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neuroanatomy2.md
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# Neural Systems
* Circuits that do the same kinds of things are grouped into 'systems', e.g. sensory systems and motor systems
* Many neurons function between these systems, called associational systems. Associational systems are the most complex and least well characterized systems.
* Circuits of interconnected components (neurons). Group structure (in space, time) for sub-systems concerned with sensory-input or motor-output.
* Many circuits function between these sub-systems, mediating functional interactions (associations) across modalities. Associational systems are the most complex and least well characterized neural sub-systems.
<div style="font-size:0.5em;">
2020-10-13T11:43:55-07:00
<!-- date: -->
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</div>
Note:
Last time we learned some of the basic cellular anatomy of the nervous system. Today we will put the system in nervous system–– because nervous systems really are greater than the sum of its parts… in other words our brain is not just a blob of cells but it is the interconnections between cells, groups of cells, and brain regions that allow our fantastic feats of emergent biological computation. So lets discuss the overall the structure of the nervous system.
Last time we learned some of the basic cellular anatomy of the nervous system. Today we will put the system in nervous system–– because nervous systems really are greater than the sum of its parts… in other words our brain is not just a blob of cells but it is the inter-connections between cells, groups of cells, and brain regions that allow our fantastic feats of emergent biological computation. So lets discuss the overall the structure of the nervous system.
First of all it is a system of systems. In other words…
--
## What is a system?
system (wn, noun)
: (a procedure or process for obtaining an objective;)
: (a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole;)
: ((physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium;)
: (a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion")
: (the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole;)
Note:
---
## Major components of the nervous system and their functional relationships
<div><figcaption class="big">central nervous system (CNS)</figcaption><video height=200px controls loop src="figs/cns_overview.m4v"></video><figcaption>[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/3D_files/3D_index.html?id=1)</figcaption></div>
<div><figcaption class="big">central nervous system (CNS)</figcaption><video height=200px controls loop src="figs/cns_overview.m4v"></video><figcaption>
[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/3D_files/3D_index.html?id=1)
</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-01.10-1R_cfe2e3e.png" height="400px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 1.10</figcaption></div>
@@ -59,8 +75,13 @@ Note:
## Common techniques to visualize brain structure
<div><figcaption class="big">Cell stain (e.g. Nissl/Cresyl violet, H&E)</figcaption><img src="figs/2240_cell_4aa2d7c.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div><figcaption class="big">Fiber stain (e.g. , Heidenhahn, Luxol fast blue)</figcaption><img src="figs/2240_fiber_d16bc49.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div><figcaption class="big">Cell stain (e.g. Nissl/Cresyl violet, H&E)</figcaption><img src="figs/2240_cell_4aa2d7c.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>
[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://brains.anatomy.msu.edu/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)
</figcaption></div>
<div><figcaption class="big">Fiber stain (e.g. , Heidenhahn, Luxol fast blue)</figcaption><img src="figs/2240_fiber_d16bc49.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>
[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://brains.anatomy.msu.edu/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
Note:
@@ -111,7 +132,9 @@ Heidenhahn
## Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
<div><img src="figs/2240_cut_aaaa4be.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/2240_cut_aaaa4be.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>
[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://brains.anatomy.msu.edu/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div><video height=400px controls src="figs/Animation01-01MagneticResonanceImaging_OC.mp4"></video><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Animation 1.1</figcaption></div>
@@ -122,7 +145,7 @@ MRI
* Uses rotating magnets to generate image
* Non-invasive
* Can view images from any angle
* Resolution under 1 mm
* Resolution can be less than 1 mm
* Can be adapted to do functional MRI imaging
fMRI
@@ -156,7 +179,9 @@ Cortex
## Cell groupings: cortex vs nuclei
<figure><figcaption class="big">Cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei</figcaption><img src="figs/2060_cell_abf6617.jpg" height="400px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/2060_cell_labelled.html)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><figcaption class="big">Cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei</figcaption><img src="figs/2060_cell_abf6617.jpg" height="400px"><figcaption>
[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://brains.anatomy.msu.edu/brains/human/coronal/2060_cell_labelled.html)</figcaption></figure>
Note:
@@ -413,7 +438,9 @@ Also notice that 4 of the 12 nerves concern sensory and motor information from t
## Midbrain
<figure><img src="figs/mri_midbrain_170-labels_3f3d983.png" height="400px"><figcaption>[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/MRIs/mri_sagittal.html?id=1)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="figs/mri_midbrain_170-labels_3f3d983.png" height="400px"><figcaption>
[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/MRIs/mri_sagittal.html?id=1)</figcaption></figure>
Note:
@@ -490,7 +517,7 @@ Neurons form cortical sheets like in the cerebral hemispheres.
Receives…
fyi: The MRI image is J. Ackman's brain back in 2009;)
fyi: The MRI image is J. Ackman's brain from 2009!
---
@@ -501,9 +528,15 @@ fyi: The MRI image is J. Ackman's brain back in 2009;)
<!-- <div><img src="figs/image10_cac162f.png" height="200px"><figcaption></figcaption></div> -->
<!-- <div><img src="figs/image11_ee714ea.png" height="200px"><figcaption></figcaption></div> -->
<div><img src="figs/2800_cell_cfb18b0.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/2800_fiber_6135263.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/golgi_purkinje-neuron-fig4-nobel-lecture_b18b837.png" height="200px"><figcaption>C. Golgi Fig. 4 Nobel lecture</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/2800_cell_cfb18b0.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>
[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://brains.anatomy.msu.edu/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/2800_fiber_6135263.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>
[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://brains.anatomy.msu.edu/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/golgi_purkinje-neuron-fig4-nobel-lecture_b18b837.png" height="200px"><figcaption>
C. Golgi Fig. 4 Nobel lecture</figcaption></div>
@@ -563,9 +596,13 @@ Which connections gets through to neocortex without a thalamic relay? **neurom
## Thalamus– gateway to the cerebral cortex
<div style="width:400px"><figcaption class="big">Thalamus (brown), ventricles (blue)</figcaption><video height="250px" controls loop src="figs/thalamus.m4v"></video><figcaption>[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/3D_files/3D_index.html?id=1)</figcaption></div>
<div style="width:400px"><figcaption class="big">Thalamus (brown), ventricles (blue)</figcaption><video height="250px" controls loop src="figs/thalamus.m4v"></video><figcaption>
<div><figcaption class="big">Fiber stain</figcaption><img src="figs/2060_fiber-thalamus_207b466.png" height="250px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/3D_files/3D_index.html?id=1)</figcaption></div>
<div><figcaption class="big">Fiber stain</figcaption><img src="figs/2060_fiber-thalamus_207b466.png" height="250px"><figcaption>
[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://brains.anatomy.msu.edu/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
Note:
@@ -627,13 +664,16 @@ Limbic system includes the amygdala, as well as the part of the basal ganglia, p
* Organized into layers
* Greatly expanded in humans
[http://brainmuseum.org](http://brainmuseum.org)
[comparative mammalian brain anatomy museum](https://brains.anatomy.msu.edu/museum/brain/)
Note:
2500 sq cm in area or about 2.5 sq ft is the human cerebral cortex surface area:
2500 sq cm in area or about 2.5 sq ft is the human cerebral cortex surface area[^Toro2008]:
https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/18/10/2352/384745
[^Toro2008]: Toro, Roberto; Perron, Michel; Pike, Bruce; Richer, Louis; Veillette, Suzanne; Pausova, Zdenka; Paus, Tomáš (2008-10-01). "Brain Size and Folding of the Human Cerebral Cortex". Cerebral Cortex. 18 (10): 2352–2357. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm261. ISSN 1047-3211. PMID 18267953.
The little, but very compactly folded cerebellum has 80% of the surface area of cerebral cortex in humans. Compared with monkeys, there is evidence that the cerebellum went through a disproportionaly increased amount of surface area expansion during evolution than even the neocortex.
@@ -643,6 +683,40 @@ Sereno et al. PNAS 2020:
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002896117
cortical surface area
species | approx value
--- | ---
human | 2500 cm^2^
mouse | 2.5 cm^2^
rat | 6 cm^2^
afr. elephan | 6300 cm^2^
pilot whale | 5800 cm^2^
<http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html>
--
## Cerebral folding
Tensional and compressive forces result in cerebral folding.
<div><img src="figs/2020-06-01-231346.png" width="400px"><figcaption>Tallinen:2016, Fig1
</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/2020-06-01-231854.png" width="400px"><figcaption>Tallinen2016, Fig3a</figcaption></div>
Note:
* Tensegrity, tensional forces of long cellular processes (axon bundles), Felleman and Van Essen 1991 monkey neocortical/visual wiring map [^Felleman:1991]
[^Felleman:1991]: Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. pmid:1822724
Takes between 22 – 26 weeks of gestation (154 – 182d. or 5.1 – 6 mo.) before fissures and gyri start forming in the human brain (Tallinen Nature Physicis 2016). Between 33–37 weeks the convolutions take on the complexity seen in the newborn human brain (7.7–8.6 mo.).
[^Tallinen:2016]: On the growth and form of cortical convolutions. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3632
---
## Cortico-cortical connection pathways
@@ -659,13 +733,21 @@ https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002896117
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom:50px"><figcaption class="big">Fiber stain</figcaption><img src="figs/2240_fiber_d16bc49.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div style="margin-bottom:50px"><figcaption class="big">Fiber stain</figcaption><img src="figs/2240_fiber_d16bc49.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>
<div><figcaption class="big">Dorsal view</figcaption><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A11-1R_a8973d9_copy_9c648a7.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. A11</figcaption></div> <!-- .element: class="fragment fade-in"-->
[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://brains.anatomy.msu.edu/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
<div><figcaption class="big">Dorsal view cut away</figcaption><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A11-3R_17d31f5_copy_406b96a.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. A11</figcaption></div> <!-- .element: class="fragment fade-in"-->
<div><figcaption class="big">Dorsal view</figcaption><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A11-1R_a8973d9_copy_9c648a7.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>
<div><figcaption class="big">MRI-DTI dorsal projection</figcaption><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Ch01-Opener_497d461_copy_b20f743.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e</figcaption></div> <!-- .element: class="fragment fade-in"-->
Neuroscience 5e Fig. A11</figcaption></div> <!-- .element: class="fragment fade-in"-->
<div><figcaption class="big">Dorsal view cut away</figcaption><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A11-3R_17d31f5_copy_406b96a.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>
Neuroscience 5e Fig. A11</figcaption></div> <!-- .element: class="fragment fade-in"-->
<div><figcaption class="big">MRI-DTI dorsal projection</figcaption><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Ch01-Opener_497d461_copy_b20f743.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>
Neuroscience 5e</figcaption></div> <!-- .element: class="fragment fade-in"-->
Note:
@@ -802,6 +884,8 @@ So first lets discuss how we came to define different parts of the brain, specif
Note:
todo: replace figure
He used cell body staining like the Nissl stain to examine differences in general patterning/layering across the cerebral cortex.