lect fin fall 2020

neurotransmitters2.md

@@ -1,19 +1,23 @@
 ## Neurotransmitters
 
 * More than 100 different molecules
-* Two main types–
-	* small molecule neurotransmitters
+* Two main types
+    * small molecule neurotransmitters
 		- acetylcholine, amino acids, monoamines, purines
 	* peptide neurotransmitters
 		- polypeptides, 3–36 amino acids in length and often derived from longer polypeptides
 
+<div style="font-size:0.5em;">
+<!-- date: -->
+</div>
+
 Note:
 
 We already defined what a neurotransmitter is. It is a substance that must be present inside a presynaptic neuron, it’s release must be dependent on calcium flux from an AP, and it must have specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
 
 Abnormalities of neurotransmitter function contributes to wide range of neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders
 
-two types: very small molecule and big molecule neurotransmitters. 
+two types: small and big molecule neurotransmitters. 
 
 ---
 
@@ -31,8 +35,13 @@ Note:
 
 Not expected to know chemical formulas for any neurotransmitters
 
-*Most of which share a hydroxylated benzene ring*  
-*Catechol, also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H4(OH)2*  
+biogenic amines or monoamines 
+
+catecholamines  : share a hydroxylated benzene ring  
+Catechol  
+: also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene  
+: is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H4(OH)2 
+
 
 ---
 
@@ -55,9 +64,9 @@ Note:
 <div style="font-size:0.8em;">
 <div></div>
 
-* Synthesis can occur
-   * at the soma (neuropeptides)
-	 * at synaptic terminals (small molecule transmitters)
+* Synthesis occurs
+   * at the soma (for neuropeptides)
+   * at the synaptic terminals (for small molecule transmitters)
 * Vesicle packaging– requires specific transporters on vesicle membrane. There are small clear-core vesicles (ACh and amino acids) and large dense-core (neuropeptides). Biogenic amines can be in either vesicle type.
 
 </div>
@@ -159,7 +168,7 @@ TODO:
 * spatial location of release
 
 
-Release– small clear-core vesicles release fast, large dense-core vesicles take more effort. Location in synapses is different
+Release– small clear-core vesicles release fast, large dense-core vesicles take more input energy, more stimulation. Location of vesicle types in synaptic terminal is different
 
 ---
 
@@ -237,7 +246,8 @@ VAChT packs ACh into vesicles using the acidic vesicle's proton gradient. The gr
 <div style="font-size:0.8em;">
 <div></div>
 
-* Sarin and Soman: toxic irreversible AChE inhibitors. Also known as “nerve gases” for use in chemical warfare
+
+* Sarin and Soman: toxic AChE inhibitors. Also known as “nerve gases” for use in chemical warfare
 * Designed to dispersed as a vapor cloud or spray, which allows their entry into the body through skin contact or inhalation. Drug quickly penetrates into bloodstream and is distributed to all organs, including the brain
 * Symptoms: profuse sweating and salivating, uncontrollable vomiting, gasping for breath, convulsing, and gruesome death. These are due to rapid accumulation of ACh and overstimulation of cholinergic synapses throughout the CNS and PNS. Death occurs through asphyxiation due to paralysis of the muscles of the diaphragm
 
@@ -250,6 +260,16 @@ Note:
 
 parasympathetic (Ach) vs sympathetic (norep)
 
+
+organophosphate functional group  
+: phosphate esters  
+: O=P(OR)3  
+: diverse range of natural biomolecular forms (dna, rna, atp)  
+: many synthetic agents. insecticides, herbicides, flame retardants, plasticizers. And nerve agents (like the insecticides) for chemical warfare
+
+Larsen, Ashley; Gaines, Steven (2017-08-29). "Agricultural pesticide use and adverse birth outcomes in the San Joaquin Valley of California". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 302. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00349-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5575123. PMID 28851866.
+
+
 --
 
 ## Acetylcholine synthesis video summary