closer to their destiny than from the ventricular surface. The release of a cycling daughter cell to SVZ was achieved by collapse of the ventricular process of the cell, followed by its NS division. Neurogenin2 (Ngn2) was immunohistochemically detected in a certain cycling population during G1 phase and was further restricted during G2-M phases to the SVZ-directed population. Its retroviral introduction converted surface divisions to NS divisions. The asymmetric P/P division may therefore contribute to efficient neuron/progenitor segregation required for CP initiation through cell cycle-dependent and lineage-restricted expression of Ngn2.}, @@ -84065,7 +84054,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AB69CE3F-EB35-4EE7-B7D3-43D587AAAB71}, Volume = {131}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Miyata_Development2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Miyata_Development2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01173}} @article{Miyata:1999, @@ -84087,7 +84076,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {33538635-E001-4773-86E0-B13136723BFD}, Volume = {13}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Miyata_GenesDev1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Miyata_GenesDev1999.pdf}} @article{Miyata:2001, Abstract = {Recent studies demonstrated the neuronogenic role of radial glial cells (RGCs) in the rodent. To reveal the fate of radial glial processes, we intensively monitored divisions of RGCs in DiI-labeled slices from the embryonic day 14 mouse cortex. During RGC division, each pia-connected fiber becomes thin but is neither lost nor divided; it is inherited asymmetrically by one daughter cell. In divisions that produce a neuron and a progenitor, the neuron inherits the pial fiber, also grows a thick ventricular process for several hours, and is therefore indistinguishable from the progenitor RGC. The ventricular process in the radial glial-like neuron ("radial neuron") then collapses, leading to ascent of the neuron by using the "recycled"radial fiber. 21453756 0896-6273 Journal Article}, @@ -84125,7 +84114,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8CC128E5-DC58-4DBF-A500-105F70EB3093}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mizrahi_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mizrahi_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5218-03.2004}} @article{Mizrahi:2003, @@ -84164,7 +84153,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C171D912-302A-4B1F-A80A-7B660E3BA20E}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mizrahi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mizrahi_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506297103}} @article{Mizumoto:2003, @@ -84249,7 +84238,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8D537858-0125-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {61}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mochida_ArchNeurol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mochida_ArchNeurol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.5.637}} @article{Mody:1987, @@ -84290,7 +84279,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F40CE37D-6170-4736-A653-0F901FF77EAF}, Volume = {144}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Moffett_ExpNeurol1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Moffett_ExpNeurol1997.pdf}} @article{Moga:2005, Abstract = {Annexin 7 (ANX7), also termed synexin, is a member of the annexin family of calcium-binding proteins. In the present study, we examined the distribution and cellular localization of ANX7-immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus and its response to adrenalectomy (ADX). ANX7 was co-localized with OX42 in microglia distributed throughout the hippocampus of both control and ADX animals. ANX7-immunoreactivity was not detected in GFAP-positive astrocytes or in hippocampal neurons. At 1-week and 4-weeks following ADX, we observed a population of large, ameboid, ANX7-immunopositive microglia ("reactive microglia") which were largely confined to the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus throughout its rostrocaudal extent. No reactive microglia were present in the hippocampus of sham-ADX or ADX + corticosterone treated animals. In 4-weeks ADX animals but not 1-week ADX, ANX7-immunostaining was significantly increased in the mossy fiber layer of CA3, due to the presence of many small, dark-staining "activated microglia". Our results show that ANX7 is abundantly expressed in the rat hippocampus by different microglial forms (e.g., ramified, activated and reactive microglia), suggesting an important role for this calcium-binding protein in microglial Ca2+-dependent processes.}, @@ -84394,7 +84383,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AC14514F-3890-4541-A1D8-61BDA6639417}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Molnár_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Molnár_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.012}} @article{Molofsky:2003, @@ -84412,7 +84401,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4DA326E9-F3C9-40D6-9A96-9A24B6E9F11D}, Volume = {425}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Molofsky_Nature2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Molofsky_Nature2003.pdf}} @article{Mombaerts:2006, Abstract = {The main olfactory epithelium of the mouse is a mosaic of 2000 populations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Each population expresses one allele of one of the 1000 intact odorant receptor (OR) genes. An OSN projects a single unbranched axon to a single glomerulus, from an array of 1600-1800 glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb. Within a glomerulus the OSN axon synapses with the dendrites of second-order neurons and interneurons. Axons of OSNs that express the same OR project to the same glomeruli-typically one glomerulus per half-bulb and thus four glomeruli per mouse. These glomeruli are located at characteristic positions within the glomerular layer of the bulb. ORs determine both the odorant response profile of the OSN and the projection of its axon to a specific glomerulus. I focus on genetic approaches to the axonal wiring problem, particularly on how ORs may function in axonal wiring.}, @@ -84445,7 +84434,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {719E6FCE-B0F0-49C2-88C0-82479E0D1C03}, Volume = {4 Supp 1}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mombaerts_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Mombaerts_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Monckton:1980, Abstract = {Several B-lymphocyte mitogens have been previously characterized as efficient inducers of endogenous C-type viruses in mouse spleen cell cultures. We now report that foetal calf serum is also capable of inducing C-type virus release in such cultures. While virus induction by B-cell mitogens was found to be serum independent, the combined effects of serum and mitogens were found to be additive and, with some serum batches, synergistic. The kinetics of induction of virus release by serum was very similar to the established pattern using mitogens. The effect of serum was concentration-dependent. The serum lipoprotein fraction prepared by density ultracentrifugation contained virus-inducing activity. By co-cultivation with mink CCL64 cells, stable lines of mouse xenotropic C-type virus could be recovered from cultures which contained serum, serum lipoprotein fraction or mitogens, but not from control cultures. Preliminary evidence indicates that human sera contained a similar virus-inducing activity in the lipoprotein fraction.}, @@ -84500,7 +84489,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5405B9C8-D938-407C-9285-2701474788BF}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Monje_NatMed2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Monje_NatMed2002.pdf}} @article{Monsonego:2003, Abstract = {Although neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are not classically considered mediated by inflammation or the immune system, in some instances the immune system may play an important role in the degenerative process. Furthermore, it has become clear that the immune system itself may have beneficial effects in nervous system diseases considered neurodegenerative. Immunotherapeutic approaches designed to induce a humoral immune response have recently been developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These studies have led to human trials that resulted in both beneficial and adverse effects. In animal models, it has also been shown that immunotherapy designed to induce a cellular immune response may be of benefit in central nervous system injury, although T cells may have either a beneficial or detrimental effect depending on the type of T cell response induced. These areas provide a new avenue for exploring immune system-based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and will be discussed here with a primary focus on Alzheimer's disease. We will also discuss how these approaches affect microglia activation, which plays a key role in therapy of such diseases.}, @@ -84522,7 +84511,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4193E8A4-1F11-41AD-B948-B2ACE071736F}, Volume = {302}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Monsonego_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Monsonego_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1088469}} @article{Montague:1999, @@ -84561,7 +84550,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A6283407-78A4-4D17-A50C-2319F3CC68AE}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Montgomery_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Montgomery_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1227-08.2008}} @article{Monuki:2001, @@ -84583,7 +84572,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0112C0B9-8615-4892-AA9D-7C608E629398}, Volume = {4 Suppl}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Monuki_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Monuki_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn752}} @article{Monuki:2001a, @@ -84667,7 +84656,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B485BCD7-42B0-4239-9508-37D422BACDEB}, Volume = {85}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Moody_PhysiolRev2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Moody_PhysiolRev2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00017.2004}} @article{Mooney:2004, @@ -84689,7 +84678,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1D5B2D88-95BD-4629-BE3E-F411E892C3FB}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mooney_CerebCortex2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mooney_CerebCortex2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh066}} @article{Moore:2002, @@ -84706,7 +84695,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F865814F-CDF0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {80}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Moore_JNeurochem2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Moore_JNeurochem2002.pdf}} @article{Moore:1999, Abstract = {Recently, the study of sensory cortex has focused on the context-dependent evolution of receptive fields and cortical maps over millisecond to second time-scales. This article reviews advances in our understanding of these processes in the rat primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Subthreshold input to individual rat SI neurons is extensive, spanning several vibrissae from the center of the receptive field, and arrives within 25 ms of vibrissa deflection. These large subthreshold receptive fields provide a broad substrate for rapid excitatory and inhibitory multi-vibrissa interactions. The 'whisking' behavior, an approximately 8 Hz ellipsoid movement of the vibrissae, introduces a context-dependent change in the pattern of vibrissa movement during tactile exploration. Stimulation of vibrissae over this frequency range modulates the pattern of activity in thalamic and cortical neurons, and, at the level of the cortical map, focuses the extent of the vibrissa representation relative to lower frequency stimulation (1 Hz). These findings suggest that one function of whisking is to reset cortical organization to improve tactile discrimination. Recent discoveries in primary visual cortex (VI) demonstrate parallel non-linearities in center-surround interactions in rat SI and VI, and provide a model for the rapid integration of multi-vibrissa input. The studies discussed in this article suggest that, despite its original conception as a uniquely segregated cortex, rat SI has a wide array of dynamic interactions, and that the study of this region will provide insight into the general mechanisms of cortical dynamics engaged by sensory systems.}, @@ -85198,7 +85187,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA1C70C-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Morrison_CurrBiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Morrison_CurrBiol2001.pdf}} @article{Morrison:2000a, Author = {Morrison, S. J.}, @@ -85213,7 +85202,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DB335A62-39D3-4A6A-9B5F-A97CA3E9E797}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Morrison_Neuron2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Morrison_Neuron2000.pdf}} @article{Morshead:1998, Abstract = {The adult mammalian forebrain contains a population of multipotential neural stem cells in the subependyma of the lateral ventricles whose progeny are the constitutively proliferating cells, which divide actively throughout life. The adult mammalian brain is ideal for examining the kinetics of the stem cells due to their strict spatial localization and the limited and discrete type of progeny generated (constitutively proliferating cells). Clonal lineage analyses 6 days after retrovirus infection revealed that under baseline conditions 60\%of the constitutively proliferating cells undergo cell death, 25\%migrate to the olfactory bulb and 15\%remain confined to the lateral ventricle subependyma (where they reside for approximately 15 days). Analysis of single cell clones 31 days after retroviral infection revealed that the stem cell divides asymmetrically to self-renew and give rise to constitutively proliferating cells. Following repopulation of the depleted subependyma the average clone size is 2.8 times larger than control, yet the absolute number of cells migrating to the olfactory bulb is maintained and the stem cell retains its asymmetric mode of division. The number of neural stem cells in the adult forebrain 33 days after repopulation of the subependyma was estimated using bromodeoxyuridine labeling of subepenydmal cells. There were calculated to be 1200-1300 cells between the rostral corpus callosum and rostral anterior commissure; these data support a lineage model similar to those based on stem cell behavior in other tissue types.}, @@ -85250,7 +85239,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1F24ABE8-37B8-42B6-BAD0-B81906397345}, Volume = {66}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Moscona_JVirol1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Moscona_JVirol1992.pdf}} @article{Moss:2004, Abstract = {Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to treat a variety of severe medically intractable movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, tremor and dystonia. There have been few studies examining the effect of chronic DBS on the brains of Parkinson's disease patients. Most of these post mortem studies concluded that chronic DBS caused mild gliosis around the lead track and did not damage brain tissue. There have been no similar histopathological studies on brains from dystonic patients who have undergone DBS. In this study, our objective was to discover whether tissue would be attached to DBS electrodes removed from patients for routine clinical reasons. We hoped that by examining explanted DBS electrodes using scanning (SEM) and/or transmission (TEM) electron microscopy we might visualize any attached tissue and thus understand the electrode-human brain tissue interaction more accurately. Initially, SEM was performed on one control DBS electrode that had not been implanted. Then 21 (one subthalamic nucleus and 20 globus pallidus internus) explanted DBS electrodes were prepared, after fixation in 3\%glutaraldehyde, for SEM (n = 9) or TEM (n = 10), or both (n = 2), according to departmental protocol. The electrodes were sourced from two patients with Parkinson's disease, one with myoclonic dystonia, two with cervical dystonia and five with primary generalized dystonia, and had been in situ for 11 and 31 months (Parkinson's disease), 16 months (myoclonic dystonia), 14 and 24 months (cervical dystonia) and 3-24 months (primary generalized dystonia). Our results showed that a foreign body multinucleate giant cell-type reaction was present in all TEM samples and in SEM samples, prewashed to remove surface blood and fibrin, regardless of the diagnosis. Some of the giant cells were >100 microm in diameter and might have originated from either fusion of parenchymal microglia, resident perivascular macrophage precursors and/or monocytes/macrophages invading from the blood stream. The presence of mononuclear macrophages containing lysosomes and sometimes having conspicuous filopodia was detected by TEM. Both types of cell contained highly electron-dense inclusions, which probably represent phagocytosed material. Similar material, the exact nature of which is unknown, was also seen in the vicinity of these cells. This reaction was present irrespective of the duration of implantation and may be a response to the polyurethane component of the electrodes' surface coat. These findings may be relevant to our understanding of the time course of the clinical response to DBS in Parkinson's disease and various forms of dystonia, as well as contributing to the design characteristics of future DBS electrodes.}, @@ -85412,7 +85401,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A14FFF68-53AD-41AB-B166-DFFED20241F9}, Volume = {54}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Mrsic-Flogel_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Mrsic-Flogel_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.028}} @article{Mrzljak:1990, @@ -85590,7 +85579,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {37E71A42-D3B2-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Munoz-Elias_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Munoz-Elias_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5060-03.2004}} @article{Munoz-Elias:2003, @@ -85611,7 +85600,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D7682BB3-8686-4877-8E42-B109E2D96B1B}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Munoz-Elías_StemCells2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Munoz-Elías_StemCells2003.pdf}} @article{Muotri:2005, Abstract = {Revealing the mechanisms for neuronal somatic diversification remains a central challenge for understanding individual differences in brain organization and function. Here we show that an engineered human LINE-1 (for long interspersed nuclear element-1; also known as L1) element can retrotranspose in neuronal precursors derived from rat hippocampus neural stem cells. The resulting retrotransposition events can alter the expression of neuronal genes, which, in turn, can influence neuronal cell fate in vitro. We further show that retrotransposition of a human L1 in transgenic mice results in neuronal somatic mosaicism. The molecular mechanism of action is probably mediated through Sox2, because a decrease in Sox2 expression during the early stages of neuronal differentiation is correlated with increases in both L1 transcription and retrotransposition. Our data therefore indicate that neuronal genomes might not be static, but some might be mosaic because of de novo L1 retrotransposition events.}, @@ -85632,7 +85621,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5AC0AB3A-6C70-442F-9B17-4C32198FCFAA}, Volume = {435}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Muotri_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Muotri_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03663}} @article{Murai:2004, @@ -85668,7 +85657,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {188E89B6-95A6-4CA4-B27E-7A3FCC1A15EF}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Muraille_Neuroscience2001}} + File = {papers/Muraille_Neuroscience2001}} @article{Murase:2002, Abstract = {Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is known to be the most effective growth factor for macrophage and microglial proliferation. In the brain tissue system, M-CSF is mainly produced in astrocytes and microglia, but is not known to occur in neurons. In the present paper, we examined the distribution of neurons expressing M-CSF in the mouse brain by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. We observed M-CSF immunoreactivity in both the cerebellum and the olfactory bulb. These positive cells were found to be Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. M-CSF mRNA expression was also confirmed to occur in these cells. Purkinje cells of reeler and weaver mutants showed M-CSF expression as seen in wild-type mice; however, those in the staggerer mutant did not. This expression in wild-type mice first appeared at postnatal day 7 and continued stably thereafter. When Purkinje cells were deprived of their climbing fibre innervation by inferior cerebellar pedunculotomy or by transplantation of cerebellar anlagen into the anterior eye chamber, the expression of M-CSF remained unchanged. These data indicate that expression of M-CSF in Purkinje cells is controlled by an intrinsic mechanism and could, therefore, be a new marker of postnatal development in rodent cerebella. The absence of M-CSF expression in the staggerer mutant is possibly due to developmental arrest in the early postnatal period.}, @@ -85724,7 +85713,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1452B089-5B68-482E-B1B9-42C8AE09B4C0}, Volume = {116}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Murray_Cell2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Murray_Cell2004.pdf}} @article{Murrell:1999, Abstract = {The site for interactions between the nervous system and much of the chemical world is in the olfactory sensory neuron (OSN). Odorant receptor proteins (ORPs) are postulated to mediate these interactions. However, the function of most ORPs has not been demonstrated in vivo or in vitro. For this and other reasons, we created a conditionally immortalized cell line derived from the OSN lineage, which we term odora. Odora cells, under control conditions, are phenotypically similar to the OSN progenitor, the globose basal cell. After differentiation, odora cells more closely resemble OSNs. Differentiated odora cells express neuronal and olfactory markers, including components of the olfactory signal transduction pathway. Unlike other cell lines, they also efficiently target exogenous ORPs to their surface. Strikingly, differentiated odora cells expressing ORPs respond to odorants, as measured by an influx of calcium. In particular, cells expressing one ORP demonstrate a specific response to only one type of tested odorant. Odora cells, therefore, are ideal models to examine the genesis and function of olfactory sensory neurons.}, @@ -85781,7 +85770,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B15E5C36-3CED-42BB-9B67-4BC6D7E908BE}, Volume = {150}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Münch_ExpBrainRes2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Münch_ExpBrainRes2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1389-5}} @article{Myme:2003, @@ -85803,7 +85792,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {65797E55-8EB3-4CCF-9141-D33F97A872E1}, Volume = {90}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Myme_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Myme_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00070.2003}} @article{Myslobodski:1968, @@ -85837,7 +85826,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0606CEF5-2480-4700-BC97-F5CFD2BD87E6}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nacher_EurJNeurosci2001}} + File = {papers/Nacher_EurJNeurosci2001}} @article{Nacher:1999, Abstract = {Intraperitoneal injection of the neurotoxin 3-acetylpyridine (3AP) induces a rapid degeneration of the medial cerebral cortex (lizard fascia dentata) granular layer and of its zinc enriched axonal projection (lizard mossy fibres). After 6-8 weeks post-lesion the cell debris have been removed and the granular layer is repopulated by neurons generated in the subjacent ependyma. Both processes, neuron incorporation and debris removal, seem to be crucial for successful regeneration. Scavenging processes in the lesioned mammalian CNS are usually carried out by microglia and/or astrocytes. In the lizard cerebral cortex there are no free astrocytes and the only glial fibrillary acid (GFAP) immunoreactive cells are radial glia-ependymocytes, similar to those present during mammalian CNS development. Ependymocytes, in addition to their help in vertical migrations of just generated immature neurons, built the cortical glial scaffold, insulate the blood capillaries, form the outer glial limiting membrane, thus playing an essential role in the lizard cortical blood-brain barrier. In this study, by means of GFAP-immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, we have shown that radial glial cells participate actively in the removal/phagocytosis of cellular debris generated in the lesion process: mainly degenerated synapses, but interestingly, also some neuronal somata. Cell debris taken up by ependymocyte lateral processes seem to be progressively transported to either distal (pial) or proximal (ventricular) poles of the cell, where they result in lipofuscin accumulations. The hypothetical subsequent exchange of debris from ependymoglia by microglia/macrophages and Kolmer cells is discussed.}, @@ -85874,7 +85863,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {10E00C3F-AABE-459B-9B27-DBE929973B7E}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nacher_NeurobiolAging2003}} + File = {papers/Nacher_NeurobiolAging2003}} @article{Nacimiento:1995, Abstract = {Structural changes in lumbosacral ventral horn neurons and their synaptic input were studied at 3, 10, 21, 42, and 90 days following low thoracic cord hemisection in adult rats by light microscopic examination of synaptophysin immunoreactivity (SYN-IR) and by electron microscopy. There was an ipsilateral transient decrease in SYN-IR at the somal and proximal dendritic surfaces of anterior horn neurons which extended caudally from the site of injury over a postoperative (p.o.) period of 42 days. Concomitantly, at 21 days p.o., perineuronal SYN-IR started to recover in upper lumbar segments. By 90 days p.o., a normal staining pattern of SYN was noted in upper and mid lumbar segments, but the perineuronal SYN-IR was still slightly below normal levels in low lumbar and sacral segments. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes coincident with the alterations in SYN-IR. At 3 days p.o., phagocytosis of degenerating axon terminals by activated microglial cells was observed at the somal and proximal dendritic surfaces of ventral horn neurons. These changes were most prominent up to two segments caudal to the lesion. At 10 days p.o., advanced stages of bouton phagocytosis were still detectable in all lumbosacral motor nuclei. Additionally, abnormal axon terminals, with a few dispersed synaptic vesicles and accumulations of large mitochondria, appeared at the scalloped somal surfaces of anterior horn neurons. At 21 days p.o., several large lumbosacral motoneurons had developed chromatolysis-like ultrastructural alterations and motoneuronal cell bodies had become partially covered by astrocytic lamellae. At 42 days p.o., there was a transient appearance of polyribosomes in some M-type boutons. In addition, at 42 and 90 days p.o., a few degenerating motoneurons were detected in all lumbosacral segments, but most displayed normal neuronal cell bodies contacted by numerous intact synapses as well as by astrocytic processes. In contrast to these striking alterations of synaptic input at somal and proximal dendritic surfaces of motoneurons, relatively few degenerating boutons were detected in the neuropil of motor nuclei at all the p.o. times studied. We suggest that the preferential disturbance of the predominantly inhibitory axosomatic synapses on ventral horn neurons may be involved in the mechanisms which influence the well-established increase in motoneuronal excitability after spinal cord injury.}, @@ -85969,7 +85958,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {05245B5A-B74D-444A-9DD3-CA16452CB3D9}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nagano_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nagano_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2363-04.2004}} @article{Nagano:2002, @@ -86015,7 +86004,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {23E2426E-3E52-4992-B470-0F74BB393A93}, Volume = {53}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nagayama_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nagayama_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Nagayama_Neuron2007a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.018}} @@ -86058,7 +86047,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F89648E7-ED23-4A40-94B3-1973D743C9AA}, Volume = {41}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Najm_Epilepsia2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Najm_Epilepsia2000.pdf}} @article{Najm:2007, Abstract = {Cortical dysplasia (CD, also known as malformations of cortical development) are the pathological substrates in a large percentage of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy who may be amenable to surgical treatment. Therefore, research on the mechanisms of dysplastic lesion formation and epileptogenicity is of paramount importance for the prevention, detection, and treatment of CD-induced epilepsy. The purpose of this review is to discuss and critically evaluate the current state and results of human tissue experimentation (focusing on reported results of studies done on neocortical dysplastic tissue resected from patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy), and to discuss some of the concerns related to research that uses surgically resected epileptic human tissue. The use of better animal models of CD as a tool toward the better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenesis, epileptogenesis, and epileptogenicity of dysplastic lesions will be reviewed from the perspective of their usefulness in a model of translational research that should ultimately result in better diagnostic and therapeutic techniques of CD.}, @@ -86111,7 +86100,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7C9505F9-616E-4FD0-99DA-67F14FB0072D}, Volume = {483}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nakahira_JCompNeurol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nakahira_JCompNeurol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20441}} @article{Nakajima:1998, @@ -86134,7 +86123,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8E3E6573-3B7C-434E-9DCD-2C55BD3D6FA3}, Volume = {24}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nakajima_Glia1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nakajima_Glia1998.pdf}} @article{Nakajima:2001, Abstract = {Because microglia have been suggested to produce neurotrophins, we tested this ability in vitro. Rat primary microglia were found to constitutively secrete a limited amount of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) were undetectable in the conditioned medium. Stimulation of the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased BDNF secretion, and induced NGF secretion. As a first step to examine this regulation system, the association of protein kinase C (PKC) was pharmacologically analyzed. A PKC activator, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, enhanced the secretion of BDNF. Pre-treatment of microglia with a PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide, suppressed LPS-stimulated BDNF secretion as well as the constitutive one. These results suggest that the PKC signaling cascade is closely associated with BDNF secretion. Among PKC isoforms, PKCalpha probably plays a role in BDNF secretion, based on the results of experiments using a specific PKC activator, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, and a specific PKC inhibitor, G{\"o} 6976, and by immunoblotting. Taken together, these findings suggest that the secretion of BDNF from microglia is regulated through PKCalpha-associated signal transduction mechanism.}, @@ -86228,7 +86217,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA16E92-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {110}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nakatomi_Cell2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nakatomi_Cell2002.pdf}} @article{Naldini:1996, Abstract = {We describe the construction of a safe, replication-defective and efficient lentiviral vector suitable for in vivo gene delivery. The reverse transcription of the vector was found to be a rate-limiting step; therefore, promoting the reaction inside the vector particles before delivery significantly enhanced the efficiency of gene transfer. After injection into the brain of adult rats, sustained long-term expression of the transgene was obtained in the absence of detectable pathology. A high proportion of the neurons in the areas surrounding the injection sites of the vector expressed the transduced beta-galactosidase gene. This pattern was invariant in animals sacrificed several months after a single administration of the vector. Transduction occurs by integration of the vector genome, as it was abolished by a single amino acid substitution in the catalytic site of the integrase protein incorporated in the vector. Development of clinically acceptable derivatives of the lentiviral vector may thus enable the sustained delivery of significant amounts of a therapeutic gene product in a wide variety of somatic tissues.}, @@ -86248,7 +86237,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {39E6E80D-45DB-4D22-A1D7-FBD0535676E1}, Volume = {93}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Naldini_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Naldini_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}} @article{Nam:2007, Abstract = {Neuroblasts migrate long distances in the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) and rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulbs. Many fundamental features of SVZ migration are still poorly understood, and we addressed several important questions using two-photon time-lapse microscopy of brain slices from postnatal and adult eGFP(+) transgenic mice. 1) Longitudinal arrays of neuroblasts, so-called chain migration, have never been dynamically visualized in situ. We found that neuroblasts expressing doublecortin-eGFP (Dcx-eGFP) and glutamic acid decarboxylase-eGFP (Gad-eGFP) remained within arrays, which maintained their shape for many hours, despite the fact that there was a wide variety of movement within arrays. 2) In the dorsal SVZ, neuroblasts migrated rostrocaudally as expected, but migration shifted to dorsoventral orientations throughout ventral regions of the lateral ventricle. 3) Whereas polarized bipolar morphology has been a gold standard for inferring migration in histologic sections, our data indicated that migratory morphology was not predictive of motility. 4) Is there local motility in addition to long distance migration? 5) How fast is SVZ migration? Unexpectedly, one-third of motile neuroblasts moved locally in complex exploratory patterns and at average speeds slower than long distance movement. 6) Finally, we tested, and disproved, the hypothesis that all motile cells in the SVZ express doublecortin, indicating that Dcx is not required for migration of all SVZ cell types. These data show that cell motility in the SVZ and RMS is far more complex then previously thought and involves multiple cell types, behaviors, speeds, and directions. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:190-208, 2007. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, @@ -86306,7 +86295,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B5B6E11E-5A03-4F90-AD60-F2BDCB30B56D}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nanmoku_DevNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nanmoku_DevNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Narasimhan:2005, Author = {Narasimhan, Kalyani}, @@ -86395,7 +86384,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {88A6FC17-8012-4760-917C-4362E60202D8}, Volume = {440}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Naundorf_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Naundorf_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04610}} @article{Nacher:2007, @@ -86477,7 +86466,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9CA6F93F-572B-4D60-BFCB-6AE05199CCE2}, Volume = {131}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Negishi_JNeurosciMethods2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Negishi_JNeurosciMethods2003.pdf}} @article{Nelson:2006, Abstract = {Distinct neuronal cell types acquire and maintain their identity by expressing different genes. Recently it has become feasible to measure this cell type specific expression by isolating and amplifying mRNA from small populations of fluorescently labeled neurons and probing this mRNA with microarrays. Prior to this, most neuronal gene expression studies used tissue homogenates or randomly selected single cells and were, therefore, not well suited to studying transcriptional differences between cell types. Microarray studies of purified cell types have enabled investigators to identify the transcriptional signatures of, for example, subtypes of pyramidal neurons and interneurons in the neocortex, modulatory dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons, and the striatal neurons that form the so-called 'direct' and 'indirect' pathways through the basal ganglia. These studies are opening up new approaches to understanding brain circuitry, plasticity and pathology and are refining the concept of the neuronal cell type.}, @@ -86498,7 +86487,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {223EDF25-1CD1-45CC-8F65-ADC31D955650}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nelson_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nelson_CurrOpinNeurobiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2006.08.006}} @article{Nelson:2003, @@ -86537,7 +86526,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6AC60999-13D5-490A-96A8-41469EF677EA}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nelson_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nelson_TrendsNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2006.05.004}} @article{Nemet:2004, @@ -86574,7 +86563,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4988609D-536E-4216-8AE7-12E4DDA8A8F3}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ness_DevNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ness_DevNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Nestor:2007, Abstract = {Ephrin (Eph) signaling via Eph receptors affects neuronal structure and function. We report here that exogenous ephrinAs (EphAs) induce outgrowth of filopodial processes from astrocytes within minutes in rat hippocampal slice cultures. Identical effects were induced by release of endogenous ephrinAs by cleavage of their glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Reverse transcription-PCR and immunocytochemistry revealed the expression of multiple EphA receptors (EphARs) in astrocytes. Exogenous and endogenous ephrins did not induce process outgrowth from astrocytes transfected with a kinase-dead EphAR construct, indicating that the critical EphARs were located on glia. Concomitant with these morphological changes, ephrinA reduced the frequency of (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine-evoked NMDA receptor-mediated inward currents in CA1 pyramidal cells, elicited by release of glutamate from glial cells. The sensitivity of CA1 cell synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDA receptors was unaffected by ephrinA, indicating that this effect was mediated by inhibition of glutamate release from glial cells. Finally, ephrinA application decreased the frequency and increased the duration of spontaneous oscillations of the intracellular [Ca2+] in astrocytes. We conclude that ephrinA-EphA signaling is a pluripotent regulator of neuron-astrocyte interactions mediating rapid structural and functional plasticity.}, @@ -86636,7 +86625,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4A92069A-85B0-4580-9B9F-7A7E2C3F64FD}, Volume = {77}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Neuhuber_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Neuhuber_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20147}} @article{Neumann:2006, @@ -86716,7 +86705,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9C7C341F-3891-479C-94D2-D8C691A75BFB}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Neumann_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Neumann_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0060-08.2008}} @article{Neves:2008, @@ -86738,7 +86727,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7AAAD56D-CD98-4D9F-A4CD-F07D5AE104AD}, Volume = {133}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Neves_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Neves_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.025}} @article{Ng:2001, @@ -86817,7 +86806,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {09FE2BF0-E474-4AE0-9A05-BF4AF1F5AA94}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nguyen-Ba-Charvet_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nguyen-Ba-Charvet_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Nicholas:2002, Abstract = {Biodegradable microspheres made with poly-[D,L-lactide-co-glycolide] represent an evolving technology for drug delivery into the central nervous system. Even though these microspheres have been shown to be engulfed by astrocytes in vitro, the purpose of the present study was to track the fate of biodegradable microspheres in vivo. This was accomplished using microspheres containing the fluorescent dye coumarin-6 followed 1 day, 1 week and 1 month after intracerebral injections of this material were made into the rat brain. Using dual color immunohistochemistry and antisera against glial fibrillary acidic protein for astrocytes versus phosphotyrosine for microglia, results demonstrate that phagocytosis of small coumarin-containing microspheres <7.5 microm in diameter was primarily by microglia in vivo during the first week post-injection. In contrast, only a small minority of these microspheres appeared to be engulfed by astrocytes.}, @@ -86916,7 +86905,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B1558-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Niewmierzycka_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Niewmierzycka_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1695-05.2005}} @article{Nikolenko:2007, @@ -86938,7 +86927,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AE8787E8-6D7F-4401-9B72-657D1F70DE6B}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nikolenko_NatMethods2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nikolenko_NatMethods2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1105}} @article{Nilsen:2005, @@ -86981,7 +86970,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {41F2A851-2E8F-41AF-A3D0-03C646D4D85C}, Volume = {1}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nimmerjahn_NatMethods2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nimmerjahn_NatMethods2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth706}} @article{Nimmerjahn:2005, @@ -87003,7 +86992,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CC67C274-9F64-11DA-8D49-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {308}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nimmerjahn_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1110647}} @article{Ninkovic:2007, @@ -87025,7 +87014,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2090195B-EEBC-4C7D-BA9C-212F3FEE12AB}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ninkovic_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ninkovic_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2572-07.2007}} @article{Nir:2008, @@ -87044,7 +87033,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Interhemispheric correlations of slow spontaneous neuronal fluctuations revealed in human sensory cortex}, Uuid = {2606D7D4-ADD5-4847-8F03-0C8453D3A0A3}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nir_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nir_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2177}} @article{Nirenberg:2007, @@ -87066,7 +87055,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {03CFBCEE-5F63-465B-8D00-4B88A26500A5}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nirenberg_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nirenberg_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.002}} @article{Nishiike:2000, @@ -87159,7 +87148,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C46DEEA6-751B-4D23-BB9D-00A0BB80AC28}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nitz_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nitz_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0208-126}} @article{Niwa:1983, @@ -87201,7 +87190,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {250CAF47-382C-4D1B-A9FA-CAB0BE55C147}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Noble_DevNeurosci2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Noble_DevNeurosci2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000072270}} @article{Noctor:2002, @@ -87219,7 +87208,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AE860DC7-71C2-11DA-A383-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Noctor_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Noctor_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Noctor:2004, Abstract = {Precise patterns of cell division and migration are crucial to transform the neuroepithelium of the embryonic forebrain into the adult cerebral cortex. Using time-lapse imaging of clonal cells in rat cortex over several generations, we show here that neurons are generated in two proliferative zones by distinct patterns of division. Neurons arise directly from radial glial cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) and indirectly from intermediate progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Furthermore, newborn neurons do not migrate directly to the cortex; instead, most exhibit four distinct phases of migration, including a phase of retrograde movement toward the ventricle before migration to the cortical plate. These findings provide a comprehensive and new view of the dynamics of cortical neurogenesis and migration. 1097-6256 Journal Article}, @@ -87236,7 +87225,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A13EE4C4-CF6F-4CC8-93FB-FA1D0D695968}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Noctor_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Noctor_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Noctor:2001, Abstract = {The neocortex of the adult brain consists of neurons and glia that are generated by precursor cells of the embryonic ventricular zone. In general, glia are generated after neurons during development, but radial glia are an exception to this rule. Radial glia are generated before neurogenesis and guide neuronal migration. Radial glia are mitotically active throughout neurogenesis, and disappear or become astrocytes when neuronal migration is complete. Although the lineage relationships of cortical neurons and glia have been explored, the clonal relationship of radial glia to other cortical cells remains unknown. It has been suggested that radial glia may be neuronal precursors, but this has not been demonstrated in vivo. We have used a retroviral vector encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein to label precursor cells in vivo and have examined clones 1-3 days later using morphological, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological techniques. Here we show that clones consist of mitotic radial glia and postmitotic neurons, and that neurons migrate along clonally related radial glia. Time-lapse images show that proliferative radial glia generate neurons. Our results support the concept that a lineage relationship between neurons and proliferative radial glia may underlie the radial organization of neocortex.}, @@ -87314,7 +87303,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0BAEF209-062A-4194-85E6-4DA30F6A9908}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Northcutt_TrendsNeurosci1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Northcutt_TrendsNeurosci1995.pdf}} @article{Nossal:2003, Abstract = {The immune system can recognize and produce antibodies to virtually any molecule in the Universe. This enormous diversity arises from the ingenious reshuffling of DNA sequences encoding components of the immune system. Immunology is an example of a field completely transformed during the past 50 years by the discovery of the structure of DNA and the emergence of DNA technologies that followed. 0028-0836 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -87351,7 +87340,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3E817120-20BF-4C6F-A38D-5227F88C0697}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nosten-Bertrand_PLoSONE2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nosten-Bertrand_PLoSONE2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002473}} @article{Nottebohm:2002, @@ -87367,7 +87356,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6AE6B57F-4AAC-4EEE-9AC9-442EBAF62A9B}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nottebohm_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nottebohm_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Nottebohm:1994, Abstract = {The number of high vocal center (HVC) neurons labeled in adult male canaries by systemic injections of [3H]thymidine depended on season and survival time. This was true for HVC neurons projecting to the robust nucleus of the archistriatum and for other HVC neurons that could not be retrogradely filled from the robust nucleus of the archistriatum. Birds injected in October and killed 40 days later had twice as many labeled HVC neurons as birds injected in May and killed 40 days later. However, this difference became much larger (5 times) when the birds were allowed to survive for 4 months. Whereas more than half of the spring-born neurons disappeared between 40 days and 4 months, there was no reduction in the number of fall-born neurons present at the 4-month survival point. We infer that seasonal variables affect the life span of HVC neurons born in adulthood.}, @@ -87421,7 +87410,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D5507917-F9E4-40D5-8D37-4084816E5E99}, Volume = {314}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nowak_Science2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nowak_Science2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133755}} @article{Nowakowski:1989, @@ -87462,7 +87451,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {050E72AD-6EB4-4569-BC73-56865C878E9B}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nowakowski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Nowakowski_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605605103}} @article{Nowakowski:2000, @@ -87483,7 +87472,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {41C0910E-D38B-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {288}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nowakowski_Science2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Nowakowski_Science2000.pdf}} @article{Nuriya:2006, Abstract = {Dendritic spines mediate most excitatory inputs in the brain. Although it is clear that spines compartmentalize calcium, it is still unknown what role, if any, they play in integrating synaptic inputs. To investigate the electrical function of spines directly, we used second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of membrane potential in pyramidal neurons from hippocampal cultures and neocortical brain slices. With FM 4-64 as an intracellular SHG chromophore, we imaged membrane potential in the soma, dendritic branches, and spines. The SHG response to voltage was linear and seemed based on an electro-optic mechanism. The SHG sensitivity of the chromophore in spines was similar to that of the parent dendritic shaft and the soma. Backpropagation of somatic action potentials generated SHG signals at spines with similar amplitude and kinetics to somatic ones. Our optical measurements of membrane potential from spines demonstrate directly that backpropagating action potentials invade the spines.}, @@ -87520,7 +87509,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {63581941-F70D-483C-B0EC-DE192C5BCE23}, Volume = {86}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Nusser_JNeurophysiol2001}} + File = {papers/Nusser_JNeurophysiol2001}} @article{Nygren:2006, Abstract = {BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cells proliferate continuously in the adult mammalian brain, and in rodents, cell genesis is affected by housing conditions and brain injury. Increase in neurogenesis after brain ischemia has been postulated to be linked to functional recovery after stroke. Housing rodents in an enriched environment improves motor function after stroke injury. We have investigated whether changes in cell genesis can explain the beneficial effects of an enriched environment. METHODS: Intact mice and mice subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery were exposed to an enriched environment for 1 month. Bromodeoxyuridine was injected daily to label proliferating cells during the first postischemic week. Newborn cells were analyzed immunohistochemically after 4 weeks. RESULTS: The enriched environment increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in both intact and stroke-injured animals. An increased number of newborn cells was found in the subventricular zone of stroke-injured mice, but not in injured mice exposed to an enriched environment. Also, the number of newborn astrocytes (BrdU+/S-100beta+ cells), neuroblasts (dcx+ cells), and reactive astrocytes (vimentin mRNA) in the striatum ipsilateral to the ischemic injury was markedly attenuated and new adult neurons (BrdU+/NeuN+) were not found. The enriched environment did not affect infarct size or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: An enriched environment after experimental stroke increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus, whereas there was a decreased cell genesis and migration of neuroblasts and newborn astrocytes in the striatum.}, @@ -87562,7 +87551,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E7D0A4B6-B1B0-40D7-8E9E-A2824F59525A}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/O'Neill_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/O'Neill_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2037}} @article{ORourke:1996, @@ -87594,7 +87583,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E22B0764-ADA8-4398-BCB0-E6C9D85F30C5}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Oberto_EurJNeurosci2001}} + File = {papers/Oberto_EurJNeurosci2001}} @article{Odenwald:2005, Abstract = {One of the longstanding goals of neurobiologists is to describe, in molecular terms, how a neural progenitor cell (NPC) can generate an ordered series of uniquely fated neurons and glia. Recent studies reveal that many, or all, neural-subtype identities can be linked to sequentially changing regulatory programs within NPCs. Two new studies, in this issue of Developmental Cell, provide novel insights into the molecular details of how Drosophila NPCs transition from one offspring identity program to the next.}, @@ -87614,7 +87603,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A5597378-95F8-4D4B-955F-9562B5BFC8F5}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Odenwald_DevCell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Odenwald_DevCell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2005.01.005}} @article{Oehmichen:1982, @@ -87791,7 +87780,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3F2FB081-CD87-4E67-840F-6E4C694F3356}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ohki_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ohki_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.007}} @article{Ohki:2005, @@ -87813,7 +87802,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1DCBC0BF-372C-4977-AD87-46415207E6FA}, Volume = {433}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ohki_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ohki_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03274}} @article{Ohki:2006, @@ -87835,7 +87824,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5147DCE8-8123-4FE3-B780-0FE01AD89DFA}, Volume = {442}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ohki_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ohki_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05019}} @article{Ohnuma:2003, @@ -87934,7 +87923,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C3D00447-D136-438D-A81C-F52425D3DD1E}, Volume = {441}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ohtsuki_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ohtsuki_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04605}} @article{Ojima:2004, @@ -87999,7 +87988,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {54C9EF70-D322-11DA-941C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {156}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Okada_ExpNeurol1999}, + File = {papers/Okada_ExpNeurol1999}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1999.7033}} @article{Okano:1993, @@ -88078,7 +88067,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FFA98611-4CCB-4485-BD14-EF47C7629FB4}, Volume = {54}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olsen_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olsen_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.010}} @article{Olson:2006, @@ -88100,7 +88089,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {61680478-4675-4954-8031-242D49781043}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olson_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olson_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3000-05.2006}} @article{Olveczky:2005, @@ -88122,7 +88111,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F002337E-5A3B-4248-9D23-F5335957180E}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Olveczky_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Olveczky_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030153}} @article{Omi:2004, @@ -88144,7 +88133,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6BE750E8-551C-4B19-8F4D-3DF5F98C0662}, Volume = {558}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Omi_FEBSLett2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Omi_FEBSLett2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00017-1}} @article{Omori:2004, @@ -88283,7 +88272,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0E7EB116-1C39-41EC-8E08-0C0952AA7259}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Oray_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Oray_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj019}} @article{Oray:2004, @@ -88305,7 +88294,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {49DAAC42-F0D9-44C7-92CE-E08FA97B1552}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Oray_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Oray_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.001}} @article{Orkin:2002, @@ -88389,7 +88378,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2D9429E6-AEE1-11DA-A7AA-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {93}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ory_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ory_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}} @article{Osada:2005, Abstract = {Nuclei isolated from green fluorescent protein-marked neurons in the cerebral cortex of juvenile mice (14-21 d after birth) were injected into enucleated oocytes that were allowed to develop into blastocysts. Embryonic stem (ES) cell lines were established from the inner cell mass of 76 cloned blastocysts after injecting 2026 neuronal nuclei. Some ES cells were injected individually into enucleated oocytes (nuclear transfer). Other ES cells were transferred into the blastocoeles of tetraploid blastocysts (tetraploid complementation). Two-cell embryos after nuclear transfer were transferred to the oviducts of surrogate mothers. Four (1.5\%) of 272 nuclear-transferred two-cell embryos developed to term, and two (0.7\%) developed into fertile adults. Nineteen (1.9\%) of 992 tetraploid blastocysts receiving ES cells reached term, and 10 (1.0\%) developed into adults. These findings demonstrate that some of the nuclei of differentiated neurons in the cerebral cortex of juvenile mice maintain developmental pluripotency.}, @@ -88427,7 +88416,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {88EAA8AC-0384-4F50-952D-85599D95B8E5}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Osuga_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Osuga_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}} @article{Otaki:1999, Abstract = {Neurestin is a putative transmembrane protein whose expression is developmentally regulated in neurons. Here we examined neurestin expression pattern in mitral/tufted cells in the developing rat olfactory bulb. In the main olfactory bulb, neurestin expression was segregated in the dorso-rostral area and in the ventro-caudal area, but not in between. In the accessory olfactory bulb, neurestin expression was found only in the far caudal area. This area did not completely correspond to a caudal half of the vomeronasal nerve and glomerular layers positive for a G-protein Go alpha. These spatio-temporal expression patterns suggest that neurestin functions as a target recognition molecule that specifies zonal projection patterns of olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons.}, @@ -88523,7 +88512,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D04106EE-E28D-4D50-92CC-A51B5E595DC4}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Overstreet_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Overstreet_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5173-03.2004}} @article{Wadiche:2005, @@ -88563,7 +88552,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5CDCFAD3-A40A-4B9D-BEC7-FC82634890BE}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Overstreet-Wadiche_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Overstreet-Wadiche_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4111-05.2006}} @article{Overstreet-Wadiche:2006a, @@ -88667,7 +88656,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FBEBE0B4-D067-11DA-8A8C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Owens_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Owens_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn919}} @article{Packer:2003, @@ -88684,7 +88673,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6B46DAFA-5804-4644-9FB6-87D6E306D47C}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Packer_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Packer_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}} @article{Pagano:2004, Abstract = {The family of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) lies at the core of the machinery that drives the cell division cycle. Studies in cultured mammalian cells have provided insight into the cellular functions of many Cdks. Recent Cdk and cyclin knockouts in the mouse show that the functions of G1 cell cycle regulatory genes are often essential only in specific cell types, pointing to our limited understanding of tissue-specific expression, redundancy, and compensating mechanisms in the Cdk network.}, @@ -88705,7 +88694,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FE61C8B1-5636-4C20-91E6-C1825274BF9D}, Volume = {118}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pagano_Cell2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pagano_Cell2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.08.013}} @article{Pak:2004, @@ -88727,7 +88716,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B803129D-4B21-4A2A-8929-85F6F00BE673}, Volume = {119}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pak_Cell2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pak_Cell2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.026}} @article{Pal:1988, @@ -88842,7 +88831,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EE62F486-9D54-466B-B51B-29DC7A6D8050}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Palmer_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Palmer_JNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Palmer:1995, Abstract = {Neurogenesis is restricted to discrete germinal zones within the developing and the adult central nervous systems. With few exceptions, cells that migrate away from these zones and into the parenchyma no longer participate in the generation of new neurons. In this work, we have found that basic fibroblast growth factor is able to stimulate the proliferation of neuronal and glial progenitors isolated from the septum and striatum of adult rats. These progenitors are indistinguishable from those isolated from the adult hippocampus and subventricular zone, two regions that generate neurons well into adult life. Although a variety of cell types are initially isolated from each brain region, the progenitor-like cells from all four regions are capable of considerable proliferation and, with limited serial passage, can be cultured as enriched populations of immature cells that are capable of differentiating into mature glia and neurons following density arrest and growth factor withdrawal. The fact that cells isolated from the septum and striatum proliferate and have the ability to differentiate into neurons once they are removed from their local environment indicates that neurogenesis may be restricted to discrete areas of the developing and the adult brain by regional differences in regulatory signals rather than from an absence of progenitors capable of responding to neurogenic cues.}, @@ -88874,7 +88863,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F21C8354-6875-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {8}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Palmer_MolCellNeurosci1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Palmer_MolCellNeurosci1997.pdf}} @article{Palmer:2002, Abstract = {Adult neurogenesis is mediated by immature neural precursors that divide within the residual germinal matrices of the brain. In the paper by in this issue of Neuron, the "cause and effect"of adult neurogenesis takes a major step forward with the description of a vascular signaling network that influences neuronal precursor migration and fate. 0896-6273 Comment Journal Article}, @@ -88975,7 +88964,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {86428C87-F894-454B-A2A0-23F6FFCD3D0B}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Palop_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Palop_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.025}} @article{Paludan:2005, @@ -88997,7 +88986,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {03A6151C-2DB1-49FE-B1B2-1F721123AAA3}, Volume = {307}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Paludan_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Paludan_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1104904}} @article{Pan:2001, @@ -89032,7 +89021,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F86584E2-CDF0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {197}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pang_JCellPhysiol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pang_JCellPhysiol2003.pdf}} @article{Pang:2001, Abstract = {The frontal cortex is an important brain area for divided attention. Lesions of the lateral agranular frontal cortex in rats disrupt divided attention in a simultaneous temporal processing task. In the present study, the activity of lateral agranular neurons was examined while rats performed a simultaneous temporal processing procedure. Rats were trained to time two stimuli (a light and a tone), each associated with a different fixed interval. Simple trials, in which a single stimulus was presented, and compound trials, in which both stimuli were presented simultaneously, occurred randomly in a session. Rats were able to divide attention between the two stimuli, as assessed by the pattern of lever presses. Approximately 50\%of lateral agranular neurons responded to at least one phase of the task with four response patterns observed. The activity of type 1 cells (60\%) was altered to compound, but not simple, stimuli. Type 2 cells (10\%) responded to both types of simple stimuli and to compound stimuli. Type 3 cells (27\%) had changes in firing rate to one type of simple stimulus and to compound stimuli. Type 4 cells (3\%) responded to one type of simple stimulus, but were unresponsive to all other stimuli.The large proportion of type 1 cells supports the hypothesis that the lateral agranular cortex is important in divided attention. Previous studies have suggested that the lateral agranular cortex in rats is equivalent to the primary motor cortex. If so, the results from the present study provide evidence that the lateral agranular cortex may have some cognitive functions, in addition to being part of the motor system.}, @@ -89094,7 +89083,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BFCF786D-A213-4CED-96A7-20A512DDE186}, Volume = {53}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Paradis_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Paradis_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.12.012}} @article{Pardridge:2002, @@ -89111,7 +89100,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D8BFD5C3-DBC3-4BE6-8D50-4CF9803E63CD}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pardridge_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pardridge_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Paredes:2006, Abstract = {While there are many recent examples of single gene deletions that lead to defects in cortical development, most human cases of cortical disorganization can be attributed to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Elucidating the cellular or developmental basis of teratogenic exposures in experimental animals is an important approach to understanding how environmental insults at particular developmental junctures can lead to complex brain malformations. Rats with prenatal exposure to methylazoxymethanol (MAM) reproduce many anatomical features seen in epilepsy patients. Previous studies have shown that heterotopic clusters of neocortically derived neurons exhibit hyperexcitable firing activity and may be a source of heightened seizure susceptibility; however, the events that lead to the formation of these abnormal cell clusters is unclear. Here we used a panel of molecular markers and birthdating studies to show that in MAM-exposed rats the abnormal cell clusters (heterotopia) first appear postnatally in the hippocampus (P1-2) and that their appearance is preceded by a distinct sequence of perturbations in neocortical development: 1) disruption of the radial glial scaffolding with premature astroglial differentiation, and 2) thickening of the marginal zone with redistribution of Cajal-Retzius neurons to deeper layers. These initial events are followed by disruption of the cortical plate and appearance of subventricular zone nodules. Finally, we observed the erosion of neocortical subventricular zone nodules into the hippocampus around parturition followed by migration of nodules to hippocampus. We conclude that prenatal MAM exposure disrupts critical developmental processes and prenatal neocortical structures, ultimately resulting in neocortical disorganization and hippocampal malformations.}, @@ -89167,7 +89156,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA15832-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Parent_AnnNeurol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Parent_AnnNeurol2002.pdf}} @article{Parent:2005, Abstract = {Neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus persists throughout life and is increased by seizures. The dentate granule cell (DGC) layer is often abnormal in human and experimental temporal lobe epilepsy, with dispersion of the layer and the appearance of ectopic granule neurons in the hilus. We tested the hypothesis that these abnormalities result from aberrant DGC neurogenesis after seizure-induced injury. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry were used to identify proliferating progenitors and mature DGCs in the adult rat pilocarpine temporal lobe epilepsy model. We also examined dentate gyri from epileptic human hippocampal surgical specimens. Prox-1 immunohistochemistry and pulse-chase bromodeoxyuridine labeling showed that progenitors migrate aberrantly to the hilus and molecular layer after prolonged seizures and differentiate into ectopic DGCs in rat. Neuroblast marker expression indicated the delayed appearance of chainlike progenitor cell formations extending into the hilus and molecular layer, suggesting that seizures alter migratory behavior of DGC precursors. Ectopic putative DGCs also were found in the hilus and molecular layer of epileptic human dentate gyrus. These findings indicate that seizure-induced abnormalities of neuroblast migration lead to abnormal integration of newborn DGCs in the epileptic adult hippocampus, and implicate aberrant neurogenesis in the development or progression of recurrent seizures. Ann Neurol 2005.}, @@ -89200,7 +89189,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A217B902-810F-11DA-9009-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Parent_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Parent_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} @article{Parent:2002a, Abstract = {Neuronal precursors in the adult rodent forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) proliferate, migrate to the olfactory bulb in a restricted pathway known as the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and differentiate into neurons. The effects of injury on this neurogenic region of the mature brain are poorly understood. To determine whether seizure- induced injury modulates SVZ neurogenesis, we induced status epilepticus (SE) in adult rats by systemic chemoconvulsant administration and examined patterns of neuronal precursor proliferation and migration in the SVZ-olfactory bulb pathway. Within 1- 2 weeks after pilocarpine-induced SE, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and Nissl staining increased in the rostral forebrain SVZ. These changes were associated with an increase in cells expressing antigenic markers of SVZ neuroblasts 2-3 weeks after prolonged seizures. At these same time points the RMS expanded and contained more proliferating cells and immature neurons. BrdU labeling and stereotactic injections of retroviral reporters into the SVZ showed that prolonged seizures also increased neuroblast migration to the olfactory bulb and induced a portion of the neuronal precursors to exit the RMS prematurely. These findings indicate that SE expands the SVZ neuroblast population and alters neuronal precursor migration in the adult rat forebrain. Identification of the mechanisms underlying the response of neural progenitors to seizure-induced injury may help to advance brain regenerative therapies by using either transplanted or endogenous neural precursor cells.}, @@ -89264,7 +89253,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CE5B6A65-4C5E-4FBA-A802-582D6D2101E8}, Volume = {122}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Park_Cell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Park_Cell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.031}} @article{Park:2002, @@ -89321,7 +89310,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E4459008-1729-4858-BC1F-FE4F5B26F8CB}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Parras_EMBOJ2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Parras_EMBOJ2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600447}} @article{Pasquale:2005, @@ -89385,7 +89374,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FE1A8373-F075-4931-B00D-ABD6A847A136}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Patel_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Patel_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2943-04.2004}} @article{Paton:1985, @@ -89422,7 +89411,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8E7D330B-D254-4053-A2ED-CD06B1EC0A52}, Volume = {77}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Patrizio_JNeurochem2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Patrizio_JNeurochem2001.pdf}} @article{Patrylo:2006, Abstract = {PURPOSE: Seizures are observed frequently in humans with diffuse neuronal migration disorders. The reeler mutant mouse also exhibits a diffuse disruption of migration, yet no pro-epileptic phenotype has been reported for this model. Whether this disparity reflects a phenotypic difference that can be used to delineate the mechanisms associated with increasing seizure susceptibility or reflects a paucity of knowledge is unclear. Consequently, this study examined whether seizure susceptibility is altered in reeler mutant mice. METHODS: In vivo (minimal electroshock delivered transcorneally) and in vitro techniques (field-potential recordings in neocortical and hippocampal brain slice preparations exposed to bicuculline methiodide) were used to determine whether the susceptibility to epileptiform activity is enhanced in reeler homozygous mice relative to controls. Adult (3-7 months) male reeler homozygotes (rl/rl) and controls (+/?) were identified based on their behavioral phenotype and were used in all experiments. RESULTS: Minimal electroshock revealed that rl/rl mice, compared with controls, exhibited a lower threshold for electroshock-induced seizures (4.5 +/- 0.52 vs. 6.7 +/- 0.35 mA), and a higher incidence of behavioral seizures (median seizure score, class 4 vs. class 0) when animals were subjected to a 5-mA electroshock stimulus. Additionally, neocortical and hippocampal slices from rl/rl mice were more likely to generate spontaneous epileptiform activity after bicuculline application, compared with controls, and the duration of the epileptiform events elicited in 10-30 muM bicuculline was longer in slices from rl/rl mice. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that rl/rl mice have enhanced seizure susceptibility that is in part intrinsic to the malformed neocortex and hippocampus. Thus in contrast to prior belief, most animal models of diffuse neuronal migration disorders do exhibit a pro-epileptic phenotype.}, @@ -89443,7 +89432,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CCAF4142-4B06-4233-A7CF-1721C1543F6C}, Volume = {47}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Patrylo_Epilepsia2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Patrylo_Epilepsia2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00417.x}} @article{Patten:2006, @@ -89486,7 +89475,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6A0221BE-407C-46CB-828F-ACA7B32850FC}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pautot_NatMethods2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pautot_NatMethods2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1236}} @article{Pawelek:2005, @@ -89508,7 +89497,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0E56B902-BF8F-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pawelek_LancetOncol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pawelek_LancetOncol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70466-6}} @article{Payankaulam:2008, @@ -89530,7 +89519,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A97BBE34-1055-424E-8A04-30719C009799}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Payankaulam_CurrBiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Payankaulam_CurrBiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.040}} @article{Pearson:1993, @@ -89628,7 +89617,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5342C758-6379-4AFA-BE09-DE0F37DF163A}, Volume = {85}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Peinado_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Peinado_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} @article{Peinado:2000, Abstract = {Spontaneous neuronal firing during development has the potential to shape many aspects of neuronal wiring throughout the brain. Bursts of electrical activity coordinated among large numbers of neurons, occurring during a brief developmental window, have been described in many regions of the CNS, including retina, hippocampus, and spinal cord, but evidence for this type of activity in developing neocortex has so far been lacking. To identify conditions that may give rise to patterned spontaneous electrical activity in developing neocortex, cholinergic agonists were applied to immature rat cortical slices while large-scale activity was imaged optically with fura-2 AM. Here I show that activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors results in waves of correlated neural activity. Waves recruit large numbers of neurons, are slowly propagating, regenerative events involving depolarization and associated calcium transients, and advance for many millimeters as a sharp wave front perpendicular to the pial surface, at speeds ranging between 50 and 300 m/sec. The expression of waves is restricted temporally to a brief period in postnatal development, until postnatal day 6, and spatially to some neocortical areas. The ability of isolated neocortical networks to generate large-scale patterned activity endogenously during a period of massive neurite extension and synaptogenesis raises the possibility that at least in some cortical areas these processes might be influenced by patterned neuronal firing generated independently of thalamocortical input.}, @@ -89649,7 +89638,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {75C52A06-9508-4D96-B036-73EF1B0536C0}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Peinado_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Peinado_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Peinado:1993a, Abstract = {A low molecular weight intracellular tracer, Neurobiotin, was injected into single neurons in living slices of rat neocortex made at postnatal days 5-18. Between days 5 and 12, 66\%of single-neuron injections labeled clusters of up to 80 neurons surrounding the injected cell. Coupling between neurons occurred primarily through dendrites. Injections done in the presence of halothane, a gap junction blocker, abolished the spread of tracer to surrounding neurons, implying that gap junctions mediate coupling. Injections done after day 16 resulted in little or no dye coupling. We conclude that transient local coupling via gap junctions in developing cortex may provide a pathway for communicating intercellular signals, including subthreshold electrical activity, and thereby enable temporal coordination of local neuronal ensembles during circuit formation.}, @@ -89710,7 +89699,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B2118-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {122}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pellegrini_Development1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pellegrini_Development1996.pdf}} @article{Pelletier:1996, Abstract = {1. Focal cortical epilepsy was investigated by applying tetanic stimulation repeatedly (100 Hz. 2 s in duration, once every 10 min, 10 episodes) to layer III association fibers in rat piriform cortex slices and recording both extracellular and intracellular responses from the endopiriform nucleus. To promote excitability, piriform slices were incubated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing 0.9 mM Mg2+ and 5 mM K+, at an initial temperature of 10-12 degrees C, which was allowed to warm passively to room temperature. 2. Responses recorded extracellularly in the endopiriform nucleus consisted of two types: weak stimulation evoked an early-occurring, small-amplitude, negatively deflecting potential; strong stimulation evoked a more complex response comprising both an early potential of maximal amplitude and a later-occurring epileptiform potential of greater amplitude and longer duration. Late-occurring epileptiform potentials were not observed in slices incubated in ACSF at room temperature. 3. Both the early potential and the late-occurring epileptiform responses were abolished by the non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (non-NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor blocker, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 10 microM). Application of D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV; 50 microM) to block NMDA receptors was without effect on the early potential but diminished the late-occurring epileptiform potential. The late-occurring potential was unable to follow stimulation delivered at a frequency of 1 Hz. These results suggest that the early potential was generated monosynaptically and dependent solely on the activation of non-NMDA receptors, whereas the late-occurring epileptiform potential was polysynaptic in origin and possessed both a CNQX- and an APV-sensitive component. 4. Responses increased progressively in both amplitude and duration after tetanic stimulation. The threshold intensity required to evoke the complex dual-component potential was reduced by tetanic stimulation. An increase in multiunit spiking activity, indicating an increase in synchronous discharges, was also observed. A residual potential could be evoked in the presence of CNQX (10 microM) after the tetanic stimulation procedure. 5. Spontaneous discharges occurred as early as after the first episode of tetanic stimulation and persisted for the duration of the experiment. Spontaneous discharges were abolished by either CNQX or by a fourfold increase in extracellular Mg2+ concentration, the latter reversibly. APV reduced the frequency of spontaneous discharges by 38.6 +/- 9.3\%(mean +/- SE). The conventional anticonvulsant drug 5,5-diphenylhydantoin, the benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam, and the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil were without effect on the frequency of spontaneous discharges. Evoked responses were also unaffected by either 5,5-diphenylhydantoin or midazolam. Slices not exposed to cold ACSF, although demonstrating potentiation of evoked responses after tetanization did not produce spontaneous epileptiform discharges. 6. Intracellular recordings from endopiriform neurons revealed the cellular correlates of the extracellular responses. Weak stimulation evoked a small-amplitude depolarizing potential. Increasing the intensity of stimulation increased the amplitude of this response and also evoked a second depolarizing potential of greater amplitude occurring at variable latencies. Maximal stimulation evoked an action potential. After tetanic stimuli, responses resembling a paroxysmal depolarizing shift consisting of a depolarizing potential with superimposed multiple action potentials were evoked reliably. Passive membrane properties after repeated tetanic stimulation were not different when compared with control. 7. This novel model of in vitro focal cortical epilepsy has many features characteristic of conventional kindling including 1) progressive nature; 2) reduced threshold to evoke discharges; and 3) persist}, @@ -89788,7 +89777,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {366B65DE-0FFE-4530-AA64-93D9181BD7E4}, Volume = {172}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pencea_ExpNeurol2001}, + File = {papers/Pencea_ExpNeurol2001}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2001.7768}} @article{Pencea:2003, @@ -89832,7 +89821,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9F1B91C2-BC72-47EB-9CB1-34D00B4551EF}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pencea_JNeurosci2001}} + File = {papers/Pencea_JNeurosci2001}} @article{Pennartz:2004, Abstract = {The progeny of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mammalian brain consists in polysialylated NCAM-expressing immature neurons (PSA(+) cells), which migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) to differentiate into GABAergic interneurons. We purified murine PSA(+) cells directly from the adult brain by FACS and analyzed their gene expression profile by SAGE. Comparative analyses led to the identification of precursor-enriched genes, including Survivin, Sox-4, Meis2, Dishevelled-2, C3aR1 and Riken 3110003A17, and many so far uncharacterized transcripts. Cluster analysis showed that groups of genes involved in axon guidance and gene clusters implicated in chemotaxis are strongly upregulated, indicating a role of both cues in the control of cell migration in the adult brain. Furthermore, genes involved in apoptosis and cell proliferation are co-expressed, suggesting that the amount of precursors that is present in the adult brain is a result of an equilibrium of these processes.}, @@ -89895,7 +89884,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BA8B047B-10F8-4EB3-B940-E9A82890FF75}, Volume = {23}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pennell_Glia1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pennell_Glia1998.pdf}} @article{Pennell:1994, Abstract = {The B4-isolectin from Griffonia simplicifolia is known to stain microglial cells in a variety of species. The present report describes a lectin staining method that has been modified to facilitate staining of resting microglia, as well as perivascular cells, in vibratome sections of normal sheep brain. This modified method employs tissue fixed in formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde and requires incubating sections with Triton X-100 prior to staining.}, @@ -89934,7 +89923,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DE5CB4C2-49D5-478F-99A0-408916094F4B}, Volume = {314}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pennisi_Science2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pennisi_Science2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.314.5797.244}} @article{Pentney:2002, @@ -89992,7 +89981,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {75FAA72B-50D0-4F51-B094-99F755B10F44}, Volume = {49}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {../../Volumes/Vega/Users/ackman/James/Endnotelibraries/OMEGAData/2449757952perettoreview}} + File = {../../Volumes/Vega/Users/ackman/James/Endnotelibraries/OMEGAData/2449757952perettoreview}} @article{Peri:2008, Abstract = {A significant proportion of neurons in the brain undergo programmed cell death. In order to prevent the diffusion of damaging degradation products, dying neurons are quickly digested by microglia. Despite the importance of microglia in several neuronal pathologies, the mechanism underlying their degradation of neurons remains elusive. Here, we exploit a microglial population in the zebrafish to study this process in intact living brains. In vivo imaging reveals that digestion of neurons occurs in compartments arising from the progressive fusion of vesicles. We demonstrate that this fusion is mediated by the v0-ATPase a1 subunit. By applying live pH indicators, we show that the a1 subunit mediates fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes during phagocytosis, a function that is independent of its proton pump activity. As a real-time description of microglial phagocytosis in vivo, this work advances our understanding of microglial-mediated neuronal degeneration, a hallmark of many neuronal diseases.}, @@ -90013,7 +90002,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A9AB465A-93F2-4948-B200-515C71032D57}, Volume = {133}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Peri_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Peri_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.037}} @article{Perron:2005, @@ -90035,7 +90024,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {79EC0B8C-EE5A-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Perron_JNeurovirol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Perron_JNeurovirol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13550280590901741}} @article{Persons:1997, @@ -90077,7 +90066,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2D00F86D-884D-4409-AD7F-D7529089F755}, Volume = {440}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pertz_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pertz_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04665}} @article{Peterlin:2000, @@ -90100,7 +90089,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D1F9DF18-1CE1-46FF-8A0F-665E9C168098}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Peterlin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Peterlin_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2000.pdf}} @article{Peters:2004, Abstract = {Freeze-lesion induced neocortical dysplasias in rats mimic numerous aspects of human polymicrogyria and are used as a model for the study of developmental migration disorders. Since memory tests have demonstrated learning deficits in rodents with neocortical malformations, we investigated the expression and properties of long-term potentiation (LTP) in neocortical slices from adult freeze-lesioned and control rats. Field potentials, recorded in layer II/III at a distance of 2-3 mm lateral to perinatally induced microgyri, were strongly enhanced following theta-burst stimulation in layer VI (amplitude: 174 +/- 4\%) compared to controls (110 +/- 2\%). In contrast, in layer IV of the freeze-lesioned cortex LTP could not reliably be induced. Histochemical analysis, performed to elucidate the cellular basis of the impaired plasticity, revealed diminished amounts of the GABAA-receptor subunit gamma2 in the paramicrogyral zone, likely representing a diminished GABA-ergic filter, which is thought to prevent LTP induced in layer VI under normal conditions. Cytochrome-oxidase staining after electrophysiological examination disclosed that LTP in layer IV of the freeze-lesioned cortex could only be elicited, when stimulation was applied within a preserved barrel cortex. Our study provides evidence that focal cryolesions during cortical development cause an impaired synaptic plasticity that may underlie learning disabilities.}, @@ -90174,7 +90163,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EBCF3C42-7CBD-4B88-B9B0-9E4F09B7FCED}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petersen_Glia2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Petersen_Glia2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.10362}} @article{Petersen:2003, @@ -90211,7 +90200,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EC6BB17C-9C2A-43B5-9322-D47CBF17F63D}, Volume = {419}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petersen_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Petersen_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Petersen:2004, Author = {Petersen, Carl C. H. and Brecht, Michael and Hahn, Thomas T. G. and Sakmann, Bert}, @@ -90293,7 +90282,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {33D7490E-5DF8-4FE9-A103-50F695FA7B80}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petreanu_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Petreanu_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/20026588}} @article{Petridis:2004, @@ -90310,7 +90299,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9753D88D-9E6F-4031-BFF4-84714B5DE81A}, Volume = {230}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Petridis_DevDyn2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Petridis_DevDyn2004.pdf}} @article{Petritsch:2003, Abstract = {Asymmetric cell divisions generate cellular diversity. In Drosophila, embryonic neuroblasts target cell fate determinants basally, rotate their spindles by 90 degrees to align with the apical-basal axis, and divide asymmetrically in a stem cell-like fashion. In this process, apically localized Bazooka recruits Inscuteable and other proteins to form an apical complex, which then specifies spindle orientation and basal localization of the cell fate determinants and their adapter proteins such as Miranda. Here we report that Miranda localization requires the unconventional myosin VI Jaguar (Jar). In jar null mutant embryos, Miranda is delocalized and the spindle is misoriented, but the Inscuteable crescent remains apical. Miranda directly binds to Jar, raising the possibility that Miranda and its associated proteins are translocated basally by this actin-based motor. Our studies demonstrate that a class VI myosin is necessary for basal protein targeting and spindle orientation in neuroblasts. 1534-5807 Journal Article}, @@ -90367,7 +90356,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CFE4E2F4-2ED2-40D1-A507-94AA41C8FEDD}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pham_Neuron1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pham_Neuron1999.pdf}} @article{Pham:2001, Abstract = {The development of precise connections in the mammalian brain proceeds through refinement of initially diffuse patterns, a process that occurs largely within critical developmental windows. To elucidate the molecular pathways that orchestrate these early periods of circuit remodeling, we have examined the role of a calcium- and cAMP-regulated transcriptional pathway. We show that there is a window of CRE/CREB-mediated gene expression in the developing thalamus, which precedes neocortical expression. In the LGN, this wave of gene expression occurs prior to visual experience, but requires retinal function. Mutant mice with reduced CREB expression show loss of refinement of retinogeniculate projections. These results suggest an important role of the CRE/CREB transcriptional pathway in the coordination of experience-independent circuit remodeling during forebrain development.}, @@ -90408,7 +90397,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4723949C-1085-44F9-9E3D-6992CF26548F}, Volume = {103}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Philippe_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Philippe_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606197103}} @article{Piacibello:2002, @@ -90451,7 +90440,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {71C377B0-9C8A-4897-8FC2-D9EC2745E6B0}, Volume = {76}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Picard-Riera_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Picard-Riera_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20040}} @article{Pickard:2002, @@ -90506,7 +90495,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {804B1380-C789-42DA-AA21-71436098A258}, Volume = {269}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pielak_DevBiol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pielak_DevBiol2004.pdf}} @article{Pinaudeau:2000, Abstract = {In order to determine the embryonic age at which the hodological phenotype developed by neocortical cells is specified, we have examined the spinal or tectal projections developed by embryonic (E) grafts of presumptive frontal or occipital neocortex placed into the frontal or occipital neocortex of newborn host rats. Grafts of E13, E14 and E16 cells of the frontal cortex transplanted into the occipital cortex of newborns are capable of developing and maintaining in adulthood a spinal cord axon. Grafts of E12 cells do not project to the spinal cord but send fibres to the superficial layers of the tectum. In addition, following transplantation into the frontal cortex, early embryonic (E12) cells from the presumptive occipital cortex are capable of differentiating into neurons with spinal cord projection but are practically incapable of developing a tectal projection. When grafted at E14 into the frontal cortex, occipital cells lose the capacity to project to the spinal cord but become able to send fibres to the tectum. Taken together, these findings indicate that young (E12) embryonic frontal and occipital cortical cells are competent to subsequently differentiate into neurons projecting to the spinal cord or tectum according to instructive signals available in the cortical territory where they complete their development. By E13/E14, some cortical cells are specified and their capacity to contact targets that are not appropriate to their embryonic origin is much reduced. These findings are consistent with the notion that cortical specification involves progressive restriction in cell multipotentiality and fate specification toward region-specific phenotypes.}, @@ -90584,7 +90573,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4E16ED41-B720-4BED-B58B-DA36D698352E}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pinto_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pinto_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2278-05.2005}} @article{Pitcher:2007, @@ -90705,7 +90694,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7BF008FC-F6AC-4F07-A18F-087722765B26}, Volume = {298}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pizzorusso_Science2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pizzorusso_Science2002.pdf}} @article{Plas:2005, Abstract = {The map of the retina onto the optic tectum is a highly conserved feature of the vertebrate visual system; the mechanism by which this mapping is accomplished during development is a long-standing problem of neurobiology. The early suggestion by Roger Sperry that the map is formed through interactions between retinal ganglion cell axons and target cells within the tectum has gained significant experimental support and widespread acceptance. Nonetheless, reports in a variety of species indicate that some aspects of retinotopic order exist within the optic tract, leading to the suggestion that this "preordering" of retinal axons may play a role in the formation of the mature tectal map. A satisfactory account of pretarget order must provide the mechanism by which such axon order develops. Insofar as this mechanism must ultimately be determined genetically, the mouse suggests itself as the natural species in which to pursue these studies. Quantitative and repeatable methods are required to assess the contribution of candidate genes in mouse models. For these reasons, we have undertaken a quantitative study of the degree of retinotopic order within the optic tract and nerve of wild-type mice both before and after the development of the retinotectal map. Our methods are based on tract tracing using lipophilic dyes, and our results indicate that there is a reestablishment of dorsoventral but not nasotemporal retinal order when the axons pass through the chiasm and that this order is maintained throughout the subsequent tract. Furthermore, this dorsoventral retinotopic order is well established by the day after birth, long before the final target zone is discernible within the tectum. We conclude that pretarget sorting of axons according to origin along the dorsoventral axis of the retina is both spatially and chronologically appropriate to contribute to the formation of the retinotectal map, and we suggest that these methods be used to search for the molecular basis of such order by using available mouse genetic models.}, @@ -90746,7 +90735,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F35C53A6-9DF7-4888-B180-3DE7A4DFD903}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Plas_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Plas_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3598-06.2008}} @article{Pleasure:2000, @@ -90769,7 +90758,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B0A18-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pleasure_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pleasure_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Plenz:2007, Abstract = {Neuronal avalanches are spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal activity that occur spontaneously in superficial layers of the mammalian cortex under various experimental conditions. These patterns reflect fast propagation of local synchrony, display a rich spatiotemporal diversity and recur over several hours. The statistical organization of pattern sizes is invariant to the choice of spatial scale, demonstrating that the functional linking of cortical sites into avalanches occurs on all spatial scales with a fractal organization. These features suggest an underlying network of neuronal interactions that balances diverse representations with predictable recurrence, similar to what has been theorized for cell assembly formation. We propose that avalanches reflect the transient formation of cell assemblies in the cortex and discuss various models that provide mechanistic insights into the underlying dynamics, suggesting that they arise in a critical regime.}, @@ -90790,7 +90779,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C21A329B-7EC4-4EA2-A9D8-E3643FF04AA7}, Volume = {30}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Plenz_TrendsNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Plenz_TrendsNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.01.005}} @article{Pluchino:2003, @@ -90807,7 +90796,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8A098DB8-2922-4919-8B5A-60035F7C5770}, Volume = {422}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pluchino_Nature2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pluchino_Nature2003.pdf}} @article{Pluchino:2005, Abstract = {In degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), transplantation of neural multipotent (stem) precursor cells (NPCs) is aimed at replacing damaged neural cells. Here we show that in CNS inflammation, NPCs are able to promote neuroprotection by maintaining undifferentiated features and exerting unexpected immune-like functions. In a mouse model of chronic CNS inflammation, systemically injected adult syngeneic NPCs use constitutively activated integrins and functional chemokine receptors to selectively enter the inflamed CNS. These undifferentiated cells survive repeated episodes of CNS inflammation by accumulating within perivascular areas where reactive astrocytes, inflamed endothelial cells and encephalitogenic T cells produce neurogenic and gliogenic regulators. In perivascular CNS areas, surviving adult NPCs induce apoptosis of blood-borne CNS-infiltrating encephalitogenic T cells, thus protecting against chronic neural tissue loss as well as disease-related disability. These results indicate that undifferentiated adult NPCs have relevant therapeutic potential in chronic inflammatory CNS disorders because they display immune-like functions that promote long-lasting neuroprotection.}, @@ -90828,7 +90817,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {93B44DD9-F510-4A37-9A7E-5460339A2031}, Volume = {436}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pluchino_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pluchino_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03889}} @article{Plumpe:2006, @@ -91044,7 +91033,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B59F74D1-5E56-4CC1-AAF3-F3D1FE8A7895}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Polleux_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Polleux_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.017}} @article{Polleux:1998a, @@ -91183,7 +91172,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0A74CD49-1B4B-11DB-87EC-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pomerantz_NatCellBiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Pomerantz_NatCellBiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb0904-810}} @article{Ponomarev:2006, @@ -91243,7 +91232,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7FBF4C30-9C18-49CA-A80A-D74A563A02BA}, Volume = {313}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Popesco_Science2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Popesco_Science2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1127980}} @article{Popovich:2001, @@ -91344,7 +91333,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4633FC26-872A-4119-9C8C-9BBD7188C849}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Portera-Cailliau_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Portera-Cailliau_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030272}} @article{Posnett:2001, @@ -91387,7 +91376,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {977A9D72-10F5-4F65-9660-F2FC4E2FF84D}, Volume = {454}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Poulet_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Poulet_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07150}} @article{Poulsen:1999, @@ -91410,7 +91399,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {62B7BE58-83D3-4122-9D75-2729C5B20E08}, Volume = {263}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Poulsen_Virology1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Poulsen_Virology1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.9917}} @article{Poulter:1992, @@ -91501,7 +91490,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {93811CEF-EDC6-4877-9DA7-1B707C4692AB}, Volume = {297}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prasanth_Science2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Prasanth_Science2002.pdf}} @article{Prat:2005, Abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to describe recent observations regarding the basis for the initiation and disease evolution of multiple sclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS: A current debate is where and what initiates the neuroinflammatory reaction that characterizes the acute multiple sclerosis lesion. Immune sensitization to neural antigens could develop within the systemic compartment consequent to exposure to cross-reacting, possibly viral derived, peptides (molecular mimicry). Although CD4 T cells are considered central to initiating central nervous system inflammation, the actual extent and specificity of tissue injury reflects the array of adaptive (CD8 T cells and antibody) and innate (microglia/macrophages) immune constituents present in the lesions. Neuropathologic studies indicate that lethal changes in neural cells (oligodendrocytes) could also be the initiating event, reflecting as yet unidentified acquired insults (e.g. exogenous virus or reactivated endogenous retrovirus) or intrinsic abnormalities ('neurodegenerative' hypothesis). Recurrence or persistence of the disease process can reflect events occurring at multiple sites including expansion of the immune repertoire in response to neural antigens transported to regional lymph nodes (determinant spreading), especially if immune regulatory mechanisms are defective; alterations in blood-brain barrier properties consequent to initial cellular transmigration; and participation of endogenous (microglia, astrocytes) or long lived infiltrating cells (macrophages, B cells in ectopic germinal centers) in regulating and effecting immune functions within the central nervous system. Accumulating neurologic deficit reflects the balance between injury and repair; the latter also being negatively or positively (trophic support and clearance of tissue debris) impacted by inflammatory processes. SUMMARY: Understanding the full spectrum of multiple sclerosis presents a continuing challenge for both immunology and neurobiology.}, @@ -91542,7 +91531,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0C0B370E-794D-4582-A8B8-590E12E98943}, Volume = {39}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pratt_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Pratt_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Prem-veer-Reddy:1980, Abstract = {In the DNA-synthesizing phase (S phase) of CHEF/18 Chinese hamster embryo fibroblast cells, six enzymes associated with DNA metabolism, including DNA polymerase (deoxynucleoside triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyl-transferase, EC 2.7.7.7), were largely localized in the nuclear region (karyoplasts). By contrast, in quiescent and G1 phase cells these enzymatic activites were mainly absent from the nucleus and were recovered in the cytoplasmic portion (cytoplasts). These nuclear (but not cytoplasmic) enzymatic activities cosedimented rapidly on sucrose density gradients. Further, the rapidly sedimenting enzyme activities were unique to cells in S phase. An organized supramolecular structure that allows channeling of metabolites into DNA was demonstrated by kinetics of nucleotide incorporation. "Permeabilized" cells selectively channeled incorporation of ribonucleoside diphosphates into DNA in preference to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate incorporation occurred when ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate: oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1) activity was abolished by hydroxyurea. Our interpretation is that during DNA replication, the nucleus contains a complex of DNA precursor-synthesizing enzymes juxtaposed with the "replication apparatus" comprising DNA polymerase, other enzymes, and structural proteins. Functional integrity of this structure is impaired when one of its essential components is inactivated. We propose the name "replitase" for this multienzyme complex for DNA replication and suggest that it incorporates precursors rapidly and efficiently. Possibly its assembly signals the initiation of the S phase of the cell cycle.}, @@ -91582,7 +91571,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {54D96AC4-51DB-48DB-BF09-C87C5619DB4A}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prescott_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Prescott_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.07.005}} @article{Price:1970, @@ -91621,7 +91610,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B207B4E6-EE2B-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {84}, Year = {1987}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Price_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1987.pdf}} + File = {papers/Price_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1987.pdf}} @article{Priller:2003, Abstract = {While the brain has traditionally been considered a rather secluded site, recent studies suggest that adult bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells can generate glia and neurons in rodents and humans. Macrophages and microglia are the first to appear in the murine brain after transplantation of genetically marked BM cells. Within weeks after transplantation, some authors have found astrocytes and cells expressing neuronal antigens. We detected cerebellar Purkinje neurons and interneurons, such as basket cells, expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) 10-15 months after transplantation of GFP-labeled BM cells. The results push the boundaries of our classic view of lineage restriction.}, @@ -91664,7 +91653,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F5C87A00-D3AF-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {155}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Priller_JCellBiol2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Priller_JCellBiol2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200105103}} @article{Priller:2006, @@ -91708,7 +91697,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {558E1B51-A8C6-41C9-B9C1-9442F577B0B9}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Priller_NatMed2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Priller_NatMed2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1201-1356}} @article{Prince:1997, @@ -91750,7 +91739,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A8B29C1A-516B-400C-A27E-7BDE61F25A3D}, Volume = {32}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Prince_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Prince_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} @article{Probst:2001, Abstract = {A number of pathological changes have been reported in relation to CA1 pyramidal cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD), among them hyperphosphorylation of tau protein followed by the formation of filamentous tau lesions, granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD), Hirano bodies and spindle-shaped dilatations of distal apical dendrites. Juxtacellular clusters of glutamate receptor (GluR)-positive granules around pyramidal cells of the CA1 sector have been recently reported under the term "non-plaque dystrophic dendrites". We independently found that CA1 pyramidal cells in AD patients are regularly surrounded by ubiquitin-positive granules measuring 1-4 microns in diameter, which we have termed perisomatic granules (PSG). Using confocal microscopy, ubiquitin- and GluR-reactive granules were found to largely coincide and to correspond to the same structure. By immunoelectron microscopy PSG were found to consist of GluR1-2-reactive enlarged synaptic boutons containing tubulo-filamentous or floccular material. PSG were found to be consistently associated with pyramidal (principal) cells but not with interneurons of the CA1 sector. Dual-labeling experiments have shown that PSG are preferentially associated with tau-immunoreactive "pretangle" neurons but not with cells containing filamentous tau inclusions or with tau-negative nerve cell bodies. The number of PSG was found to increase with the severity of AD changes with almost no PSG found in Braak stages I and II and few in stage III. Furthermore, PSG were not AD specific, as shown by their presence around CA1 pyramidal cells in Pick's disease. The reasons for GluR reactivity and ubiquitin complex formation in enlarged perisomatic boutons are unclear. Marked changes in GluR subunits have been observed in association with even moderate AD pathology in hippocampal pyramidal cells in AD and our findings suggest a pathogenic link between PSG and early tau pathology in CA1 neurons. PSG might represent residual and abnormally clustered GluR subunits in degenerating perisomatic neurites. Our work confirms and extend previous study on perisomatic "non-plaque dystrophic dendrites" in AD and establish PSG as a pathological entity distinct from GVD. In addition PSG should be acknowledged among main histological changes associated with hippocampal neurons in AD and Pick's disease.}, @@ -91791,7 +91780,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {20614251-EE89-40AC-9F98-569B90B9E7E2}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Proctor_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Proctor_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3467-05.2005}} @article{Puig:2002, @@ -91947,7 +91936,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7D65DAC8-EE2C-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {263}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Puri_JBiolChem1988.pdf}} + File = {papers/Puri_JBiolChem1988.pdf}} @article{Purpura:1982, Abstract = {Cortical biopsies obtained from 5 young children with severe neurobehavioral retardation of unknown etiology have been analyzed using Golgi and EM techniques. The normally cylindrical geometry of individual dendritic processes of pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons is interrupted by the formation of distinct varicosities. While over 90\%of observed cells are affected, the extent of varicosity formation varies from cell to cell and is most prominent in medium and small pyramidal cells. Varicosities may occur in the periphery only, or they may extend proximally to primary dendritic trunks. Accompanying changes include thin and irregular proximal processes, loss of dendritic spines, and predominance of long, thin tortuous spines. Ultrastructural analysis reveals characteristic changes in the cytoskeleton of these processes. Microtubules, within the larger proximal processes, twist and turn, relative to one another and relative to the long axis of the process. In varicose regions, microtubules course in roughly parallel array through constricted segments, only to splay away from one another on entering an expansion. Synapses are evident on constricted and expanded segments, as well as on spines. Alterations in dendritic structure of both pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons may represent a primary target in the pathobiological process underlying neurobehavioral failure.}, @@ -92003,7 +91992,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {79893BE1-80C7-469E-99E8-EEDE2927FC11}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Qian_Neuron1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Qian_Neuron1997.pdf}} @article{Qiao:2005, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Excessive production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 and interferon (IFN)-gamma is thought to be important in the development of allergic disease and atopy. Several investigators have linked the IL-4 and IL-4R genes to allergic disease and atopy. The aim of this study is to further explore the mechanism of penicillins allergy and evaluate the possible role of the IL-4 C-589T and IL-4RalphaQ576R polymorphisms in modulating the allergic responses to penicillins. METHODS: Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was used to detect eight kinds of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) to penicillins in serum. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-gamma were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The IL-4 C-589T and IL-4RalphaQ576R polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS: Compared with control subjects, there were significantly higher levels of IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-gamma in allergic patients with positive specific IgE (P < 0.01), and the lower levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma were observed in allergic patients with negative specific IgE (P < 0.05). We found a growing trend of IL-4 and IL-13 levels with the kind increasing of positive specific IgE, and even there were significant correlations between the three kinds of cytokines and many kinds of specific IgE (P < 0.05). The IL-4Ralpha*Q576 allele was significantly increased in patients with penicillins allergy compared with control subjects (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the allele was strongly associated with increased serum-specific benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-, phenoxomethylpenicillanyl (PVA)- or ampicillanyl (APA)-IgE levels in patients with positive specific IgE (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-gamma play an important roles in penicillins allergy. The IL-4RalphaQ576R polymorphism may involve in the development of penicillins allergy, and through modulating specific serum IgE levels.}, @@ -92024,7 +92013,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3579DD33-E1BF-4345-A1C3-BFD9096A1961}, Volume = {60}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Qiao_Allergy2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Qiao_Allergy2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00816.x}} @article{Qin:2006, @@ -92066,7 +92055,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4CE79725-0EF4-45D8-9A03-D290E60A307D}, Volume = {308}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Quesenberry_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Quesenberry_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1104432}} @article{Quinn:1995, @@ -92083,7 +92072,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {95B1ED7A-FC6A-48B7-A297-7F521C957188}, Volume = {184}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Quinn_NeurosciLett1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Quinn_NeurosciLett1995.pdf}} @article{Quintana:2006, Abstract = {Transient anoxia/hypoglycaemia in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, a model of transient brain ischaemia, ultimately results in delayed cell death. Although the mechanisms underlying this delayed death remain unknown, an increase in excitatory drive has been postulated. We report here that transient anoxia/hypoglycaemia in rat hippocampal slice cultures resulted in a 70-80\%enhancement of evoked, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated, excitatory responses lasting over 60 min. This effect was prevented by blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, did not involve changes of paired-pulse facilitation ratio, but was associated with a 50\%increase in amplitude, but not frequency, of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Consistent with this, paired recordings revealed the appearance of AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs at previously silent synapses and occlusion by prior induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). Transient anoxia/hypoglycaemia further resulted in a 63\%potentiation of evoked NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic responses, accounting for the 20\%increase in ratio of AMPA to NMDA responses. No change in rectification properties of AMPA receptor-mediated currents could be detected within the first hour following anoxia/hypoglycaemia-induced potentiation. Western blot analyses of slice cultures exposed to either control conditions or a short anoxia/hypoglycaemia revealed a marked, 50-70\%increase of GluR1, GluR2/3 and NR1 subunits 1 h, but not 15 min, after the anoxic/hypoglycaemic episode. This increase was blocked by an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Together these results indicate that a transient anoxia/hypoglycaemia is associated with a marked enhancement of excitatory transmission sharing similarities with the mechanisms underlying LTP, and is correlated with an increased synthesis of excitatory receptor subunits.}, @@ -92125,7 +92114,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4A301E0C-E9E9-41D0-AFF2-355760612803}, Volume = {435}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Quiroga_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Quiroga_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Quiroga_Nature2005a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03687}} @@ -92203,7 +92192,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FCC3CB82-E009-476E-9B26-B725434D6222}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Radnikow_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Radnikow_JNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/20026725}} @article{Rafiq:1995, @@ -92378,7 +92367,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CF056511-C3C9-4BC0-94BC-637DA9AE6859}, Volume = {43}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_Glia2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_Glia2003.pdf}} @article{Rakic:2003a, Abstract = {Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells in the central nervous system, represent a large portion of the total number of cells in the human brain. Using cell-specific markers and antibodies to ventral homeodomain transcription factors, NKX2.1 and DLX2, we show here that a subpopulation of early oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the human telencephalon may originate in the ganglionic eminence (GE). DLX2-labeled OPCs form a well-delineated stream of cells connecting the GE subventricular zone (SVZ) to the cortical intermediate zone through the anterior cortical SVZ. This population of cells is labeled by early OPCs markers, PDGFRalpha, Olig1, and NG2, and not with either neuronal, astrocyte, or late OPCs markers. Intriguingly, numerous CD68(+) microglia/macrophages, nestin(+) neural stem cells, and CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are also present in both the GE stream and the cortical SVZ. These cells could be colabeled with DLX2 as well as early OPCs markers. A separate subpopulation of early OPCs, present in the GE and cortical SVZ, did not express either DLX2 or CD68. These findings suggest that different subpopulations of early OPCs, characterized with different sets of transcription factors and cell-specific markers, are present in human forebrain. These subpopulations may have different origins; one may originate in the cortical SVZ, while others may come from the GE and/or outside the CNS as hematopoietic stem cells. 0894-1491 Journal Article}, @@ -92431,7 +92420,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8AE70C-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {196}, Year = {1981}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_JCompNeurol1981.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rakic_JCompNeurol1981.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.901960109}} @article{Rakic:2002, @@ -92453,7 +92442,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9C09C0D0-D20C-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Rakic:1998, Author = {Rakic, P.}, @@ -92467,7 +92456,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F8CCEC2E-6C9A-468A-B768-ACFBA2BCFB03}, Volume = {1}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_NatNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_NatNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Rakic:2005, Author = {Rakic, Pasko}, @@ -92486,7 +92475,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1B73313A-14FC-4B26-BB23-8DFF527D2DEC}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rakic_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0805-981}} @article{Rakic:2002a, @@ -92503,7 +92492,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8E1DA188-CDF0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Rakic:2004, Abstract = {1476-4687 Comment News}, @@ -92518,7 +92507,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {28BEF740-D919-48FA-B12B-281354B46F12}, Volume = {427}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_Nature2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_Nature2004.pdf}} @article{Rakic:1995, Author = {Rakic, P.}, @@ -92533,7 +92522,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5B6DDEF1-C0DB-4376-B65E-891F47EA6256}, Volume = {92}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rakic_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1995.pdf}} @article{Rakic:1974, Abstract = {0036-8075 Journal Article}, @@ -92549,7 +92538,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E8FFAD07-1986-4D25-AAF2-191529831FC1}, Volume = {183}, Year = {1974}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_Science1974.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rakic_Science1974.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4203022}} @article{Rakic:1985a, @@ -92582,7 +92571,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {194D5146-0933-44C5-8C07-B888368EE7BC}, Volume = {241}, Year = {1988}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rakic_Science1988.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rakic_Science1988.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3291116}} @article{Rakic:2006a, @@ -92641,7 +92630,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E1B71881-580F-4C4E-8492-E487E70607AE}, Volume = {157}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ramdya_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ramdya_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.04.021}} @article{Ramdya:2008, @@ -92660,7 +92649,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Emergence of binocular functional properties in a monocular neural circuit}, Uuid = {19B8FFAD-8EAF-424F-B777-8D66F181F720}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ramdya_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ramdya_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2166}} @article{Rami:1987, @@ -92783,7 +92772,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {723F6C87-79AB-4AFE-B9B3-FED09AF1DBAB}, Volume = {14}, Year = {1994}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ramoa_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ramoa_JNeurosci1994.pdf}} @article{Ramos:2005, Abstract = {Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) or double cortex is associated with significant impairments in neocortical function including mental retardation and epilepsy. Mutant alleles of DCX in humans typically cause SBH in females and lissencephaly in males, whereas Dcx null mutations in mice neither disrupt neocortical neuronal migration nor cause SBH formation. In utero RNA interference (RNAi) of Dcx in rats, in contrast, creates an animal model of SBH. Possible explanations for the discrepancies in results following loss of Dcx function include species differences and/or differences between RNAi knockdown and genetic deletion. We have carried out a series of in utero RNAi experiments to investigate possible species differences between rat and mouse to determine the molecular specificity of RNAi against Dcx and to identify the cellular constituents of SBH in the rat model. In utero RNAi in the rat consistently leads to both the formation of SBH and laminar displacement of transfected cells in normotopic cortex, whereas the same treatment in mouse fails to induce SBH but does create laminar displacement. Induction of SBH and impaired radial migration following RNAi against Dcx is rescued by overexpression of Dcx. Thus, both disruptions induced by RNAi are specific to interference of Dcx. SBHs contain transfected pyramidal cells as well as nontransfected cell types, including neocortical interneurons and glia. Together these results indicate that there is a species difference between rat and mouse with respect to RNAi-induced SBH formation and that SBH formation involves the recruitment of several unaltered cell types.}, @@ -92804,7 +92793,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {26E81BA2-334E-4D5A-A195-A9AAA4A07420}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ramos_CerebCortex2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ramos_CerebCortex2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj074}} @article{Rao:1999, @@ -92863,7 +92852,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3463ECDC-EE15-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rappert_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rappert_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2451-04.2004}} @article{Rasika:1999, @@ -92917,7 +92906,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {949DA7F0-26F5-4FD4-B9E7-08ED9B708A66}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rasin_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rasin_NatNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1924}} @article{Ravizza:2005, @@ -92956,7 +92945,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {50136D41-4FE5-41AF-940E-DF1D120535A4}, Volume = {118 ( Pt 3)}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Raymond_Brain1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Raymond_Brain1995.pdf}} @article{Raza:2004, Abstract = {Alterations in hippocampal neuronal Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)-dependent systems have been implicated in mediating some of the long-term neuroplasticity changes associated with acquired epilepsy (AE). However, there are no studies in an animal model of AE that directly evaluate alterations in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and Ca(2+) homeostatic mechanisms (Ca(2+) dynamics) during the development of AE. In this study, Ca(2+) dynamics were evaluated in acutely isolated rat CA1 hippocampal, frontal, and occipital neurons in the pilocarpine model by using [Ca(2+)](i) imaging fluorescence microscopy during the injury (acute), epileptogenesis (latency), and chronic-epilepsy phases of the development of AE. Immediately after status epilepticus (SE), hippocampal neurons, but not frontal and occipital neurons, had significantly elevated [Ca(2+)](i) compared with saline-injected control animals. Hippocampal neuronal [Ca(2+)](i) remained markedly elevated during epileptogenesis and was still elevated indefinitely in the chronic-epilepsy phase but was not elevated in SE animals that did not develop AE. Inhibiting the increase in [Ca(2+)](i) during SE with the NMDA channel inhibitor MK801 was associated in all three phases of AE with inhibition of the changes in Ca(2+) dynamics and the development of AE. Ca(2+) homeostatic mechanisms in hippocampal neurons also were altered in the brain-injury, epileptogenesis, and chronic-epilepsy phases of AE. These results provide evidence that [Ca(2+)](i) and Ca(2+)-homeostatic mechanisms are significantly altered during the development of AE and suggest that altered Ca(2+) dynamics may play a role in the induction and maintenance of AE and underlie some of the neuroplasticity changes associated with the epileptic phenotype.}, @@ -92998,7 +92987,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2A3A4048-30DB-45AF-8EB8-D195C2ABA1A8}, Volume = {134}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rebsam_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rebsam_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.029}} @article{Rebsam:2005, @@ -93020,7 +93009,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2A68570D-CA0A-437A-A828-8E22721B7BAD}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rebsam_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rebsam_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4191-04.2005}} @article{Recchi:2006, @@ -93100,7 +93089,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B627400A-5040-48A5-AA3B-3110F4807EA2}, Volume = {192}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Redecker_ExpNeurol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Redecker_ExpNeurol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.018}} @article{Redecker:2000, @@ -93238,7 +93227,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6AFE6834-F26B-40C9-B37E-61104CEFEC6C}, Volume = {341}, Year = {1989}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Regehr_Nature1989.pdf}, + File = {papers/Regehr_Nature1989.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/341533a0}} @article{Rehen:2005, @@ -93260,7 +93249,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2707D202-1248-4214-A33E-7120D240FA04}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rehen_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rehen_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4560-04.2005}} @article{Rehen:2001, @@ -93277,7 +93266,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {03BA246E-ABCF-4510-B214-2D424CBE6101}, Volume = {98}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rehen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rehen_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2001.pdf}} @article{Reichert:2001, Abstract = {The removal of damaged myelin is central to repair after injury to axons and in autoimmune demyelinating diseases. Complement receptor 3 (CR3/MAC-1) plays a major role in mediating the phagocytosis of damaged myelin by macrophages and microglia. We studied the modulation (inhibition and augmentation) of CR3/MAC-1 mediated myelin phagocytosis by mAbs that bind to distinct epitopes of subunits alphaM and beta2 of CR3/MAC-1. mAb M1/70 anti-alpha(M) and mAb 5C6 anti-alpha(M) inhibited, whereas mAb M18/2 anti-beta2 augmented myelin phagocytosis. This mAb-induced modulation of myelin phagocytosis occurred in the presence and absence of active complement. Inhibition induced by M1/70 or 5C6 did not add when the two were combined. Combining M1/70 or 5C6 with M18/2 reduced the augmentation induced by M18/2 alone. CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis may thus be subjected to modulation between efficient and inefficient functional/activation states. These observations and conclusions may offer an explanation for the observed discrepancy between efficient myelin phagocytosis in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and inefficient myelin phagocytosis after injury to CNS axons, although in both instances macrophages/microglia express CR3/MAC-1.}, @@ -93319,7 +93308,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4D2D807A-FABD-4C76-B2A1-4C78DE06034B}, Volume = {124}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reid_Development1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Reid_Development1997.pdf}} @article{Reid:1999, Abstract = {To understand the clonal relationship of various olfactory bulb (OB) cell types, OB progenitor cells were infected at embryonic day (E) 14, E15, and E17 with retroviral libraries encoding alkaline phosphatase or beta-galactosidase. After survival to postnatal day 10-15, sibling relationships were identified by polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification of distinct sequences in the retroviral constructs. Within the OB, clonal progeny dispersed widely in all directions. In sharp contrast, however, clonal dispersion between the OB and neocortex was not observed, although occasional clonal dispersion between the OB and pyriform and hippocampal regions could not be excluded. Most clones (84\%) contained a single cell type, especially after E17 injections, suggesting the existence of either restricted precursors, or multipotential progenitors instructed by a restricted cellular environment. Mixed OB clones (16\%) contained multiple cell types in the OB, or occasionally glial or neuronal cells outside the OB, demonstrating the existence of multipotential OB progenitors, likely at a stage before formation of the olfactory rostral migratory stream. Surprisingly, OB glial cells were not labeled, suggesting distinct lineages or perhaps distinct migratory paths for glia and neurons into the OB. A hierarchical cell lineage is proposed that involves a multipotential progenitor that gives rise to potentially more limited progenitors.}, @@ -93335,7 +93324,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C434B816-DC7A-4E08-8324-E03DC4E04626}, Volume = {403}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reid_JCompNeurol1999}} + File = {papers/Reid_JCompNeurol1999}} @article{Reiner:1993, Abstract = {Telencephalic cortex in turtles is a simple three layered-structure. The dorsal most part of this structure is thought to resemble the reptilian forerunner of at least parts of mammalian isocortex. This dorsal part of turtle cortex contains several functionally distinct regions that show similarity in their connections and function to specific areas in mammalian isocortex. The types of neurons found in turtle dorsal cortex (as defined by their morphology and neurotransmitter content) also show great similarity to those observed in mammals, with the major exception that turtle cortex appears to lack the types of neurons found in granular and supragranular layers of mammalian isocortex. Similar results have also been observed in other living reptiles. Thus, one major step in the evolution of reptilian cortex into mammalian cortex must have been the addition of the types of neurons found in the granular and supragranular layers of mammalian isocortex. These observations for turtles also suggest that turtle cortex in particular and reptilian telencephalic cortex in general must differ functionally from mammalian isocortex with respect to those features associated with the laminar and columnar organization of isocortex. These issues are discussed in more detail below and in Reiner (1991). Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -93390,7 +93379,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9D089468-C51F-4CE8-A891-50E575AF7512}, Volume = {390}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reiss_Gene2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Reiss_Gene2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2006.07.032}} @article{Remler:1973, @@ -93429,7 +93418,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E6152F5A-E811-43E1-BD45-C43670F880E2}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Represa_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Represa_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.03.010}} @article{Restrepo:2003, @@ -93505,7 +93494,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9B592C38-0B59-4B73-8852-43C4B205E3C3}, Volume = {255}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Reynolds_Science1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Reynolds_Science1992.pdf}} @article{Rezaie:1997, Author = {Rezaie, P. and Male, D.}, @@ -93728,7 +93717,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5BF96171-A918-4FB2-88BF-6CE27F12A519}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rheims_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rheims_JNeurophysiol2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90403.2008}} @article{Ribar:2000, @@ -93921,7 +93910,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {40B78F7E-FF83-46D2-A871-8FDB53BCEFFB}, Volume = {424}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rietze_JCompNeurol2000}} + File = {papers/Rietze_JCompNeurol2000}} @article{Rietze:2001, Abstract = {The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a population of neural stem cells (NSCs) with properties said to include the generation of non-neural progeny. However, the precise identity, location and potential of the NSC in situ remain unclear. We purified NSCs from the adult mouse brain by flow cytometry, and directly examined the cells'properties. Here we show that one type of NSC, which expresses the protein nestin but only low levels of PNA-binding and HSA proteins, is found in both ependymal and subventricular zones and accounts for about 63\%of the total NSC activity. Furthermore, the selective depletion of the population of this stem cell in querkopf mutant mice (which are deficient in production of olfactory neurons) suggests that it acts as a major functional stem cell in vivo. Most freshly isolated NSCs, when co-cultured with a muscle cell line, rapidly differentiated in vitro into myocytes that contain myosin heavy chain (MyHC). This demonstrates that a predominant, functional type of stem cell exists in the periventricular region of the adult brain with the intrinsic ability to generate neural and non-neural cells.}, @@ -93958,7 +93947,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1E758A38-9DD5-4408-BEEE-E8B5EB953974}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rigas_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rigas_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-07.2007}} @article{Rinaman:1991, @@ -94095,7 +94084,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2AB98EA6-BBF3-49ED-BDEE-F1C933473734}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rivest_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Rivest_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.12.004}} @article{Rizvi:2006, @@ -94167,7 +94156,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A8A9AA60-69F0-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roberts_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Roberts_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Roberts:2006, Abstract = {CNS abnormalities can be detected during chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, before the development of opportunistic infections or other sequelae of immunodeficiency. However, although end-stage dementia caused by HIV has been linked to the presence of infected and activated macrophages and microglia in the brain, the nature of the changes resulting in the motor and cognitive disorders in the chronic stage is unknown. Using simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys, we sought the molecular basis for CNS dysfunction. In the chronic stable stage, nearly 2 years after infection, all animals had verified CNS functional abnormalities. Both virus and infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8+ T-cells) were found in the brain. Molecular analysis revealed that the expression of several immune response genes was increased, including CCL5, which has pleiotropic effects on neurons as well as immune cells. CCL5 was significantly upregulated throughout the course of infection, and in the chronic phase was present in the infiltrating lymphocytes. We have identified an altered state of the CNS at an important stage of the viral-host interaction, likely arising to protect against the virus but in the long term leading to damaging processes.}, @@ -94209,7 +94198,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {88AE12A5-4333-11DB-A5D2-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {313}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roche_Science2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Roche_Science2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1127683}} @article{Rochefort:2002, @@ -94226,7 +94215,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {56191CD2-CDEF-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rochefort_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rochefort_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Roe:1993, Abstract = {In synchronized rat or mouse cells infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV), integration of viral DNA and production of viral proteins occur only after the cells traverse mitosis. Integration is blocked when cells are prevented from progressing through mitosis. Viral nucleoprotein complexes isolated from arrested cells contain full-length viral DNA and can integrate this viral DNA in vitro, showing that the block to integration in arrested cells is not due to a lack of mature integration machinery. When infected cells traverse mitosis, there is a sharp increase in nuclear accumulation of viral DNA. The dependence of integration on mitosis may therefore be due to a requirement for mitosis and nuclear envelope breakdown for entry of the viral integration complex into the nucleus. 0261-4189 Journal Article}, @@ -94243,7 +94232,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {892E779B-EA2C-11DA-920C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {12}, Year = {1993}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roe_EmboJ1993.pdf}} + File = {papers/Roe_EmboJ1993.pdf}} @article{Roelink:2000, Abstract = {Recent genetic studies have shown that the signalling factor Wnt3a is required for formation of the hippocampus; the developmental consequences of Wnt signalling in the hippocampus are mediated by multiple HMG-box transcription factors, with LEF-1 being required just for formation of the dentate gyrus.}, @@ -94265,7 +94254,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8EBD90A3-D863-4504-8195-41AD1561A067}, Volume = {10}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roelink_CurrBiol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Roelink_CurrBiol2000.pdf}} @article{Roelofs:2005, Abstract = {Human glial fibrillary acidic protein-delta (GFAP-delta) is a GFAP protein isoform that is encoded by an alternative splice variant of the GFAP-gene. As a result, GFAP-delta protein differs from the predominant splice form, GFAP-alpha, by its C-terminal protein sequence. In this study, we show that GFAP-delta protein is not expressed by all GFAP-expressing astrocytes but specifically by a subpopulation located in the subpial zone of the cerebral cortex, the subgranular zone of the hippocampus, and, most intensely, by a ribbon of astrocytes following the ependymal layer of the cerebral ventricles. Therefore, at least in the sub ventricular zone (SVZ), GFAP-delta specifically marks the population of astrocytes that contain the neural stem cells in the adult human brain. Interestingly, the SVZ astrocytes actively splice GFAP-delta transcripts, in contrast to astrocytes adjacent to this layer. Furthermore, we show that GFAP-delta protein, unlike GFAP-alpha, is not upregulated in astrogliosis. Our data therefore indicate a different functional role for GFAP-delta in astrocyte physiology. Finally, transfection studies showed that GFAP-delta protein expression has a negative effect on GFAP filament formation, and therefore could be important for modulating intermediate filament cytoskeletal properties, possibly facilitating astrocyte motility. Further studies on GFAP-delta and the cells that express it are important for gaining insights into its function during differentiation, migration and during health and disease. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, @@ -94303,7 +94292,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1BCB8C17-81C8-41D0-B1F1-EA16DFFD42D8}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roerig_BrainResBrainResRev2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Roerig_BrainResBrainResRev2000.pdf}} @article{Rogers:1992, Abstract = {Many dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra are known to contain the calcium-binding proteins calretinin and calbindin-D28k. Catecholaminergic cell groups throughout the rat brain were therefore examined by two-colour immunofluorescence to determine whether they too contained these calcium-binding proteins as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Some TH+ cell groups are mostly positive for both calretinin and calbindin, notably in the ventral tegmental area, the interfascicular nucleus, and parts of the substantia nigra. Other TH+ cell groups in the midbrain, hindbrain and hypothalamus are very diverse; different cell groups are positive for calretinin, or calbindin, or both, or neither. In the olfactory bulb, entirely separate sets of periglomerular cells are positive for TH, calretinin and calbindin. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in calcium- binding protein expression within most cell groups, even in the substantia nigra. This could be a sign that calcium-binding proteins are regulated according to aspects of neuronal activity.}, @@ -94437,7 +94426,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {124F1A2B-C609-4EC9-9C71-9CFB02B71EAE}, Volume = {26}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roper_EpilepsyRes1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Roper_EpilepsyRes1997.pdf}} @article{Roper:1998, Abstract = {Certain developmental abnormalities of the cerebral cortex are closely associated with epilepsy in humans. Exposure of fetal rats to external gamma-irradiation produces diffuse cortical dysplasia and neuronal heterotopia. These abnormalities are the result of radiation-induced cell death coupled with continued cortical development in an altered cellular environment. In vivo electroencephalography studies in these animals have revealed an increased propensity for electrographic seizures in the presence of the sedating agents, acepromazine and xylazine. In vitro neocortical slices containing dysplastic cortex demonstrate enhanced excitability, as compared to control neocortex, when inhibition that is mediated by the A-type gamma-amino butyric acid receptor is blocked with bicuculline methiodide. In utero irradiation of rats produces structural changes that mimic some aspects of cerebral dysgenesis in humans and results in physiologic changes that increase the animals' propensity for seizures. Similarities and differences between the animal model and the human syndromes are discussed.}, @@ -94459,7 +94448,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1AA680A3-5662-4EA3-BD16-FC282BDD70B4}, Volume = {32}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roper_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Roper_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} @article{Rose:2001, Author = {Rose, C. R. and Konnerth, A.}, @@ -94561,7 +94550,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A2207411-142F-48C5-B0D8-8135492C7E13}, Volume = {193}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Roskams_ExpNeurol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Roskams_ExpNeurol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.01.023}} @article{Ross:2003, @@ -94595,7 +94584,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0D076052-DD04-4EE6-8D26-7B5F9DBBE14B}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rossi_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rossi_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Rossner:2004, Author = {Rossner, Mike and Yamada, Kenneth M.}, @@ -94815,7 +94804,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {84E6A822-2D69-4B19-A0D6-524C69CD3805}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ruthazer_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ruthazer_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.008}} @article{Ryder:1990, @@ -94987,7 +94976,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B340D130-5743-4DCE-B504-1CF1D0CB3273}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Safo_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Safo_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.020}} @article{Saghatelyan:2003, @@ -95004,7 +94993,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DF85165C-DEAE-4FF8-9775-6950D0DA8F5F}, Volume = {97}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Saghatelyan_JPhysiolParis2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Saghatelyan_JPhysiolParis2003.pdf}} @article{Sahara:2001, Abstract = {The cellular localization of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (mGluR1alpha, 2/3, 5a and 7) in the main and accessory olfactory bulb (MOB and AOB) of adult rats was compared by using affinity purified polyclonal antibodies directed to their C-termini. mGluR1alpha and mGluR5a immunoreactivities were located in comparable structures of the MOB and AOB with different levels of intensity. mGluR5a reactivity was high in the AOB. mGluR2/3 showed a different pattern of expression in the MOB compared to that observed in the AOB; the periglomerular region of the MOB was strongly stained, but in the AOB it was the mitral/tufted cell layer that was intense. The mitral cell bodies in the MOB were strongly immunoreactive for mGluR7. These differences in the distribution of mGluRs in the MOB and AOB may reflect differences in synaptic transmission and sensitivity to neuromodulation in the two systems.}, @@ -95020,7 +95009,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {86F7F8E8-181D-4C25-BA6C-6E94B0320216}, Volume = {312}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sahara_NeurosciLett2001}} + File = {papers/Sahara_NeurosciLett2001}} @article{Sahay:2007, Abstract = {The development of new treatments for depression is predicated upon identification of neural substrates and mechanisms that underlie its etiology and pathophysiology. The heterogeneity of depression indicates that its origin may lie in dysfunction of multiple brain regions. Here we evaluate adult hippocampal neurogenesis as a candidate mechanism for the etiology of depression and as a substrate for antidepressant action. Current evidence indicates that adult hippocampal neurogenesis may not be a major contributor to the development of depression, but may be required for some of the behavioral effects of antidepressants. We next revisit the functional differentiation of the hippocampus along the septo-temporal axis within the context of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that neurogenesis in the ventral dentate gyrus may be preferentially involved in regulation of emotion. Finally, we speculate on how increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis may modulate dentate gyrus function to confer the behavioral effects of antidepressants.}, @@ -95260,7 +95249,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {45428CCD-AB5F-41A4-BA9C-8603576CE6BB}, Volume = {122}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sanada_Cell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sanada_Cell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.009}} @article{Sanada:2004, @@ -95282,7 +95271,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0263B7B6-0BF9-4249-9D8B-E677CB0A8700}, Volume = {42}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sanada_Neuron2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sanada_Neuron2004.pdf}} @article{Sanai:2004, Abstract = {The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a principal source of adult neural stem cells in the rodent brain, generating thousands of olfactory bulb neurons every day. If the adult human brain contains a comparable germinal region, this could have considerable implications for future neuroregenerative therapy. Stem cells have been isolated from the human brain, but the identity, organization and function of adult neural stem cells in the human SVZ are unknown. Here we describe a ribbon of SVZ astrocytes lining the lateral ventricles of the adult human brain that proliferate in vivo and behave as multipotent progenitor cells in vitro. This astrocytic ribbon has not been observed in other vertebrates studied. Unexpectedly, we find no evidence of chains of migrating neuroblasts in the SVZ or in the pathway to the olfactory bulb. Our work identifies SVZ astrocytes as neural stem cells in a niche of unique organization in the adult human brain. 1476-4687 Journal Article}, @@ -95298,7 +95287,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4C112649-21D4-4EF7-A286-18BB953F54FF}, Volume = {427}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sanai_Nature2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sanai_Nature2004.pdf}} @article{Sanchez-Ramos:2000, Abstract = {Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) normally give rise to bone, cartilage, and mesenchymal cells. Recently, bone marrow cells have been shown to have the capacity to differentiate into myocytes, hepatocytes, and glial cells. We now demonstrate that human and mouse BMSC can be induced to differentiate into neural cells under experimental cell culture conditions. BMSC cultured in the presence of EGF or BDNF expressed the protein and mRNA for nestin, a marker of neural precursors. These cultures also expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN). When labeled human or mouse BMSC were cultured with rat fetal mesencephalic or striatal cells, a small proportion of BMSC-derived cells differentiated into neuron-like cells expressing NeuN and glial cells expressing GFAP. 0014-4886 Journal Article}, @@ -95335,7 +95324,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {75638AB7-D62A-4092-9EFC-1539F1D8BEA3}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sanchez-Vives_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sanchez-Vives_NatNeurosci2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/79848}} @article{Sancini:2001, @@ -95415,7 +95404,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0A37EB51-63A7-4A00-80A9-2FAC77FA88C6}, Volume = {66}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Santra_CancerRes2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Santra_CancerRes2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1978}} @article{Sapir:2008, @@ -95437,7 +95426,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FCA61FE0-0367-4B8A-90E0-87CC19150FCF}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sapir_DevCell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sapir_DevCell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2007.12.008}} @article{Saradzhishvili:1971, @@ -95472,7 +95461,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AA7B0A5A-69E9-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sarkisian_CerebCortex2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sarkisian_CerebCortex2001.pdf}} @article{Sarkisian:1999a, Abstract = {PURPOSE: Disorders in normal central nervous system (CNS) development are often associated with epilepsy. This report characterizes seizures in a novel genetic model of developmental epilepsy, the Flathead (FH) rat. METHODS: Animals (n = 76) ages P0-22 were monitored for clinical and electrographic seizure activity. The effects of various AEDs on seizure frequency and duration also were assessed: phenobarbital (PB; 40 mg/kg), valproate (VPA; 400 mg/kg), or ethosuximide (ESM; 600 mg/kg). RESULTS: FHs display episodes of behavior characterized by whole-body tremor, strub tail, alternating forelimb clonus, and complete tonus. EEG recordings from neocortex reveal that FH seizures are bilateral and begin around P7. Seizures occur at a frequency of approximately six per hour from P7 to P18 and the average duration of seizures increases through development. PB, VPA, and ESM failed to prevent seizures; however, PB significantly increased the interval of seizures but had no effects on the duration of seizures, whereas VPA decreased the duration of seizures and not the interval. CONCLUSIONS: Seizures in FH rats occur at a constant and high frequency through a defined period in early postnatal development, and these seizures are not completely blocked by high doses of PB, VPA, or ESM. Because FH is a single-locus mutant displaying a highly regular pattern of seizure activity, it is an ideal model for examining the process of epileptogenesis in the developing brain, evaluating new AED therapies, and determining the identity of a gene essential to the normal development of cortical excitability.}, @@ -95519,7 +95508,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F60F3812-69B0-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sarkisian_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sarkisian_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Sarkisian:2006, Abstract = {Periventricular heterotopia (PVH) is a congenital malformation of human cerebral cortex frequently associated with Filamin-A (FLN-A) mutations but the pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that the MEKK4 (MAP3K4) pathway is involved in Fln-A regulation and PVH formation. MEKK4(-/-) mice developed PVH associated with breaches in the neuroependymal lining which were largely comprised of neurons that failed to reach the cortical plate. RNA interference (RNAi) targeting MEKK4 also impaired neuronal migration. Expression of Fln was elevated in MEKK4(-/-) forebrain, most notably near sites of failed neuronal migration. Importantly, recombinant MKK4 protein precipitated a complex containing MEKK4 and Fln-A, and MKK4 mediated signaling between MEKK4 and Fln-A, suggesting that MKK4 may bridge these molecules during development. Finally, we showed that wild-type FLN-A overexpression inhibited neuronal migration. Collectively, our results demonstrate a link between MEKK4 and Fln-A that impacts neuronal migration initiation and provides insight into the pathogenesis of human PVH.}, @@ -95540,7 +95529,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {05E99490-3D5C-48ED-BA8A-42754CE3BB29}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sarkisian_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sarkisian_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.10.024}} @article{Sasaki:1989, @@ -95596,7 +95585,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0DB8EE44-F8FC-427F-8B70-4F4D34EFFFBD}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sasaki_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sasaki_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4514-06.2007}} @article{Sasaki:1996, @@ -95659,7 +95648,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {79196C07-D616-4252-9D70-563D3A2B9403}, Volume = {144}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sato_Neuroscience2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sato_Neuroscience2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.019}} @article{Satoh:2000, @@ -95697,7 +95686,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {522AE522-755E-4747-82AD-9975FCAA6AD8}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Saura_Glia2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Saura_Glia2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.10274}} @article{Sawamoto:2001, @@ -95849,7 +95838,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6BAFB064-D8D4-4BA6-AD85-432452A3222A}, Volume = {101}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Scheiffele_Cell2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Scheiffele_Cell2000.pdf}} @article{Schermer:2002, Abstract = {Cytokines play an important role in the regulation of proliferation and migration in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine if granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) activates cells in the cortex of organotypic brain slice cultures. Our data show that murine GM-CSF markedly stimulated the proliferation and migration of small round microglia from a cortex slice. These round cells were strongly positive for integrin CD11b (OX-42), isolectin B4-lectin-binding, the monocytic marker ED1 and partly expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen (OX-6). Only some differentiated microglia were visible which expressed the integrin CD11c and MHCII. GM-CSF enhanced the proliferation as analyzed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. The number of migrated cells decreased during culturing and enhanced terminal dUTP nick-end labelling positive nuclei were found. Taken together, our data conclude that GM-CSF is an important cytokine, which regulates the proliferation and migration of cortical microglia.}, @@ -95871,7 +95860,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F31A27E2-C3EC-458C-AC2E-5D944B0EB8A9}, Volume = {328}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schermer_NeurosciLett2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schermer_NeurosciLett2002.pdf}} @article{Schiefer:1999, Abstract = {Microglial motility was studied in living mammalian brain tissue using infrared gradient contrast microscopy in combination with video contrast enhancement and time lapse video recording. The infrared gradient contrast allows the visualization of living cells up to a depth of 60 microm in brain slices, in regions where cell bodies remain largely uninjured by the tissue preparation and are visible in their natural environment. In contrast to other techniques, including confocal microscopy, this procedure does not require any staining or labeling of cell membranes and thus guarantees the investigation of tissue which has not been altered, apart from during preparation. Microglial cells are activated and increase in number in the facial nucleus following peripheral axotomy. Thus we established the preparation of longitudinal rat brainstem slices containing the axotomized facial nucleus as a source of activated microglial cells. During prolonged video time lapse recordings, two different types of microglial cell motility could be observed. Microglial cells which had accumulated at the surface of the slice remained stationary but showed activity of the cell soma, developing pseudopods of different shape and size which undulated and which were used for phagocytosis of cell debris. Microglial phagocytosis of bacteria could be documented for the first time in situ. In contrast, ameboid microglia which did not display pseudopods but showed migratory capacity, could be observed exclusively in the depth of the tissue. Some of these cells maintained a close contact to neurons and appeared to move along their dendrites, a finding that may be relevant to the role of microglia in "synaptic stripping", the displacement of synapses following axotomy. This approach provides a valuable opportunity to investigate the interactions between activated microglial cells and the surrounding cellular and extracellular structures in the absence of staining or labeling, thus opening a wide field for the analysis of the cellular mechanisms involved in numerous pathologies of the CNS.}, @@ -95967,7 +95956,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3EBFFE46-32DE-4200-A8EE-6F2181BACC98}, Volume = {505 ( Pt 3)}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schiller_JPhysiol1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schiller_JPhysiol1997.pdf}} @article{Schilling:2003, Abstract = {Resident microglia and hematogenous macrophages play crucial roles in the pathogenetic cascade following cerebral ischemia but may functionally differ regarding neuroprotective and cytotoxic properties. Distinction between these cells has not been possible due to a lack of discriminating cellular markers. We generated bone marrow chimeric mice by transplanting bone marrow from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice into irradiated wild-type recipients. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 30 min. Resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages were identified by immunohistochemistry and GFP fluorescence after 1-28 days. The first blood-derived cells infiltrating the infarct area were seen on Day 1 and identified as granulocytes. Hematogenous GFP(+) macrophages were rarely observed on Day 2, reached peak numbers on Day 7, and decreased thereafter. In contrast, resident GFP(-) microglial cells rapidly became activated already on Day 1 after MCAO. Even on Days 4 and 7, most macrophage-like cells remained GFP(-), indicating their derivation from resident microglia. Hematogenous macrophages were able to acquire a ramified morphology indistinguishable from resident microglia while microglial cells could develop into a phagocytic phenotype indistinguishable from infiltrating macrophages. The vast majority of macrophages in the infarct area are derived from local microglia, revealing a remarkable predominance of local defense mechanisms over immune cells arriving from the blood. GFP bone marrow chimeric mice are a powerful tool to further differentiate the function of resident microglia and hematogenous macrophages following cerebral ischemia.}, @@ -95989,7 +95978,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {597432AA-BF69-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {183}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schilling_ExpNeurol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schilling_ExpNeurol2003.pdf}} @article{Schipke:2002, Abstract = {Pathologic impacts in the brain lead to a widespread activation of microglial cells far beyond the site of injury. Here, we demonstrate that glial Ca2+ waves can trigger responses in microglial cells. We elicited Ca2+ waves in corpus callosum glial cells by electrical stimulation or local adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ejection in acute brain slices. Macroglial cells, but not microglia, were bulk-loaded with Ca2+-sensitive dyes. Using a transgenic animal in which astrocytes were labeled by the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) allowed us to identify the reacting cell populations: the wave activated a Ca2+ response in both astrocytes and non-astrocytic glial cells and spread over hundreds of micrometers even into the adjacent cortical and ventricular cell layers. Regenerative ATP release and subsequent activation of metabotropic purinergic receptors caused the propagation of the glial Ca2+ wave: the wave was blocked by the purinergic receptor antagonist Reactive Blue 2 and was not affected by the gap junction blocker octanol, but enhanced in Ca2+ free saline. To test whether microglial cells respond to the wave, microglial cells were labeled with a dye-coupled lectin and membrane currents were recorded with the patch-clamp technique. When the wave passed by, a current with the characteristics of a purinergic response was activated. Thus, Ca2+ waves in situ are not restricted to astrocytic cells, but broadly activate different glial cell types.}, @@ -96011,7 +96000,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D01CF6DE-1B03-4AB4-A7AB-B8A1BD51EC96}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schipke_FASEBJ2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schipke_FASEBJ2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0514fje}} @article{Schlessinger:1975, @@ -96133,7 +96122,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B4E3C892-1537-4FE4-AD2C-23FFB9B3B4BF}, Volume = {429}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schmidt-Hieber_Nature2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schmidt-Hieber_Nature2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02553}} @article{Schmitt:1998, @@ -96187,7 +96176,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5AE3D638-E32D-4321-A5C1-6F39C5F7E1A9}, Volume = {31}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schmitz_Neuron2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schmitz_Neuron2001.pdf}} @article{Schneider:2005, Abstract = {G-CSF is a potent hematopoietic factor that enhances survival and drives differentiation of myeloid lineage cells, resulting in the generation of neutrophilic granulocytes. Here, we show that G-CSF passes the intact blood-brain barrier and reduces infarct volume in 2 different rat models of acute stroke. G-CSF displays strong antiapoptotic activity in mature neurons and activates multiple cell survival pathways. Both G-CSF and its receptor are widely expressed by neurons in the CNS, and their expression is induced by ischemia, which suggests an autocrine protective signaling mechanism. Surprisingly, the G-CSF receptor was also expressed by adult neural stem cells, and G-CSF induced neuronal differentiation in vitro. G-CSF markedly improved long-term behavioral outcome after cortical ischemia, while stimulating neural progenitor response in vivo, providing a link to functional recovery. Thus, G-CSF is an endogenous ligand in the CNS that has a dual activity beneficial both in counteracting acute neuronal degeneration and contributing to long-term plasticity after cerebral ischemia. We therefore propose G-CSF as a potential new drug for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.}, @@ -96227,7 +96216,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DB5414D0-4E0E-422D-9258-551EC4E40A8D}, Volume = {440}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schneidman_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schneidman_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04701}} @article{Schnitzer:2003, @@ -96249,7 +96238,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3F77227F-5011-49CD-A615-4D1E5CFFC735}, Volume = {37}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schnitzer_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schnitzer_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Schoen:1992, Abstract = {The ecto-enzyme 5'-nucleotidase was localized immunocytochemically in the axotomized rat facial nucleus. As revealed by the monoclonal antibody 5N4-2,5'-nucleotidase immunoreactivity markedly increased on perineuronal microglia during the first week following axotomy, and gradually disappeared from these cells by the end of the third post-operative week. Interestingly, parenchymal microglia were not or only weakly stained. These findings indicate that 5'-nucleotidase 5N4-2-immunoreactivity may serve as a marker for perineuronal microglia, a population of satellite glial cells that appear to be actively engaged in lesion-induced synaptic changes during regeneration.}, @@ -96306,7 +96295,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8ECD9C94-1DC9-48A4-9754-A578CC504C25}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schoppa_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schoppa_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3503-06.2006}} @article{Schoppa:2001, @@ -96345,7 +96334,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D15C3349-5695-45E1-B7E9-C1DCF3F96AD8}, Volume = {395}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schottler_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schottler_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} @article{Schottler:2001, Abstract = {The tish rat is a neurological mutant exhibiting bilateral cortical heterotopia similar to those found in certain epileptic patients. Previous work has shown that thalamocortical fibers originating in the ventroposteromedial nucleus, which in normal animals segregate as 'barrel' representations for individual whiskers, terminate in both normotopic and heterotopic areas of the tish cortex (Schottler et al., 1998). Thalamocortical innervation terminates as barrels in layer IV and diffusely in layer VI of the normotopic area. Discrete patches of terminals are also observed in the underlying heterotopic area suggesting that representations of individual vibrissa may be present in the heterotopic somatosensory areas. The present study examines this issue by investigating the organization of the vibrissal somatosensory system in the tish cortex. Staining for cytochrome oxidase or Nissl substance reveals a normal complement of vibrissal barrels in the normotopic area of the tish cortex. Dense patches of cytochrome oxidase staining are also found in the underlying lateral portions of the heterotopic area (i.e. the same area that is innervated by the ventroposteromedial nucleus). Injections of retrograde tracers into vibrissal areas of either the normotopic or heterotopic area produce topographically organized labeling of neurons restricted to one or a small number of barreloids within the ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. Physical stimulation of a single whisker (D3 or E3) elicits enhanced uptake of [(14)C]2-deoxyglucose in restricted zones of both the normotopic and heterotopic areas, demonstrating that single whisker stimulation can increase functional activity in both normotopic and heterotopic neurons. These findings indicate that the barrels are intact in the normotopic area and are most consistent with the hypothesis that at least some of the individual vibrissae are 'dually' represented in normotopic and heterotopic positions in the primary somatosensory areas of the tish cortex.}, @@ -96366,7 +96355,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F13F6998-638B-4249-B147-D6F61ADF4802}, Volume = {108}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schottler_Neuroscience2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schottler_Neuroscience2001.pdf}} @article{Schratt:2004, Abstract = {Local regulation of mRNA translation plays an important role in axon guidance, synaptic development, and neuronal plasticity. Little is known, however, regarding the mechanisms that control translation in neurons, and only a few mRNAs have been identified that are locally translated within axon and dendrites. Using Affymetrix gene arrays to identify mRNAs that are newly associated with polysomes after exposure to BDNF, we identified subsets of mRNAs for which translation is enhanced in neurons at different developmental stages. In mature neurons, many of these mRNAs encode proteins that are known to function at synapses, including CamKIIalpha, NMDA receptor subunits, and the postsynaptic density (PSD) scaffolding protein Homer2. BDNF regulates the translation of Homer2 locally in the synaptodendritic compartment by activating translational initiation via a mammalian target of rapamycin-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. These findings suggest that BDNF likely regulates synaptic function by inducing the local synthesis of numerous synaptic proteins. The local translation of the cytoskeleton-associated protein Homer2 in particular might have important implications for growth cone dynamics and dendritic spine development.}, @@ -96408,7 +96397,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {412C3AB6-A1A6-462D-B694-5B993C25A6C4}, Volume = {439}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schratt_Nature2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schratt_Nature2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04367}} @article{Schroeter:2001, @@ -96560,7 +96549,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B2456-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schwab_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schwab_JNeurosci1998.pdf}} @article{Schwab:2000, Abstract = {The transcription factors neuronal helix-loop-helix protein (NEX)/mammalian atonal homolog 2 (Math-2), BETA2/neuronal determination factor (NeuroD), and NeuroD-related factor (NDRF)/NeuroD2 comprise a family of Drosophila atonal-related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins with highly overlapping expression in the developing forebrain. The ability of BETA2/NeuroD and NDRF to convert ectodermal cells into neurons after mRNA injection into Xenopus oocytes suggested a role in specifying neuronal cell fate. However, neuronal bHLH genes are largely transcribed in CNS neurons, which are fully committed. Here we analyze a defect in mice lacking BETA2/NeuroD, and in NEX*BETA2/NeuroD double mutants, demonstrating that bHLH proteins are required in vivo for terminal neuronal differentiation. Most strikingly, presumptive granule cells of the dentate gyrus are generated but fail to mature, lack normal sodium currents, and show little dendritic arborization. Long-term hippocampal slice cultures demonstrate secondary alterations of entorhinal and commissural/associational projections. The primary developmental arrest appears to be restricted to granule cells in which an autoregulatory system involving all three neuronal bHLH genes has failed.}, @@ -96582,7 +96571,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {08B5407B-716F-11DA-A383-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schwab_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Schwab_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Schwartz:2005, Abstract = {The failure of the spinal cord to recover after injury has been associated with the immune privilege mechanism that suppresses immune activity throughout the central nervous system. Primed macrophages and dendritic cells were shown to promote neurological recovery in preclinical models of spinal cord injury. A cell therapy consisting of autologous incubated macrophages is now being tested on spinal cord injury patients in clinical trials.}, @@ -96696,7 +96685,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A6B40EFE-0132-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schwartzkroin_MentRetardDevDisabilResRev2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schwartzkroin_MentRetardDevDisabilResRev2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:4%3C268::AID-MRDD6%3E3.0.CO;2-B}} @article{Schwartzkroin:1998, @@ -96715,7 +96704,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1790FD54-8500-40AD-905D-5E857F68376D}, Volume = {4}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schwartzkroin_NatMed1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Schwartzkroin_NatMed1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2608}} @article{Schwarz:2000, @@ -96791,7 +96780,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {364E6366-D4EA-4ECE-B27B-8C89546CB5E4}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Schwob_ChemSenses2001}} + File = {papers/Schwob_ChemSenses2001}} @article{Sciamanna:2005, Abstract = {Undifferentiated cells and embryos express high levels of endogenous non-telomerase reverse transcriptase (RT) of retroposon/retroviral origin. We previously found that RT inhibitors modulate cell growth and differentiation in several cell lines. We have now sought to establish whether high levels of RT activity are directly linked to cell transformation. To address this possibility, we have employed two different approaches to inhibit RT activity in melanoma and prostate carcinoma cell lines: pharmacological inhibition by two characterized RT inhibitors, nevirapine and efavirenz, and downregulation of expression of RT-encoding LINE-1 elements by RNA interference (RNAi). Both treatments reduced proliferation, induced morphological differentiation and reprogrammed gene expression. These features are reversible upon discontinuation of the anti-RT treatment, suggesting that RT contributes to an epigenetic level of control. Most importantly, inhibition of RT activity in vivo antagonized tumor growth in animal experiments. Moreover, pretreatment with RT inhibitors attenuated the tumorigenic phenotype of prostate carcinoma cells inoculated in nude mice. Based on these data, the endogenous RT can be regarded as an epigenetic regulator of cell differentiation and proliferation and may represent a novel target in cancer therapy.}, @@ -96812,7 +96801,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2463D447-EE54-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sciamanna_Oncogene2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sciamanna_Oncogene2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1208562}} @article{Seaberg:2002, @@ -96830,7 +96819,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8AFEE2-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seaberg_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Seaberg_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Seamon:2002, Abstract = {The effects of inserting reported nuclear localization signals (NLSs) into the Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) integrase (IN) protein, within a replication-competent viral construct, were studied. In contrast to the virus harboring IN fused to the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen NLS (SV40 NLS) (J. A. Seamon, M. Adams, S. Sengupta, and M. J. Roth, Virology 274:412-419, 2000), a codon-modified SV40 NLS was stably expressed during viral propagation. Incorporation of the codon-modified SV40 NLS into IN, however, altered the packaging of the Gag-Pol precursor in the virus; viral particles contained decreased levels of reverse transcriptase (RT) and IN. In addition, the virus showed delayed kinetics of viral DNA synthesis upon infection. A panel of infectious MuLVs containing alternative IN-NLS fusions was generated and assayed for cell cycle-independent infection. Viral infection with the NLS-tagged proteins, however, remained dependent on passage of the cells through mitosis. This finding has direct implications for engineering murine-based retroviral vectors for gene therapy.}, @@ -96851,7 +96840,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A1B3B732-6459-409E-BB37-94D722225305}, Volume = {76}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seamon_JVirol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Seamon_JVirol2002.pdf}} @article{Sears:2003, Abstract = {Cell death plays an essential role in development, and the removal of cell corpses presents an important challenge for the developing organism. Macrophages are largely responsible for the clearance of cell corpses in Drosophila melanogaster and mammalian systems. We have examined the developmental requirement for macrophages in Drosophila and find that macrophage function is essential for central nervous system (CNS) morphogenesis. We generate and analyze mutations in the Pvr locus, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase of the PDGF/VEGF family that is required for hemocyte migration. We find that loss of Pvr function causes the mispositioning of glia within the CNS and the disruption of the CNS axon scaffold. We further find that inhibition of hemocyte development or of Croquemort, a receptor required for macrophage-mediated corpse engulfment, causes similar CNS defects. These data indicate that macrophage-mediated clearance of cell corpses is required for proper morphogenesis of the Drosophila CNS.}, @@ -96894,7 +96883,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CCFA97D8-8D1F-4DF7-A923-ABDE1CAABE0F}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seeburg_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Seeburg_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.021}} @article{Segraves:1985, @@ -96934,7 +96923,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {43F3DEBD-4423-11DB-A5D2-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {32}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seidenfaden_MolCellNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Seidenfaden_MolCellNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2006.04.003}} @article{Seipp:1997, @@ -96965,7 +96954,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3DCF5ED6-EC97-41F8-A64A-58394DE48BCA}, Volume = {470}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sekerkova_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sekerkova_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}} @article{Seki:1996, Abstract = {We observed the enhancing effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on infection of human T cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Similar enhancing effects were also found in related polar chemicals such as dimethylformamide, hexamethylenebisacetamide, sodium butyrate and retinoic acid. In acute infection of the human MT-4 T cell line, DMSO at a concentration of 1\%reduced the amounts of HIV-1 required to establish similar infection by one log. Furthermore, infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes with HIV-1 was also augmented several times by DMSO. HIV-1 production from persistently infected human T cell lines, but not monocytic cell lines, was enhanced by DMSO and related polar chemicals. DMSO enhanced transcription of HIV-1 RNA in persistently infected T cell lines, and the enhancing effect of DMSO on HIV-1 production was inhibited by staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor. These findings suggested that DMSO enhanced HIV-1 infection of T cells mainly at the step of transcription of viral RNA. 0006-291x Journal Article}, @@ -96981,7 +96970,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {89CBE17D-6B28-49DA-A8BF-31D5745D0786}, Volume = {227}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seki_BiochemBiophysResCommun1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Seki_BiochemBiophysResCommun1996.pdf}} @article{Seki:1993, Abstract = {The expression of a highly polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM-H) appeared in motor neurons, presumptive commissural neurons and floor plate at embryonic day 12, and then spread throughout the spinal cord during late embryonic and early postnatal stages. In the adult stage, the expression almost disappeared, but remained in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, the lateral spinal nucleus and the area around the central canal. These results suggest that the NCAM- H expression of the spinal cord is involved in the developmental events and possibly in the processing system of somatic and/or visceral information during the adult stage.}, @@ -97018,7 +97007,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EC36A228-5E74-4E18-9AB5-2E6D221419DB}, Volume = {410}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seki_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Seki_JCompNeurol1999.pdf}} @article{Seki:2007, Abstract = {Adult neurogenesis occurs in the subgranular zone and innermost part of the dentate granule cell layer. To examine how neural precursor cells proliferate, migrate, and extend their neurites, we performed BrdU- and improved retrovirus-green fluorescence protein (GFP)-labeling analyses. Soon after labeling the majority of BrdU+ cells and GFP+ cells expressed Ki67, a cell cycle marker, and formed clusters together with PSA+ neuroblasts. Most of the Ki67+ proliferating cells expressed Hu, an immature and mature neuronal marker, and the subpopulation expressed both Hu+ and GFAP+. In the clusters, Ki67+ and PSA+ cells strongly expressed beta-catenin and N-cadherin, but PSA+ cells outside the clusters did not. Therefore, it was mainly Hu+ neuronal precursor cells that proliferated within clusters in which the cluster cells are closely associated via cell adhesion molecules, such as N-cadherin/beta-cateninIn and PSA. The newly generated cells appeared to stay in the clusters for a few days and then disperse around the clusters. The findings of this in vivo analysis and in vitro time-lapse imaging of early postnatal hippocampal slices support the notion that most postmitotic neuroblasts migrate tangentially from clusters, extending tangentially oriented processes, one of which often retains close contact with the clusters, and finally extend radial processes, or prospective apical dendrites. These results suggest that the clustering cells and tangentially migrating cells have a systematic cellular arrangement and intercellular interaction. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:275-290, 2007. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, @@ -97075,7 +97064,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9EDC6004-EDE9-4D66-9A05-00F33E53CCE0}, Volume = {70}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seki_JNeurosciRes2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Seki_JNeurosciRes2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.10387}} @article{Seki:1993b, @@ -97113,7 +97102,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3CCBDDCF-AF95-4094-98E5-5AF9926A30E0}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Selkirk_GeneTher2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Selkirk_GeneTher2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj/gt/3301643}} @article{Semkova:1999, @@ -97230,7 +97219,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4380B721-7FED-11DA-9A2D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {478}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seri_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Seri_JCompNeurol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.20288}} @article{Seri:2001, @@ -97247,7 +97236,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F21C94AB-6875-11DA-A4B6-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Seri_JNeurosci2001}} + File = {papers/Seri_JNeurosci2001}} @article{Serizawa:2006, Abstract = {In the mouse, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing the same odorant receptor (OR) converge their axons to a specific set of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. To study how OR-instructed axonal fasciculation is controlled, we searched for genes whose expression profiles are correlated with the expressed ORs. Using the transgenic mouse in which the majority of OSNs express a particular OR, we identified such genes coding for the homophilic adhesive molecules Kirrel2/Kirrel3 and repulsive molecules ephrin-A5/EphA5. In the CNGA2 knockout mouse, where the odor-evoked cation influx is disrupted, Kirrel2 and EphA5 were downregulated, while Kirrel3 and ephrin-A5 were upregulated, indicating that these genes are transcribed in an activity-dependent manner. Mosaic analysis demonstrated that gain of function of these genes generates duplicated glomeruli. We propose that a specific set of adhesive/repulsive molecules, whose expression levels are determined by OR molecules, regulate the axonal fasciculation of OSNs during the process of glomerular map formation.}, @@ -97289,7 +97278,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {315846E2-B43B-49E5-9185-55B9E76F9841}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shah_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shah_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4276-07.2008}} @article{Shah:2004, @@ -97311,7 +97300,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {07079249-2CB8-432E-969A-7D5DE3B723E1}, Volume = {44}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shah_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shah_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.011}} @article{Shalizi:2006, @@ -97375,7 +97364,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA15396-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {191}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shankle_JTheorBiol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shankle_JTheorBiol1998.pdf}} @article{Shapiro:2007, Abstract = {The Drosophila Dscams are immunoglobulin superfamily members produced from a single gene that is diversified by alternative splicing to produce a family of cell-surface proteins with over 19,000 different ectodomain isoforms. Dscams are critical for neuronal wiring, and mounting evidence suggests that they play a key role in self-avoidance between sister branches from neurons, which depends on homophilic self-recognition by Dscams. Two recent papers shed new light on Dscam recognition: first by showing that the vast majority of Dscam isoforms mediate specific homophilic binding and second by revealing the essence of the molecular basis of homophilic recognition by Dscams through high-resolution structural studies.}, @@ -97396,7 +97385,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9999FD48-A670-4B31-B1CB-055BA7314305}, Volume = {56}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shapiro_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shapiro_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.024}} @article{Shariful-Islam:1998, @@ -97453,7 +97442,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {87A8625A-93EB-463F-9979-32B1554A9B00}, Volume = {404}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sharma_Nature2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sharma_Nature2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35009043}} @article{Sharp:1986, @@ -97644,7 +97633,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9D439A13-55CE-4681-989D-845052DC54B3}, Volume = {36}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shen_JNeurobiol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shen_JNeurobiol1998.pdf}} @article{Shen:2006, Abstract = {In the developing cerebral cortex, neurons are born on a predictable schedule. Here we show in mice that the essential timing mechanism is programmed within individual progenitor cells, and its expression depends solely on cell-intrinsic and environmental factors generated within the clonal lineage. Multipotent progenitor cells undergo repeated asymmetric divisions, sequentially generating neurons in their normal in vivo order: first preplate cells, including Cajal-Retzius neurons, then deep and finally superficial cortical plate neurons. As each cortical layer arises, stem cells and neuroblasts become restricted from generating earlier-born neuron types. Growth as neurospheres or in co-culture with younger cells did not restore their plasticity. Using short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) to reduce Foxg1 expression reset the timing of mid- but not late-gestation progenitors, allowing them to remake preplate neurons and then cortical-plate neurons. Our data demonstrate that neural stem cells change neuropotency during development and have a window of plasticity when restrictions can be reversed.}, @@ -97665,7 +97654,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A73408F1-7BDC-4A94-A5D6-BAB27BABAE09}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shen_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shen_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1694}} @article{Shen:1984, @@ -97706,7 +97695,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3B051C69-009A-4A6F-8430-9366D36D453E}, Volume = {304}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shen_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shen_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1095505}} @article{Sheng:2003, @@ -97728,7 +97717,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E7990DA2-47DF-4424-8B23-40E6B02A5A0D}, Volume = {40}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sheng_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sheng_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Shepherd:2005, Abstract = {Can neuronal morphology predict functional synaptic circuits? In the rat barrel cortex, 'barrels' and 'septa' delineate an orderly matrix of cortical columns. Using quantitative laser scanning photostimulation we measured the strength of excitatory projections from layer 4 (L4) and L5A to L2/3 pyramidal cells in barrel- and septum-related columns. From morphological reconstructions of excitatory neurons we computed the geometric circuit predicted by axodendritic overlap. Within most individual projections, functional inputs were predicted by geometry and a single scale factor, the synaptic strength per potential synapse. This factor, however, varied between projections and, in one case, even within a projection, up to 20-fold. Relationships between geometric overlap and synaptic strength thus depend on the laminar and columnar locations of both the pre- and postsynaptic neurons, even for neurons of the same type. A large plasticity potential appears to be incorporated into these circuits, allowing for functional 'tuning' with fixed axonal and dendritic arbor geometry.}, @@ -97749,7 +97738,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0C6F372D-EFED-45CD-B70A-5DAF67BF7C14}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shepherd_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shepherd_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1447}} @article{Sherwood:2006, @@ -97829,7 +97818,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8914F6A6-8EBD-4ACA-B4BB-7C54DE0E8A37}, Volume = {72}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shieh_JVirol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shieh_JVirol1998.pdf}} @article{Shieh:2000, Abstract = {Microglia are the main reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the central nervous system (CNS), and multinucleated giant cells, the result of fusion of HIV-1-infected microglia and brain macrophages, are the neuropathologic hallmark of HIV dementia. One potential explanation for the formation of syncytia is viral adaptation for these CD4(+) CNS cells. HIV-1(BORI-15), a virus adapted to growth in microglia by sequential passage in vitro, mediates high levels of fusion and replicates more efficiently in microglia and monocyte-derived-macrophages than its unpassaged parent (J. M. Strizki, A. V. Albright, H. Sheng, M. O'Connor, L. Perrin, and F. Gonzalez-Scarano, J. Virol. 70:7654-7662, 1996). Since the interaction between the viral envelope glycoprotein and CD4 and the chemokine receptor mediates fusion and plays a key role in tropism, we have analyzed the HIV-1(BORI-15) env as a fusogen and in recombinant and pseudotyped viruses. Its syncytium-forming phenotype is not the result of a switch in coreceptor use but rather of the HIV-1(BORI-15) envelope-mediated fusion of CD4(+)CCR5(+) cells with greater efficiency than that of its parental strain, either by itself or in the context of a recombinant virus. Genetic analysis indicated that the syncytium-forming phenotype was due to four discrete amino acid differences in V1/V2, with a single-amino-acid change between the parent and the adapted virus (E153G) responsible for the majority of the effect. Additionally, HIV-1(BORI-15) env-pseudotyped viruses were less sensitive to decreases in the levels of CD4 on transfected 293T cells, leading to the hypothesis that the differences in V1/V2 alter the interaction between this envelope and CD4 or CCR5, or both. In sum, the characterization of the envelope of HIV-1(BORI-15), a highly fusogenic glycoprotein with genetic determinants in V1/V2, may lead to a better understanding of the relationship between HIV replication and syncytium formation in the CNS and of the importance of this region of gp120 in the interaction with CD4 and CCR5.}, @@ -97850,7 +97839,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {12B98C7C-433A-11DB-A5D2-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {74}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shieh_JVirol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shieh_JVirol2000.pdf}} @article{Shigematsu:1992, Abstract = {Kainic acid lesions of rat striatum caused an elevation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunoreactivity in neurons and neurites, some of which were then phagocytosed by reactive microglia/macrophages. Immunoexpression of APP was observed in neurites and neurons 1 day after the kainic injection. Four days after lesioning, immunoreactivity was still concentrated in thick and distorted neurites, but it began to appear in microglia/macrophages and in the tissue matrix. The cells were identified as microglia/macrophages by the phenotypic markers Ia (OX6), leukocyte common antigen (OX1), C3bi receptor (OX42), and macrophage marker (ED1). They were negative for the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). APP immunoreactivity in these phagocytic cells was most prominent between 1 week and 1 month postlesioning. No extracellular amyloid fibrils were detectable. These results suggest that APP production is rapidly upregulated in damaged neurons and accumulates in degenerating axons. However, phagocytosis of APP by reactive microglia/macrophages in this rat model does not result in production of Alzheimer type amyloid deposits.}, @@ -98067,7 +98056,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F096B588-6F39-48AC-A5AF-E4FE8C37E5A3}, Volume = {299}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shingo_Science2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shingo_Science2003.pdf}} @article{Shlens:2006, Abstract = {Current understanding of many neural circuits is limited by our ability to explore the vast number of potential interactions between different cells. We present a new approach that dramatically reduces the complexity of this problem. Large-scale multi-electrode recordings were used to measure electrical activity in nearly complete, regularly spaced mosaics of several hundred ON and OFF parasol retinal ganglion cells in macaque monkey retina. Parasol cells exhibited substantial pairwise correlations, as has been observed in other species, indicating functional connectivity. However, pairwise measurements alone are insufficient to determine the prevalence of multi-neuron firing patterns, which would be predicted from widely diverging common inputs and have been hypothesized to convey distinct visual messages to the brain. The number of possible multi-neuron firing patterns is far too large to study exhaustively, but this problem may be circumvented if two simple rules of connectivity can be established: (1) multi-cell firing patterns arise from multiple pairwise interactions, and (2) interactions are limited to adjacent cells in the mosaic. Using maximum entropy methods from statistical mechanics, we show that pairwise and adjacent interactions accurately accounted for the structure and prevalence of multi-neuron firing patterns, explaining approximately 98\%of the departures from statistical independence in parasol cells and approximately 99\%of the departures that were reproducible in repeated measurements. This approach provides a way to define limits on the complexity of network interactions and thus may be relevant for probing the function of many neural circuits.}, @@ -98088,7 +98077,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {09F69EA2-FC4C-47FE-AAD2-C01AA38B5414}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shlens_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shlens_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1282-06.2006}} @article{Shojaei:2005, @@ -98126,7 +98115,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A4A47235-CDEF-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {410}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shors_Nature2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Shors_Nature2001.pdf}} @article{Shrikant:1996, Abstract = {It is well established that the two major glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes and microglia, are key participants in mediating the neurologic dysfunction associated with HIV infection of the CNS. In this study, we investigated the ability of the major envelope glycoprotein of HIV, glycoprotein 120 (gp120), to regulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in glial cells, because ICAM-1 is important in mediating immune responsiveness in the CNS, facilitating entry of HIV-infected cells into the CNS, and promoting syncytia formation. Our results indicate that gp120 enhances ICAM-1 gene expression in primary rat astrocytes, primary human astrocytes, a human astroglioma cell line CRT, and primary rat microglia. The signal transduction events involved in gp120-mediated enhancement of ICAM-1 appear to involve activation of both protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase, because inhibitors of protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase abrogate gp120-mediated ICAM-1 expression in both astrocytes and microglia. Moreover, gp120 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT-1 alpha) as well as the Janus kinase (JAK2) in glial cells. We also demonstrate that gp120-mediated ICAM-1 expression has functional significance, as it enhances the ability of monocytic cells to bind to gp120-stimulated human astrocytes in an ICAM-1/beta 2 integrin-dependent fashion. These results provide new insights into how gp120 can influence the involvement of glial cells in the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia complex.}, @@ -98162,7 +98151,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {67A29101-32C6-46C7-9D3A-4B3A093CAA5B}, Volume = {132}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shu_BrainResDevBrainRes2001}} + File = {papers/Shu_BrainResDevBrainRes2001}} @article{Shu:2006, Abstract = {The mechanisms controlling neurogenesis during brain development remain relatively unknown. Through a differential protein screen with developmental versus mature neural tissues, we identified a group of developmentally enriched microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) including doublecortin-like kinase (DCLK), a protein that shares high homology with doublecortin (DCX). DCLK, but not DCX, is highly expressed in regions of active neurogenesis in the neocortex and cerebellum. Through a dynein-dependent mechanism, DCLK regulates the formation of bipolar mitotic spindles and the proper transition from prometaphase to metaphase during mitosis. In cultured cortical neural progenitors, DCLK RNAi Lentivirus disrupts the structure of mitotic spindles and the progression of M phase, causing an increase of cell-cycle exit index and an ectopic commitment to a neuronal fate. Furthermore, both DCLK gain and loss of function in vivo specifically promote a neuronal identity in neural progenitors. These data provide evidence that DCLK controls mitotic division by regulating spindle formation and also determines the fate of neural progenitors during cortical neurogenesis.}, @@ -98183,7 +98172,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD94642C-A1E0-42DA-B940-559D38F46450}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shu_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shu_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.039}} @article{Shuaib:1994, @@ -98259,7 +98248,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8CC6AF22-62B9-456E-874F-1D16B483682B}, Volume = {117}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Shykind_Cell2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Shykind_Cell2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.05.015}} @article{Si:2003, @@ -98315,7 +98304,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4DDF3FDD-1CC9-4D3A-9141-DCFFB649C288}, Volume = {39}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Si_Glia2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Si_Glia2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.10095}} @article{Siapas:2005, @@ -98337,7 +98326,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {83061507-AFF7-4187-8369-3A2036F82F48}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Siapas_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Siapas_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.028}} @article{Sieburth:2005, @@ -98359,7 +98348,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B9FEB382-FB29-4ACB-9B53-D0B469B377C7}, Volume = {436}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sieburth_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sieburth_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03809}} @article{Sieczkarski:2003, @@ -98478,7 +98467,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E56D4E7E-DAB9-4F5A-8C9D-4DE85714DC6D}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Silberberg_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Silberberg_TrendsNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.08.004}} @article{Silva:2002, @@ -98495,7 +98484,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1BA9346B-06BD-4A6F-9BBC-D35814A77BD2}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Silva_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Silva_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Silva:1991, Abstract = {Rhythmic activity in the neocortex varies with different behavioral and pathological states and in some cases may encode sensory information. However, the neural mechanisms of these oscillations are largely unknown. Many pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the neocortex showed prolonged, 5- to 12-hertz rhythmic firing patterns at threshold. Rhythmic firing was due to intrinsic membrane properties, sodium conductances were essential for rhythmicity, and calcium-dependent conductances strongly modified rhythmicity. Isolated slices of neocortex generated epochs of 4- to 10-hertz synchronized activity when N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated channels were facilitated. Layer 5 was both necessary and sufficient to produce these synchronized oscillations. Thus, synaptic networks of intrinsically rhythmic neurons in layer 5 may generate or promote certain synchronized oscillations of the neocortex.}, @@ -98536,7 +98525,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4A0611B0-629C-4C4E-A8FC-A7B3D560E2AF}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Silver_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Silver_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3575-07.2007}} @article{Silver:2004, @@ -98553,7 +98542,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C45FF0A6-E32E-43C6-879F-1F4074B3F210}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Silver_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Silver_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Sim:2006, Abstract = {Central neurocytoma (CN) is a rare periventricular tumor, whose derivation, lineage potential, and molecular regulation have been mostly unexplored. We noted that CN cells exhibited an antigenic profile typical of neuronal progenitor cells in vivo, yet in vitro generated neurospheres, divided in response to bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), activated the neuroepithelial enhancer of the nestin gene, and gave rise to both neuron-like cells and astrocytes. When CN gene expression was compared with that of both normal adult VZ (ventricular zone) and E/nestin:GFP (green fluorescent protein)-sorted native neuronal progenitors, significant overlap was noted. Marker analysis suggested that the gene expression pattern of CN was that of a proneuronal population; glial markers were conspicuously absent, suggesting that the emergence of astroglia from CN occurred only with passage. The expression pattern of CN was distinguished from that of native progenitor cells by a cohort of differentially expressed genes potentially involved in both the oncogenesis and phenotypic restriction of neurocytoma. These included both IGF2 and several components of its signaling pathway, whose sharp overexpression implicated dysregulated autocrine IGF2 signaling in CN oncogenesis. Both receptors and effectors of canonical wnt signaling, as well as GDF8 (growth differentiation factor 8), PDGF-D, and neuregulin, were differentially overexpressed by CN, suggesting that CN is characterized by the concurrent overactivation of these pathways, which may serve to drive neurocytoma expansion while restricting tumor progenitor phenotype. This strategy of comparing the gene expression of tumor cells to that of the purified native progenitors from which they derive may provide a focused approach to identifying transcripts important to stem and progenitor cell oncogenesis.}, @@ -98595,7 +98584,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8481DE10-D3B7-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {18}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Simard_FASEBJ2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Simard_FASEBJ2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-1517fje}} @article{Simard:2006, @@ -98617,7 +98606,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E2375546-D015-4E0A-A2ED-F431F11D6B00}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Simard_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Simard_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.022}} @article{Simpson:2000, @@ -98702,7 +98691,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F293B6FC-FAFF-4823-B0EF-F8D81450C953}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Singh_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Singh_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2114}} @article{Singh:1996, @@ -98720,7 +98709,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6103ABFA-20B2-4ADB-B4CF-60DA80F3D161}, Volume = {24}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Singh_NucleicAcidsRes1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Singh_NucleicAcidsRes1996.pdf}} @article{Siolas:2005, Abstract = {Designing potent silencing triggers is key to the successful application of RNA interference (RNAi) in mammals. Recent studies suggest that the assembly of RNAi effector complexes is coupled to Dicer cleavage. Here we examine whether transfection of optimized Dicer substrates results in an improved RNAi response. Dicer cleavage of chemically synthesized short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) with 29-base-pair stems and 2-nucleotide 3' overhangs produced predictable homogeneous small RNAs comprising the 22 bases at the 3' end of the stem. Consequently, direct comparisons of synthetic small interfering RNAs and shRNAs that yield the same small RNA became possible. We found synthetic 29-mer shRNAs to be more potent inducers of RNAi than small interfering RNAs. Maximal inhibition of target genes was achieved at lower concentrations and silencing at 24 h was often greater. These studies provide the basis for an improved approach to triggering experimental silencing via the RNAi pathway.}, @@ -98760,7 +98749,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {81F9AFB3-C704-4FB5-9697-968D619E09D8}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sioud_NatBiotechnol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sioud_NatBiotechnol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0506-521}} @article{Sisodiya:2000, @@ -98780,7 +98769,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {214BD6AC-05E6-46D2-962C-FED5F1D99D4C}, Volume = {123 ( Pt 6)}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sisodiya_Brain2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sisodiya_Brain2000.pdf}} @article{Sisodiya:2004, Author = {Sisodiya, S. M.}, @@ -98800,7 +98789,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A5926A12-F6A7-4E9E-A7C4-82A42B0B273C}, Volume = {127}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sisodiya_Brain2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sisodiya_Brain2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh312}} @article{Sivasankaran:2004, @@ -98817,7 +98806,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {67533739-7F6A-4536-A114-79F3D1C4B090}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sivasankaran_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sivasankaran_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Sjostrom:2002, Abstract = {Plasticity at central synapses depends critically on the timing of presynaptic and postsynaptic action potentials. Key initial steps in synaptic plasticity involve the back-propagation of action potentials into the dendritic tree and calcium influx that depends nonlinearly on the action potential and synaptic input. These initial steps are now better understood. In addition, recent studies of processes as diverse as gene expression and channel inactivation suggest that responses to calcium transients depend not only their amplitude, but on their time course and on the location of their origin. 0959-4388 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -98834,7 +98823,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6C69ADFC-C357-4A35-AF09-A2B96E1FB902}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sjostrom_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sjostrom_CurrOpinNeurobiol2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12049938}} @article{Sjostrom:2003, @@ -98856,7 +98845,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {686B5E49-3490-439B-AC02-8EDD4D87AEC0}, Volume = {39}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sjöström_Neuron2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sjöström_Neuron2003.pdf}} @article{Skeen:1986, Abstract = {Quantitative morphometric methods were used in mice to study the effect postnatal olfactory deprivation has on tufted cell size and number. The two layers containing tufted cells, the external plexiform and glomerular layers, are considerably smaller in the deprived olfactory bulbs than in the contralateral, experienced olfactory bulbs. While most of this volumetric deficit may be due to an attenuation of synaptogenesis and dendritic elaboration, an additional factor contributing to the reduced volume of these bulbar layers is a substantial loss of tufted cells. Since tufted cells are generated prenatally, their reduced number in the postnatally deprived olfactory bulb is probably a consequence of retarded migration or cell death. eng Journal Article}, @@ -98891,7 +98880,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1168F850-1F71-4671-AE9F-E6B32973047B}, Volume = {159}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Skinner_AmJPathol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Skinner_AmJPathol2001.pdf}} @article{Skupski:1999, Abstract = {During 1998 the primary focus of the Genome Sequence DataBase (GSDB; http://www.ncgr.org/gsdb ) located at the National Center for Genome Resources (NCGR) has been to improve data quality, improve data collections, and provide new methods and tools to access and analyze data. Data quality has been improved by extensive curation of certain data fields necessary for maintaining data collections and for using certain tools. Data quality has also been increased by improvements to the suite of programs that import data from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (IC). The Sequence Tag Alignment and Consensus Knowledgebase (STACK), a database of human expressed gene sequences developed by the South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), became available within the last year, allowing public access to this valuable resource of expressed sequences. Data access was improved by the addition of the Sequence Viewer, a platform-independent graphical viewer for GSDB sequence data. This tool has also been integrated with other searching and data retrieval tools. A BLAST homology search service was also made available, allowing researchers to search all of the data, including the unique data, that are available from GSDB. These improvements are designed to make GSDB more accessible to users, extend the rich searching capability already present in GSDB, and to facilitate the transition to an integrated system containing many different types of biological data.}, @@ -98991,7 +98980,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {08FA7E30-7A8E-4C00-A614-A1C8A93ACBE4}, Volume = {18}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smetters_Methods1999.pdf}, + File = {papers/Smetters_Methods1999.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/meth.1999.0774}} @article{Smith:1998, @@ -99030,7 +99019,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {51428AA5-1DD1-442E-A086-CDFEF8737718}, Volume = {21}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smith_DevNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Smith_DevNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Smith:2006, Abstract = {Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian hippocampus resulting in long-term persistence of new neurons with features of capacity for functional activation is recognized. Many stimuli are capable of increasing the rate of neurogenesis, including seizure activity. Whether these insults result in an increased number of new functionally active neurons over and above the baseline rate of neurogenesis is not known. The rapid electrical amygdala kindling (REAK) model of seizures isolates the effects of seizures alone in the absence of neuronal death and the resulting seizures induce expression of c-Fos in the vast majority of dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to REAK then injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) to label dividing cells, then re-exposed to REAK after a delay period to allow detection of functional activation in new neurons by measurement c-Fos expression in response to seizures. Adult subgranular zone cells migrated into the DG granule cell layer (GCL), assumed a neuronal phenotype and demonstrated seizure-dependent responsiveness. Larger absolute numbers of new neurons demonstrating seizure-dependent activation were found in the GCL of previously kindled mice. Seizures are capable of increasing the number of new neurons with the capacity for functional activation laid down in the postseizure period and incorporated into seizure-activated circuitry.}, @@ -99072,7 +99061,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {72385549-B2F0-46AF-BD01-E7F721698DB8}, Volume = {436}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Smith_JCompNeurol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Smith_JCompNeurol2001.pdf}} @article{Smith:2004, Abstract = {Viruses replicate within living cells and use the cellular machinery for the synthesis of their genome and other components. To gain access, they have evolved a variety of elegant mechanisms to deliver their genes and accessory proteins into the host cell. Many animal viruses take advantage of endocytic pathways and rely on the cell to guide them through a complex entry and uncoating program. In the dialogue between the cell and the intruder, the cell provides critical cues that allow the virus to undergo molecular transformations that lead to successful internalization, intra-cellular transport, and uncoating.}, @@ -99129,7 +99118,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D34149FB-6706-4CA2-9996-C7F917637C19}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Snyder_NatMed2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Snyder_NatMed2002.pdf}} @article{Snyder:1997, Abstract = {Neurons undergoing targeted photolytic cell death degenerate by apoptosis. Clonal, multipotent neural precursor cells were transplanted into regions of adult mouse neocortex undergoing selective degeneration of layer II/III pyramidal neurons via targeted photolysis. These precursors integrated into the regions of selective neuronal death; 15 +/- 7\%differentiated into neurons with many characteristics of the degenerated pyramidal neurons. They extended axons and dendrites and established afferent synaptic contacts. In intact and kainic acid- lesioned control adult neocortex, transplanted precursors differentiated exclusively into glia. These results suggest that the microenvironmental alterations produced by this synchronous apoptotic neuronal degeneration in adult neocortex induced multipotent neural precursors to undergo neuronal differentiation which ordinarily occurs only during embryonic corticogenesis. Studying the effects of this defined microenvironmental perturbation on the differentiation of clonal neural precursors may facilitate identification of factors involved in commitment and differentiation during normal development. Because photolytic degeneration simulates some mechanisms underlying apoptotic neurodegenerative diseases, these results also suggest the possibility of neural precursor transplantation as a potential cell replacement or molecular support therapy for some diseases of neocortex, even in the adult.}, @@ -99183,7 +99172,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {78F38296-99FB-41DA-86CF-C80E953C3141}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sohya_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sohya_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4641-06.2007}} @article{Solecki:2006, @@ -99265,7 +99254,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E801AAF9-20FB-4D1D-8C36-3DB8F7AF1C3E}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Soltani_NeuralNetw2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Soltani_NeuralNetw2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2006.05.044}} @article{Sommer:2002, @@ -99283,7 +99272,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E22C73E3-6FAB-4251-B4AC-D3F679404C7F}, Volume = {66}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sommer_ProgNeurobiol2002}} + File = {papers/Sommer_ProgNeurobiol2002}} @article{Song:2004a, Abstract = {Allogeneic stem cell-based transplants may be limited by allograft rejection, as is seen with conventional organ transplantation. One way to avert such a response is to use autologous stem cells, but that may carry the risk of recurrence of the original disease, particularly in the context of a genetic defect. We investigated the potential for gene modification of autologous stem cells to avoid both problems, using recombinant adenoassociated virus vector expressing human alpha1-antitrypsin in murine liver progenitor cells. We showed that recombinant adenoassociated virus 1 was the most efficient vector for liver progenitor cell transduction among five different serotypes of recombinant adenoassociated virus vectors. Ex vivo infected green fluorescent protein-positive liver progenitor cells from C57BL/6 mice with recombinant adenoassociated virus 1-vector-expressing human alpha1 antitrypsin were transplanted into the liver of monocrotaline-treated and partial-hepatectomized C57BL/6 recipients. Using green fluorescent protein as a donor marker, we were able to determine that at 18 weeks after transplantation, approximately 40\%to 50\%of the regenerated liver was green fluorescent protein positive. In addition, transgene expression (serum human alpha1-antitrypsin) was sustained for the length of the study (18 weeks after transplantation). Immunostaining revealed approximately 5\%to 10\%of repopulating liver cells expressing human alpha1-antitrypsin. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the feasibility of long-term engraftment and stability of transgene expression from genetically modified liver progenitor cells with a recombinant adenoassociated virus vector and implies a novel approach to gene therapy for treatment of liver diseases, such as alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.}, @@ -99319,7 +99308,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EBAF0E0A-5A02-4BE2-B816-785AEE3D7070}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Song_NatNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Song_NatNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Song:2004, Abstract = {The generation of distinct cell types during development depends on the competence of progenitor populations to differentiate along specific lineages. Here we investigate the mechanisms that regulate competence of rodent cortical progenitors to differentiate into astrocytes in response to ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). We found that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), which by itself does not induce astrocyte-specific gene expression, regulates the ability of CNTF to induce expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). FGF2 facilitates access of the STAT/CBP (signal transducer and activator of transcription/CRE binding protein) complex to the GFAP promoter by inducing Lys4 methylation and suppressing Lys9 methylation of histone H3 at the STAT binding site. Histone methylation at this site is specific to the cell's state of differentiation. In progenitors, the promoter is bound by Lys9-methylated histones, and in astrocytes, it is bound by Lys4-methylated histones, indicating that astrocyte differentiation in vivo involves this switch in chromatin state. Our observations indicate that extracellular signals can regulate access of transcription factors to genomic promoters by local chromatin modification, and thereby regulate developmental competence. 1097-6256 Journal Article}, @@ -99335,7 +99324,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {169AD8FB-1C1B-4356-98E0-BFF15C1E97DA}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Song_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Song_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Song:2002, Abstract = {During an investigation of the mechanisms through which the local environment controls the fate specification of adult neural stem cells, we discovered that adult astrocytes from hippocampus are capable of regulating neurogenesis by instructing the stem cells to adopt a neuronal fate. This role in fate specification was unexpected because, during development, neurons are generated before most of the astrocytes. Our findings, together with recent reports that astrocytes regulate synapse formation and synaptic transmission, reinforce the emerging view that astrocytes have an active regulatory role--rather than merely supportive roles traditionally assigned to them--in the mature central nervous system. 0028-0836 Journal Article}, @@ -99351,7 +99340,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {82134804-2BA5-47B1-ADD0-8CAE96A4230C}, Volume = {417}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Song_Nature2002}} + File = {papers/Song_Nature2002}} @article{Song:2005, Abstract = {How different is local cortical circuitry from a random network? To answer this question, we probed synaptic connections with several hundred simultaneous quadruple whole-cell recordings from layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat visual cortex. Analysis of this dataset revealed several nonrandom features in synaptic connectivity. We confirmed previous reports that bidirectional connections are more common than expected in a random network. We found that several highly clustered three-neuron connectivity patterns are overrepresented, suggesting that connections tend to cluster together. We also analyzed synaptic connection strength as defined by the peak excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude. We found that the distribution of synaptic connection strength differs significantly from the Poisson distribution and can be fitted by a lognormal distribution. Such a distribution has a heavier tail and implies that synaptic weight is concentrated among few synaptic connections. In addition, the strengths of synaptic connections sharing pre- or postsynaptic neurons are correlated, implying that strong connections are even more clustered than the weak ones. Therefore, the local cortical network structure can be viewed as a skeleton of stronger connections in a sea of weaker ones. Such a skeleton is likely to play an important role in network dynamics and should be investigated further.}, @@ -99372,7 +99361,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {28EFAA24-5EA5-4B56-87E9-638CB17F3C1E}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Song_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Song_PLoSBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030068}} @article{Sorensen:1996, @@ -99410,7 +99399,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B1B66-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Soria_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Soria_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3248-04.2004}} @article{Soriano:2005, @@ -99432,7 +99421,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E4CBE92F-D225-49BD-9D69-9F6224D097A6}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Soriano_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Soriano_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.019}} @article{Soriano:1995, @@ -99453,7 +99442,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8D76EF95-10D8-4CB8-AD2D-F4EEF8FAB680}, Volume = {92}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Soriano_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Soriano_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1995.pdf}} @article{Sossey-Alaoui:1998, Abstract = {Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and classical lissencephaly (LIS) result from deficient neuronal migration which causes mental retardation and epilepsy. A single LIS/SBH locus on Xq22.3-q24 was mapped by linkage analysis and physical mapping of the breakpoint in an X;2 translocation. A recently identified gene, doublecortin ( DCX ), is expressed in fetal brain and mutated in LIS/SBH patients. We have identified four novel missense mutations in the gene, one familial mutation with LIS in a male and SBH in the carrier females, one de novo mutation in an SBH female, and two mutations in sporadic SBH female patients. The DCX gene is found to be expressed exclusively at a very high level in the adult frontal lobe. We have also cloned the X-linked mouse doublecortin (Dcx) gene. It encodes isoforms of a highly hydrophilic 40 kDa protein, homologous to its human counterpart and containing several potential phosphorylation sites. Both human and mouse DCX proteins are homologous to a CNS protein containing a Ca2+/calmodulin kinase domain, suggesting that the DCX protein may belong to a novel class of intracellular proteins involved in neuronal migration through Ca2+-dependent signaling.}, @@ -99475,7 +99464,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C9480CCC-F0DE-400C-98C8-3794697DCC1A}, Volume = {7}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sossey-Alaoui_HumMolGenet1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sossey-Alaoui_HumMolGenet1998.pdf}} @article{Sotelo:1991, Abstract = {Repair of adult 'point-to-point'systems by neural grafting is possible only when grafted neurons succeed in synaptically replacing the host's missing neurons, thus re-establishing the anatomical and functional integrity of the impaired circuits. Grafting experiments carried out on the cerebellum of the adult pcd (Purkinje-cell-degeneration) mutant mouse (an animal model of hereditary degenerative ataxia) reveal that embryonic Purkinje cells, by some unknown sorting mechanism, selectively invade the deprived cerebellar cortex. These neurons migrate to their proper domains and, inducing axonal sprouting of specific populations of host neurons, they become integrated synaptically within the pcd cerebellar cortex. However, the re-establishment of the corticonuclear projection is achieved only rarely, and this is the current experimental limit for the complete reconstruction of the cerebellar circuit. 0166-2236 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -99534,7 +99523,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {258ABF40-A759-11DA-AF0C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {122}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spalding_Cell2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Spalding_Cell2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.028}} @article{Spassky:2005, @@ -99556,7 +99545,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FBA68663-053C-4DA7-ADEA-96E594E7F24D}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spassky_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Spassky_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1108-04.2005}} @article{Spiegel:2006, @@ -99594,7 +99583,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2CB03EAF-58AC-4D46-B4BC-4C393D1D68E3}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spors_Neuron2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Spors_Neuron2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=m&form=6&dopt=r&uid=11970871}} @article{Spradling:2001, @@ -99630,7 +99619,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {06513A9F-B260-47D3-9F7B-51BAACE53E8A}, Volume = {41 Suppl 6}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spreafico_Epilepsia2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Spreafico_Epilepsia2000.pdf}} @article{Spreafico:1998, Abstract = {In this report we describe three patients with developmental cortical abnormalities (generally referred as cortical dysplasia), revealed by MRI and operated on for intractable epilepsy. Tissue, removed for strictly therapeutic reasons, was defined as the epileptogenic area by electroclinical data and stereo EEG (SEEG) recordings. Tissue samples were processed initially for histology, and selected sections were further processed for immunocytochemical investigation in order to determine whether the region of cortical dysplasia was co-extensive with the epileptogenic area. In two patients with nodular heterotopia, disorganized aggregates of neurons (as revealed by neuronal cytoskeletal markers) were found within the nodules. Both pyramidal and local circuit neurons were present in the nodules, but no reactive gliosis was present. When nodules reached the cortex, the cortical layers were disrupted. In the patient with localized cortical dysplasia, a complete disorganization of the cortical lamination was found, and numerous neurons were also present in the white matter. Disoriented pyramidal neurons weakly labelled with cytoskeletal neuronal markers were also present but no cytomegalic cells were found. One of the patients with nodular heterotopia underwent only partial resection of both the 'epileptogenic area' and of the lesion; this patient still presents with seizures. The other patient with nodular heterotopia is seizure-free after a complete lesionectomy and excision of the epileptogenic area. The third patient, with focal cortical dysplasia, had two surgeries; she became seizure-free only after the excision of the epileptogenic area detected by SEEG recording. The present data suggest that the dysplastic areas identified by MRI should not be considered as the only place of origin of the ictal discharges. From the neuropathological point of view, the focal cortical dysplasia can be considered as a pure form of migrational disorder. However, the presence of large aggregates of neurons interspersed within the white matter, in the subcortical nodular heterotopia, suggests that a defect of neuronal migration could be associated with an exuberant production of neuroblasts and/or a disruption of mechanisms for naturally occurring cell death.}, @@ -99652,7 +99641,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {15ACA67F-5970-4AAC-83A8-BF4A05110B25}, Volume = {32}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Spreafico_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Spreafico_EpilepsyRes1998.pdf}} @article{Spreafico:1998a, Abstract = {Human cortical dysplastic lesions are frequently associated with severe partial epilepsies. We report an immunocytochemical investigation on cortical tissue from three surgically treated patients, 20, 38, and 14 years old, with intractable epilepsy due to cortical dysplasia. The studies were performed using antibodies recognizing cytoskeletal proteins, calcium-binding proteins, and some subunits of glutamate receptors. The specimens from the three patients displayed common features: (1) focal cytoarchitectural abnormalities with an increased number of giant pyramidal neurons through all cortical layers except layer I; (2) large, round-shaped balloon cells mainly concentrated in the deepest part of the cortex and in the white matter; (3) a decrease of calcium binding protein immunopositive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons; and (4) abnormal baskets of parvalbumin-positive terminals around the excitatory (pyramidal and large, round-shaped) neurons. These data provide evidence that the epileptogenicity in these types of cortical dysplasia is due to an increase in excitatory neurons coupled with a decrease in GABAergic interneurons.}, @@ -99750,7 +99739,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A6FAE162-80E4-4B25-805A-EBBCD4A31A25}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stagi_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Stagi_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3887-04.2005}} @article{Staiger:2004, @@ -99772,7 +99761,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D485D319-5E79-4AED-815A-E1D6A6AB3599}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Staiger_CerebCortex2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Staiger_CerebCortex2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh029}} @article{Staley:1998, @@ -99794,7 +99783,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4517173F-5538-4AC1-89DE-61C08449FEDC}, Volume = {1}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Staley_NatNeurosci1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Staley_NatNeurosci1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/651}} @article{Staley:2005, @@ -99835,7 +99824,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2FDA91A0-C819-46C9-873A-3B982CF5763D}, Volume = {55}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Staley_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Staley_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.005}} @article{Stalmaster:1972, @@ -100068,7 +100057,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8DA2A2F9-0018-4FB3-B703-42E83BBE9DEA}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Steiner_Glia2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Steiner_Glia2004.pdf}} @article{Stellwagen:2006, Abstract = {Two general forms of synaptic plasticity that operate on different timescales are thought to contribute to the activity-dependent refinement of neural circuitry during development: (1) long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which involve rapid adjustments in the strengths of individual synapses in response to specific patterns of correlated synaptic activity, and (2) homeostatic synaptic scaling, which entails uniform adjustments in the strength of all synapses on a cell in response to prolonged changes in the cell's electrical activity. Without homeostatic synaptic scaling, neural networks can become unstable and perform suboptimally. Although much is known about the mechanisms underlying LTP and LTD, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for synaptic scaling except that such scaling is due, at least in part, to alterations in receptor content at synapses. Here we show that synaptic scaling in response to prolonged blockade of activity is mediated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Using mixtures of wild-type and TNF-alpha-deficient neurons and glia, we also show that glia are the source of the TNF-alpha that is required for this form of synaptic scaling. We suggest that by modulating TNF-alpha levels, glia actively participate in the homeostatic activity-dependent regulation of synaptic connectivity.}, @@ -100111,7 +100100,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8E346440-972E-4CF4-BD61-6267EDF701FB}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stence_Glia2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stence_Glia2001.pdf}} @article{Stenman:2003, Abstract = {The lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) is known to give rise to striatal projection neurons as well as interneurons, which migrate in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to populate the granule cell and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb. Because all of these neuronal subtypes express Distalless-related (DLX) homeobox proteins during their differentiation, we set out to further characterize progenitors in the Dlx-positive domain of the LGE. Previous studies have shown that the LIM homeobox protein Islet1 (ISL1) marks the LGE subventricular zone (SVZ) and differentiating striatal projection neurons. However, ISL1 is not expressed in neurons of the developing olfactory bulb or the RMS. We show here that the dorsal-most portion of the Dlx-expressing region of the LGE SVZ lacks ISL1 cells. This dorsal domain, however, contains cells that express the ETS transcription factor Er81, which is also expressed in granule and periglomerular cells of the developing and adult olfactory bulb. Moreover, the adult SVZ and RMS contain numerous Er81-positive cells. Fate-mapping studies using Dlx5/6-cre transgenic mice demonstrate that Er81-positive cells in the granule cell and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb derive from the Dlx-expressing SVZ region. These findings suggest that the LGE SVZ contains two distinct progenitor populations: a DLX(+);ISL1(+) population representing striatal progenitors and a DLX(+);Er81(+) population comprising olfactory bulb interneuron progenitors. In support of this, mice mutant for the homeobox genes Gsh2 and Gsh1/2, which show olfactory bulb defects, exhibit dramatically reduced numbers of Er81-positive cells in the LGE SVZ as well as in the olfactory bulb mantle. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -100128,7 +100117,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A26DD238-C8F9-4677-9FA2-ECF7709E3B7E}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stenman_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stenman_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Stenman:2003a, Abstract = {We showed previously that the orphan nuclear receptor Tlx is required for the correct establishment of the pallio-subpallial boundary. Loss of Tlx results in a dorsal expansion of ventral markers (e.g., the homeodomain protein GSH2) into the ventralmost pallial region, i.e., the ventral pallium. We also observed a disproportionate reduction in the size of the Tlx mutant lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) from embryonic day 14.5 onward. Here we show that this reduction is caused, at least in large part, by a proliferation defect. Interestingly, in Tlx mutants, the LGE derivatives are differentially affected. Although the development of the Tlx mutant striatum is compromised, an apparently normal number of olfactory bulb interneurons are observed. Consistent with this observation, we found that Tlx is required for the normal establishment of the ventral LGE that gives rise to striatal projection neurons. This domain is reduced by the dorsal and ventral expansion of molecular markers normally confined to progenitor domains flanking the ventral LGE. Finally, we investigated possible genetic interactions between Gsh2 and Tlx in lateral telencephalic development. Our results show that, although Gsh2 and Tlx have additive effects on striatal development, they differentially regulate the establishment of ventral pallial identity.}, @@ -100188,7 +100177,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {143C46D8-50D8-4F11-9474-B2B590BCED5A}, Volume = {85}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Steriade_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Steriade_JNeurophysiol2001.pdf}} @article{Steriade:2004, Abstract = {1471-003x Journal Article}, @@ -100204,7 +100193,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E1128D80-5AF4-4AE3-8BBA-B24B277A6C24}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Steriade_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Steriade_NatRevNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Stettler:2006, Abstract = {While recent studies of synaptic stability in adult cerebral cortex have focused on dendrites, how much axons change is unknown. We have used advances in axon labeling by viruses and in vivo two-photon microscopy to investigate axon branching and bouton dynamics in primary visual cortex (V1) of adult Macaque monkeys. A nonreplicative adeno-associated virus bearing the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein (AAV.EGFP) provided persistent labeling of axons, and a custom-designed two-photon microscope enabled repeated imaging of the intact brain over several weeks. We found that large-scale branching patterns were stable but that a subset of small branches associated with terminaux boutons, as well as a subset of en passant boutons, appeared and disappeared every week. Bouton losses and gains were both approximately 7\%of the total population per week, with no net change in the overall density. These results suggest ongoing processes of synaptogenesis and elimination in adult V1.}, @@ -100246,7 +100235,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {66D0A897-7431-4778-BDD1-B5E9D6693967}, Volume = {131}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stevens_Cell2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Stevens_Cell2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.036}} @article{Stevenson:2001, @@ -100263,7 +100252,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FD9B7455-DE2C-472A-9E4C-6054DDD8F36A}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stevenson_NatCellBiol2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stevenson_NatCellBiol2001.pdf}} @article{Stewart:2002, Abstract = {The interneurons of the olfactory bulb arise from precursor cells in the anterior part of the neonatal subventricular zone, the SVZa, and are distinctive in that they possess a neuronal phenotype and yet undergo cell division. To characterize the differentiation of neonatal SVZa progenitor cells, we analyzed the complement of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors that they express in vitro. For this analysis, we tested the sensitivity of SVZa progenitor cells to gamma- amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), kainate, N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and acetylcholine (ACh) after 1 day in vitro. SVZa progenitor cells had chloride currents activated by GABA and muscimol, the GABA(A) receptor-specific agonist, but were insensitive to ATP, kainate, NMDA, and ACh. In addition, GABA- or muscimol-activated chloride currents were blocked nearly completely by 30 &mgr;M bicuculline, the GABA(A) receptor-specific antagonist, suggesting that GABA(B) and GABA(C) receptors are absent. Measurements of the chloride reversal potential by gramicidin-perforated patch clamp revealed that currents generated by activation of GABA(A) receptors were inward, and thus, depolarizing. A set of complementary experiments was undertaken to determine by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) whether SVZa progenitor cells express the messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), used in the synthesis of GABA and for GABA(A) receptor subunits. Both postnatal day (P0) SVZa and olfactory bulb possessed detectable mRNA coding for GAD67. In P0 SVZa, the GABA(A) receptor subunits detected with RT-PCR included alpha2-4, beta1-3, and gamma2S (short form). By comparison, the P0 olfactory bulb expressed all of the subunits detectable in the SVZa and additional subunit mRNAs: alpha1, alpha5, gamma1, gamma2L (long form), gamma3, and delta subunit mRNAs. Antibodies recognizing GABA, GAD, and various GABA(A) receptor subunits were used to label SVZa cells harvested from P0-1 rats and cultured for 1 day. The cells were immunoreactive for GABA, GAD, and the GABA(A) receptor subunits alpha2-5, beta1-3, and gamma2. To relate the characteristics of GABA(A) receptors in cultured SVZa precursor cells to particular combinations of subunits, the open reading frames of the dominant subunits detected by RT-PCR (alpha2-4, beta3, and gamma2S) were cloned into a mammalian cell expression vector and different combinations were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cells. A comparison of the sensitivity to inhibition by zinc of GABA(A) receptors in SVZa precursor cells and in CHO-K1 cells expressing various combinations of recombinant GABA(A) receptor subunits suggested that the gamma2S subunit was present and functional in the GABA(A) receptor chloride channel complex. Thus, SVZa precursor cells are GABAergic and a subset of the GABA(A) receptor subunits detected in the olfactory bulb was found in the SVZa, as might be expected because SVZa progenitor cells migrate to the bulb as they differentiate. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 305-322, 2002; DOI 10.1002/neu.10038}, @@ -100279,7 +100268,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C2BA2644-EA8B-45E3-8943-0A2A71C7A0E6}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stewart_JNeurobiol2002}} + File = {papers/Stewart_JNeurobiol2002}} @article{Stewart:1999, Abstract = {The progenitor cells from the anterior part of the neonatal subventricular zone, the SVZa, are unusual in that, although they undergo division, they have a neuronal phenotype. To characterize the electrophysiological properties of the SVZa precursor cells, recordings were made of potassium and sodium currents from SVZa cells that were removed from postnatal day 0-1 rats and cultured for 1 day. The properties of the delayed rectifier and A-type potassium currents were described by classical Hodgkin and Huxley analyses of activation and inactivation. In addition, cells were assessed under current clamp for their ability to generate action potentials. The A-type potassium current (IK(A)) was completely inactivated at a holding potential of - 50 mV. The remaining potassium current resembled the delayed rectifier current (IK(DR)) in that it was blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA; IC50 4.1 mM) and activated and inactivated slowly compared with IK(A). The conductance-voltage (G-V) curve revealed that G increased continuously from 0.2 nS at -40 mV to a peak of 2.6 nS at +10 or +20 mV, and then decreased for voltages above +30 mV. Activation time constants were largest at -40 mV ( approximately 11 ms) and smallest at 100 mV ( approximately 1.5 ms). The properties of IK(A) were studied in the presence of 20 mM TEA, to block IK(DR), and from a holding potential of -15 mV, to inactivate both IK(DR) and IK(A). IK(A) was then allowed to recover from inactivation to negative potentials during 200- to 800-ms pulses. Recovery from inactivation was fastest at -130 mV ( approximately 21 ms) and slowest at -90 mV ( approximately 135 ms). Inactivation was voltage independent from -60 to +60 mV with a time constant of approximately 15 ms. At steady state, IK(A) was half inactivated at -90 mV. GK(A) increased from 0.2 nS at -60 mV to a peak of 2.4 nS at +40 mV. Finally, the activation time constants ranged from approximately 1.9 ms at -50 mV to 0.7 ms at +60 mV. The properties of IK(A) resembled those of IK(A) found in differentiating cerebellar granule neurons. Most SVZa cells had sodium currents (28/32 cells). However, in current clamp 11 of 12 cells were incapable of generating action potentials from voltages of -30 to -100 mV, suggesting that the available current densities were too low to support excitability.}, @@ -100295,7 +100284,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A1258A3B-A961-4498-A579-92A084C02800}, Volume = {81}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stewart_JNeurophysiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stewart_JNeurophysiol1999.pdf}} @article{Stiene-Martin:2001, Abstract = {Accumulating evidence, obtained largely in vitro, indicates that opioids regulate the genesis of neurons and glia and their precursors in the nervous system. Despite this evidence, few studies have assessed opioid receptor expression in identified cells within germinal zones or examined opioid effects on gliogenesis in vivo. To address this question, the role of opioids was explored in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and/or striatum of 2-5-day-old and/or adult ICR mice. The results showed that subpopulations of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the SVZ and striatum differentially express mu-, delta-, and/or kappa-receptor immunoreactivity in a cell type-specific and developmentally regulated manner. In addition, DNA synthesis was assessed by examining 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into glial and nonglial precursors. Morphine (a preferential mu-agonist) significantly decreased the number of BrdU-labeled GFAP(+) cells compared with controls or mice co-treated with naltrexone plus morphine. Alternatively, in S100beta(+) cells, morphine did not significantly decrease BrdU incorporation; however, significant differences were noted between mice treated with morphine and those treated with morphine plus naltrexone. Most cells were GFAP(- )/S100beta(-). When BrdU incorporation was assessed within the total population (glia and nonglia), morphine had no net effect, but naltrexone alone markedly increased BrdU incorporation. This finding suggests that DNA synthesis in GFAP(-)/S100beta(-) cells is tonically suppressed by endogenous opioids. Assuming that S100beta and GFAP, respectively, distinguish among younger and older astroglia, this implies that astroglial replication becomes increasingly sensitive to morphine during maturation, and suggests that opioids differentially regulate the development of distinct subpopulations of glia and glial precursors.}, @@ -100354,7 +100343,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A2735F15-3CD3-4148-86C1-933C1CF8CE6D}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stosiek_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Stosiek_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1232232100}} @article{Stott:2006, @@ -100417,7 +100406,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {624D3349-27FE-48D0-8970-AF3E156BB75F}, Volume = {157}, Year = {1983}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Stoye_JExpMed1983.pdf}} + File = {papers/Stoye_JExpMed1983.pdf}} @article{Stoye:1984, Abstract = {In addition to the known induction of xenotropic endogenous virus in B-mitogen-stimulated murine lymphocyte cultures, distinguishable defective viruses were also induced in different mouse strains (NFS/N, 129, BALB/c). AKR cells produced xenotropic virus and also, in contrast to BALB/c, ecotropic virus. The drug bromodeoxyuridine appeared to have differential effects on virus expression, amplifying xenotropic virus induction but inhibiting the spontaneous production of the ecotropic virus in AKR cultures and of the defective virus in NFS/N cells. Infecting stimulated BALB/c or AKR cultures with Friend leukaemia virus resulted in the production of ecotropic-xenotropic pseudotype viruses, indicating that the infecting ecotropic virus replicates in the cells in which xenotropic virus is induced. No pseudotypes or recombinants were observed following infection of spleen cells releasing defective viruses. Friend leukaemia virus and xenotropic virus with an ecotropic envelope replicated equally well in stimulated lymphocytes from the different strains examined. Taken together, these findings indicate that the non-infectious viruses are encoded by defective proviruses, rather than resulting from faulty, host cell-controlled, virus maturation.}, @@ -101004,7 +100993,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {292E1D50-5510-43BE-8482-14F180B2E0AF}, Volume = {410}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Strogatz_Nature2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Strogatz_Nature2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35065725}} @article{Struble:2001, @@ -101021,7 +101010,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CDCE0028-60A1-4399-B30D-40B5C894ADC2}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Struble_ChemSenses2001}} + File = {papers/Struble_ChemSenses2001}} @article{Stuart:1997, Abstract = {1. Initiation and propagation of action potentials evoked by extracellular synaptic stimulation was studied using simultaneous dual and triple patch pipette recordings from different locations on neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons in brain slices from 4-week-old rats (P26-30) at physiological temperatures. 2. Simultaneous cell-attached and whole-cell voltage recordings from the apical trunk (up to 700 microns distal to the soma) and the soma indicated that proximal synaptic stimulation (layer 4) initiated action potentials first at the soma, whereas distal stimulation (upper layer 2/3) could initiate dendritic regenerative potentials prior to somatic action potentials following stimulation at higher intensity. 3. Somatic action potentials, once initiated, propagated back into the apical dendrites in a decremented manner which was frequency dependent. The half-width of back propagating action potentials increased and their maximum rate of rise decreased with distance from the soma, with the peak of these action potentials propagating with a conduction velocity of approximately 0.5 m s-1. 4. Back-propagation of action potentials into the dendritic tree was associated with dendritic calcium electrogenesis, which was particularly prominent during bursts of somatic action potentials. 5. When dendritic regenerative potentials were evoked prior to somatic action potentials, the more distal the dendritic recording was made from the soma the longer the time between the onset of the dendritic regenerative potential relative to somatic action potential. This suggested that dendritic regenerative potentials were initiated in the distal apical dendrites, possibly in the apical tuft. 6. At any one stimulus intensity, the initiation of dendritic regenerative potentials prior to somatic action potentials could fluctuate, and was modulated by depolarizing somatic or hyperpolarizing dendritic current injection. 7. Dendritic regenerative potentials could be initiated prior to somatic action potentials by dendritic current injections used to simulate the membrane voltage change that occurs during an EPSP. Initiation of these dendritic potentials was not affected by cadmium (200 microM), but was blocked by TTX (1 microM). 8. Dendritic regenerative potentials in some experiments were initiated in isolated from somatic action potentials. The voltage change at the soma in response to these dendritic regenerative events was small and subthreshold, showing that dendritic regenerative events are strongly attenuated as they spread to the soma. 9. Simultaneous whole-cell recordings from the axon initial segment and the soma indicated that synaptic stimulation always initiated action potentials first in the axon. The further the axonal recording was made from the soma the greater the time delay between axonal and somatic action potentials, indicating a site of action potential initiation in the axon at least 30 microns distal to the soma. 10. Simultaneous whole-cell recordings from the apical dendrite, soma and axon initial segment showed that action potentials were always initiated in the axon prior to the soma, and with the same latency difference, independent of whether dendritic regenerative potentials were initiated or not. 11. It is concluded that both the apical dendrites and the axon of neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons in P26-30 animals are capable of initiating regenerative potentials. Regenerative potentials initiated in dendrites, however, are significantly attenuated as they spread to the soma and axon. As a consequence, action potentials are always initiated in the axon before the soma, even when synaptic activation is intense enough to initiate dendritic regenerative potentials. Once initiated, the axonal action potentials are conducted orthogradely into the axonal arbor and retrogradely into the dendritic tree.}, @@ -101137,7 +101126,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1BF1DD64-EE31-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {154}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sudo_ExpNeurol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sudo_ExpNeurol1998.pdf}} @article{Sugama:2003, Abstract = {Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta undergo apoptosis after transection of the medial forebrain bundle. We have assessed the temporal and sequential activities of microglia in these events by examining the complement-3 (OX-42), major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation (OX-6) and phagocytic activity (ED1), and correlating these indicators with dopaminergic neuronal loss. Microglia in the ipsilateral substantia nigra pars reticulata evinced activation morphology at 12 h postaxotomy. Phagocytic microglia apposed dying dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta starting at 3 days postlesion; their number increased through 14 days and slowly decreased. Nuclear chromatin condensation and significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons occurred around 7 days postlesion. In contrast to microglial expression of interleukin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase at the axotomy site, nigral microglia were interleukin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase-negative. Consistently, RNase protection assays showed that interleukin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase transcripts in nigra were equivocal. The present data support the idea that phagocytosis of axotomized neurons by activated microglia is not limited to dead neurons but includes dying neurons probably without cytotoxic effects of inflammatory substances, such as interleukin-1beta or nitric oxide.}, @@ -101158,7 +101147,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {042AB9F4-4074-43EE-83CB-3015FC2AADA3}, Volume = {116}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sugama_Neuroscience2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sugama_Neuroscience2003.pdf}} @article{Sugino:2006, Abstract = {Identifying the neuronal cell types that comprise the mammalian forebrain is a central unsolved problem in neuroscience. Global gene expression profiles offer a potentially unbiased way to assess functional relationships between neurons. Here, we carried out microarray analysis of 12 populations of neurons in the adult mouse forebrain. Five of these populations were chosen from cingulate cortex and included several subtypes of GABAergic interneurons and pyramidal neurons. The remaining seven were derived from the somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus. Using these expression profiles, we were able to construct a taxonomic tree that reflected the expected major relationships between these populations, such as the distinction between cortical interneurons and projection neurons. The taxonomic tree indicated highly heterogeneous gene expression even within a single region. This dataset should be useful for the classification of unknown neuronal subtypes, the investigation of specifically expressed genes and the genetic manipulation of specific neuronal circuit elements.}, @@ -101179,7 +101168,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {24DFF44D-C0A3-4D75-979D-6D0A0D6D4850}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sugino_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sugino_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1618}} @article{Sugiyama:2008, @@ -101201,7 +101190,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {08FFB5E3-B3F6-4EFE-9EC2-EB0FCC632D1E}, Volume = {134}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sugiyama_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sugiyama_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Sugiyama_Cell2008a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.054}} @@ -101240,7 +101229,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B0CAA-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {383}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Suhonen_Nature1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Suhonen_Nature1996.pdf}} @article{Sultan:2002, Abstract = {The mammalian brain is composed of several distinct parts which show different growth in evolution. Clark, Mitra and Wang found that the two main cortices of the brain - the cerebral (neo-) cortex and the cerebellum - show very different growth, and that whereas the ratio of neocortex volume to total brain volume increases with evolution, the cerebellum occupies a constant proportion in different species. Here I compare the surface areas of the two cortices in different species and find that these show a simple proportionality. Contrary to the conclusion drawn by Clark et al., this linear dependence of size implies that the two major cortices increase their computational capacity in parallel, suggesting a functional dependence of the one upon the other. 0028-0836 Comment Journal Article}, @@ -101294,7 +101283,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {15F32482-C69A-48AA-A4A3-A39DD8B9096A}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sun_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sun_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.01.045}} @article{Sun:2006, @@ -101316,7 +101305,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F4AA2220-E345-4E6B-9107-30602C3E9B02}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sun_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sun_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.014}} @article{Sun:2000, @@ -101350,7 +101339,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6D0C4FC8-156F-425A-8C2C-0EC4FCDD7A5A}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sundholm-Peters_JNeurocytol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sundholm-Peters_JNeurocytol2004.pdf}} @article{Sunnemark:2005, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is associated with local activation of microglia and astroglia, infiltration of activated macrophages and T cells, active degradation of myelin and damage to axons and neurons. The proposed role for CX3CL1 (fractalkine) in the control of microglia activation and leukocyte infiltration places this chemokine and its receptor CX3CR1 in a potentially strategic position to control key aspects in the pathological events that are associated with development of brain lesions in MS. In this study, we examine this hypothesis by analyzing the distribution, kinetics, regulation and cellular origin of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 mRNA expression in the CNS of rats with an experimentally induced MS-like disease, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS: The expression of CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 was studied with in situ hybridization histochemical detection of their mRNA with radio labeled cRNA probes in combination with immunohistochemical staining of phenotypic cell markers. Both healthy rat brains and brains from rats with MOG-induced EAE were analyzed. In defined lesional stages of MOG-induced EAE, the number of CX3CR1 mRNA-expressing cells and the intensity of the in situ hybridization signal were determined by image analysis. Data were statistically evaluated by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. RESULTS: Expression of CX3CL1 mRNA was present within neuronal-like cells located throughout the neuraxis of the healthy rat. Expression of CX3CL1 remained unaltered in the CNS of rats with MOG-induced EAE, with the exception of an induced expression in astrocytes within inflammatory lesions. Notably, the brain vasculature of healthy and encephalitic animals did not exhibit signs of CX3CL1 mRNA expression. The receptor, CX3CR1, was expressed by microglial cells in all regions of the healthy brain. Induction of MOG-induced EAE was associated with a distinct accumulation of CX3CR1 mRNA expressing cells within the inflammatory brain lesions, the great majority of which stained positive for markers of the microglia-macrophage lineage. Analysis in time-staged brain lesions revealed elevated levels of CX3CR1 mRNA in microglia in the periplaque zone, as well as a dramatically enhanced accumulation of CX3CR1 expressing cells within the early-active, late-active and inactive, demyelinated lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate constitutive and regulated expression of the chemokine CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 by neurons/astrocytes and microglia, respectively, within the normal and inflamed rat brain. Our findings propose a mechanism by which neurons and reactive astrocytes may control migration and function of the surrounding microglia. In addition, the accumulation of CX3CR1 expressing cells other than microglia within the inflammatory brain lesions indicate a possible role for CX3CL1 in controlling invasion of peripheral leucocytes to the brain.}, @@ -101411,7 +101400,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8A6E16B1-95DC-4E4A-9A32-4593E538777D}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sur_CurrBiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Sur_CurrBiol2002.pdf}} @article{Sur:2001, Abstract = {The development of cortical layers, areas and networks is mediated by a combination of factors that are present in the cortex and are influenced by thalamic input. Electrical activity of thalamocortical afferents has a progressive role in shaping cortex. For early thalamic innervation and patterning, the presence of activity might be sufficient; for features that develop later, such as intracortical networks that mediate emergent responses of cortex, the spatiotemporal pattern of activity often has an instructive role. Experiments that route projections from the retina to the auditory pathway alter the pattern of activity in auditory thalamocortical afferents at a very early stage and reveal the progressive influence of activity on cortical development. Thus, cortical features such as layers and thalamocortical innervation are unaffected, whereas features that develop later, such as intracortical connections, are affected significantly. Surprisingly, the behavioural role of 'rewired' cortex is also influenced profoundly, indicating the importance of patterned activity for this key aspect of cortical function.}, @@ -101432,7 +101421,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {39AE349B-633F-4528-A013-B24AAC430E79}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sur_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sur_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35067562}} @article{Sur:2005, @@ -101454,7 +101443,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {001747AC-7D44-4711-9966-3042053EDA71}, Volume = {310}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sur_Science2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sur_Science2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1112070}} @article{Surani:2001, @@ -101493,7 +101482,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5B2DA9CC-AE09-498B-8143-B8432B055AFD}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Suter_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Suter_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3091-07.2007}} @article{Sutor:1998, @@ -101572,7 +101561,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E8D656A3-B86A-11DA-93EA-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Suzuki_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Suzuki_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Svendsen:2001, Abstract = {It is now possible to grow stem cells from a wide variety of tissues. Some of these cells have been shown to differentiate into presumptive neurons in vitro, or after transplantation into the developing or adult brain. When stem cells derived directly from the brain are induced to differentiate, there is a high probability that some of the resulting cells will be neurons. However, when stem cells from one tissue (for example, bone marrow or skin) take on the phenotype of another (for example, brain), rigorous criteria are required to define neurons. The aim of this review is to discuss the various techniques that are used to identify a cell as a neuron.}, @@ -101588,7 +101577,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FC0CA5A8-4BD6-4280-BD2C-0E4AB71F250C}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Svendsen_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Svendsen_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Svoboda:2006, Abstract = {The brain is complex and dynamic. The spatial scales of interest to the neurobiologist range from individual synapses (approximately 1 microm) to neural circuits (centimeters); the timescales range from the flickering of channels (less than a millisecond) to long-term memory (years). Remarkably, fluorescence microscopy has the potential to revolutionize research on all of these spatial and temporal scales. Two-photon excitation (2PE) laser scanning microscopy allows high-resolution and high-sensitivity fluorescence microscopy in intact neural tissue, which is hostile to traditional forms of microscopy. Over the last 10 years, applications of 2PE, including microscopy and photostimulation, have contributed to our understanding of a broad array of neurobiological phenomena, including the dynamics of single channels in individual synapses and the functional organization of cortical maps. Here we review the principles of 2PE microscopy, highlight recent applications, discuss its limitations, and point to areas for future research and development.}, @@ -101609,7 +101598,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {29D4A676-2017-42C6-B478-5E235B3BE2CC}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Svoboda_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Svoboda_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.019}} @article{Swadlow:2001, @@ -101631,7 +101620,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {38A08784-398E-44FA-97BB-AF6CC83910AB}, Volume = {4}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Swadlow_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Swadlow_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/86054}} @article{Swann:2000, @@ -101653,7 +101642,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {438BB358-10E6-4662-9E5A-248637EC3C81}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Swann_MentRetardDevDisabilResRev2000.pdf}, + File = {papers/Swann_MentRetardDevDisabilResRev2000.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2779(2000)6:4%3C258::AID-MRDD5%3E3.0.CO;2-H}} @article{Sweeney:2008, @@ -101676,7 +101665,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9681BE33-E73A-4AEB-81CF-149933CA044F}, Volume = {178}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Sweeney_Genetics2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Sweeney_Genetics2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.082511}} @article{Sychowa:1968, @@ -101712,7 +101701,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {PirB Restricts Ocular-Dominance Plasticity in Visual Cortex}, Uuid = {2B1D52E9-0A32-4F5A-A6FA-C4060DF8A0C8}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Syken_Science2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Syken_Science2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1128232}} @article{Szabadics:2006, @@ -101734,7 +101723,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7222999C-F63C-4061-B9B5-EC9ACE179601}, Volume = {311}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Szabadics_Science2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Szabadics_Science2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1121325}} @article{Szele:1996, @@ -101915,7 +101904,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BD8EAEC5-3635-4CDE-8906-19E758729BFA}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takahashi_NeurosciRes2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Takahashi_NeurosciRes2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.03.001}} @article{Takahashi:2003, @@ -101932,7 +101921,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1388F444-2DFC-495F-88E3-63BA7D3AAFF3}, Volume = {299}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takahashi_Science2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Takahashi_Science2003.pdf}} @article{Takasawa:2002, Abstract = {Recent studies demonstrated that neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus increased after transient global ischemia; however, the molecular mechanism underlying increased neurogenesis after ischemia remains unclear. The finding that proliferation of progenitor cells occurred at least a week after ischemic insult suggests that the stimulus was not an ischemic insult to progenitor cells. To clarify whether focal ischemia increases the rate of neurogenesis in the remote area, the authors examined the contralateral hemisphere in rats subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. In the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, the numbers of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells increased approximately sixfold 7 days after ischemia. In double immunofluorescence staining, more than 80\%of newborn cells expressed Musashi1, a marker of neural stem/progenitor cells, but only approximately 10\%of BrdU-positive cells expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocytes. The number of BrdU-positive cells markedly decreased 28 days after BrdU administration after ischemia, but it was still elevated compared with that of sham-operated rats. In double immunofluorescence staining, 80\%of newborn cells expressed NeuN, a marker of differentiated neurons, and 10\%of BrdU-positive cells expressed GFAP. However, in the other areas of the contralateral hemisphere including the rostral subventricular zone, the number of BrdU-positive cells remained unchanged. These results showed that focal ischemia stimulated the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells, but did not support survival of newborn cells in the contralateral hippocampus. 0271-678x Journal Article}, @@ -102001,7 +101990,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Neuritic beading induced by activated microglia is an early feature of neuronal dysfunction toward neuronal death by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and axonal transport}, Uuid = {3AE25662-A663-4495-AACE-C5159906F3F0}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takeuchi_JBiolChem2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Takeuchi_JBiolChem2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M413863200}} @article{Takeuchi:2006, @@ -102044,7 +102033,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9466DE13-65EB-4E2B-8F7C-2D097CBA0535}, Volume = {65}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Takeuchi_JNeurosciRes2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Takeuchi_JNeurosciRes2001.pdf}} @article{Taleisnik:1981, Author = {Taleisnik, S.}, @@ -102143,7 +102132,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DFBB8848-D8DB-46D9-9EF7-66355ED1F17E}, Volume = {16 Suppl 1}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tanaka_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tanaka_CerebCortex2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhk005}} @article{Tanaka:2002a, @@ -102256,7 +102245,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AFEB2555-3643-4BED-9880-DC0E68791B55}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tanaka_Stroke2004a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tanaka_Stroke2004a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000133685.59556.a7}} @article{Tanaka:2004, @@ -102278,7 +102267,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E59FC3FD-200C-4F66-BEA8-4E01B0F28C23}, Volume = {35}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tanaka_Stroke2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tanaka_Stroke2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000126480.40967.b3}} @article{Tanapat:1998, @@ -102470,7 +102459,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B3E78942-8AB2-4CBE-8510-D680421F1BAC}, Volume = {50}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tashiro_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tashiro_JNeurobiol2002.pdf}} @article{Tashiro:2007, Abstract = {Neural circuits in the dentate gyrus are continuously modified by adult neurogenesis, whose level is affected by the animal's experience. However, it is not known whether this experience-dependent anatomical modification alters the functional properties of the dentate gyrus. Here, using the expression of immediate early gene products, c-fos and Zif268, as indicators of recently activated neurons, we show that previous exposure to an enriched environment increases the total number of new neurons and the number of new neurons responding to reexposure to the same environment. The increase in the density of activated new neurons occurred specifically in response to exposure to the same environment but not to a different experience. Furthermore, we found that these experience-specific modifications are affected exclusively by previous exposure around the second week after neuronal birth but not later than 3 weeks. Thus, the animal's experience within a critical period during an immature stage of new neurons determines the survival and population response of the new neurons and may affect later neural representation of the experience in the dentate gyrus. This experience-specific functional modification through adult neurogenesis could be a mechanism by which new neurons exert a long-term influence on the function of the dentate gyrus related to learning and memory.}, @@ -102591,7 +102580,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CEEDF056-1F1F-4622-B0A0-0FB3DE2433F8}, Volume = {8}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tavazoie_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tavazoie_NatNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1566}} @article{Taylor:2002, @@ -102614,7 +102603,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6D9AB901-B180-413D-8C17-8B1E5F449A96}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Taylor_CurrBiol2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Taylor_CurrBiol2002.pdf}} @article{Taylor:1999, Abstract = {The role of glycoprotein membrane-spanning domains in the process of membrane fusion is poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that replacing all or part of the membrane-spanning domain of a viral fusion protein with sequences that encode signals for glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage attachment abrogates membrane fusion activity. It has been suggested, however, that the actual amino acid sequence of the membrane-spanning domain is not critical for the activity of viral fusion proteins. We have examined the function of Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope proteins with substitutions in the membrane-spanning domain. Envelope proteins bearing substitutions for proline 617 are processed and incorporated into virus particles normally and bind to the viral receptor. However, they possess greatly reduced or undetectable capacities for the promotion of membrane fusion and infectious virus particle formation. Our results imply a direct role for the residues in the membrane-spanning domain of the murine leukemia virus envelope protein in membrane fusion and its regulation. They also support the thesis that membrane-spanning domains possess a sequence-dependent function in other protein-mediated membrane fusion events.}, @@ -102635,7 +102624,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C07717A5-EC27-4151-BBF3-F7A6F137E119}, Volume = {10}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Taylor_MolBiolCell1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Taylor_MolBiolCell1999.pdf}} @article{Taylor:2004, Abstract = {The programmed cell death (PCD) of neurons is generally thought to be cell autonomous and not to require a death signal from other cells. A recent study by Mar{\'\i}n-Teva et al., in this issue of Neuron, brings this theory into question and suggests that neighboring microglia actively participate in the PCD of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.}, @@ -102769,7 +102758,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F3D117FD-6F19-42D4-BF1E-6B7E5C23FDBB}, Volume = {9}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Temple_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Temple_CurrOpinNeurobiol1999.pdf}} @article{Temple:2001, Author = {Temple, S.}, @@ -102784,7 +102773,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {75E82E95-3AB9-4DB7-B9BC-8A377BDA025E}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Temple_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Temple_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Temple:2001a, Abstract = {The discovery of stem cells that can generate neural tissue has raised new possibilities for repairing the nervous system. A rush of papers proclaiming adult stem cell plasticity has fostered the notion that there is essentially one stem cell type that, with the right impetus, can create whatever progeny our heart, liver or other vital organ desires. But studies aimed at understanding the role of stem cells during development have led to a different view - that stem cells are restricted regionally and temporally, and thus not all stem cells are equivalent. Can these views be reconciled? 0028-0836 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -102823,7 +102812,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6D02513A-CCCF-11D9-8C77-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {416}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Terada_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Terada_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Terai:2003, Abstract = {The plasticity of bone marrow cells (BMCs) remains controversial. The present study found that persistent injury induces efficient trans-differentiation of BMCs into functional hepatocytes. Mice with liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride were injected with 1 x 10(5) non-treated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive BMCs via the tail vein. In these mice, transplanted GFP-positive BMCs efficiently migrated into the peri-portal area of liver lobules after one day, repopulating 25\%of the recipient liver by 4 weeks. In contrast, no GFP-positive BMCs were detected following transplantation into control mice with undamaged livers. BMCs trans-differentiated into functional mature hepatocytes via immature hepatoblasts. Serum albumin levels were significantly elevated to compensate for chronic liver failure in BMC transplantation. These results reveal that recipient conditions and microenvironments represent key factors for successful cell therapy using BMCs.}, @@ -102863,7 +102852,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {14DB1B5B-D532-4728-B5D5-0A16568A3B00}, Volume = {93}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Terman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Terman_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1996.pdf}} @article{Tettoni:1998, Abstract = {In order to determine to what extent the terminal arbors of phylogenetically and functionally distant axons are constructed according to common rules, we have compared visual callosal axons in cats (CCC axons) with thalamocortical axons to the whisker representation in mice (MTC axons). Both similarities and differences were found. Maximal order of branching, branching angles, topological distribution of branches and boutons are similar for all axons, indicating strong constraints in arbor formation. CCC and MTC axons are indistinguishable for total arbor length and number of branches, although these parameters can vary across individual axons of each group. MTC axons have longer and bouton-richer end-branches (the 'transmission compartment') while, in CCC axons, proximal, boutonless branches (the 'conduction compartment') predominate. Therefore, the two classes of axons appear to be specialized for performing different types of operations, in agreement with the available electrophysiological data and computer simulations. Differences in the length of branches were also observed between MTC axons of normal and 'barrelless' mice, suggesting that this parameter can be regulated by conditions at the terminal sites.}, @@ -102984,7 +102973,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {71778C4C-8AE1-4E25-917B-BE569C0FAE84}, Volume = {55}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thanos_ExpEyeRes1992.PDF}} + File = {papers/Thanos_ExpEyeRes1992.PDF}} @article{Thanos:1993, Abstract = {To monitor the cascade of events initiated by injury of adult neurons, and to explore whether and how neighboring microglial cells contribute to the degradation of lesioned neurons, axotomy-induced ganglion cell degeneration was investigated in adult rats. Suppression of macrophage and microglia activity during the weeks following transection of the optic nerve was performed with the immunoglobulin-derived tripeptide Thr-Lys-Pro, which is a macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) and retards the activity of cells of monocytic origin. Single or repeated injection of MIF into the vitreous body during and after transection of the optic nerve resulted in significant retardation of axotomy-induced ganglion cell degradation in the retina as detected by specific labeling with the retrogradely transported fluorescent dye 4Di-10ASP. MIF specifically altered the morphology of labeled microglial cells from a ramified to an oval, less ramified shape, indicating that these cells were targets of its activity. Injection of the tetrapeptide macrophage stimulating factor, also known as tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), revealed effects opposite to those described for the MIF: it increased the number of labeled microglial cells and enhanced the devastating effects of axotomy on ganglion cells. The viability of rescued ganglion cells in retinas treated with the various drugs was assessed both in vivo and in vitro. (1) Intravitreal injection of MIF to prevent degradation of neurons combined with transplantation of autologous peripheral nerve grafts, which facilitate regrowth of the transected neurites, revealed that significantly more ganglion cells contributed to axonal regeneration (17.1\%) than in untreated controls (9.5\%). (2) Explantation of retinas that were pretreated with MIF in situ revealed higher incidence of axonal outgrowth in organ cultures than untreated control explants or retinas treated with either the basic fibroblast growth factor or brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The present results demonstrate that axotomy initializes a cascade of microglia-mediated autodestructive retinal responses, which culminate in degradation of "sick," but obviously viable neurons. We postulate that the retinal microglial system has a key role in recognizing and eliminating severed neurons.}, @@ -103102,7 +103091,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {51A154DA-0409-47DE-9149-EFDC90C617DF}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thom_Epilepsia2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Thom_Epilepsia2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.46603.x}} @article{Thomas:1999, @@ -103182,7 +103171,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {88C57EE0-2715-48A6-9F14-D6FC873B4E5F}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Thomson_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Thomson_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} @article{Thorne:2006, Abstract = {Diffusion within the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is necessary for chemical signaling and for neurons and glia to access nutrients and therapeutics; however, the width of the ECS in living tissue remains unknown. We used integrative optical imaging to show that dextrans and water-soluble quantum dots with Stokes-Einstein diameters as large as 35 nm diffuse within the ECS of adult rat neocortex in vivo. Modeling the ECS as fluid-filled "pores" predicts a normal width of 38-64 nm, at least 2-fold greater than estimates from EM of fixed tissue. ECS width falls below 10 nm after terminal ischemia, a likely explanation for the small ECS visualized in electron micrographs. Our results will improve modeling of neurotransmitter spread after spillover and ectopic release and establish size limits for diffusion of drug delivery vectors such as viruses, liposomes, and nanoparticles in brain ECS.}, @@ -103224,7 +103213,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BA40C7D5-7DE2-4BEE-A133-C6702FCF0CC6}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Threadgill_Neuron1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Threadgill_Neuron1997.pdf}} @article{Tian:2003, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Host immune responses to foreign gene products have been shown to lead to the elimination of genetically modified cells, and are a major barrier to successful therapeutic gene therapy. We have shown that immunological tolerance to retrovirally transduced cell surface proteins can be induced by expressing the gene encoding these products in bone marrow derived cells. Here, we investigate if expression of foreign gene products in bone marrow derived cells can be used to induce tolerance to cytoplasmic proteins. METHODS: Balb/c mice were reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells transduced with retrovirus carrying the gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), or mock-transduced bone marrow cells. After reconstitution, mice were immunized with cells expressing eGFP, and T cells were tested for the ability to kill eGFP-expressing targets in in vitro cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays. RESULTS: T cells from Balb/c mice reconstituted with mock-transduced bone marrow were able to kill target cells expressing eGFP. In contrast, T cells from mice reconstituted with eGFP-transduced bone marrow were unable to kill targets expressing eGFP. In addition, we observed that T cell responses to eGFP in C57BL/6 mice were minimal even under highly immunogenic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that expression of foreign gene products in bone marrow derived cells is capable of inducing T cell tolerance to proteins expressed exclusively in the cytoplasm.}, @@ -103340,7 +103329,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C19AA732-2AED-40E9-BA81-1AD1F1A823CC}, Volume = {392}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Toida_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Toida_JCompNeurol1998.pdf}} @article{Toida:1996, Abstract = {Neurons containing a calcium-binding protein parvalbumin in the external plexiform layer of the rat olfactory bulb were identified light microscopically with the pre-embedding immunocytochemistry and were subsequently analysed with the electron microscopic serial- sectioning and three-dimensional reconstructions. In the present study we chose several different types of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons identified light microscopically as Van Gehuchten cell type, superficial short-axon cell type and multipolar cell type. Parvalbumin- immunoreactive somata were similar to one another in their ultrastructural characteristics, showing nuclear indentations, moderately developed Golgi apparatus and abundant mitochondria; these structural features appeared to resemble those of the short axon cells around the glomeruli and in the granule cell layer reported in previous electron microscopic studies. All neurons analysed in the present study made symmetrical synapses on to dendrites and somata of presumed mitral/tufted cells and received asymmetrical synapses from them, and occasionally formed reciprocal synapses with them. On the parvalbumin- immunoreactive processes, the asymmetrical synapses nearly equalled the symmetrical ones in number and about 30-50\%of them were identified as reciprocal pairs. In contrast, no presynaptic sites were observed on parvalbumin-immunoreactive somata, and thick portions (more than approximately 2 microns in diameter) of the proximal dendrites, where they were occasionally postsynaptic in some asymmetrical and symmetrical synapses from parvalbumin-immunonegative profiles. Characteristically, parvalbumin-immunoreactive process frequently make direct contacts with one another; processes regarded light microscopically as arising from a soma or a dendrite or parvalbumin- immunoreactive neurons were sometimes revealed to be separate but directly contacting processes with electron microscopic examinations. Although puncta adherentia were occasionally observed between these contact sites, so far neither gap junctions nor chemical synapses were observed. Until now, it has been believed that in the external plexiform layer only granule cells form reciprocal synapses with mitral/tufted cells. However, the present study clearly demonstrates that interneurons different from granule cells, namely GABAergic neurons containing a calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, also make reciprocal synapses with mitral/tufted cells in the external plexiform layer. Therefore, neuronal processes making reciprocal synapses with mitral/tufted cells in the external plexiform layer cannot be determined a priori as granule cell processes.}, @@ -103475,7 +103464,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {530E602F-EC81-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tonchev_MolCellNeurosci2003}} + File = {papers/Tonchev_MolCellNeurosci2003}} @article{Torii:2005, Abstract = {Molecular mechanisms generating the topographic organization of corticothalamic (CT) circuits, which comprise more than three-quarters of the synaptic inputs onto sensory relay neurons, and their interdependence with thalamocortical (TC) axon development are unknown. Using in utero electroporation-mediated gene transfer, we show that EphA7-mediated signaling on neocortical axons controls the within-nucleus topography of CT projections in the thalamus. Notably, CT axons that mis-express EphA7 do not shift the relative positioning of their pathway within the subcortical telencephalon (ST), indicating that they do not depend upon EphA7/ephrin-A signaling in the ST for establishing this topography. Moreover, mis-expression of cortical EphA7 results in disrupted topography of CT projections, but unchanged inter- and intra-areal topography of TC projections. Our results support a model in which EphA/ephrin-A signaling controls independently the precision with which CT and TC projections develop, yet is essential for establishing their topographic reciprocity.}, @@ -103496,7 +103485,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CA8E51B1-58BF-4FF2-BAF2-71D442BF7559}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Torii_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Torii_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.021}} @article{Torres-Reveron:2007, @@ -103518,7 +103507,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6094A116-956F-4A06-B53B-E8B2BCFEB106}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Torres-Reveron_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Torres-Reveron_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1536-07.2007}} @article{Touret:2007, @@ -103689,7 +103678,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {70159DBE-9159-4BC8-9CAC-AD0CA2794254}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Traub_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Traub_AnnuRevNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144303}} @article{Traub:2001, @@ -103711,7 +103700,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F732A624-8EA7-4DFE-ADBC-B74C59C8D99F}, Volume = {42}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Traub_Epilepsia2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Traub_Epilepsia2001.pdf}} @article{Traub:1999, Abstract = {In hippocampal slices, high-frequency (125-333 Hz) synchronized oscillations have been shown to occur amongst populations of pyramidal neurons, in a manner that is independent of chemical synaptic transmission, but which is dependent upon gap junctions. At the intracellular level, high-frequency oscillations are associated with full-sized action potentials and with fast prepotentials. Using simulations of two pyramidal neurons, we previously argued that the submillisecond synchrony, and the rapid time-course of fast prepotentials, could be explained, in principle, if the requisite gap junctions were located between pyramidal cell axons. Here, we use network simulations (3072 pyramidal cells) to explore further the hypothesis that gap junctions occur between axons and could explain high-frequency oscillations. We show that, in randomly connected networks with an average of two gap junctions per cell, or less, synchronized network bursts can arise without chemical synapses, with frequencies in the experimentally observed range (spectral peaks 125-182 Hz). These bursts are associated with fast prepotentials (or partial spikes and spikelets) as observed in physiological recordings. The critical assumptions we must make for the oscillations to occur are: (i) there is a background of ectopic axonal spikes, which can occur at low frequency (one event per 25 s per axon); (ii) the gap junction resistance is small enough that a spike in one axon can induce a spike in the coupled axon at short latency (in the model, a resistance of 273 M omega works, with an associated latency of 0.25 ms). We predict that axoaxonal gap junctions, in combination with recurrent excitatory synapses, can induce the occurrence of high-frequency population spikes superimposed on epileptiform field potentials.}, @@ -103785,7 +103774,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1319B9DA-8A67-4543-B2AE-6FA5C4161483}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Traulsen_PLoSONE2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Traulsen_PLoSONE2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000270}} @article{Trevelyan:2006, @@ -103807,7 +103796,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C3D6040A-4C9F-4E46-A43D-E96843190F66}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Trevelyan_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Trevelyan_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2787-06.2006}} @article{Trevelyan:2007, @@ -103829,7 +103818,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3E86D9E7-51D1-441E-ABF8-AFE46AF4A80D}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Trevelyan_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Trevelyan_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0145-07.2007}} @article{Trimarchi:2007, @@ -103872,7 +103861,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {41114BD2-EE15-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tripp_NatImmunol2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tripp_NatImmunol2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/90675}} @article{Tropea:2003, @@ -103928,7 +103917,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BEC16883-816D-47FE-BECB-34FDD727D05E}, Volume = {208}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tropepe_DevBiol1999}} + File = {papers/Tropepe_DevBiol1999}} @article{Tropepe:1997, Abstract = {The adult mammalian forebrain subependyma contains neural stem cells and their progeny, the constitutively proliferating progenitor cells. Using bromodeoxyuridine labeling to detect mitotically active cells, we demonstrate that the endogenous expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFalpha) is necessary for the full proliferation of progenitor cells localized to the dorsolateral corner of the subependyma and the full production of the neuronal progenitors that migrate to the olfactory bulbs. Proliferation of these progenitor cells also is diminished with age (in 23- to 25-months-old compared with 2- to 4-months-old mice), likely because of a lengthening of the cell cycle. Senescence or the absence of endogenous TGFalpha does not affect the numbers of neural stem cells isolated in vitro in the presence of epidermal growth factor. These results suggest that endogenous TGFalpha and the effects of senescence may regulate the proliferation of progenitor cells in the adult subependyma, but that the number of neural stem cells is maintained throughout life. 97461629 0270-6474 Journal Article}, @@ -103945,7 +103934,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A8ABEE22-19ED-4EC9-B845-16D783654795}, Volume = {17}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tropepe_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Tropepe_JNeurosci1997.pdf}} @article{Tropepe:2001, Abstract = {Little is known about how neural stem cells are formed initially during development. We investigated whether a default mechanism of neural specification could regulate acquisition of neural stem cell identity directly from embryonic stem (ES) cells. ES cells cultured in defined, low-density conditions readily acquire a neural identity. We characterize a novel primitive neural stem cell as a component of neural lineage specification that is negatively regulated by TGFbeta-related signaling. Primitive neural stem cells have distinct growth factor requirements, express neural precursor markers, generate neurons and glia in vitro, and have neural and non-neural lineage potential in vivo. These results are consistent with a default mechanism for neural fate specification and support a model whereby definitive neural stem cell formation is preceded by a primitive neural stem cell stage during neural lineage commitment. 21243067 0896-6273 Journal Article}, @@ -103983,7 +103972,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {740869C6-793B-4744-9E80-448B8D5A3E54}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Trotter_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Trotter_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2323-06.2006}} @article{Trottier:1994, @@ -104127,7 +104116,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D5CC1906-6426-4CFF-A303-F399BE26AA81}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsai_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tsai_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.013}} @article{Tsau:1999, @@ -104245,7 +104234,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAA1C220-C26D-11DA-969D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {160}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tsuchiya_JNeuroimmunol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tsuchiya_JNeuroimmunol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.025}} @article{Tukker:2007, @@ -104267,7 +104256,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7962E7FB-2910-483B-8151-CF7D77ECC118}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Tukker_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Tukker_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1685-07.2007}} @article{Turlejski:2002, @@ -104307,7 +104296,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F77BF962-EE1D-4F34-93C4-9901A2E54FED}, Volume = {12}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Turrigiano_TrendsMolMed2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Turrigiano_TrendsMolMed2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2006.08.002}} @article{Tyzio:2003, @@ -104371,7 +104360,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {16BB8A78-9E30-4B3A-9259-3F786944FE61}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Uesaka_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Uesaka_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4685-06.2007}} @article{Ueyama:2004, @@ -104413,7 +104402,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {451712CD-A15D-4110-95A5-91BEF2AD3371}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Uhlhaas_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Uhlhaas_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.020}} @article{Ule:2005, @@ -104497,7 +104486,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5AC49152-D378-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {1015}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Unal-Cevik_BrainRes2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Unal-Cevik_BrainRes2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.04.032}} @article{Unger:1993, @@ -104539,7 +104528,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7EC8699F-EE25-11DA-8605-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {21}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Upender_DevNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Upender_DevNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Uziel:2006, Abstract = {The complex task of wiring up the brain during embryonic development is achieved by a multitude of guidance signals acting in complex combinations to drive growing axons to their proper targets. The somatosensory system provides an extensively studied model system featuring many universal mechanisms of neural development. In rodents, it constitutes an important model to study how precise topographic connections are achieved. Recent evidence suggests that the Eph/ephrin family of guidance molecules is of pivotal importance for the development of the somatosensory system. Members of Eph/ephrin family are thought to be involved in the global presorting of thalamic axons projecting to the cortex, in labeling specific cortical areas for innervation, in providing topographic cues within the target area, and in distinguishing cortical layers for intracortical wiring. The Eph/ephrin system also seems to contribute to the formation of specific corticothalamic feedback projections. So far, the functions of only a few members of the Eph/ephrin family have been examined, but expression analysis indicates complex combinatorial effects of these signaling molecules. Understanding the Eph/ephrin wiring code is expected to yield new insights into the development and plasticity of brain circuits involved in higher functions.}, @@ -104665,7 +104654,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EA0E369E-923A-4B68-8913-C62C74BDDB8B}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/VanKampen_EurJNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/VanKampen_EurJNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Vanek:1998, Abstract = {Myelin contains potent inhibitors of neurite growth which have been implicated in the failure of long-distance regeneration of nerve fibres within the CNS. These myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors may also be involved in the stabilization of neural connections by suppressing sprouting and fibre growth. After lesions of the CNS in neonatal animals, extensive rearrangements of the remaining fibre systems have been observed. In the rat, this plasticity of neuronal connections is severely restricted following the first few weeks of postnatal life, coincident with the progression of myelination of the nervous system. A well-studied example of postnatal plasticity is the sprouting of one corticospinal tract (CST) into the denervated half of the spinal cord after unilateral motor cortex or pyramidal lesions. In the hamster and rat, significant CST sprouting is restricted to the first 10 postnatal days. Here we show that very extensive sprouting of corticospinal fibres occurs after deafferentations as late as P21 if myelination is prevented by neonatal X-irradiation in the rat lumbar spinal cord. Sprouted fibres from the intact CST cross the midline and develop large terminal arbors in the denervated spinal cord, suggesting the establishment of synaptic connections. Our results suggest that myelin and its associated neurite growth inhibitors play an important role in the termination of neurite growth permissive periods during postnatal CNS development. Corticospinal sprouting subsequent to lesions early in life, i.e. in the absence of myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors may explain the frequent occurrence of mirror movements in patients with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.}, @@ -104722,7 +104711,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5C5BE4B9-6BFD-463C-915D-245B00D974CA}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vasilyev_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vasilyev_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Vasquez:1997, Abstract = {Previous studies demonstrated that nanomolar concentrations of nocodazole can block cells in mitosis without net microtubule disassembly and resulted in the hypothesis that this block was due to a nocodazole-induced stabilization of microtubules. We tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of nanomolar concentrations of nocodazole on microtubule dynamic instability in interphase cells and in vitro with purified brain tubulin. Newt lung epithelial cell microtubules were visualized by video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy and cells were perfused with solutions of nocodazole ranging in concentration from 4 to 400 nM. Microtubules showed a loss of the two-state behavior typical of dynamic instability as evidenced by the addition of a third state where they exhibited little net change in length (a paused state). Nocodazole perfusion also resulted in slower elongation and shortening velocities, increased catastrophe, and an overall decrease in microtubule turnover. Experiments performed on BSC-1 cells that were microinjected with rhodamine-labeled tubulin, incubated in nocodazole for 1 h, and visualized by using low-light-level fluorescence microscopy showed similar results except that nocodazole-treated BSC-1 cells showed a decrease in catastrophe. To gain insight into possible mechanisms responsible for changes in dynamic instability, we examined the effects of 4 nM to 12 microM nocodazole on the assembly of purified tubulin from axoneme seeds. At both microtubule plus and minus ends, perfusion with nocodazole resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in elongation and shortening velocities, increase in pause duration and catastrophe frequency, and decrease in rescue frequency. These effects, which result in an overall decrease in microtubule turnover after nocodazole treatment, suggest that the mitotic block observed is due to a reduction in microtubule dynamic turnover. In addition, the in vitro results are similar to the effects of increasing concentrations of GDP-tubulin (TuD) subunits on microtubule assembly. Given that nocodazole increases tubulin GTPase activity, we propose that nocodazole acts by generating TuD subunits that then alter dynamic instability. 1059-1524 Journal Article}, @@ -104739,7 +104728,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8F586F86-0A17-475E-BD21-7CF78CECA579}, Volume = {8}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vasquez_MolBiolCell1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vasquez_MolBiolCell1997.pdf}} @article{Vassilopoulos:2003, Abstract = {Results from several experimental systems suggest that cells from one tissue type can form other tissue types after transplantation. This could be due to the presence of multipotential or several types of adult stem cells in donor tissues, or alternatively, to fusion of donor and recipient cells. In a model of tyrosinaemia type I, mice with mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene (Fah-/-) regain normal liver function after transplantation of Fah+/+ bone marrow cells, and form regenerating liver nodules with normal histology that express Fah. Here we show that these hepatic nodules contain more mutant than wild-type Fah alleles, and that their hepatocytes express both donor and host genes, consistent with polyploid genome formation by fusion of host and donor cells. Using bone marrow cells marked with integrated foamy virus vectors that express green fluorescent protein, we identify common proviral junctions in hepatic nodules and haematopoietic cells. We also show that the haematopoietic donor genome adopts a more hepatocyte-specific expression profile after cell fusion, as the wild-type Fah gene was activated and the pan-haematopoietic CD45 marker was no longer expressed. 0028-0836 Journal Article}, @@ -104756,7 +104745,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E40348A5-C829-431D-A5D0-B0AAA995A968}, Volume = {422}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vassilopoulos_Nature2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vassilopoulos_Nature2003.pdf}} @article{Velling:1985, Abstract = {The action of optical radiation on neocortical bioelectrical activity and on a penicillin-induced epileptic focus was investigated. The direct action of ultraviolet (UV) radiation with wavelengths 280, 310, and 365 nm was shown to increase the amplitude of the spontaneous EEG and to potentiate epileptiform activity, whereas the action of subthreshold radiation with wavelengths of 580 and 630 nm caused a reduction of EEG amplitude and inhibition of epileptiform activity. On the basis of the writers' own results and data in the literature it is postulated that the mechanism of action of UV radiation on neocortical electrical activity is based on changes in permeability of neuronal membranes to Na and K ions and subsequent membrane depolarization, whereas the action of visible radiation leads to thermal injury to the neurons in the irradiated zone, inducing irreversible suppression of their activity and a decrease in amplitude of the EEG.}, @@ -104833,7 +104822,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {86748694-EB02-4639-B240-44F050586BD4}, Volume = {51}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vercelli_BrainResBull2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vercelli_BrainResBull2000.pdf}} @article{Vercelli:2003, Abstract = {The parafascicular nucleus (PFN) of the rat, homologous to the human centre m{\'e}dian, is an intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus, classically considered as part of the ascending activating system. We have previously demonstrated that it is also connected to several subcortical nuclei. To obtain a more detailed picture of the connectivity of the PFN, the organization and the topography of the reciprocal parafascicular-telencephalic relationships were studied in both adult and developing rats, using anterograde and retrograde neuronal tracers. In the adult rat, the ascending parafascicular projections were densest to the striatum, dense to the frontal and least dense to cingulate cortex, and were strictly ipsilateral. They displayed a loose topography, with the more medial parafascicular neurons projecting to the medial frontal and cingulate cortex and medial striatum, and the more lateral neurons projecting to the lateral frontal cortex and lateral striatum. All these connections were already present at embryonic day 19. Parafascicular neurons projecting to the telencephalon in adult rats were mostly of the multipolar type, with a few bipolar neurons. In neonatal rats they showed a bipolar morphology at birth; they became mostly multipolar later on, with an increasing complexity of the dendritic arbor up to postnatal day 10. Neurons in the frontal cortex retrogradely labelled from the PFN were more numerous perinatally, and decreased as early as postnatal day 5. The telencephalic connections of the PFN were found to be more discrete and restricted than previously thought, thus suggesting a more specific functional role for the nucleus than cortical recruitment.}, @@ -104990,7 +104979,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8AB66AED-D3F7-426B-833F-265E04070D32}, Volume = {33}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Veruki_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Veruki_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Vicario-Abejon:1995, Abstract = {Restrictions in neuronal fate occur during the transition from a multipotential to a postmitotic cell. This and later steps in neuronal differentiation are determined by extracellular signals. We report that basic fibroblast growth factor is mitogenic for stem cells and is a differentiation factor for calbindin-expressing hippocampal neurons. The neurotrophin NT-3 is a differentiation factor for the same neurons but does not affect proliferation. NT-3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor promote the maturation of neurons derived from stem cells that have been grown in vitro. These results define functions for basic fibroblast growth factor and neurotrophins in the differentiation processes that direct a multipotential stem cell to a specific neuronal fate.}, @@ -105047,7 +105036,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {514CECB1-3466-47FC-8A9C-841C14F9837C}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Victor_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Victor_CurrOpinNeurobiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2005.08.002}} @article{Vignery:2000, @@ -105070,7 +105059,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2AEABBC4-E9E0-11DA-920C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {81}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vignery_IntJExpPathol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Vignery_IntJExpPathol2000.pdf}} @article{Vignery:2005, Abstract = {The fusion of cells is a fundamental biological event that is essential for a variety of developmental and homeostatic processes. Fusion is required for the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts and giant cells, although the mechanisms that govern these processes are poorly understood. A new study now reveals an unexpected role for the receptor, dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), in this process. The potential mechanism by which DC-STAMP governs fusion and the implications of this finding will be discussed.}, @@ -105091,7 +105080,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {81CCBB7C-99E0-4320-94C7-F85DD9630C4B}, Volume = {202}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vignery_JExpMed2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vignery_JExpMed2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20051123}} @article{Vignery:2005a, @@ -105113,7 +105102,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6CE27E5F-E9C0-11DA-920C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {15}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vignery_TrendsCellBiol2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vignery_TrendsCellBiol2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2005.02.008}} @article{Vincent:2006, @@ -105135,7 +105124,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BD7F0B0F-0C3A-4257-A5FD-9DD72D369587}, Volume = {96}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vincent_JNeurophysiol2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vincent_JNeurophysiol2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00048.2006}} @article{Vincent:2007, @@ -105157,7 +105146,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2981CB9C-A906-4DEA-89E4-1D5D9881B6A8}, Volume = {447}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vincent_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vincent_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05758}} @article{Vincent:2002, @@ -105275,7 +105264,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B6613570-1E35-4CA2-8E1E-1C6D14F7ABF5}, Volume = {141}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vogt_BrainResMolBrainRes2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vogt_BrainResMolBrainRes2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.08.002}} @article{Voigt:2001, @@ -105297,7 +105286,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {27245ED5-8061-4C0D-A154-80D604729D75}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Voigt_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Voigt_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Voyvodic:1996, Abstract = {0896-6273 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -105313,7 +105302,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BFFBE623-7B96-4CB0-A65E-1F632F75E577}, Volume = {16}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Voyvodic_Neuron1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Voyvodic_Neuron1996.pdf}} @article{Vyazovskiy:2008, Abstract = {Plastic changes occurring during wakefulness aid in the acquisition and consolidation of memories. For some memories, further consolidation requires sleep, but whether plastic processes during wakefulness and sleep differ is unclear. We show that, in rat cortex and hippocampus, GluR1-containing AMPA receptor (AMPAR) levels are high during wakefulness and low during sleep, and changes in the phosphorylation states of AMPARs, CamKII and GSK3beta are consistent with synaptic potentiation during wakefulness and depression during sleep. Furthermore, slope and amplitude of cortical evoked responses increase after wakefulness, decrease after sleep and correlate with changes in slow-wave activity, a marker of sleep pressure. Changes in molecular and electrophysiological indicators of synaptic strength are largely independent of the time of day. Finally, cortical long-term potentiation can be easily induced after sleep, but not after wakefulness. Thus, wakefulness appears to be associated with net synaptic potentiation, whereas sleep may favor global synaptic depression, thereby preserving an overall balance of synaptic strength.}, @@ -105334,7 +105323,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B736C663-BB5E-4845-941E-AC51B3DB103C}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Vyazovskiy_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Vyazovskiy_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn2035}} @article{Wachowiak:2001, @@ -105372,7 +105361,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {8867806E-A7E4-462A-92F3-72021D710E73}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Waclaw_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Waclaw_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.018}} @article{Wadman:1993, @@ -105410,7 +105399,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F8F1B3E8-9F63-11DA-8D49-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {116}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wagers_Cell2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wagers_Cell2004.pdf}} @article{Wagner:1999, Abstract = {Mounting evidence indicates that extracellular factors exert proliferative effects on neurogenetic precursors in vivo. Recently we found that systemic levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulate neurogenesis in the brain of newborn rats, with factors apparently crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to stimulate mitosis. To determine whether peripheral bFGF affects proliferation during adulthood, we focused on regions in which neurogenesis persists into maturity, the hippocampus and the forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ). In postnatal day 1 (P1) rats, 8 hr after subcutaneous injection (5 ng/gm body weight), bFGF increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation 70\%in hippocampal and SVZ homogenates and elicited twofold increases in mitotic nuclei in the dentate gyrus and the dorsolateral SVZ, detected by bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry. Because approximately 25\%of proliferating hippocampal cells stimulated in vivo expressed neuronal traits in culture, bFGF-induced mitosis may reflect increased neurogenesis. bFGF effects were not restricted to the perinatal period; hippocampal DNA synthesis was stimulated by peripheral factor in older animals (P7-P21), indicating the persistence of bFGF-responsive cells and activity of peripheral bFGF into late development. To begin defining underlying mechanisms, pharmacokinetic studies were performed in P28 rats; bFGF transferred from plasma to CSF rapidly, levels rising in both compartments in parallel, indicating that peripheral factor crosses the BBB during maturity. Consequently, we tested bFGF in adults; peripheral bFGF increased the number of mitotic nuclei threefold in the SVZ and olfactory tract, regions exhibiting persistent neurogenesis. Our observations suggest that bFGF regulates ongoing neurogenesis via a unique, endocrine-like pathway, potentially coordinating neuron number and body growth, and potentially providing new approaches for treating damaged brain during development and adulthood.}, @@ -105468,7 +105457,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {24CD4BEB-E75B-43F4-A4C6-0A03BAC6C81F}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wakselman_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wakselman_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1006-08.2008}} @article{Walczak:2004, @@ -105589,7 +105578,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9A52B650-A150-411B-8F7E-D0CEDCFFD70C}, Volume = {19}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Walsh_NatGenet1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Walsh_NatGenet1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1186}} @article{Walsh:1992, @@ -105664,7 +105653,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {115D62C7-3557-4D43-80FA-88D337767A2D}, Volume = {126}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_Cell2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_Cell2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.038}} @article{Wang:2002, @@ -105741,7 +105730,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {67D1AD48-4093-4DAB-90E2-0865A87749B5}, Volume = {90}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wang_JNeurophysiol2003.pdf}} @article{Wang:2008, Abstract = {The development of a balance between excitatory and inhibitory synapses is a critical process in the generation and maturation of functional circuits. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal activity plays an important role in achieving such a balance in the developing cortex, but the mechanism that regulates this process is unknown. During development, GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in adults, excites neurons as a result of high expression of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1). Using NKCC1 RNA interference knockdown in vivo, we show that GABA-induced depolarization is necessary for proper excitatory synapse formation and dendritic development of newborn cortical neurons. Blocking NKCC1 with the diuretic bumetanide during development leads to similar persistent changes in cortical circuitry in the adult. Interestingly, expression of a voltage-independent NMDA receptor rescues the failure of NKCC1 knockdown neurons to develop excitatory AMPA transmission, indicating that GABA depolarization cooperates with NMDA receptor activation to regulate excitatory synapse formation. Our study identifies an essential role for GABA in the synaptic integration of newborn cortical neurons and suggests an activity-dependent mechanism for achieving the balance between excitation and inhibition in the developing cortex.}, @@ -105762,7 +105751,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2B6CB16B-7C53-42E4-99B4-4BAB6EAC7188}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wang_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5599-07.2008}} @article{Wang:1999, @@ -105864,7 +105853,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E8A87491-CEDB-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {422}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {../../Volumes/Vega/Users/ackman/James/Endnotelibraries/OMEGAoldpdfs/EE-aberrantcellcyclepdfs/cellfusion2-nat03.pdf}} + File = {../../Volumes/Vega/Users/ackman/James/Endnotelibraries/OMEGAoldpdfs/EE-aberrantcellcyclepdfs/cellfusion2-nat03.pdf}} @article{Wang:2000, Author = {Wang, S. and Barres, B. A.}, @@ -105915,7 +105904,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0FEB1B2A-A079-4713-9CBA-67BC87164208}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wang_NeurosurgFocus2006.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wang_NeurosurgFocus2006.pdf}} @article{Ward:2003, Abstract = {Although neuronal migration is an essential process in development, how neural precursors reach their final destination in the nervous system is not well understood. Secreted molecules that are known to be involved in axon guidance are likely to play important roles in regulating neuronal migration, but an important issue that remains unclear is whether such molecules act as directional guidance cues or as motility regulators in neuronal migration. The secreted protein Slit was initially suggested to be a repellent for migrating neurons (Wu et al., 1999). However, it was concluded recently that Slit plays an inhibitory rather than a repulsive role in neuronal migration (Mason et al., 2001). We have developed a series of assays that allow us to differentiate between repulsive and inhibitory effects of secreted molecules, and we demonstrate that Slit is a repellent capable of reversing the direction of neurons migrating either in culture or in their native pathways. We also show that although Slit reduces migratory speed under certain conditions, it can function as a repellent without concurrent inhibition of neuronal migration. This is the first study to clearly demonstrate that migrating neurons can be directionally guided by secreted molecules. These findings provide a basis to understand the physiological roles of secreted molecules in the developing nervous system and have implications on how they could be applied therapeutically. Our results also indicate that it should be possible to determine the specific action of other molecules as directional guidance cues or as motility regulators of cell migration. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -105932,7 +105921,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7422A521-5EE1-4B8A-9B28-16D2FADC1DC5}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ward_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ward_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Warner-Schmidt:2007, Abstract = {The neural mechanisms underlying the cellular and behavioral responses to antidepressants are not yet known. Up-regulation of growth factors and adult neurogenesis suggest a role for one or more of these factors in the action of antidepressants. One candidate of interest is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was initially characterized for its role in angiogenesis, but also exerts direct mitogenic effects on neural progenitors in vitro. Results of this study demonstrate that VEGF is induced by multiple classes of antidepressants at time points consistent with the induction of cell proliferation and therapeutic action of these treatments. We find that VEGF signaling through the Flk-1 receptor is required for antidepressant-induced cell proliferation. We also show that VEGF-Flk-1 signaling is required and sufficient for behavioral responses in two chronic and two subchronic antidepressant models. Taken together, these studies identify VEGF and VEGF-Flk-1 signaling as mediators of antidepressant actions and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.}, @@ -105989,7 +105978,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B7759AB5-C05D-4D4C-A3F1-AA819A161070}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Watanabe_CellTransplant2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Watanabe_CellTransplant2002.pdf}} @article{Waters:2004, Abstract = {Action potentials backpropagate into the dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons, reporting output activity to the sites of synaptic input and provoking long-lasting changes in synaptic strength. It is unclear how this retrograde signal is modified by neural network activity. Using whole-cell recordings from somata, apical trunks, and dendritic tuft branches of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in vivo, we show that network-driven subthreshold membrane depolarizations ("up states") occur simultaneously throughout the apical dendritic tree. This spontaneous synaptic activity enhances action potential-evoked calcium influx into the distal apical dendrite by promoting action potential backpropagation. Hence, somatic feedback to the dendrites becomes stronger with increasing network activity.}, @@ -106010,7 +105999,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F84326BD-35A5-4AC8-B29D-68464F9E3EAA}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Waters_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Waters_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2933-04.2004}} @article{Waters:2006, @@ -106093,7 +106082,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A7F5B081-074A-4749-8EB9-E2CCF6517BDD}, Volume = {7}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Watt_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Watt_NatNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1220}} @article{Watts:2004, @@ -106135,7 +106124,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7BD0CDE4-D019-432B-AAF1-E0F5D8683D6C}, Volume = {393}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Watts_Nature1998.pdf}, + File = {papers/Watts_Nature1998.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/30918}} @article{Webster:1973, @@ -106172,7 +106161,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4BEBA2ED-6DDD-4D0B-B6B8-DEA5BB39D62D}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wefelmeyer_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wefelmeyer_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3111-07.2007}} @article{Wegiel:1998, @@ -106216,7 +106205,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F2F9AA7C-800D-460C-86AF-AFAFE2F04DF6}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wehner_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wehner_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Weimann:2003, Abstract = {Heterokaryons are the product of cell fusion without subsequent nuclear or chromosome loss. Decades of research using Sendai-virus or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated fusion in tissue culture showed that the terminally differentiated state of a cell could be altered. But whether stable non-dividing heterokaryons could occur in animals has remained unclear. Here, we show that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) contribute to adult mouse Purkinje neurons through cell fusion. The formation of heterokaryons increases in a linear manner over 1.5 years and seems to be stable. The dominant Purkinje neurons caused the BMDC nuclei within the resulting heterokaryons to enlarge, exhibit dispersed chromatin and activate a Purkinje neuron-specific transgene, L7-GFP. The observed reprogrammed heterokaryons that form in brain may provide insights into gene regulation associated with cell-fate plasticity.}, @@ -106238,7 +106227,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {52FC753E-E9C3-11DA-920C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weimann_NatCellBiol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Weimann_NatCellBiol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1053}} @article{Weimann:2003a, @@ -106261,7 +106250,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {52FC79D0-E9C3-11DA-920C-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weimann_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Weimann_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0337659100}} @article{Weimer:2006, @@ -106283,7 +106272,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {105DC4E6-8E15-41CD-8565-E4D900FB3206}, Volume = {49}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weimer_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Weimer_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.12.016}} @article{Weinberg:1980, @@ -106303,7 +106292,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3CDEDFDA-6B1D-4B89-84E1-DAA420324201}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1980}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weinberg_Cell1980.pdf}} + File = {papers/Weinberg_Cell1980.pdf}} @article{Weinberg:1991, Abstract = {Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of T lymphocytes requires cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis. Human monocytes were shown to have low DNA synthesis rates, yet the monocytotropic BaL isolate of HIV-1 was able to infect these cells efficiently. Monocytes that were irradiated to assure no DNA synthesis could also be readily infected with HIV-1BaL. Such infections were associated with the integration of HIV-1BaL DNA into the high molecular weight, chromosomal DNA of monocytes. Thus, normal, nonproliferating monocytes differ from T lymphocytes in that a productive HIV-1 infection can occur independently of cellular DNA synthesis. These results suggest that normal nonproliferating mononuclear phagocytes, which are relatively resistant to the destructive effects of this virus, may serve as persistent and productive reservoirs for HIV-1 in vivo.}, @@ -106417,7 +106406,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E6E66F3D-ACB5-42C1-8D94-C20DABACA2CA}, Volume = {83}, Year = {1986}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weiss_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1986.pdf}} + File = {papers/Weiss_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA1986.pdf}} @article{Weisskopf:1991, Abstract = {Combined retrograde transport of Rhodamine-labeled latex beads and intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow in aldehyde-fixed slices of areas 17 and 18 in kittens indicate that neurons with similar dendritic morphology send axons into the corpus callosum from the 17/18 border and from parts of area 17 destined to become acallosal. At both sites callosally projecting neurons (callosal neurons) include pyramids, spiny stellate cells and star-pyramids; two types of pyramidal neurons can be distinguished on the basis of the complexity of their apical dendrites. At both sites, the dendritic morphology of callosal neurons appears basically unaffected by the ablation at the beginning of the second postnatal week of the contralateral areas 17 and 18 to which they have sent their axon. Thus the dendritic morphology of this type of cortical neuron seems independent of retrograde signals coming from their contralateral target and may instead depend on "programs" intrinsic to the neurons and/or conditions acting locally on their cell bodies, dendrites or initial axon collaterals.}, @@ -106453,7 +106442,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {16087AFF-8FC4-421C-BD5F-E3FFB564C317}, Volume = {13}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weissman_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Weissman_CerebCortex2003.pdf}} @article{Weissman:2004, Abstract = {The majority of neurons in the adult neocortex are produced embryonically during a brief but intense period of neuronal proliferation. The radial glial cell, a transient embryonic cell type known for its crucial role in neuronal migration, has recently been shown to function as a neuronal progenitor cell and appears to produce most cortical pyramidal neurons. Radial glial cell modulation could thus affect neuron production, neuronal migration, and overall cortical architecture; however, signaling mechanisms among radial glia have not been studied directly. We demonstrate here that calcium waves propagate through radial glial cells in the proliferative cortical ventricular zone (VZ). Radial glial calcium waves occur spontaneously and require connexin hemichannels, P2Y1 ATP receptors, and intracellular IP3-mediated calcium release. Furthermore, we show that wave disruption decreases VZ proliferation during the peak of embryonic neurogenesis. Taken together, these results demonstrate a radial glial signaling mechanism that may regulate cortical neuronal production.}, @@ -106474,7 +106463,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5906C5F8-FEC2-46D5-A30D-14BC3558B601}, Volume = {43}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Weissman_Neuron2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Weissman_Neuron2004.pdf}, Bdsk-File-2 = {papers/Weissman_Neuron2004a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.015}} @@ -106576,7 +106565,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {18DDFD26-D5F7-4C46-9DBF-2D26E4D9F975}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wenzel_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wenzel_JNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Werner:1998, Abstract = {Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is a widely expressed glycoprotein, which plays an important role in leukocyte extravasation and in the interaction of lymphocytes with antigen-presenting cells. In the current study we examined the regulation of ICAM-1 in the mouse facial motor nucleus after facial nerve transection, using immunohistochemistry, confocal laser microscopy and electron microscopy. In the normal facial nucleus ICAM-1 immunoreactivity was restricted to vascular endothelium. Transection of the facial nerve led to a strong and selective upregulation of ICAM-1 on activated microglia. Quantitation of microglial ICAM-1 immunoreactivity revealed a biphasic increase. The first peak 1-2 days post operation paralleling the early stage of microglial activation was followed by a decline at 4-7 days. The second induction of ICAM-1 occurred at day 14 accompanying the period of neuronal cell death and microglial phagocytosis of neuronal debris. Immunoelectron microscopy showed strong ICAM-1 reactivity on the cell membrane of activated microglia at day 2. During the second peak (day 14), ICAM-1 was also observed on lymphocytes adhering to phagocytotic microglia forming aggregates around neuronal debris. No immunolabelling was observed on neurons, astrocytes or oligodendroglia. These data suggest the involvement of ICAM-1 in the adhesion of activated microglia, in their phagocytosis of neuronal debris, and also in the interaction with infiltrating lymphocytes following this injury.}, @@ -106617,7 +106606,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {ED520BE0-526C-43BF-86CA-5CB4056D31D1}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wernig_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wernig_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0428-04.200}} @article{West:2002, @@ -106638,7 +106627,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {95D225A8-CACF-4CE4-9708-4B289DAD125D}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/West_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/West_NatRevNeurosci2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn987}} @article{Whartenby:2002, @@ -106693,7 +106682,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AF46F8B4-5EEF-4EEC-948A-FEFBA611BDDB}, Volume = {152}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/White_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/White_JNeurosciMethods2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.09.014}} @article{White:2001, @@ -106802,7 +106791,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9F8ACD09-1E43-409D-B6C5-6C2018B9523E}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Whittaker_AnnuRevCellDevBiol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Whittaker_AnnuRevCellDevBiol2000.pdf}} @article{Whittaker:1998, Abstract = {Many viruses replicate in the nucleus of their animal and plant host cells. Nuclear import, export, and nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling play a central role in their replication cycle. Although the trafficking of individual virus proteins into and out of the nucleus has been well studied for some virus systems, the nuclear transport of larger entities such as viral genomes and capsids has only recently become a subject of molecular analysis. In this review, the general concepts emerging are discussed and a survey is provided of current information on both plant and animal viruses. Summarizing the main findings in this emerging field, it is evident that most viruses that enter or exit the nucleus take advantage of the cell's nuclear import and export machinery. With a few exceptions, viruses seem to cross the nuclear envelope through the nuclear pore complexes, making use of cellular nuclear import and export signals, receptors, and transport factors. In many cases, they capitalize on subtle control systems such as phosphorylation that regulate traffic of cellular components into and out of the nucleus. The large size of viral capsids and their composition (they contain large RNA and DNA molecules for which there are few precedents in normal nuclear transport) make the processes unique and complicated. Prior capsid disassembly (or deformation) is required before entry of viral genomes and accessory proteins can occur through nuclear pores. Capsids of different virus families display diverse uncoating programs which culminate in genome transfer through the nuclear pores. 0042-6822 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -106819,7 +106808,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BE1C80A7-A056-477B-B27D-44B73B6780B5}, Volume = {246}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Whittaker_Virology1998.pdf}} + File = {papers/Whittaker_Virology1998.pdf}} @article{Whittemore:1999, Abstract = {The effects of specific mitogens and substrates on the proliferative capacity and the differentiated phenotypic plasticity of neural precursor cell populations isolated from the adult rat subventricular zone (SVZ) were examined. SVZ cells were grown on uncoated tissue culture plastic, extracellular matrix, or poly-D-ornithine with either laminin or fibronectin. SVZ neural precursor cells could not be generated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, stem cell factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor, or ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), but could be with EGF, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and FGF2 plus heparin. Varying combinations of substrate and mitogen resulted in very different expansion rates and/or lineage potential. Neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes differentiated from all cultures, but EGF-generated neural precursor cells were more restricted to an astrocytic lineage and FGF2-generated neural precursor cells had a greater capacity for neuronal differentiation. In both EGF- and FGF2-generated cell populations, CNTF increased the number of differentiated astrocytes, triiodothyronine oligodendrocytes, PDGF neurons, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor neurons only from EGF cells. Electrophysiological analysis of differentiated cells showed three distinct phenotypes, glial, neuronal, and presumed precursor cells, although the neuronal properties were immature. Collectively, these data indicate that CNS neural precursor cell populations isolated with different mitogens and substrates are intrinsically different and their characteristics cannot be directly compared. 0014-4827 Journal Article}, @@ -106852,7 +106841,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {790C19A6-4934-4A7D-A31F-03FC919CA6A5}, Volume = {128}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wichterle_Development2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wichterle_Development2001.pdf}} @article{Wichterle:1999, Abstract = {In this study, we identified neuronal precursors that can disperse through adult mammalian brain tissue. Transplanted neuronal precursors from embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), but not from lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) or neocortex, dispersed and differentiated into neurons in multiple adult brain regions. In contrast, only LGE cells were able to migrate efficiently from the adult subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb. In embryonic brain slices, MGE cells migrated extensively toward cortex. Our results demonstrate that cells in different germinal regions have unique migratory potentials, and that adult mammalian brain can support widespread dispersion of specific populations of neuronal precursors. These findings could be useful in repair of diffuse brain damage.}, @@ -106955,7 +106944,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DD1E2252-533D-4DF7-91DA-88EE26560DC5}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wierenga_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wierenga_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5217-04.2005}} @article{Wilairat:1978, @@ -106988,7 +106977,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {99281C19-47C0-46B6-A552-A6D2BB070917}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wilbrecht_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wilbrecht_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Wilcott:1981, Author = {Wilcott, R. C.}, @@ -107125,7 +107114,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {650F9964-00AB-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {132}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Williams_Development2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Williams_Development2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01928}} @article{Williams:2001, @@ -107148,7 +107137,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5D113672-C206-45F0-9FB3-1B2349459B9D}, Volume = {36}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Williams_Glia2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Williams_Glia2001.pdf}} @article{Williams:2005a, Abstract = {The genesis of dendritic shape during development sets in place key characteristics of a neuron's physiology and connectivity. During this construction, a cell interprets intrinsic cell-specific developmental programs and cues from the environment to generate its final phenotype. In insects that undergo complete metamorphosis certain neurons function in the larval nervous system and then remodel to generate an adult-specific arbor. By studying the dendrites of neurons that undergo such a cellular metamorphosis, one can explore the mechanisms that underlie both stereotyped pruning and local remodeling. Live imaging techniques in intact Drosophila have been especially useful in examining the outgrowth of the adult-specific dendritic arbors in remodeling dendritic arborizing (da) sensory neurons. These neurons show an initial scaffold-building phase during which the cell establishes the overall shape of the arbor and then switch to an elaboration phase where the arbor is filled out with higher order branches. The cellular machinery employed during these two phases is different, with branch retraction being a prominent feature of the scaffold building phase but absent from the elaboration phase. The transition between these two modes does not appear to be "hard-wired" but is plastic and under the extrinsic control of developmental hormones. This transition in branch dynamics may also involve changes in calcium signaling in the growing arbor. The potential relationship between hormone-induced transcriptional change and the calcium dynamics in dendritic morphogenesis is discussed.}, @@ -107288,7 +107277,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7D033EF4-E1F2-4B9B-9AFA-8974AE33EE20}, Volume = {56}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Williams_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Williams_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.004}} @article{Williams:1991, @@ -107347,7 +107336,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EA79EEF0-0291-44EA-9FCB-1CA0DEA9B603}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wilson_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wilson_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2070-05.2005}} @article{Wilson:2007, @@ -107367,7 +107356,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4174C4F3-BA97-4B9A-AABF-C6260ED111A7}, Volume = {445}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wilson_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wilson_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/445030a}} @article{Wilson:2004, @@ -107389,7 +107378,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1FEF8179-D150-47BB-90D3-62E91EF88E04}, Volume = {303}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wilson_Science2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wilson_Science2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1090782}} @article{Wines-Samuelson:2005, @@ -107433,7 +107422,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {27275CB2-7C2B-404F-B4C6-F79E07D98A87}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Winner_EurJNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Winner_EurJNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Winship:2008, Abstract = {Functional mapping and microstimulation studies suggest that recovery after stroke damage can be attributed to surviving brain regions taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation to cortical functional maps. It is conceivable that individual surviving neurons could adopt new roles at the expense of their usual function. Alternatively, neurons that contribute to recovery may take on multiple functions and exhibit a wider repertoire of neuronal processing. In vivo two-photon calcium imaging was used in adult mice within reorganized forelimb and hindlimb somatosensory functional maps to determine how the response properties of individual neurons and glia were altered during recovery from ischemic damage over a period of 2-8 weeks. Single-cell calcium imaging revealed that the limb selectivity of individual neurons was altered during recovery from ischemia, such that neurons normally selective for a single contralateral limb processed information from multiple limbs. Altered limb selectivity was most prominent in border regions between stroke-altered forelimb and hindlimb macroscopic map representations, and peaked 1 month after the targeted insult. Two months after stroke, individual neurons near the center of reorganized functional areas became more selective for a preferred limb. These previously unreported forms of plasticity indicate that in adult animals, seemingly hardwired cortical neurons first adopt wider functional roles as they develop strategies to compensate for loss of specific sensory modalities after forms of brain damage such as stroke.}, @@ -107454,7 +107443,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {4E4EFA22-1601-476A-8CBB-62260A35A732}, Volume = {28}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Winship_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Winship_JNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0622-08.2008}} @article{Winter:1995, @@ -107493,7 +107482,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D3E13CC3-8DFE-4D64-8B81-BE1EBCE6C539}, Volume = {75}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Witting_JNeurochem2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Witting_JNeurochem2000.pdf}} @article{Wolf:2002, Abstract = {This study analyzes how the antigen specificity, the subtype, and the activation state of T cells modulate their recently discovered neuroprotective potential. We assessed the prevention from neuronal damage in organotypic entorhinal-hippocampal slice cultures after co-culture with Th1 and Th2 cells either specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) or ovalbumin (OVA). We found that MBP-specific Th2 cells were the most effective in preventing central nervous system (CNS) tissue from secondary injury. This neuroprotective T cell effect appears to be mediated by soluble factors. After stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin, all T cells were most effective in preventing neuronal death. Our data show that the T cell subtype and activation state are important features in determining the neuroprotective potential of these cells.}, @@ -107554,7 +107543,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1C698258-47AD-4483-B226-167177941838}, Volume = {46}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Won_NeurosciRes2003}} + File = {papers/Won_NeurosciRes2003}} @article{Wong:2001, Abstract = {The Slit protein guides neuronal and leukocyte migration through the transmembrane receptor Roundabout (Robo). We report here that the intracellular domain of Robo interacts with a novel family of Rho GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). Two of the Slit-Robo GAPs (srGAPs) are expressed in regions responsive to Slit. Slit increased srGAP1- Robo1 interaction and inactivated Cdc42. A dominant negative srGAP1 blocked Slit inactivation of Cdc42 and Slit repulsion of migratory cells from the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) of the forebrain. A constitutively active Cdc42 blocked the repulsive effect of Slit. These results have demonstrated important roles for GAPs and Cdc42 in neuronal migration. We propose a signal transduction pathway from the extracellular guidance cue to intracellular actin polymerization.}, @@ -107633,7 +107622,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6DCB88C3-63B3-4586-9F23-95A255031CE7}, Volume = {61}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Woodbury_JNeurosciRes2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Woodbury_JNeurosciRes2000.pdf}} @article{Woodbury:2002, Abstract = {Bone marrow stromal stem cells (MSCs) normally differentiate into mesenchymal derivatives but recently have also been converted into neurons, classical ectodermal cells. To begin defining underlying mechanisms, we extended our characterization of MSCs and the differentiated neurons. In addition to expected mesodermal mRNAs, populations and clonal lines of MSCs expressed germinal, endodermal, and ectodermal genes. Thus, the MSCs are apparently "multidifferentiated" in addition to being multipotent. Conversely, the differentiating neurons derived from populations and clonal lines of MSCs expressed the specific markers beta-III tubulin, tau, neurofilament-M, TOAD-64, and synaptophysin de novo. The transmitter enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase were localized to neuronal subpopulations. Our observations suggest that MSCs are already multidifferentiated and that neural differentiation comprises quantitative modulation of gene expression rather than simple on-off switching of neural-specific genes.}, @@ -107654,7 +107643,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A34674CC-5224-4842-AB57-0E400C42F424}, Volume = {69}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Woodbury_JNeurosciRes2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Woodbury_JNeurosciRes2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.10365}} @article{Woods:2000, @@ -107789,7 +107778,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Title = {Co-expression of radial glial marker in macrophages/microglia in rat spinal cord contusion injury model}, Uuid = {88655040-1933-445E-A22D-9E11FFA00E87}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wu_BrainRes2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Wu_BrainRes2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.054}} @article{Wu:2007, @@ -107863,7 +107852,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A8B38E9F-5444-403E-B80E-5B4BD4FA2151}, Volume = {5}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wu_NatNeurosci2002}} + File = {papers/Wu_NatNeurosci2002}} @article{Wu:2000, Abstract = {Immunocytochemical studies of postmortem human tissue have shown that the neurons at risk for degeneration in Alzheimer's are marked by the ectopic expression of several cell cycle components. The current work investigates the roles that beta-amyloid activated microglia might play in leading neurons to re-express cell cycle components. Stable cultures of E16.5 mouse cortical neurons were exposed to beta-amyloid alone, microglial cells alone, or microglial cells activated by beta-amyloid. Increased cell death was found in response to each of these treatments, however, only the amyloid activated microglial treatment increased the number of neurons that were positive for cell cycle markers such as PCNA or cyclin D and incorporation of BrdU. Double labeling with BrdU and TUNEL techniques verified that the 'dividing' neurons were dying, most likely through an apoptotic mechanism. The identity of the soluble factor(s) elaborated by the microglia remains unknown, but FGF2, a suspected neuronal mitogen, was ruled out. These results further support a model in which microglial activation by beta-amyloid is a key event in the progression in Alzheimer's disease.}, @@ -107884,7 +107873,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {83187F85-510C-4806-AC0C-7B0ABFD3AB34}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wu_NeurobiolAging2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wu_NeurobiolAging2000.pdf}} @article{Wu:2002a, Abstract = {Here we report a novel method of supplying cultured neurosphere cells to the injured spinal cord, by injection of cells into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the fourth ventricle or cisterna magna. Hippocampus-derived neurosphere cells, isolated from a transgenic rat fetus expressing green fluorescent protein, were transplanted into the CSF of a rat with spinal cord injury. It was found that injected cells were extensively transported by CSF within the subarachnoidal space, and survived as clusters on the pial surface of the spinal cord. The most notable finding was that a large number of injected cells migrated into the lesion site and integrated into the injured spinal cord tissues.}, @@ -107939,7 +107928,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {41E98EC3-D3AE-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {416}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Wurmser_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Wurmser_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Wuttke:1972, Author = {Wuttke, W. and Michael, D.}, @@ -107978,7 +107967,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C3D9DB43-82BD-4F14-B7B6-40F717B1567D}, Volume = {16}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xiao_BrainBehavImmun2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Xiao_BrainBehavImmun2002.pdf}} @article{Xie:2004, Abstract = {Chronic glial activation in neurodegenerative diseases contributes to neuronal dysfunction and neuron loss through production of neuroinflammatory molecules. However, the molecular mechanisms, particularly the signal transduction pathways involved in glia-dependent neuron death, are poorly understood. As a first step to address this question, we used a neuron-glia co-culture system that allows diffusion of soluble molecules between glia and neurons to test the potential importance of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in the glia-induced neuron death. Activation of glia in co-culture by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced apoptotic-like neuron death. The MAPKs tested (p38, JNK, ERK1/2) were activated in both glia and neurons following LPS treatment, suggesting their involvement in both glial activation and neuronal response to diffusible, glia-derived neurotoxic molecules. Inhibitors of p38 and JNK partially blocked neuron death in the LPS-treated co-culture, whereas an ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor did not protect neurons. These results show that p38 and JNK MAPKs, but not ERK1/2 MAPK, are important signal transduction pathways contributing to glia-induced neuron death.}, @@ -108014,7 +108003,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {780EC16C-F86C-48CC-AE94-B87EF111C9C5}, Volume = {22}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xie_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Xie_JNeurosci2002.pdf}} @article{Xie:2007, Abstract = {Centrosome- and microtubule-associated proteins have been shown to be important for maintaining the neural progenitor pool during neocortical development by regulating the mitotic spindle. It remains unclear whether these proteins may control neurogenesis by regulating other microtubule-dependent processes such as nuclear migration. Here, we identify Cep120, a centrosomal protein preferentially expressed in neural progenitors during neocortical development. We demonstrate that silencing Cep120 in the developing neocortex impairs both interkinetic nuclear migration (INM), a characteristic pattern of nuclear movement in neural progenitors, and neural progenitor self-renewal. Furthermore, we show that Cep120 interacts with transforming acidic coiled-coil proteins (TACCs) and that silencing TACCs also causes defects in INM and neural progenitor self-renewal. Our data suggest a critical role for Cep120 and TACCs in both INM and neurogenesis. We propose that sustaining INM may be a mechanism by which microtubule-regulating proteins maintain the neural progenitor pool during neocortical development.}, @@ -108035,7 +108024,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {F4E6FBA8-7FF2-41BA-B782-C6A4326B6E94}, Volume = {56}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xie_Neuron2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Xie_Neuron2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.026}} @article{Xiong:2002, @@ -108052,7 +108041,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {EE2D2DF5-68AE-4927-B4B6-4A6B03E10F81}, Volume = {34}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xiong_Neuron2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Xiong_Neuron2002.pdf}} @article{Xu:2004a, Abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Arterial injury results in vascular remodeling associated with proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the development of intimal hyperplasia, which is a critical component of restenosis after angioplasty of human coronary arteries and an important feature of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the origin of SMCs and other cells in the development of vascular remodeling is not yet fully understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: We utilized a cuff-induced vascular injury model after transplantation of the bone marrow (BM) from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic mice. We found that macrophages were major cells recruited to the adventitia of the vascular injury lesion along with SMCs and endothelial cells (ECs). While investigating whether those cells are derived from the donor, we found that most of the macrophages were GFP-positive, and some of the SMCs and ECs were also GFP-positive. Administration of the anti-c-fms antibody resulted in a marked decrease in macrophages and a relative increase of SMCs, while administration of antibodies against the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta caused a prominent decrease in SMCs and a relative increase in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: The current study indicates that BM-derived cells play an important role in vascular injury, and that differentiation of macrophages and SMCs might be dependent on each other.}, @@ -108109,7 +108098,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CE76422E-043A-4C1D-8AAF-1641BB46C3C4}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Xu_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Xu_JNeurosci2004.pdf}} @article{Xu:1999, Abstract = {The restriction of intermingling between specific cell populations is crucial for the maintenance of organized patterns during development. A striking example is the restriction of cell mixing between segments in the insect epidermis and the vertebrate hindbrain that may enable each segment to maintain a distinct identity. In the hindbrain, this is a result of different adhesive properties of odd- and even-numbered segments (rhombomeres), but an adhesion molecule with alternating segmental expression has not been found. However, blocking experiments suggest that Eph-receptor tyrosine kinases may be required for the segmental restriction of cells. Eph receptors and their membrane-bound ligands, ephrins, are expressed in complementary rhombomeres and, by analogy with their roles in axon pathfinding, could mediate cell repulsion at boundaries. Remarkably, transmembrane ephrins can themselves transduce signals, raising the possibility that bi-directional signalling occurs between adjacent ephrin- and Eph-receptor-expressing cells. We report here that mosaic activation of Eph receptors leads to sorting of cells to boundaries in odd-numbered rhombomeres, whereas mosaic activation of ephrins results in sorting to boundaries in even-numbered rhombomeres. These data implicate Eph receptors and ephrins in the segmental restriction of cell intermingling. 0028-0836 Journal Article}, @@ -108217,7 +108206,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {15918EE0-FF59-4706-9528-7ADF66CC6F3E}, Volume = {69}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yagita_JNeurosciRes2002}} + File = {papers/Yagita_JNeurosciRes2002}} @article{Yagita:2001, Abstract = {BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recently, there has been great interest in adult neurogenesis. We investigated whether transient forebrain ischemia could influence the proliferation of neuronal progenitor in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the rat hippocampus and whether aging could influence the neurogenesis after ischemia. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to 4-vessel occlusion model. We used a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling method to identify the postproliferation cells and double-immunostaining with confocal microscopy to determine the cell phenotype. RESULTS: The number of BrdU-positive cells in the SGZ increased approximately 5.7-fold 8 days after ischemia, compared with the control. BrdU-positive cells formed clusters, which suggested that these cells had divided from an original progenitor cell, and expressed Musashi1 (Msi1), a marker of neural stem/progenitor cells. Although astrocytes also expressed Msi1 in the adult brain, Msi1-positive cells that formed clusters in the SGZ did not express glial fibrillary acidic protein, an astrocyte marker. About 70\%of all BrdU-positive cells in the SGZ represented the neuronal phenotype 4 weeks after the BrdU injection. Although proliferation of progenitor cells was stimulated in both young and older animals, aging accelerated the reduction in newborn cells after ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that ischemic stress stimulated the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells in the SGZ of both young and old rats but resulted in increased neurogenesis only in young animals. Our findings will be important in developing therapeutic intervention to enhance endogenous neurogenesis after brain injury. 1524-4628 Journal Article}, @@ -108255,7 +108244,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D5D050DE-B09A-4C79-B878-652800092D76}, Volume = {3}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yaksi_NatMethods2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yaksi_NatMethods2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth874}} @article{Yamada:1998a, @@ -108330,7 +108319,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {36008284-92E1-410F-83DD-A39C99CC0B4C}, Volume = {451}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yamagata_Nature2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yamagata_Nature2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06469}} @article{Yamaguchi:2003, @@ -108352,7 +108341,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {FFA5C5ED-11F4-4BCD-BABB-85E5F043A1CE}, Volume = {302}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yamaguchi_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yamaguchi_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1089287}} @article{Yamashita:1997, @@ -108422,7 +108411,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {32528674-D395-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11306619}} @article{Yang:2003, @@ -108439,7 +108428,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0387BBB2-8F56-493C-9584-18F11020AAD2}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2003.pdf}} @article{Yang:2003a, Abstract = {Cell cycle events play a major role in the loss of neurons in advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is currently unknown, however, whether the same is true for the neuronal losses in early disease stages. To explore this issue we analyzed brain autopsy material from individuals clinically categorized with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), many if not most of whom will progress to AD. Immunocytochemistry for three cell cycle-related proteins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D, and cyclin B, was performed on sections from hippocampus, basal nucleus of Meynert, and entorhinal cortex. The results obtained from MCI cases were compared with material from individuals diagnosed with AD and those without cognitive impairment. In both hippocampus and basal nucleus, there was a significant percentage of cell cycle immunopositive neurons in the MCI cases. These percentages were similar to those found in the AD cases but significantly higher than non-cognitively impaired controls. In entorhinal cortex, the density of cell cycle-positive neurons was greater in MCI than in AD. However, we observed large variations in the percentages of immunopositive neurons from individual to individual. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that both the mechanism of cell loss (a cell cycle-induced death) and the rate of cell loss (a slow atrophy over several months) are identical at all stages of the AD disease process. The implication of the findings for human clinical trials is discussed. 1529-2401 Journal Article}, @@ -108456,7 +108445,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B12B6DA0-B177-4D7A-A670-ABED3745017D}, Volume = {23}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2003a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2003a.pdf}} @article{Yang:2005a, Abstract = {In ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), the loss of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase leads to a failure of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA double-strand break detection resulting in cellular radiation sensitivity and a predisposition to cancer. There is also a significant loss of neurons, in particular cerebellar granule and Purkinje cells. Mice homozygous for null alleles of atm reproduce the radiation sensitivity and high-tumor incidence of the human disease but show no significant nerve cell loss. Using immunocytochemistry, we found the re-expression of cell cycle proteins in Purkinje cells and striatal neurons in both human and mouse A-T. In the mouse, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to document that DNA replication accompanies the reappearance of these proteins in at-risk neuronal cells. We also found the presence of significant cell cycle activity in the Purkinje cells of the atm+/- heterozygote mouse. The cell cycle events in mouse cerebellum occur primarily during the third postnatal week by both FISH and immunocytochemistry. Thus, the initiation of this ectopic cell division occurs just as the final stages of Purkinje cell development are being completed. These results suggest that loss of cell cycle control represents a common disease mechanism that underlies the defects in the affected tissues in both human and mouse diseases.}, @@ -108477,7 +108466,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E3C78D53-F309-48E6-BA22-B7D932D45784}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4946-04.2005}} @article{Yang:2006c, @@ -108499,7 +108488,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5489D66D-EF4A-4A0F-983C-44CB369E6DCA}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yang_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4247-05.2006}} @article{Yang:2006, @@ -108541,7 +108530,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2DDD1439-B38A-41FB-A5E9-B8E56C2DCB0B}, Volume = {76}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yang_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yang_JNeurosciRes2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20071}} @article{Yang:2006b, @@ -108642,7 +108631,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2F4C41BA-BD48-4F9F-9FEC-55E6D1BC7FF2}, Volume = {310}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yao_Virology2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yao_Virology2003.pdf}} @article{Yasuhara:2006, Abstract = {Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess high potencies of self-renewal and neuronal differentiation. We explored here whether transplantation of human NSCs cloned by v-myc gene transfer, HB1.F3 cells, is a feasible therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease. In vivo, green fluorescent protein-labeled HB1.F3 cells (200,000 viable cells in 3 microl of PBS) when stereotaxically transplanted (same-day lesion-transplant paradigm) into the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned striatum of rats significantly ameliorated parkinsonian behavioral symptoms compared with controls (vehicle, single bolus, or continuous minipump infusion of trophic factor, or killed cell grafts). Such graft-derived functional effects were accompanied by preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity along the nigrostriatal pathway. Grafted HB1.F3 cells survived in the lesioned brain with some labeled with neuronal marker mitogen-activated protein 2 and decorated with synaptophysin-positive terminals. Furthermore, endogenous neurogenesis was activated in the subventricular zone of transplanted rats. To further explore the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying HB1.F3 cell transplantation, we performed cell culture studies and found that a modest number of HB1.F3 cells were TH and dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 positive, although most cells were nestin positive, suggesting a mixed population of mature and immature cells. Administration of the HB1.F3 supernatant to human derived dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells and fetal rat ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons protected against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity by suppressing apoptosis through Bcl-2 upregulation, which was blocked by anti-stem cell factor antibody alone, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt inhibitor LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one] alone, or a combination of both. These results suggest that HB1.F3 cell transplantation exerts neuroprotective effects against dopaminergic depletion in vitro and in vivo because of trophic factor secretion and neuronal differentiation.}, @@ -108706,7 +108695,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {73401A63-36CF-4CFD-956F-3E097D7A06ED}, Volume = {130}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ye_Cell2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ye_Cell2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.032}} @article{Yee:2003, @@ -108804,7 +108793,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {96427206-D3B0-11D9-A0E9-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {416}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ying_Nature2002.pdf}} + File = {papers/Ying_Nature2002.pdf}} @article{Yokoo:2003, Abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bone marrow reconstitution using genetically-modified hematopoietic stem cells has been reported to confer resistance to inflammation and prevent renal injury in glomerulonephritis. Although this strategy has potentials for clinical use, taking hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow is highly stressful for patients. In this regard, umbilical cord blood may be a useful alternative and, therefore, we focused on their suitability as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation-based therapy for glomerulonephritis. METHODS: CD34+ cells were obtained from human umbilical cord blood, retrovirally transduced with human beta-glucuronidase (HBG) gene, and transplanted into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. After confirming the successful chimerism, these mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and local HBG expression in glomeruli was examined using immunohistochemical analysis, HBG bioassay, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Clonogenic assay showed that 88.4 +/- 5.9\%burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), 79.7 +/- 11.4\%in colony-forming unit-macrophage (CFU-M), and 81.1 +/- 14.1\%in colony-forming unit-granulocyte (CFU-G), respectively, possessed the transgene after transfection, suggesting that precommited cells were susceptible to retroviral infection. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that 24.1 +/- 14.5\%of bone marrow cells in these chimera mice expressed human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) 8 weeks after transplantation. Also, clonogenic assay showed that a sustained engraftment of human hematopoietic cells expressed HBG. CD14-positive cells were recruited into the glomeruli upon LPS treatment and they secreted bioactive HBG, suggesting that cord blood-derived CD34+cells may differentiate into monocyte lineage while maintaining the expression of the transgene. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that umbilical cord blood cells can be utilized as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for the transplantation-based therapy of glomerulonephritis.}, @@ -108901,7 +108890,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {5D91C73B-22D2-4ABA-AAA6-6183206CE6DF}, Volume = {45}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yokoyama_Glia2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yokoyama_Glia2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.10306}} @article{Yoon:1996, @@ -108987,7 +108976,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0D071FE7-CB3C-489A-A706-1349552EA303}, Volume = {27}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Young_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Young_JNeurosci2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0476-07.2007}} @article{Young:1997, @@ -109042,7 +109031,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6A2E5C55-9787-4E46-983F-753C397B53B6}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Young_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Young_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2118}} @article{Youngentob:2001, @@ -109059,7 +109048,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {B818E1C1-1A62-4DAC-BB49-6C6111126653}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Youngentob_ChemSenses2001}} + File = {papers/Youngentob_ChemSenses2001}} @article{Yozu:2005, Abstract = {The migratory paths of interneurons derived from the ganglionic eminence (GE), and particularly its caudal portion (CGE), remain essentially unknown. To clarify the three-dimensional migration profile of interneurons derived from each part of the GE, we developed a technique involving focal electroporation into a small, defined portion of the telencephalic hemisphere. While the medial GE cells migrated laterally and spread widely throughout the cortex, the majority of the CGE cells migrated caudally toward the caudal-most end of the telencephalon. Time-lapse imaging and an in vivo immunohistochemical study confirmed the existence of a migratory stream depicted by a population of CGE cells directed caudally that eventually reached the hippocampus. Transplantation experiments suggested that the caudal direction of migration of the CGE cells was intrinsically determined as early as embryonic day 13.5. The caudal migratory stream is a novel migratory path for a population of CGE-derived interneurons passing from the subpallium to the hippocampus.}, @@ -109137,7 +109126,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {876A9993-4240-4827-A85B-49EA455F709D}, Volume = {99}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yu_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092143499}} @article{Yuan:2004, @@ -109154,7 +109143,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C5089314-5E92-4AC1-B8E3-1127D437BF3E}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuan_NatCellBiol2004.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yuan_NatCellBiol2004.pdf}} @article{Yuan:2003, Abstract = {Neurons may die as a normal physiological process during development or as a pathological process in diseases. The best-understood mechanism of neuronal cell death is apoptosis, which is regulated by an evolutionarily conserved cellular pathway that consists of the caspase family, the Bcl-2 family, and the adaptor protein Apaf-1. Apoptosis, however, may not be the only cellular mechanism that regulates neuronal cell death. Neuronal cell death may exhibit morphological features of autophagy or necrosis, which differ from that of the canonical apoptosis. This review evaluates the evidence supporting the existence of alternative mechanisms of neuronal cell death and proposes the possible existence of an evolutionarily conserved pathway of necrosis. 0896-6273 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial}, @@ -109192,7 +109181,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {28A90BB3-FDDC-46F2-9BA8-4D187DD075C2}, Volume = {456}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yun_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yun_JCompNeurol2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10498}} @article{Yuste:1997, @@ -109214,7 +109203,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {376A894E-7C91-4570-B6C7-5DEAEBB4C314}, Volume = {7}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuste_CerebCortex1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yuste_CerebCortex1997.pdf}} @article{Yuste:2005, Abstract = {Fluorescence microscopy has undergone a renaissance in the last decade. The introduction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and two-photon microscopy has allowed systematic imaging studies of protein localization in living cells and of the structure and function of living tissues. The impact of these and other new imaging methods in biophysics, neuroscience, and developmental and cell biology has been remarkable. Further advances in fluorophore design, molecular biological tools and nonlinear and hyper-resolution microscopies are poised to profoundly transform many fields of biological research.}, @@ -109235,7 +109224,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {04F5E1F4-69EE-4D3F-80BB-44D405F6E0E8}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuste_NatMethods2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yuste_NatMethods2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1205-902}} @article{Yuste:2004, @@ -109277,7 +109266,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6CD8085F-BAB8-475B-91D3-F986D1F64550}, Volume = {6}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuste_NatRevNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yuste_NatRevNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1686}} @article{Yuste:1995, @@ -109321,7 +109310,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {732F57C7-0155-11DB-9E68-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {6}, Year = {1991}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuste_Neuron1991.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yuste_Neuron1991.pdf}} @article{Yuste:1995a, Abstract = {The mammalian neocortex consists of columnar circuits, whose development may be controlled by patterns of spontaneous activity. Columnar domains of spontaneously coactive neurons were previously described using Ca2+ imaging of slices from developing rat neocortex. We have now investigated the cellular mechanisms responsible for the coactivation of these domains. The activation starts in the center of a domain and spreads at speeds of approximately 100 microns/s. Domains occur in the presence of tetrodotoxin but are blocked by the gap junction blockers halothane and octanol. Simultaneous intracellular and optical recordings from dye-coupled cells reveal functional coupling between developing neocortical neurons. These data support the hypothesis that a neuronal domain results from the spontaneous excitation of one or a few trigger neurons that subsequently activate, either electrically or biochemically, the rest of the cells via gap junctions.}, @@ -109343,7 +109332,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A48819FB-6E8E-49B1-9EC1-CD17BD453D45}, Volume = {14}, Year = {1995}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuste_Neuron1995.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yuste_Neuron1995.pdf}} @article{Yuste:1996, Abstract = {0896-6273 Historical Article Journal Article Review Review, Academic}, @@ -109359,7 +109348,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {6DF1066C-CAC1-44D7-B85E-321B3A111DAE}, Volume = {16}, Year = {1996}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuste_Neuron1996.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yuste_Neuron1996.pdf}} @article{Yuste:2005b, Abstract = {Neocortical interneurons are very diverse in morphological, physiological, molecular, and developmental characteristics. Recent work is discovering strong correlations between these phenotypic features, confirming the intuition of Cajal and Lorente that distinct classes of interneurons exist, each presumably mediating a different circuit function. A paper by Butt et al. in this issue of Neuron describes correlations between the developmental origin of interneurons and their anatomical, electrophysiological, and molecular properties. An effort to standardize the nomenclature of interneurons is underway. Because different interneuron subtypes have different ontogenic origin, they could be classified based on their developmental specification by transcription factors.}, @@ -109380,7 +109369,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {D95F494E-4CAD-4488-AFD3-395F61D6B79B}, Volume = {48}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuste_Neuron2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yuste_Neuron2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.012}} @article{Yuste:1992, @@ -109402,7 +109391,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C22727F4-5C2D-4776-8F0A-3FF467F1D63D}, Volume = {257}, Year = {1992}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuste_Science1992.pdf}} + File = {papers/Yuste_Science1992.pdf}} @article{Yuval-Greenberg:2008, Abstract = {The induced gamma-band EEG response (iGBR) recorded on the scalp is widely assumed to reflect synchronous neural oscillation associated with object representation, attention, memory, and consciousness. The most commonly reported EEG iGBR is a broadband transient increase in power at the gamma range approximately 200-300 ms following stimulus onset. A conspicuous feature of this iGBR is the trial-to-trial poststimulus latency variability, which has been insufficiently addressed. Here, we show, using single-trial analysis of concomitant EEG and eye tracking, that this iGBR is tightly time locked to the onset of involuntary miniature eye movements and reflects a saccadic "spike potential." The time course of the iGBR is related to an increase in the rate of saccades following a period of poststimulus saccadic inhibition. Thus, whereas neuronal gamma-band oscillations were shown conclusively with other methods, the broadband transient iGBR recorded by scalp EEG reflects properties of miniature saccade dynamics rather than neuronal oscillations.}, @@ -109423,7 +109412,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {DA9CB34E-97C3-4C3B-AD09-780976BF752B}, Volume = {58}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Yuval-Greenberg_Neuron2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Yuval-Greenberg_Neuron2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.03.027}} @article{Zachary:1997, @@ -109464,7 +109453,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {28B67E9F-03AF-4ECE-AF41-AC9A060C8C33}, Volume = {17}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zador_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zador_CurrOpinNeurobiol2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2007.09.001}} @article{Zarbalis:2007, @@ -109549,7 +109538,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7CB6A8D9-71EE-49C1-BF35-ED4B7653A6D5}, Volume = {270}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zerlin_DevBiol2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zerlin_DevBiol2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.02.024}} @article{Zerlin:1995, @@ -109607,7 +109596,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2E29EB25-2CE7-4F7E-A30D-6FF3B06672AD}, Volume = {29}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zha_MolCellNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zha_MolCellNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2005.04.007}} @article{Zhai:2003, @@ -109728,7 +109717,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {70519FDF-C3FB-47F1-A3A4-27439870B99D}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhang_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1109-04.2004}} @article{Zhang:1997, @@ -109812,7 +109801,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {93B41BA1-376E-4066-A320-1B0AE3EEF014}, Volume = {77}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_JVirol2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhang_JVirol2003.pdf}} @article{Zhang:2001, Abstract = {A distinct feature of the nervous system is the intricate network of synaptic connections among neurons of diverse phenotypes. Although initial connections are formed largely through molecular mechanisms that depend on intrinsic developmental programs, spontaneous and experience-driven electrical activities in the developing brain exert critical epigenetic influence on synaptic maturation and refinement of neural circuits. Selective findings discussed here illustrate some of our current understanding of the effects of electrical activity on circuit development and highlight areas that await further study.}, @@ -109833,7 +109822,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E4C8A7B6-2370-4C08-83F3-FD6E5A81A735}, Volume = {4 Suppl}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhang_NatNeurosci2001.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn753}} @article{Zhang:2001b, @@ -109850,7 +109839,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BC4B8B68-096D-4362-AA06-6AA06336A00B}, Volume = {2}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhang_NatRevNeurosci2001.pdf}} @article{Zhang:2007, Abstract = {Our understanding of the cellular implementation of systems-level neural processes like action, thought and emotion has been limited by the availability of tools to interrogate specific classes of neural cells within intact, living brain tissue. Here we identify and develop an archaeal light-driven chloride pump (NpHR) from Natronomonas pharaonis for temporally precise optical inhibition of neural activity. NpHR allows either knockout of single action potentials, or sustained blockade of spiking. NpHR is compatible with ChR2, the previous optical excitation technology we have described, in that the two opposing probes operate at similar light powers but with well-separated action spectra. NpHR, like ChR2, functions in mammals without exogenous cofactors, and the two probes can be integrated with calcium imaging in mammalian brain tissue for bidirectional optical modulation and readout of neural activity. Likewise, NpHR and ChR2 can be targeted together to Caenorhabditis elegans muscle and cholinergic motor neurons to control locomotion bidirectionally. NpHR and ChR2 form a complete system for multimodal, high-speed, genetically targeted, all-optical interrogation of living neural circuits.}, @@ -109871,7 +109860,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3265C9FB-A1CD-4E44-B471-1BF2BD842BAF}, Volume = {446}, Year = {2007}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_Nature2007.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhang_Nature2007.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05744}} @article{Zhang:2001a, @@ -109952,7 +109941,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C60B37ED-FFE3-446F-A0A4-D4AAA68AEC2E}, Volume = {102}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhang_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhang_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409914102}} @article{Zhang:2003, @@ -109993,7 +109982,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {738203B3-7794-4DDA-8CE5-F291210EC140}, Volume = {132}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhao_Cell2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhao_Cell2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.033}} @article{Zhao:2007a, @@ -110035,7 +110024,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {021B4122-716E-11DA-A383-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {131}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhao_Development2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhao_Development2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.01387}} @article{Zhao:2004, @@ -110056,7 +110045,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AD8B1299-A3E5-11DA-AB00-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {40}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhao_Genesis2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhao_Genesis2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gene.20058}} @article{Zhao:1996, @@ -110094,7 +110083,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BFA769B1-F8D3-479E-A9E6-B378AA68E45A}, Volume = {26}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhao_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhao_JNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3648-05.2006}} @article{Zhao:2005, @@ -110151,7 +110140,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {973755E6-7347-4515-8D32-C66D3560A57C}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhao_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhao_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003.pdf}} @article{Zhao:2003a, Abstract = {DNA methylation-mediated epigenetic regulation plays critical roles in regulating mammalian gene expression, but its role in normal brain function is not clear. Methyl-CpG binding protein 1 (MBD1), a member of the methylated DNA-binding protein family, has been shown to bind methylated gene promoters and facilitate transcriptional repression in vitro. Here we report the generation and analysis of MBD1-/- mice. MBD1-/- mice had no detectable developmental defects and appeared healthy throughout life. However, we found that MBD1-/- neural stem cells exhibited reduced neuronal differentiation and increased genomic instability. Furthermore, adult MBD1-/- mice had decreased neurogenesis, impaired spatial learning, and a significant reduction in long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Our findings indicate that DNA methylation is important in maintaining cellular genomic stability and is crucial for normal neural stem cell and brain functions. 0027-8424 Journal Article}, @@ -110168,7 +110157,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {15ED9CF0-E6BA-4963-B858-0ADBE7F7FD6B}, Volume = {100}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhao_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003a.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhao_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2003a.pdf}} @article{Zharkovsky:2003, Abstract = {Administration of ethanol during brain development induces widespread neuronal loss in various structures of the brain. Here, we show that a single administration of ethanol given during the early postnatal period can induce not only neuronal death, but also an increase in proliferation of the progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation in rats. Ethanol (1.5 or 3 g/kg, i.p.) administered to 10-day-old rats induced massive neuronal degeneration as evidenced by TUNEL assay in the dentate gyrus. The neuronal death induced by a high dose of ethanol (3 g/kg) was accompanied by an enhanced proliferation of the progenitor cells labeled by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg, i.p.) in dentate gyrus. One and 3 weeks following ethanol or saline administration, ethanol-treated rats still had significantly more BrdU-labeled cells than control animals. In ethanol-treated rats, a higher proportion of newly born cells acquired the phenotype of immature postmitotic neurons whereas the final differentiation into calbindin-expressing granule cells remained unchanged. The proportion of astroglial cells was also increased in ethanol-treated rats. Thus, ethanol given in high doses not only induces neurodegeneration but also initiates the process of neuro- and gliogenesis, which might be responsible for the neuronal and glial reorganization of the dentate gyrus.}, @@ -110300,7 +110289,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {659D0E96-FD90-4552-94ED-516D3D9A8375}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhou_JNeurosci2004a.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhou_JNeurosci2004a.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2123-04.2004}} @article{Zhou:2004a, @@ -110322,7 +110311,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {E0841C8C-7113-11DA-9A4D-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhou_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhou_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4071-03.2004}} @article{Zhou:1999, @@ -110364,7 +110353,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {0F6E9701-2FDF-44F9-BF5E-80B4DA816EF2}, Volume = {52}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhou_Neuron2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhou_Neuron2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.037}} @article{Zhou:2006a, @@ -110404,7 +110393,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {589EEDB0-B994-4D29-83DC-41AC51125087}, Volume = {320}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhou_Science2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zhou_Science2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1155244}} @article{Zhu:1999, @@ -110444,7 +110433,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {7D277A51-B07E-4755-9E6D-A3016CD005C2}, Volume = {977}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhu_BrainRes2003.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhu_BrainRes2003.pdf}} @article{Zhu:2005, Abstract = {Neural stem cells (NSCs) are present not only in the developing nervous systems, but also in the adult human central nervous system (CNS). It is long thought that the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are the main sources of human adult NSCs, which are considered to be a reservoir of new neural cells. Recently adult NSCs with potential neural capacity have been isolated from white matter and inferior prefrontal subcortex in the human brain. Rapid advances in the stem cell biology have raised appealing possibilities of replacing damaged or lost neural cells by transplantation of in vitro-expanded stem cells and/or their neuronal progeny. However, sources of stem cells, large scale expansion, control of the differentiations, and tracking in vivo represent formidable challenges. In this paper we review the characteristics of the adult human NSCs, their potentiality in terms of proliferation and differentiation capabilities, as well as their large scale expansion for clinical needs. This review focuses on the major advances in brain stem cell-based therapy from the clinical perspective, and summarizes our work in clinical phase I-II trials with autologuous transplantation of adult NSCs for patients with open brain trauma. It also describes multiple approaches to monitor adult human NSCs labeled superparamagnetic nanoparticles after transplantation and explores the intriguing possibility of stem cell transplantation.}, @@ -110484,7 +110473,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C1965388-3255-4B25-9F85-E2FB49F82D92}, Volume = {20}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhu_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhu_JNeurosci2000.pdf}} @article{Zhu:2000, Abstract = {Changes in the arborization and electrical excitability of the apical dendritic tufts of pyramidal cells of cortical layer 5 were examined during the first 2 months (postnatal days (P)2-56) of postnatal development in rats. Reconstructions of biocytin-filled neurons showed that the apical dendritic trunk was continually growing, becoming longer and thicker and that the distance between the tuft and soma increased more than 5-fold. In P2 animals, both the tuft and soma had a high input resistance (>500 MOmega) and the tuft was electrotonically close to the soma. In contrast, the apical tuft and soma of P56 neurons had a low input resistance (<50 MOmega) and they were electrotonically isolated from each other. Depolarizing current pulses injected into the tuft of P2 cells generated mostly Na+-dependent regenerative dendritic potentials of short duration ( approximately 15 ms) while in the tuft of P56 animals, complex regenerative potentials were generated which had a longer duration ( approximately 55 ms) and were Na+ and Ca2+ dependent. In young and juvenile animals (P14-28) dendritic regenerative potentials could be restricted to the apical dendritic tuft whereas in adult animals (>P42), the complex regenerative potentials frequently occurred simultaneously with somatic action potentials. The main developmental change in layer 5 pyramidal neurons, as assayed with square pulse current injections and synaptic stimulations, is the progressive electrotonic isolation of the dendritic tuft from the soma. This change is concomitant with the appearance of complex, mostly Na+- and Ca2+-dependent, regenerative dendritic potentials initiated partly in the tuft and partly in the axon. The coupling of the dendritic tuft and axonal initiation zones for regenerative potentials by active dendritic Na+ and Ca2+ conductances enables mature layer 5 pyramidal neurons to detect selectively the salient distal synaptic inputs and coincident synaptic inputs arriving at different cortical layers.}, @@ -110505,7 +110494,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {1C9D4F12-94B3-4031-976C-ABBA0909CEF1}, Volume = {526 Pt 3}, Year = {2000}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zhu_JPhysiol2000.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zhu_JPhysiol2000.pdf}} @article{Zhu:1999a, Abstract = {Formation of the normal mammalian cerebral cortex requires the migration of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons from an extracortical origin, the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE). Mechanisms guiding the migratory direction of these neurons, or other neurons in the neocortex, are not well understood. We have used an explant assay to study GABAergic neuronal migration and found that the ventricular zone (VZ) of the LGE is repulsive to GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, the secreted protein Slit is a chemorepellent guiding the migratory direction of GABAergic neurons, and blockade of endogenous Slit signaling inhibits the repulsive activity in the VZ. These results have revealed a cellular source of guidance for GABAergic neurons, demonstrated a molecular cue important for cortical development, and suggested a guidance mechanism for the migration of extracortical neurons into the neocortex.}, @@ -110563,7 +110552,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {2F5111C6-B078-4167-9A19-6D55E3BE3D84}, Volume = {11}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zietlow_EurJNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Zietlow_EurJNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Zigova:1998, Abstract = {We have investigated the suitability of a recently identified and characterized population of neuronal progenitor cells for their potential use in the replacement of degenerating or damaged neurons in the mammalian brain. The unique population of neuronal progenitor cells is situated in a well-delineated region of the anterior part of the neonatal subventricular zone (referred to as SVZa). This region can be separated from the remaining proliferative, gliogenic, subventricular zone encircling the lateral ventricles of the forebrain. Because the neurons arising from the highly enriched neurogenic progenitor cell population of the SVZa ordinarily migrate considerable distances and ultimately express the neurotransmitters GABA and dopamine, we have examined whether they could serve as an alternative source of tissue for neural transplantation. SVZa cells from postnatal day 0-2 rats, prelabeled by intraperitoneal injections of the cell proliferation marker BrdU, were implanted into the striatum of adult rats approximately 1 mo after unilateral denervation by 6-OHDA. To examine the spatio-temporal distribution and phenotype of the transplanted SVZa cells, the experimental recipients were perfused at short (less than 1 wk), intermediate (2-3 wk) and long (5 mo) postimplantation times. The host brains were sectioned and stained with an antibody to BrdU and one of several cell-type specific markers to determine the phenotypic characteristics of the transplanted SVZa cells. To identify neurons we used the neuron-specific antibody TuJ1, or antimembrane-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), and anti-GFAP was used to identify astrocytic glia. At all studied intervals the majority of the surviving SVZa cells exhibited a neuronal phenotype. Moreover, morphologically they could be distinguished from the cells of the host striatum because they resembled the intrinsic granule cells of the olfactory bulb, their usual fate. At longer times, a greater number of the transplanted SVZa cells had migrated from their site of implantation, often towards an outlying blood vessel, and the density of cells within the core of the transplant was reduced. Furthermore, there were rarely signs of transplant rejection or a glial scar surrounding the transplant. In the core of the transplant there were low numbers of GFAP-positive cells, indicating that the transplanted SVZa cells, predominantly TuJ1- positive/MAP2-positive, express a neuronal phenotype. Collectively, the propensity of the SVZa cells to express a neuronal phenotype and to survive and integrate in the striatal environment suggest that they may be useful in the reconstruction of the brain following CNS injury or disease.}, @@ -110622,7 +110611,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {BAAD845B-B595-42D4-A132-A1170B654016}, Volume = {11}, Year = {1998}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zigova_MolCellNeurosci1998}} + File = {papers/Zigova_MolCellNeurosci1998}} @article{Zilles:1998, Abstract = {Epileptiform activity was previously described [Luhmann et al. (1998) Eur. J. Neurosci., 10, 3085-3094] in the neocortex of the adult rat following freeze lesioning of the newborn neocortex. After a survival time of 3 months, a small area of dysplastic cortex surrounded by histologically normal (exofocal) neocortex was observed. The dysplastic cortex is characterized by the formation of a small sulcus and a three- to four-layered architecture. Two questions are addressed here: (i) is the hyperexcitability associated with changes in binding to major excitatory and inhibitory transmitter receptors in the dysplastic cortex?; and (ii) do such changes also occur in the exofocal cortex? Alterations in binding to glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA), kainate and GABA(A) and GABA(B) (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors are demonstrated with quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography by using the ligands [3H]MK-801, [3H]AMPA, [3H]kainate, [3H]muscimol and [3H]baclofen, respectively. In the dysplastic cortex, the binding to NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors is significantly increased, whereas the binding to GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors is reduced. Exofocal areas of the lesioned hemisphere show an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory receptor binding with an up-regulation of the binding to AMPA and kainate, and a down-regulation to GABA(A) receptors. The binding to GABA(B) and NMDA receptors is not significantly changed in the exofocal areas. The imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory receptors may cause the hyperexcitability, as previously found in the identical experimental model, and may also induce epileptiform activity in the human cortex with migration disorders.}, @@ -110663,7 +110652,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AB53D074-C3F4-41EC-8759-78298DC14F1C}, Volume = {14}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zimmer_CerebCortex2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zimmer_CerebCortex2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh102}} @article{Zin-Ka-Ieu:1998, @@ -110742,7 +110731,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C2104CDC-1E8A-4037-A673-A94DD0501F5E}, Volume = {9}, Year = {2006}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Ziv_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, + File = {papers/Ziv_NatNeurosci2006.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1629}} @article{Ziv:2006a, @@ -110786,7 +110775,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {83380465-D390-4349-866F-A5B4EB33BF44}, Volume = {302}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zoghbi_Science2003.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zoghbi_Science2003.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1089071}} @article{Zou:2001, @@ -110803,7 +110792,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CADC5A48-AA72-4AD9-AAA4-D3C1241DB115}, Volume = {414}, Year = {2001}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zou_Nature2001}} + File = {papers/Zou_Nature2001}} @article{Zou:2006, Abstract = {In mammals, each odorant is detected by a combination of different odorant receptors. Signals from different types of receptors are segregated in the nose and the olfactory bulb, but appear to be combined in individual neurons in the olfactory cortex. Here, we report that binary odorant mixes stimulate cortical neurons that are not stimulated by their individual component odorants. We propose that cortical neurons require combinations of receptor inputs for activation and that merging the receptor codes of two odorants provides novel combinations of receptor inputs that stimulate neurons beyond those activated by the single odorants. These findings may explain why odorant mixtures can elicit novel odor percepts in humans.}, @@ -110902,7 +110891,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {3EE0D1DF-FA7C-4985-BFBA-39AC11444B79}, Volume = {24}, Year = {2004}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zuo_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zuo_JNeurosci2004.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3934-04.2004}} @article{Zuo:2005, @@ -110924,7 +110913,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {C14A7AEE-2047-472F-97F5-AE7B26EAE6A5}, Volume = {436}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Zuo_Nature2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Zuo_Nature2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03715}} @article{Zupanc:2003, @@ -111022,7 +111011,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {AC74FB10-C9CE-4F1B-94D5-75E0084EAF92}, Volume = {25}, Year = {2005}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Jong_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, + File = {papers/Jong_JNeurosci2005.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1019-05.2005}} @article{Villers-Sidani:2008, @@ -111044,7 +111033,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {9B811407-F134-4A51-A3CA-E6A506A91089}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2008}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Villers-Sidani_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, + File = {papers/Villers-Sidani_NatNeurosci2008.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2144}} @article{Rio:2002, @@ -111106,7 +111095,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {CF731140-005A-47C7-94DE-6B6C3CF23FEA}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2002}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Portes_Seizure2002.pdf}, + File = {papers/Portes_Seizure2002.pdf}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/seiz.2001.0607}} @article{Eitzen:1998, @@ -111162,7 +111151,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {517DF153-60AE-416A-A481-2515D22791FC}, Volume = {2}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Praag_NatNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Praag_NatNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Praag:2002, Abstract = {There is extensive evidence indicating that new neurons are generated in the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus, a region of the brain that is important for learning and memory. However, it is not known whether these new neurons become functional, as the methods used to study adult neurogenesis are limited to fixed tissue. We use here a retroviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein that only labels dividing cells, and that can be visualized in live hippocampal slices. We report that newly generated cells in the adult mouse hippocampus have neuronal morphology and can display passive membrane properties, action potentials and functional synaptic inputs similar to those found in mature dentate granule cells. Our findings demonstrate that newly generated cells mature into functional neurons in the adult mammalian brain.}, @@ -111222,7 +111211,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {A2A8DEF6-CED0-11D9-B244-000D9346EC2A}, Volume = {15}, Year = {1997}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Rooijen_TrendsBiotechnol1997.pdf}} + File = {papers/Rooijen_TrendsBiotechnol1997.pdf}} @article{Rossum:2002, Abstract = {We model the propagation of neural activity through a feedforward network consisting of layers of integrate-and-fire neurons. In the presence of a noisy background current and spontaneous background firing, firing rate modulations are transmitted linearly through many layers, with a delay proportional to the synaptic time constant and with little distortion. Single neuron properties and firing statistics are in agreement with physiological data. The proposed mode of propagation allows for fast computation with population coding based on firing rates, as is demonstrated with a local motion detector.}, @@ -111284,7 +111273,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {38E772A8-68A5-4B0D-8987-1B89AA882CE0}, Volume = {11}, Year = {1999}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Eijnde_EurJNeurosci1999.pdf}} + File = {papers/Eijnde_EurJNeurosci1999.pdf}} @article{Pol:2003, Abstract = {Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have considerable potential for facilitating axonal growth across regions of spinal cord and brain injury but in this context have been studied primarily in static images of fixed tissue from the olfactory system or after transplantation. In the present work, we studied the behavior of live OECs, and their interactions with neurons, Schwann cells, and astrocytes by using cells that express the reporter gene coding for green fluorescent protein (GFP); the work is based on combinations of fluorescence, phase contrast, digital time lapse imaging, and P75 immunocytochemical identification. Cultures, explants, and regions of olfactory system slices rich in OECs enhanced axonal growth of cerebellar granule cells or hippocampal neurons; axons grew parallel to the long axis of fusiform OECs. Neuron cell bodies and axons preferred OECs over artificial substrates. Axons and neuron cell bodies can take active or passive roles in extension and migration on underlying motile OECs and move from one OEC to another. Axon extension was facilitated to a similar degree by OECs and Schwann cells, whereas astrocytes were more likely to integrate with existing OECs than with Schwann cells. OECs showed a dramatic ability to rapidly change shape, size, and direction of migration and to undergo mitosis. Mitosis was characterized by a quick retraction of all processes, thereby forming a sphere that divided into spherical daughter cells within minutes. Progeny OECs might take on the parental or a non-parental morphotype, with both daughter cells showing robust expression of GFP. Together these OEC data demonstrated a substantial plasticity and capability for relatively rapid changes in structure and support the view that OECs have multiple attributes favorable for enhancing axonal extension and neuronal migration after central nervous system injury. 0021-9967 Journal Article}, @@ -111300,7 +111289,7 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {55B1EB8E-0C01-4D3E-95CA-34A50F2DB45C}, Volume = {458}, Year = {2003}, - Bdsk-File-1 = {papers/Pol_JCompNeurol2003}} + File = {papers/Pol_JCompNeurol2003}} @article{Pol:2002, Abstract = {A new recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) on the cytoplasmic domain of the VSV glycoprotein (G protein) was used in the mouse as a model for studying brain infections by a member of the Mononegavirales order that can cause permanent changes in behavior. After nasal administration, virus moved down the olfactory nerve, first to periglomerular cells, then past the mitral cell layer to granule cells, and finally to the subventricular zone. Eight days postinoculation, rVSV was eliminated from the olfactory bulb. Little sign of infection could be found outside the olfactory system, suggesting that anterograde or retrograde axonal transport of rVSV was an unlikely mechanism for movement of rVSV out of the bulb. When administered intracerebrally by microinjection, rVSV spread rapidly within the brain, with strong infection at the site of injection and at some specific periventricular regions of the brain, including the dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, and midline thalamus; the ventricular system may play a key role in rapid rVSV dispersion within the brain. Thus, the lack of VSV movement out of the olfactory system was not due to the absence of potential for infections in other brain regions. In cultures of both mouse and human central nervous system (CNS) cells, rVSV inoculations resulted in productive infection, expression of the G-GFP fusion protein in the dendritic and somatic plasma membrane, and death of all neurons and glia, as detected by ethidium homodimer nuclear staining. Although considered a neurotropic virus, rVSV also infected heart, skin, and kidney cells in dispersed cultures. rVSV showed a preference for immature neurons in vitro, as shown by enhanced viral infection in developing hippocampal cultures and in the outer granule cell layer in slices of developing cerebellum. Together, these data suggest a relative affinity of rVSV for some neuronal types in the CNS, adding to our understanding of the long-lasting changes in rodent behavior found after transient VSV infection. 0022-538x Journal Article}, @@ -111421,451 +111410,3 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a Uuid = {908194C7-E3B0-4DBC-9B0A-405906B234E7}, Volume = {8}, Year = {1997}} - -@comment{BibDesk Static Groups{ - - - - - - group name - calcium-cell-adhesion - keys - Jones:2016,Demarque:2002,Groten:2013,Zakharenko:1999a - - - group name - concussion - keys - Tagge:2018,McKee:2014,Iverson:2004,Hazrati:2013,Mez:2017 - - - group name - nrsa2009 - keys - Lien:2006a,Sun:2008a,McLaughlin:2003,Mrsic-Flogel:2005,Sohya:2007,Stryker:1986,Akerman:2006,Hensch:1998,Asada:1997,Huberman:2003,Katz:2002a,Tamamaki:2003,Stellwagen:2002,Crowley:2000,Ruthazer:2003,Milner:1999,Itaya:1995,Wallace:2000,Fischer:1998,Crair:2001,Feller:2005,Rakic:1974,Chattopadhyaya:2004,Drager:1975a,Kash:1997,Chapman:1996,Zhang:2006,Chalupa:2009,White:2001a,Rakic:1976,Penn:1998,Kuwana:2003,Bansal:2000,Thong:1986,Knudsen:2002,Crair:1998,Burrone:2002a,Zhou:2000,Rossi:2001,Huang:1999,Endo:2003,Mizuno:2007,Daw:1978,Molotchnikoff:1993,Mooney:1996,Hua:2005,Huberman:2006,Hensch:2004,Galli:1988,Sperry:1963,Ruthazer:1999,Huang:2008,Brown:2000,Chandrasekaran:2005,Meister:1991,Holt:1983,Sharma:2000,Zheng:1999,Chiu:2001,Feller:2009,Chiu:2002,Doupe:1999,Li:2006,Sur:2001,Reece:1998,ODonovan:1999,Champoux:2008 - - - group name - optic tectum - keys - Gnuegge:2001,Itaya:1995,Rhoades:1981,Udin:1983,Mongeau:2003,Tao:2005,Aamodt:2000,Tsunekawa:2005,Edwards:1986,Sakata:2006,Lund:1972a,Meyer:1983,Wang:2009,Molotchnikoff:1993,Hua:2005,Reber:2004,Tumosa:1986,Colonnese:2001,Mark:1993,Zheng:1999,Tamamaki:2003,Hada:1999,Benedetti:1991,Ritter:1991,Carrasco:2005,Cang:2008b,Altman:1981,Constantine-Paton:1978,Norgren:1998,May:2006,Pallas:2006,Udin:1988,Wallace:1997a,Munoz:2002,Klier:2001,Feller:2009,Colonnese:2005,Kuwana:2003,Lemke:2005,Knudsen:2002,Chalupa:2009,Juttner:2001,Benedetti:1995,Wallace:2000,Hoffmann:1974,Costa:1997,Caruso:1989,Nakamura:2001,Drager:1975a,Barker:1998,Empson:2000,Drager:1975,Krauzlis:2008,So:1985,Mize:1992,Benedetti:1992,Asada:1997,Jiang:2003,Razak:2003,Yamagata:1995,Knudsen:1998,Champoux:2008,Colonnese:2006,Chandrasekaran:2005,Wallace:1989,Illing:1990,Vidyasagar:1978,Zhang:1998,Drager:1976,Holt:1983,Wilson:1996,Stafford:2009,Abrahams:1975,Sparks:1999,Razak:2005,Endo:2003,ODonovan:1999,Linkenhoker:2002,Felsen:2008,Rhoades:1980,Nakatani:2007,Olson:1991,Colonnese:2003,Brown:2000,Schmidt-Kastner:1992,Tan:2002,Constantine-Paton:1990,Razak:2006,Meredith:1985,Chandrasekaran:2009,Berson:1991,Huang:2001a,Thong:1986,Reece:1998,Mrsic-Flogel:2005,Lund:1972,Kang:2002,Scherer:1989,Sperry:1963,Debski:2002,OLeary:2005,Schmidt:1985,Brecha:1987,Wallace:1997,Thong:1987,Guimera:2006a,Mathers:1979,Mu:2006,Barinaga:1998,Del-Bene:2010,Hyde:2002,Vislay-Meltzer:2006,Crowne:1983,Cang:2008,Engert:2002,Shi:1997,Lugo-Garcia:1991,Leibnitz:1979,Dean:1989 - - - group name - R01 - keys - Homman-Ludiye:2014,Ermentrout:2001,Fenlon:2015b,Kirmse:2015,Sun:2014,Chou:2013,Greig:2013,Zembrzycki:2013,Larsen:2006,Suarez:2014a,Srivatsa:2014,Frangeul:2016,Zembrzycki:2015,Fenlon:2013,Puelles20153,Drew:2008,Schlaggar:2011,Dalva:2007,Greig:2016,Assimacopoulos:2012,Greenwood:2017,Minocha:2015,Harris:2015,Ji:2015,Alfano:2014,Buckner:2013,Caronia-Brown:2014,Cholfin:2007,Cederquist:2013,Rumberger:2001,Moreno-Juan:2017,Pouchelon:2012,Jabaudon:2017,Costa:2010,Barber:2016,Ypsilanti:2016,Kondo:2016,Jabaudon:2012,Vue:2013 - - - group name - R21 - keys - Furchtgott:2017 - - - -}} - -@comment{BibDesk Smart Groups{ - - - - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - Activity-development - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - 21 Activity-development - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - Add Keywords - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - Add Keywords - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - cerebral - version - 1 - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - hemisphere - version - 1 - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - asymmetry - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - cerebral - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - currOpinRvw - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - currOpinRvw - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - cytoarchitectonics - version - 1 - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - parcellation - version - 1 - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - area - version - 1 - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - cortex - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - cytoarchitectonics - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - Energy metabolism - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - Energy metabolism - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - entrainment - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - entrainment - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - frontiers review - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - frontiers review - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - grant - version - 1 - - - comparison - 2 - key - Any Field - value - wholeBrain - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - grant - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - next - version - 1 - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - wholeBrain - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 1 - group name - next - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - optical physiology - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - optical physiology - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - retina gaba paper - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - retina gaba paper - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - retinal wave paper - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - retinal wave paper - - - conditions - - - comparison - 4 - key - Journal - value - Science - version - 1 - - - comparison - 4 - key - Journal - value - Nature - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 1 - group name - Science - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - technique - version - 1 - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - method - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 1 - group name - techniques - - - conditions - - - comparison - 2 - key - Keywords - value - toread - version - 1 - - - conjunction - 0 - group name - toread - - - -}}