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sensory,motor s2018

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## Phototransduction
* Unlike most sensory system neurons, photoreceptors do not exhibit action potentials– light causes a graded change in membrane potential that changes the rate at which neurotransmitter is released
* Photoreceptors do not exhibit action potentials– light causes a graded change in membrane potential that changes the rate at which neurotransmitter is released
* Within the retina projections are rather short– do not need action potentials
* Light absorption leads to hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor. This leads to less release of neurotransmitter to the post-synaptic cell
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## What does light do?
* In the dark, the resting potential of the photoreceptor is -40 mV
* Light shining onto outer segment leads to the hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor and reduction of neurotransmitter released
* Light shining onto outer segment leads to the **hyperpolarization** of the photoreceptor and reduction of neurotransmitter released
* In the dark the number of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels open at the synaptic terminal is relatively high, and therefore the rate of neurotransmitter release is high. In the light the number of open voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels is reduced and rate of neurotransmitter release is reduced
* This of course seems kind of counterintuitive to what you’ve have learned thus far
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@@ -342,7 +341,7 @@ cGMP, cyclic nucleotide gated channel
[more info: http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-ii-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-retina/photoreceptors/](http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-ii-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-retina/photoreceptors/)
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## Phototransduction summary video
@@ -568,7 +567,9 @@ Retinitis pigmentosa: Loss of peripheral retina, Rods
Note:
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http://www.prokerala.com/health/eye-care/eye-test/color-blindness-test.php
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## Cone absorption spectra and distribution in the retina
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Note:
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## Many deficiencies of color vision are the result of genetic alterations in the red or green cone pigments
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## Responses of On-center ganglion cells whose receptive fields are distributed across a small spot
<figure><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-11.19-1R_3af4560.jpg" height="400px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 11.19</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-11.19-1R_3af4560.jpg" height="400px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 11.19, 6e Fig. 11.20</figcaption></figure>
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## Responses of On-center ganglion cells whose receptive fields are distributed across a light-dark edge
<figure><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-11.19-2R_b305a32.jpg" height="400px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 11.19</figcaption></figure>
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<div><img src="figs/image15_00924b6.png" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
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## Information flow in the retina video summary
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plus sign: sign conserving synapse
minus sign: sign inverting synapse
<!--
## Circuitry that generates the antagonistic surrounds of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields
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Circuitry that generates the antagonistic surrounds of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields
<div><img src="figs/image17_600d500.png" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
A bunch of photoreceptors, but all the 1-1-1 circuits are overlapping giving series of slight shifted center-surround receptive fields.
## Circuitry that generates the antagonistic surrounds of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields
<div><img src="figs/image18_7256558.png" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
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Circuitry that generates the antagonistic surrounds of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields
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## The Hermann grid illusion
<div><img src="figs/image18_7256558.png" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
The Hermann grid illusion
<div><img src="figs/image19_5e99664.png" height="400px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
## Explanation of the Hermann grid
Explanation of the Hermann grid
<div><img src="figs/image20_b017121.png" height="400px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
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* RGCs have a center-surround arrangement of receptive fields that makes them good at contrast detection and relatively insensitive to background illumination
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